792:), the professions of barrister and solicitor are fused, and many lawyers refer to themselves with both names, even if they do not practise in both areas. In colloquial parlance within the Canadian legal profession, lawyers often term themselves as "litigators" (or "barristers"), or as "solicitors", depending on the nature of their law practice though some may in effect practise as both litigators and solicitors. However, "litigators" would generally perform all litigation functions traditionally performed by barristers and solicitors; in contrast, those terming themselves "solicitors" would generally limit themselves to legal work not involving practice before the courts (not even in a preparatory manner as performed by solicitors in England), though some might practise before chambers judges. As is the practice in many other Commonwealth jurisdictions such as Australia, Canadian litigators are gowned, but without a wig, when appearing before courts of superior jurisdiction. All law graduates from Canadian law schools, and certified internationally qualified lawyers, can apply to the relevant provincial law society for admission. A year of articling as a student supervised by a qualified lawyer and the passing of provincial bar exams are also required for an individual to be called to bar as a barrister and solicitor.
251:
1408:
1344:). They are usually employed in the higher courts, particularly in the Appeal Courts where they often appear as specialist counsel. South African solicitors (attorneys) follow a practice of referring cases to Counsel for an opinion before proceeding with a case, when Counsel in question practises as a specialist in the case law at stake. Aspiring advocates currently spend one year in pupillage (formerly only six months) before being admitted to the bar in their respective provincial or judicial jurisdictions. The term "Advocate" is sometimes used in South Africa as a title, e. g. "Advocate John Doe, SC" (
93:
528:
1478:, but since then the approved training offer was broadened to would-be barristers via a number of different courses, such as the new Bar Vocational Course at the Inns of Court College of Advocacy. On successful completion of the vocational component, student barristers are called to the bar by their respective inns and are elevated to the degree of barrister. However, before they can practise independently they must first undertake 12 months of
1643:
Supreme Court of
Gibraltar. In order for barristers or solicitors to be admitted as practising lawyers in Gibraltar they must comply with the Supreme Court Act 1930 as amended by the Supreme Court Amendment Act 2015 which requires, amongst other things, for all newly admitted lawyers as of 1 July 2015 to undertake a year's course in Gibraltar law at the University of Gibraltar. Solicitors also have right of audience in Gibraltar's courts.
1482:. The first six months (the "non-practising period") are spent shadowing more senior practitioners, after which pupil barristers may begin to undertake some court work of their own (the "practising period"). Following successful completion of this stage, most barristers then join a set of Chambers, a group of counsel who share the costs of premises and support staff whilst remaining individually self-employed.
940:), to which fewer than fifty lawyers are admitted. Those lawyers, who deal almost exclusively with litigation, may not plead at other courts and are usually instructed by a lawyer who represented the client in the lower courts. However, these restrictions do not apply to criminal cases, nor to pleadings at courts of the other court systems, including labour, administrative, taxation, and social courts and the
1497:; a solicitor is not involved at any stage. Barristers undertaking public access work can provide legal advice and representation in court in almost all areas of law and are entitled to represent clients in any court or tribunal in England and Wales. Once instructions from a client are accepted, it is the barrister who advises and guides the client through the relevant legal procedure or litigation.
1090:, a quasi-private entity. Senior members of the profession may be selected for elevation to the Inner Bar, when they may describe themselves as Senior Counsel ("SC"). All barristers who have not been called to the Inner Bar are known as Junior Counsel (and are identified by the postnominal initials "BL"), regardless of age or experience. Admission to the Inner Bar is made by declaration before the
1664:
generally no separate examination process, although some U.S. district courts require an examination on practices and procedures in their specific courts. Unless an examination is required, admission is usually granted as a matter of course to any licensed attorney in the state where the court is located. Some federal courts will grant admission to any attorney licensed in any U.S. jurisdiction.
1240:
129:
659:
780:
regulatory compliance of advocates. Newly enrolled advocates are permitted to start practice in the district courts after admission. After two years of practice, advocates may apply to practice in the High Court
Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh by passing the Bar Council Examination. Only advocates who are barristers in the United Kingdom may use the title of barrister.
1145:) can appear before the court and are qualified to practise in any areas of law, including, but not limited to, areas that those qualified law-related professionals above are allowed to practise. Most attorneys still focus primarily on court practice and still a very small number of attorneys give sophisticated and expert legal advice on a day-to-day basis to large corporations.
52:
536:
contrast, other legal professionals (such as solicitors) generally meet with clients, perform preparatory and administrative work, and provide legal advice. Barristers often have little or no direct contact with their clients. All correspondence, inquiries, invoices, and so on, will be addressed to the legal adviser, who is also primarily responsible for the barrister's fees.
1321:
degree. Before 2015, the only difference was that advocates have a right to represent clients before the court in all cases and the legal advisors could not represent clients before the court in criminal cases. Presently, the legal advisors can also represent clients in criminal cases so currently, the differences between this professions are only historical significance.
1522:
expects (implicitly and/or explicitly) the barrister to uphold their duties, namely by acting in the client's best interests (CD2), acting with honesty and integrity (CD3), keeping the client's affairs confidential (CD6) and working to a competent standard (CD7). These core duties (CDs) are a few, among others, that are enshrined in the BSB Handbook.
589:
prohibition on barristers taking instructions directly from the public has also been widely abolished. But, in practice, direct instruction is still a rarity in most jurisdictions, partly because barristers with narrow specialisations, or who are only really trained for advocacy, are not prepared to provide general advice to members of the public.
1215:, Nigerian lawyers enter their names in the register or Roll of Legal Practitioners kept at the Supreme Court. Perhaps, for this reason, a Nigerian lawyer is also often referred to as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, and many Nigerian lawyers term themselves Barrister-at-Law complete with the postnominal initials "B.L.".
1060:
827:. Most large law firms in Quebec offer the full range of legal services of law firms in common-law provinces. Intending Quebec attorneys must earn a bachelor's degree in civil law, pass the provincial bar examination, and successfully complete a legal internship to be admitted to practice. Attorneys are regulated by the Quebec Law Society (
767:) before superior courts, although this is not usually done for interlocutory applications. Wigs and robes are still worn in the Supreme Court and the District Court in civil matters and are dependent on the judicial officer's attire. Robes and wigs are worn in all criminal cases. In Western Australia, wigs are no longer worn in any court.
1191:(KC) to recognise the long-standing contribution to the legal profession but this status is only conferred on those practising as solicitors in exceptional circumstances. This step referred to as "being called to the inner bar" or "taking silk", is considered highly prestigious and has been a step in the career of many New Zealand judges.
1013:
1470:. They perform scholastic and social roles, and in all cases, provide financial aid to student barristers (subject to merit) through scholarships. It is the Inns that actually call the student to the bar at a ceremony similar to a graduation. Social functions include dining with other members and guests and hosting other events.
1565:, Dublin. The Benchers of the Inn of Court of Northern Ireland governed the Inn until the enactment of the Constitution of the Inn in 1983, which provides that the government of the Inn is shared between the Benchers, the Executive Council of the Inn and members of the Inn assembled in General Meeting.
1211:– are called to the Nigerian bar, by the Body of Benchers. Lawyers may argue in any Federal trial or appellate court as well as any of the courts in Nigeria's 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. The Legal Practitioner's Act refers to Nigerian lawyers as Legal Practitioners, and following their
1320:
and legal counsel. Both are regulated and these professions are restricted only for people who graduated five-year law studies, have at least three years of experience and passed five difficult national exams (civil law, criminal law, company law, administrative law and ethic) or have a doctor of law
1161:, the latter resembling, to some extent, the profession of barrister. Under that system, lawyers were entitled to represent their clients in law, but were only able to file cases before the court at which they were registered. Cases falling under the jurisdiction of another court had to be filed by a
498:
In a few jurisdictions, barristers are usually forbidden from "conducting" litigation, and can only act on the instructions of another lawyer, who perform tasks such as corresponding with parties and the court, and drafting court documents. In
England and Wales, barristers may seek authorisation from
1568:
The
Executive Council (through its Education Committee) is responsible for considering Memorials submitted by applicants for admission as students of the Inn and by Bar students of the Inn for admission to the degree of Barrister-at-Law and making recommendations to the Benchers. The final decisions
1218:
The vast majority of
Nigerian lawyers combine contentious and non-contentious work, although there is a growing tendency for practitioners in the bigger practices to specialise in one or the other. In colloquial parlance within the Nigerian legal profession, lawyers may, for this reason, be referred
1194:
Unlike other jurisdictions, the term "junior barrister" is popularly used to refer to a lawyer who holds a practising certificate as a barrister, but is employed by another, more senior barrister. Generally, junior barristers are within their first five years of practise and are not yet qualified to
779:
In
Bangladesh, the law relating to barristers is the Bangladesh Legal Practitioners and Bar Council Order as administered and enforced by the Bangladesh Bar Council. The Bar Council is the supreme statutory body that regulates the legal professions in Bangladesh and ensures educational standards and
596:
and reviewing evidence. In some areas of law, that is still the case. In other areas, it is relatively common for the barrister to receive the brief from the instructing solicitor to represent a client at trial only a day or two before the proceeding. Part of the reason for this is cost. A barrister
559:
In most countries, barristers operate as sole practitioners and are prohibited from forming partnerships or from working as a barrister as part of a corporation. In 2009, the
Clemens Report recommended the abolition of this restriction in England and Wales. However, barristers normally band together
1489:
and about 4,000 are "young barristers"" (i.e., under seven years' Call). In April 2023, there were 13,800 barristers in self-employed practice. In 2022, there were about 3,100 employed barristers working in companies as in-house counsel, or in local or national government, academic institutions, or
1183:
In New
Zealand, the professions are not formally fused but practitioners are enrolled in the High Court as "Barristers and Solicitors". They may choose, however, to practise as barristers sole. About 15% practise solely as barristers, mainly in the larger cities and usually in "chambers" (following
1165:
registered at that court, in practice often another lawyer exercising both functions. Questions were raised on the necessity of the separation, given the fact that its main purpose – the preservation of the quality of the legal profession and observance of local court rules and customs – had become
1046:
There are two requirements to practise in India. First, the applicant must be a holder of a law degree from a recognised institution in India (or from one of the four recognised universities in the United
Kingdom). Second, they must pass the enrolment qualifications of the bar council of the state
1663:
Additionally, some state appellate courts require attorneys to obtain a separate certificate of admission to plead and practice in the appellate court. Federal courts require specific admission to that court's bar to practice before it. At the state appellate level and in federal courts, there is
1521:
Barristers are expected to maintain very high standards of professional conduct. The objective of the barristers code of conduct is to avoid dominance by either the barrister or the client and the client being enabled to make informed decisions in a supportive atmosphere and, in turn, the client
770:
Each year, the Bar
Association appoints certain barristers of seniority and eminence to the rank of "Senior Counsel" (in most States and Territories) or "King's Counsel" (in the Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia). Such barristers carry the title "SC" or "KC" after their
1642:
is a British Overseas Territory boasting a legal profession based on the common law. The legal profession includes both barristers and solicitors with most barristers also acting as solicitors. Admission and disciplinary matters in Gibraltar are dealt with by the Bar Council of Gibraltar and the
1504:
The ability of barristers to accept such instructions is a recent development; it results from a change in the rules set down by the General Council of the Bar in July 2004. The Public Access Scheme has been introduced as part of the drive to open up the legal system to the public and to make it
1434:
The profession of barrister in England and Wales is a separate profession from that of solicitor. It is, however, possible to hold the qualification of both barrister and solicitor, and/or chartered legal executive at the same time. It is not necessary to leave the bar to qualify as a solicitor.
1356:
In South Korea, there is no distinction between the judiciary and lawyers. Previously, a person who has passed the national bar exam after two years of national education is able to become a judge, prosecutor, or "lawyer" in accordance to their grades upon graduation. As a result of changes from
535:
A barrister is a lawyer who represents a litigant as an advocate before a court. A barrister speaks in court and presents the case before a judge, with or without a jury. In some jurisdictions, a barrister receives additional training in evidence law, ethics, and court practice and procedure. In
1500:
Before a barrister can undertake Public Access work, they must have completed a special course. At present, about one in 20 barristers has so qualified. There is also a separate scheme called "Licensed Access", available to certain nominated classes of professional client. It is not open to the
1035:. Under the act, the council is the supreme regulatory body for the legal profession in India, ensuring the compliance of the laws and maintenance of professional standards by the legal profession in the country. The council is authorised to pass regulations and make orders in individual cases.
2193:
588:
this is no longer true. Solicitor-advocates and qualified chartered legal executives can generally appear on behalf of clients at trial. Increasingly, law firms are keeping even the most advanced advisory and litigation work in-house for economic and client relationship reasons. Similarly, the
683:
Inns of Court, where they exist, regulate admission to the profession. Inns of Court are independent societies that are responsible for the training, admission, and discipline of barristers. Where they exist, a person may only be called to the bar by an Inn, of which they must be a member.
704:
In the common law tradition, the respective roles of a lawyer, as legal adviser and advocate, were formally split into two separate, regulated sub-professions. Historically, the distinction was absolute, but in the modern age, some countries that had a split legal profession now have a
1113:. Devilling is compulsory for those barristers who wish to be members of the Law Library and lasts for one legal year. It is common to devil for a second year in a less formal arrangement but this is not compulsory. Devils are not generally paid for their work in their devilling year.
627:
A barrister acts as a check on the solicitor conducting the trial; if it becomes apparent that the claim or defence has not been properly conducted by the solicitor prior to trial, the barrister can (and usually has a duty to) advise the client of a separate possible claim against the
1038:
Each state has a bar council whose function is to enrol barristers practising predominantly within that state. Each barrister must be enrolled with a single state bar council to practise in India. However, this does not restrict a barrister from appearing before any court in India.
547:
in the higher courts, whereas other legal professionals will often have more limited access, or will need to acquire additional qualifications to have such access. As in common law countries in which there is a split between the roles of barrister and solicitor, the barrister in
1082:
is the only educational establishment which runs vocational courses for barristers in the Republic and degrees of Barrister-at-Law can only be conferred by King's Inns. King's Inns are also the only body with the capacity to call individuals to the bar and to disbar them.
1050:
A barrister is required to maintain certain standards of conduct and professional demeanour at all times. The Bar Council of India prescribes rules of conduct to be observed by the Barristers in the courts, while interacting with clients and in non-professional settings.
1655:
and has been admitted to practice law in a particular U.S. jurisdiction may prosecute or defend. The barrister–solicitor distinction existed historically in some U.S. states, which had a separate label for barristers (called "counselors", hence the expression "attorney
1304:, a law graduate must complete three steps: pass the Bar Practice and Training Course (BPTC), be called to the Bar by Provincial Bar Council, and attain a licence to practice as an advocate in the courts of Pakistan from the relevant Bar Council, provincial or federal.
887:) an all-purpose lawyer for matters of contentious jurisdiction, analogous to an American attorney. French attorneys usually do not (although they are entitled to) act both as litigators (trial lawyers) and legal consultants (advising lawyers), known respectively as
571:
In court, barristers may be visibly distinguished from solicitors, chartered legal executives, and other legal practitioners by their apparel. For example, in criminal courts in Ireland, England, and Wales, a barrister usually wears a horsehair wig, stiff collar,
1357:
implementing an accommodated law school system, there are two standard means of becoming a lawyer. Under the current legal system, to be a judge or a prosecutor, lawyers need to practise their legal knowledge. A "lawyer" does not have any limitation of practice.
1170:
as a separate profession was abolished and its functions merged with the legal profession in 2008. Currently, lawyers can file cases before any court, regardless of where they are registered. The only notable exception concerns civil cases brought before the
2101:
981:
are allowed to speak on behalf of any party in open court. This means that solicitors are restricted from doing so. In these two courts, save for hearings in chambers, barristers dress in the traditional English manner, as do the judges and other lawyers.
740:, there is a split profession. Nevertheless, subject to conditions, barristers can accept direct access work from clients. Each state Bar Association regulates the profession and essentially has the functions of the English Inns of Court. In the states of
601:" for each day of the trial after the first, but if a case is settled before trial, the barrister is not needed and the brief fee would be wasted. Some solicitors avoid this by delaying delivery of the brief until it is certain the case will go to trial.
1505:
easier and cheaper to obtain access to legal advice. It further reduces the distinction between solicitors and barristers. The distinction remains however because there are certain aspects of a solicitor's role that a barrister is not able to undertake.
1339:
the employment and practise of advocates (as barristers are known in South Africa) is consistent with the rest of the Commonwealth. Advocates carry the rank of Junior or Senior Counsel (SC), and are mostly briefed and paid by solicitors (known as
1473:
Law graduates wishing to work and be known as barristers must take a course of professional training (known as the "vocational component") at one of the institutions approved by the Bar Council. Until late 2020 this course was exclusively the
771:
name. The appointments are made after a process of consultation with members of the profession and the judiciary. Senior Counsel appear in particularly complex or difficult cases. They make up about 14 per cent of the bar in New South Wales.
2144:
907:(final training), where the intending attorney spends six months in a law firm (generally in their favoured field of practice and in a firm in which they hope to be recruited afterwards). The intending attorney then needs to pass the
555:
Barristers usually have particular knowledge of case law, precedent, and the skills to build a case. When another legal professional is confronted with an unusual point of law, they may seek the opinion of a barrister on the issue.
718:
621:(members of the profession of barrister within a given jurisdiction). Since barristers do not have long-term client relationships and are further removed from clients than solicitors, judicial appointees are more independent.
613:
Having an independent barrister reviewing a course of action gives the client a fresh and independent opinion from an expert in the field distinct from solicitors who may maintain ongoing and long-term relationships with the
583:
In many countries the traditional divisions between barristers and other legal representatives are gradually decreasing. Barristers once enjoyed a monopoly on appearances before the higher courts, but particularly within the
1430:
for the purposes of both civil and criminal law, alongside Scotland and Northern Ireland, the other two legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom. England and Wales are covered by a common bar and a single law society.
1501:
general public. Public access work is experiencing a huge surge at the bar, with barristers taking advantage of the new opportunity for the bar to make profit in the face of legal aid cuts elsewhere in the profession.
539:
In England and Wales, solicitors and chartered legal executives can support barristers when in court, through the managing of large volumes of documents in the case or negotiating a settlement outside the courtroom.
895:. This distinction is however purely informal and does not correspond to any difference in qualification or admission to the role. All intending attorneys must pass an examination to be able to enrol in one of the
2109:
926:. Although their legal background, training and status is the same as the all-purpose avocats, these have a monopoly over litigation taken to the supreme courts, in civil, criminal or administrative matters.
1042:
For all practical and legal purposes, the Bar Council of India retains with it, the final power to take decisions in any and all matters related to the legal profession on the whole or with respect to any
855:(emeritus barrister). Since the 14th century and during the course of the 19th and 20th in particular, French barristers competed in territorial battles over respective areas of legal practice against the
514:
states and territories, lawyers are entitled to practise both as barristers and solicitors, but it remains a separate system of qualification to practise exclusively as a barrister. In others, such as the
687:
A bar collectively describes all members of the profession of barrister within a given jurisdiction. While as a minimum the bar is an association embracing all its members, it is usually the case, either
250:
2272:
This was confirmed by the Professional Conduct Committee of the Bar Council when it changed its rules on the usage of the description by individuals in 1970, Annual Statement of the Bar Council, 1969/70.
2133:
of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 to facilitate practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification was
1569:
on these Memorials are taken by the Benchers. The Benchers also have the exclusive power of expelling or suspending a Bar student and of disbarring a barrister or suspending a barrister from practice.
1493:
Certain barristers in England and Wales are now instructed directly by members of the public. Members of the public may engage the services of the barrister directly within the framework of the
2076:
1222:
Consistent with the practice in England and elsewhere in the Commonwealth, senior members of the profession may be selected for elevation to the Inner Bar by the conferment of the rank of
819:
are not monopolised by notaries so that attorneys often specialise in handling either trials, cases, advising, or non-trial matters. The only disadvantage is that attorneys cannot draw up
1105:
To practise under the Bar of Ireland's rules, a newly qualified barrister is apprenticed to an experienced barrister of at least seven years' experience. This apprenticeship is known as
2346:
564:
to share clerks (administrators) and operating expenses. Some chambers grow to be large and sophisticated. In some jurisdictions, barristers may be employed by firms and companies as
1377:
perform both transactional work and advise in connection with court proceedings, and they have full right of audience in front of the court. The court proceeding is carried out with
1576:
on the invitation of the Benchers; administration of the Bar Library (to which all practising members of the Bar belong); and liaising with corresponding bodies in other countries.
867:(notaries), who are ministry appointed lawyers (with a separate qualification) and who retain exclusivity over conveyancing and probate. After the 1971 and 1990 legal reforms, the
455:
and other types of lawyers (e.g. chartered legal executives) who have more direct access to clients, and may do transactional legal work. In some legal systems, including those of
1594:
is, in all respects except name, a barrister, but there are significant differences in professional practice. Admission to and the conduct of the profession is regulated by the
1872:
1195:
practise as barristers sole. Barristers sole (i.e. barristers who are not employed by another barrister) who are not King's Counsel are never referred to as junior barristers.
1129:
Japan adopts a unified system. However, there are certain classes of qualified professionals who are allowed to practise in certain limited areas of law, such as scriveners (
915:). It is generally recognised that the first examination is much more difficult than the CAPA and is dreaded by most law students. Each bar is regulated by a Bar Council (
624:
Having recourse to all of the specialist barristers at the bar can enable smaller firms, who could not maintain large specialist departments, to compete with larger firms.
1300:
The profession in Pakistan is fused; an advocate works both as a barrister and a solicitor, with higher rights of audience being provided. To practice as a barrister in
709:. In practice, the distinction in split jurisdictions may be minor, or marked. In some jurisdictions, such as Australia, Scotland and Ireland, there is little overlap.
752:, the professions of barrister and solicitor are fused, but an independent bar nonetheless exists, regulated by the Legal Practice Board of the state or territory. In
597:
is entitled to a "brief fee" when a brief is delivered, and this represents the bulk of his or her fee in relation to any trial. They are then usually entitled to a "
1544:(KCs), barristers who have earned a high reputation and are appointed by the King on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor as senior advocates and advisers.
1047:
they seek to be enrolled in. Through regulation, the Bar Council of India also ensures the standard of education required for practising in India is met with.
934:
In Germany, no distinction between barristers and solicitors is made. Lawyers may plead at all courts except the civil branch of the Federal Court of Justice (
1184:
the British terminology). They receive "instructions" from other practitioners, at least nominally. They usually conduct the proceedings in their entirety.
2429:
2220:
2238:
1102:. Irish barristers are sole practitioners and may not form chambers or partnerships if they wish to remain members of the Bar of Ireland's Law Library.
638:, which obliges them to accept a brief if it is in their area of expertise and if they are available, facilitating access to justice for the unpopular.
460:
1572:
The Executive Council is also involved with: education; fees of students; calling counsel to the Bar, although call to the Bar is performed by the
1757:
1518:
is sometimes seen, and was once very common, it has never been formally correct in England and Wales. Barrister is the only correct nomenclature.
2080:
847:(trainee, who was already qualified but needed to complete two years (or more, depending on the period) of training alongside seasoned lawyers),
1812:
1573:
1137:, qualified to prepare tax returns, provide advice on tax computation and represent a client in administrative tax appeals) and patent agents (
1847:
1963:
1207:, there is no formal distinction between barristers and solicitors. All students who pass the bar examinations – offered exclusively by the
1975:
1369:
represent the litigant procedurally in court, generally under the authority of a power of attorney executed by a civil law notary, while
1133:, qualified to handle title registration, deposit, and certain petite court proceedings with additional certification), tax accountants (
807:) have traditionally been a fused profession, arguing and preparing cases in contentious matters, whereas Quebec's other type of lawyer,
966:
843:, or attorneys, were, until the 20th century, the equivalent of barristers. The profession included several grades ranked by seniority:
2595:
2570:
1879:
1175:, which have to be handled by lawyers registered at the Supreme Court, thus gaining from it the title "lawyer at the Supreme Court".
1955:
1287:
974:
230:
212:
79:
1910:
1702:
1475:
1172:
350:
330:
1707:
1407:
1402:
2171:
1265:
150:
1651:
The United States does not distinguish between lawyers as barristers and solicitors. Any American lawyer who has passed a
1365:
Spain has a division but it does not correspond to the division in Britain between barristers/advocates and solicitors.
1141:, qualified to practise patent registration and represent a client in administrative patent appeals). Only the lawyers (
749:
193:
2130:
1931:
1738:
1393:
Under EU law, barristers, along with advocates, chartered legal executives and solicitors, are recognised as lawyers.
1012:
970:
684:
Historically, call to and success at the bar, to a large degree, depended upon social connections made early in life.
165:
1250:
903:
course has a duration of two years and is a mix between classroom teachings and internships. Its culmination is the
2600:
1443:
1261:
1223:
146:
65:
38:
1269:
1254:
139:
2546:
1551:
is often misleading since many members of the Junior Bar are experienced barristers with considerable expertise.
1341:
953:
172:
1381:, not with procuradores. In a nutshell, procuradores are court agents that operate under the instructions of an
863:(procedural solicitor), and expanded to become the generalist legal practitioner, with the notable exception of
2506:
2217:
1722:
character, Archie Leach, is a barrister who, in defending a hapless jewel thief, becomes entangled in the crime
1547:
Those barristers who are not KCs are called Junior Counsel and are styled "BL" or "Barrister-at-Law". The term
1091:
1075:
796:
549:
2235:
2442:
2301:
1788:
1531:
1467:
561:
365:
179:
2555:
962:
649:
Because they are further removed from the client, barristers can be less familiar with the client's needs.
2524:
1674:
1099:
986:
760:, the profession is fused, although a very small number of practitioners operate as an independent bar.
307:
1031:, the law relating to barristers is the Advocates Act, 1961, which is administered and enforced by the
161:
1750:
1595:
1494:
1095:
1032:
1004:: SC. Senior Counsel may still, however, style themselves as silks, like their British counterparts.
1001:
733:
2321:
2590:
2446:
1851:
1807:
1714:
1612:
1439:
1208:
1071:
1020:
500:
425:
369:
1817:
978:
757:
577:
544:
958:
The legal profession in Hong Kong is also divided into two branches: barristers and solicitors.
696:, that the bar is invested with regulatory powers over the manner in which barristers practise.
2254:
May, Geoffrey; Pollitt, Basil (1939). "English Legal Practice: Its Applicability to America".
1979:
1959:
1951:
1541:
1486:
1427:
1188:
936:
820:
815:), handle out-of-court non-contentious matters. However, a number of areas of non-contentious
745:
472:
2051:
1726:
1537:
1451:
1411:
808:
764:
706:
573:
565:
527:
2574:
2559:
2550:
2528:
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jurisdictions is responsible for appearing in trials or pleading cases before the courts.
464:
456:
401:
2423:
2029:
is very much like an American attorney in that they may be both a trial and case lawyer.
1907:
1078:
is restricted to those on whom a Barrister-at-Law degree (BL) has first been conferred.
592:
Historically, barristers have had a major role in trial preparation, including drafting
106:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1777:
1562:
1450:, which traditionally educated and regulated barristers. There are four Inns of Court:
1087:
1079:
1016:
998:
990:
941:
824:
585:
519:, the distinction between barristers and other types of lawyers does not exist at all.
186:
71:
1385:. Their practice is confined to the locality of the court to which they are admitted.
763:
Generally, counsel dress in the traditional English manner (wig, gown, bar jacket and
2584:
2347:"A Comparative Study of British Barristers and American Legal Practice and Education"
1745:
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1690:
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303:
911:, which is the last professional examination allowing them to join a court's bar (
2282:
R. Dinerstein (1990). "Client-centred counselling: Reapppraisal and refinement".
1719:
1628:
1239:
1154:
816:
618:
507:
128:
17:
658:
1903:
1770:
1742:(2010–2016) – Australian TV series based on the story of a colourful barrister
1631:, Advocates perform the combined functions of both solicitors and barristers.
737:
646:
A multiplicity of legal advisers can lead to less efficiency and higher costs.
433:
422:
397:
271:
1157:
used to have a semi-separated legal profession comprising the lawyer and the
1019:
as barrister in 1923. Ambedkar was a notable Indian barrister, father of the
1925:
1802:
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1639:
1479:
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to conduct litigation, allowing a barrister to practise in a dual capacity.
492:
452:
429:
405:
385:
334:
1792:(1987) – A character with a featured role in the Wizard of Oz Musical (RSC)
2388:
Gentlemen and Barristers: The Inns of Court and the English Bar, 1680-1730
1927:
Review of the Regulatory Framework for Legal Services in England and Wales
1698:
court drama series contains interactions between barristers and solicitors
1485:
There are approximately 17,000 barristers, of whom about ten per cent are
1348:
in Afrikaans) in the same fashion as "Dr. John Doe" for a medical doctor.
1059:
631:
Expertise in conducting trials, since barristers are specialist advocates.
1761:, in which the central character is the barrister Sir Wilfred Robards, QC
1624:
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represent the substantive claims of the litigant through trial advocacy.
1330:
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753:
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373:
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Australian Bar Association (barristers in the Commonwealth of Australia)
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for the jurisdiction where they practise, and in some countries, by the
153: in this template. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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to which they belong. In some countries, there is external regulation.
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31:
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In Israel, there is no distinction between barristers and solicitors.
1313:
789:
666:
418:
1710:) – A major character, Mark Darcy, is described as a "top barrister"
717:
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are, and have been for centuries, the governing bodies of the four
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In April 2003 there were 554 barristers in independent practice in
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Lawyer specialised in court representation in certain jurisdictions
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In Hong Kong, the rank of King's Counsel was granted prior to the
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1660:
counselor at law"). Both professions have long since been fused.
795:
The situation is somewhat different in Quebec as a result of its
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2422:
2079:. Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten. 22 August 2008. Archived from
580:
have also been entitled to wear wigs, but wear different gowns.
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Most Irish barristers choose to be governed thereafter by the
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45:
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897:
Centre régional de formation à la profession d'avocat (CRFPA)
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2145:"Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC) | Prospects.ac.uk"
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in 1997. After the handover, the rank has been replaced by
1850:. Legal-services-review.org.uk. 2009-11-06. Archived from
2469:
2437:
2077:"Afschaffing procuraat per 1 September 2008 definitief"
255:
Illustration of an early 19th-century English barrister
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2452:
2351:
Northwestern Journal of International Business and Law
1748:– central character, a barrister, in Charles Dickens'
2381:
The Making of the English Legal Profession: 1800-1988
2102:"Cassation : the main task of the Supreme Court"
909:
Certificat d'Aptitude Ă la Profession d'Avocat (CAPA)
617:
In many jurisdictions, judges are appointed from the
803:, never took hold in colonial Quebec, so attorneys (
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Hong Kong Bar Association (barristers in Hong Kong)
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avocats au Conseil d'Etat et Ă la Cour de Cassation
899:(Regional centre for the training of lawyers). The
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2495:The Northern Territory Bar Association (Australia)
2443:Law Society of Hong Kong (solicitors in Hong Kong)
1508:Historically a barrister might use the honorific,
634:In many jurisdictions, barristers must follow the
1948:The English and Colonial Bars in the 19th Century
1316:, there are two main types of legal professions:
448:, researching the law and giving legal opinions.
2544:The difference between barristers and solicitors
922:A separate body of barristers exists called the
609:Some benefits of maintaining the split include:
523:Differences between barristers and other lawyers
1466:. All are situated in central London, near the
2490:Western Australian Bar Association (Australia)
1602:Crown dependencies and UK Overseas Territories
1428:a single united and unified legal jurisdiction
531:A barrister's wigs, Parliament Hall, Edinburgh
2517:Bar Council (barristers in England and Wales)
1446:. A barrister must be a member of one of the
859:(legal advisor, transactional solicitor) and
8:
2566:Advice on structure and training for the Bar
2485:South Australian Bar Association (Australia)
1414:, one of the first female British barristers
243:
1460:The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple
1268:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
799:tradition. The profession of solicitor, or
80:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2218:Public Access Directory of The Bar Council
2012:, 7th ed (Toronto: Carswell, 2010) at 128.
1781:(2020) – Indian social drama TV series on
1464:The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple
506:In some common law jurisdictions, such as
2556:Open source legal search tool free access
1426:are considered within the United Kingdom
1331:Advocate § Advocates in South Africa
1288:Learn how and when to remove this message
977:, as a general rule, only barristers and
642:Some disadvantages of the split include:
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
475:, and the British Crown dependencies of
2052:The Bar at the Federal Court of Justice
1839:
1452:The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn
1418:Although with somewhat different laws,
1219:to as "litigators" or as "solicitors".
436:. Their tasks include arguing cases in
343:Barrister-at-Law degree with pupillage
2480:Queensland Bar Association (Australia)
2449:Web Archives (archived 2006-07-23)
2062:Note: the historical spelling variant
1813:Legal professions in England and Wales
1574:Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland
242:
2166:
2164:
7:
2433:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
2310:came into force on 31 December 2020.
1456:The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn
1266:adding citations to reliable sources
1080:The Honorable Society of King's Inns
1023:and the first Law Minister of India.
605:Justification for a split profession
151:adding citations to reliable sources
1908:on his swearing-in as Chief Justice
1623:). In the Bailiwicks of Jersey and
823:that have the same force of law as
1929:, Sir David Clemens, December 2004
1066:, the first female Irish barrister
576:, and a gown. Since January 2008,
451:Barristers are distinguished from
428:. Barristers mostly specialise in
25:
2066:, not the contemporary Honourable
1768:, an expansion on the video game
1187:Any lawyer may apply to become a
61:This article has multiple issues.
2534:Faculty of Advocates in Scotland
2345:Berger, Marylin J. (Fall 1983).
2010:Introduction to the Study of Law
1607:Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey
1476:Bar Professional Training Course
1438:Barristers are regulated by the
1238:
672:Barristers are regulated by the
351:Postgraduate Certificate in Laws
331:Bar Professional Training Course
249:
127:
91:
50:
2522:Bar Library of Northern Ireland
2470:New South Wales Bar Association
1978:. NSWbar.asn.au. Archived from
1902:This view was expressed by Sir
1678:(UK) – classic courtroom series
1615:, there are solicitors (called
1403:Barristers in England and Wales
1166:obsolete. For that reason, the
138:needs additional citations for
69:or discuss these issues on the
2320:Ruairi.Kavanagh (2014-12-18).
1906:, Chief Justice of Australia,
1074:, admission to the Bar by the
724:, 1930s Australian court dress
543:A barrister will usually have
1:
2475:The Victorian Bar (Australia)
2302:"Bar Standard Board Handbook"
1999:1972 (President Order No. 46)
750:Australian Capital Territory
728:In the Australian states of
1758:Witness for the Prosecution
1098:having been granted by the
700:Barristers around the world
2617:
2577: (archived 2013-12-19)
2562: (archived 2010-10-08)
2409:The Rise of the Barristers
2223:December 29, 2011, at the
2194:"Life at the Employed Bar"
2108:(in Dutch). Archived from
1950:(Routledge: London, 1983)
1583:
1529:
1444:General Council of the Bar
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1328:
1224:Senior Advocate of Nigeria
951:
39:Barrister (disambiguation)
36:
29:
2596:Law of the United Kingdom
1764:Arnold Timsh – Target in
954:Hong Kong Bar Association
248:
100:This article needs to be
2453:Canadian Bar Association
2172:"Demographics dashboard"
2025:may be preferable as an
1619:) and advocates (French
1598:(as opposed to an Inn).
1076:Chief Justice of Ireland
30:Not to be confused with
2430:Encyclopædia Britannica
2241:March 22, 2010, at the
1934:April 13, 2014, at the
1913:March 29, 2014, at the
1532:Bar of Northern Ireland
1514:. Even though the term
1468:Royal Courts of Justice
967:Court of First Instance
566:in-house legal advisers
491:is also regarded as an
2507:The Barrister magazine
2304:. Bar Standards Board.
1789:The Munchkin Barrister
1415:
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1703:Bridget Jones's Diary
1675:Rumpole of the Bailey
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1096:patents of precedence
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987:handover of Hong Kong
975:Court of Final Appeal
720:
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308:Intellectual property
2256:Kentucky Law Journal
1873:"Practice Direction"
1766:The Knife of Dunwall
1751:A Tale of Two Cities
1596:Faculty of Advocates
1495:Public Access Scheme
1442:, a division of the
1262:improve this section
1033:Bar Council of India
1002:post-nominal letters
965:(including both the
562:barristers' chambers
366:Barristers' chambers
147:improve this article
37:For other uses, see
2447:Library of Congress
2306:Version 4.6 of the
2149:www.prospects.ac.uk
2040:Zivilprozessordnung
1730:(2011–2014) (UK) –
1715:A Fish Called Wanda
1613:Bailiwick of Jersey
1440:Bar Standards Board
1209:Nigerian Law School
1072:Republic of Ireland
1021:Indian Constitution
979:solicitor-advocates
871:was fused with the
578:solicitor advocates
501:Bar Standards Board
245:
2549:2012-03-10 at the
2539:The Bar of Ireland
2527:2013-01-02 at the
2284:Arizona Law Review
2106:www.rechtspraak.nl
1818:Revising Barrister
1734:court drama series
1490:the armed forces.
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809:civil-law notaries
788:In Canada (except
758:Northern Territory
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545:rights of audience
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326:England and Wales:
320:Education required
2601:Legal professions
2424:"Barrister"
2402:The Inns of Court
2395:The civil lawyers
2386:Lemmings, David.
2379:Abel, Richard L.
2236:Barcouncil.org.uk
2199:. The Bar Council
2174:. The Bar Council
2131:Directive 98/5/EC
2008:Stephen Waddams,
1964:978-0-85664-468-9
1848:"Clementi report"
1397:England and Wales
1298:
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937:Bundesgerichtshof
877:conseil juridique
857:conseil juridique
829:Barreau du Québec
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1808:Barristers' Ball
1686:(1995–2001) (UK)
1590:In Scotland, an
1538:Northern Ireland
1526:Northern Ireland
1516:barrister-at-law
1412:Helena Normanton
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917:Ordre du barreau
883:(or, if female,
853:avocat honoraire
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2359:. Retrieved
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2308:BSB Handbook
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2201:. Retrieved
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2152:. Retrieved
2148:
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2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2105:
2096:
2085:. Retrieved
2081:the original
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2063:
2058:
2047:
2039:
2038:§ 78 of the
2034:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1970:
1947:
1942:
1926:
1921:
1898:
1887:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
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1691:North Square
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1260:Please help
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678:Inn of Court
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641:
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591:
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497:
488:
457:South Africa
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381:Related jobs
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338:
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325:
324:
304:Human rights
227:
209:
200:
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145:Please help
140:verification
137:
109:
101:
77:
70:
64:
63:Please help
60:
43:
2326:gradireland
2322:"Barrister"
2290:: 501, 541.
1629:Isle of Man
1627:and on the
1563:King's Inns
1352:South Korea
1179:New Zealand
1155:Netherlands
1149:Netherlands
905:stage final
839:In France,
817:private law
508:New Zealand
487:, the word
485:Isle of Man
461:Scandinavia
370:sole trader
314:Description
162:"Barrister"
2591:Common law
2585:Categories
2331:2020-12-01
2154:2022-03-22
2116:2020-05-01
2087:2012-01-04
1986:2012-03-12
1904:Owen Dixon
1889:2012-03-12
1858:2012-03-12
1834:References
1771:Dishonored
1540:. 66 were
1278:March 2020
1139:"benrishi"
1100:Government
973:) and the
963:High Court
775:Bangladesh
738:Queensland
663:Gray's Inn
654:Regulation
628:solicitor.
512:Australian
473:Bangladesh
453:solicitors
434:litigation
423:common law
398:magistrate
361:employment
347:Hong Kong:
272:Profession
261:Occupation
173:newspapers
66:improve it
2459:Australia
2262:(2): 171.
2134:obtained.
2064:Honorable
1803:Bar (law)
1783:Colors TV
1718:(1988) –
1708:2001 film
1696:Channel 4
1640:Gibraltar
1635:Gibraltar
1617:ecrivains
1480:pupillage
1342:attorneys
1249:does not
1168:procureur
1163:procureur
1159:procureur
1111:devilling
1107:pupillage
989:from the
948:Hong Kong
797:civil law
713:Australia
599:refresher
594:pleadings
550:civil law
510:and some
493:honorific
489:barrister
446:pleadings
442:tribunals
430:courtroom
415:barrister
406:solicitor
359:Fields of
335:pupillage
244:Barrister
203:July 2023
112:July 2023
72:talk page
2547:Archived
2525:Archived
2239:Archived
2221:Archived
2203:27 April
2178:27 April
2023:attorney
1932:Archived
1911:Archived
1797:See also
1625:Guernsey
1592:advocate
1586:Advocate
1580:Scotland
1555:Benchers
1379:abogados
1375:Abogados
1371:abogados
1346:Advokaat
1318:advocate
1302:Pakistan
1230:Pakistan
1143:bengoshi
1135:zeirishi
969:and the
875:and the
865:notaires
813:notaires
756:and the
754:Tasmania
734:Victoria
690:de facto
483:and the
481:Guernsey
465:Pakistan
402:attorney
390:advocate
374:law firm
340:Ireland:
296:Politics
2573:at the
2558:at the
2445:at the
1611:In the
1511:Esquire
1420:England
1383:abogado
1270:removed
1255:sources
1226:(SAN).
1205:Nigeria
1199:Nigeria
1070:In the
1055:Ireland
961:In the
930:Germany
913:barreau
885:avocate
841:avocats
805:avocats
694:de jure
614:client.
495:title.
292:Justice
187:scholar
102:updated
32:barista
2411:(1986)
2404:(1972)
2361:9 June
2027:avocat
1962:
1954:
1621:avocat
1549:junior
1462:, and
1314:Poland
1308:Poland
1117:Israel
881:avocat
869:avocat
851:, and
849:avocat
835:France
790:Quebec
784:Canada
667:London
477:Jersey
438:courts
419:lawyer
189:
182:
175:
168:
160:
2197:(PDF)
1883:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
1424:Wales
1361:Spain
1125:Japan
1029:India
1008:India
995:China
901:CRFPA
873:avoué
861:avoué
801:avoué
765:jabot
574:bands
560:into
469:India
394:judge
333:with
194:JSTOR
180:books
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2205:2023
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1960:ISBN
1952:ISBN
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1727:Silk
1422:and
1253:any
1251:cite
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891:and
744:and
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499:the
440:and
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