340:
505:
119:
230:
206:
218:
570:
Viglietti, Pia A.; Barrett, Paul M.; Broderick, Tim J.; Munyikwa, Darlington; MacNiven, Rowan; Broderick, Lucy; Chapelle, Kimberley; Glynn, Dave; Edwards, Steve (January 2018). "Stratigraphy of the
Vulcanodon type locality and its implications for regional correlations within the Karoo Supergroup".
774:
B.J. Wahl (1971). An
Investigation of the Interbasaltic Sandstones in the Sibilobilo Islands, Kariba (Report). Unpublished B.Sc. Special Honours project, Department of Geology, University of Rhodesia, Harare,
906:
K.L. Walsh; P. Hall; D.J. Hughes (1999). "Major and trace element geochemical characteristics of Karoo basaits in
Zimbabwe, providing evidence for the origin of spatially related carbonatites".
895:
R.A. Smith. The lithostratigraphy of the Karoo
Supergroup in Botswana (Report). Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs, Republic of Botswana.
375:. The vesicular and massive basalts occur in alternating bands, with the vesicular bands usually being the top and base of each flow. The basalt mineralogy consists of mainly of
707:"Geophysical and hydrogeologic investigation of groundwater in the Karoo stratigraphic sequence at Sawmills in northern Matabeleland, Zimbabwe: a case history"
946:
Nyambe, Imasiku A.; Utting, John (1997). "Stratigraphy and palynostratigraphy, Karoo
Supergroup (Permian and Triassic), mid-Zambezi Valley, southern Zambia".
984:
Catuneanu, O.; Wopfner, H.; Eriksson, P.G.; Cairncross, B.; Rubidge, B.S.; Smith, R.M.H.; Hancox, P.J. (2005). "The Karoo basins of south-central Africa".
1021:"Sedimentology and taphonomy of the upper Karoo-equivalent Mpandi Formation in the Tuli Basin of Zimbabwe, with a new 40Ar/39Ar age for the Tuli basalts"
1078:
1068:
1073:
534:
871:
B. Barber (1994). "Notes on the isotopic dating of Karoo and younger lavas from the
Zambezi valley, and implications for sedimentation".
1083:
908:
660:
Ridgway, John; Money, N. J. (1981). "Karoo basalts from western Zambia and geochemical provinces in central and southern Africa".
483:
163:
1019:
Rogers, Raymond R.; Rogers, Kristina Curry; Munyikwa, Darlington; Terry, Rebecca C.; Singer, Bradley S. (2004).
330:
1088:
621:"Age of the Batoka basalts, northern Zimbabwe, and the duration of Karoo Large Igneous Province magmatism"
662:
1035:
993:
955:
917:
721:
671:
632:
580:
272:
139:
493:
of the Great Karoo Basin, South Africa, and the basalts of the Tuli Basin in
Botswana and Zimbabwe.
810:
737:
687:
544:
596:
530:
490:
475:
352:
305:
of the rocks as separate layers, with the sandstone layers actually being from the underlying
149:
1043:
1001:
963:
925:
802:
729:
706:
679:
640:
588:
479:
306:
153:
556:
124:
705:
Danielsen, Jens E.; Dahlin, Torleif; Owen, Richard; Mangeya, Pride; Auken, Esben (2007).
1039:
997:
959:
921:
725:
675:
636:
584:
339:
510:
428:
392:
302:
118:
31:
1020:
967:
929:
828:
B. Lightfoot (1914). "The
Geology of the North-western part of the Wankie Coalfield".
806:
1062:
1047:
1005:
814:
691:
592:
251:
70:
27:
619:
Jones, D. L.; Duncan, R. A.; Briden, J. C.; Randall, D. E.; MacNiocaill, C. (2001).
741:
504:
852:
B. Lightfoot (1929). "The geology of the
Central Part of the Wankie Coalfield".
435:
376:
360:
356:
45:
733:
500:
424:
404:
297:
90:
55:
600:
529:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 535β536.
384:
327:
95:
39:
645:
620:
455:
447:
420:
416:
388:
372:
368:
323:
295:. It was formerly thought to contain sand stones containing the dinosaur
288:
280:
235:
211:
128:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
431:
and in the lower Deka valley, and are common in north-eastern
Botswana.
683:
412:
408:
276:
193:
100:
75:
791:"The Geology of the Zambezi Basin around the Batoka Gorge (Rhodesia)"
451:
400:
396:
380:
364:
333:
292:
284:
223:
178:
790:
301:, however this was shown to be in error resulting from interpreting
343:
Pillow lavas in Batoka Basalt, Siyakobvu, Kariba District, Zimbabwe
338:
466:
Lavas of the Batoka Formation have been dated at 180 to 179 Ma.
348:
322:
The formation is a volcanic unit, consisting mainly of high-
458:, in the Mid-Zambezi, Mana Pools and Cabora Bassa Basins.
291:. It is predominantly a volcanic unit comprising mainly
474:
The Batoka Formation is the uppermost formation in the
371:
have been reported from some areas of north-eastern
257:
246:
241:
199:
189:
184:
174:
169:
159:
145:
135:
21:
489:The Batoka Formation has been correlated to the
979:
977:
527:Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, Africa)
755:G. Bond (1973). "Palaeontology of Rhodesia".
8:
890:
888:
886:
854:Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin
830:Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin
795:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
941:
939:
784:
782:
117:
18:
847:
845:
843:
644:
525:David B. Weishampel; et al. (2004).
873:Annals of the Zimbabwe Geological Survey
614:
612:
610:
517:
16:Geological formation in Southern Africa
552:
542:
7:
625:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
359:or massive basalts, with occasional
757:Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin
438:intrusions in the Zambezi valley.
123:Batoka basalt flows at Siyakobvu,
14:
1028:Journal of African Earth Sciences
986:Journal of African Earth Sciences
948:Journal of African Earth Sciences
909:Journal of African Earth Sciences
807:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1907.063.01-04.14
573:Journal of African Earth Sciences
446:The Batoka Formation is found in
399:area, vesicles consist mostly of
1048:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.11.004
1006:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.007
593:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.10.015
503:
434:The basalt lavas are related to
228:
216:
204:
1079:Geologic formations of Zimbabwe
1069:Geologic formations of Botswana
1:
1074:Geologic formations of Zambia
968:10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00081-X
930:10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00028-7
1105:
484:Forest Sandstone Formation
164:Forest Sandstone Formation
1084:Jurassic System of Africa
734:10.1007/s10040-007-0191-z
116:
26:
427:, are dominant towards
344:
789:G.W.Lamplugh (1907).
663:Geologische Rundschau
342:
714:Hydrogeology Journal
646:10.1029/2000GC000110
273:geological formation
194:Zambezi River valley
140:Geological formation
1040:2004JAfES..40..147R
998:2005JAfES..43..211C
960:1997JAfES..24..563N
922:1999JAfES..28....1.
726:2007HydJ...15..945D
676:1981GeoRu..70..868R
637:2001GGG.....2.1022J
585:2018JAfES.137..149V
28:Stratigraphic range
684:10.1007/BF01820167
482:, lying above the
345:
916:(4 Suppl 1): 84.
536:978-0-520-24209-8
491:Drakensberg Group
476:Upper Karoo Group
265:
264:
150:Upper Karoo Group
1096:
1052:
1051:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1009:
992:(1β3): 211β253.
981:
972:
971:
943:
934:
933:
903:
897:
896:
892:
881:
880:
868:
862:
861:
849:
838:
837:
825:
819:
818:
801:(1β4): 162β216.
786:
777:
776:
771:
765:
764:
752:
746:
745:
711:
702:
696:
695:
657:
651:
650:
648:
616:
605:
604:
567:
561:
560:
554:
550:
548:
540:
522:
513:
508:
507:
480:Karoo Supergroup
363:, although rare
307:Forest Sandstone
269:Batoka Formation
234:
232:
231:
222:
220:
219:
210:
208:
207:
154:Karoo Supergroup
121:
112:
42:
22:Batoka Formation
19:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1013:
983:
982:
975:
945:
944:
937:
905:
904:
900:
894:
893:
884:
870:
869:
865:
851:
850:
841:
827:
826:
822:
788:
787:
780:
773:
772:
768:
754:
753:
749:
709:
704:
703:
699:
659:
658:
654:
618:
617:
608:
569:
568:
564:
551:
541:
537:
524:
523:
519:
509:
502:
499:
472:
464:
444:
320:
315:
229:
227:
226:
217:
215:
214:
205:
203:
131:
125:Kariba District
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1011:
973:
935:
898:
882:
863:
839:
820:
778:
766:
747:
697:
652:
606:
562:
535:
516:
515:
514:
511:Geology portal
498:
495:
471:
468:
463:
460:
443:
440:
429:Victoria Falls
393:volcanic glass
319:
316:
314:
311:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
250:Batoka Gorge,
248:
244:
243:
239:
238:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
122:
114:
113:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
32:Early Jurassic
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1101:
1090:
1089:Flood basalts
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
978:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:
902:
899:
891:
889:
887:
883:
878:
874:
867:
864:
859:
855:
848:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
824:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
783:
779:
770:
767:
762:
758:
751:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
701:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
656:
653:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
613:
611:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
566:
563:
558:
546:
538:
532:
528:
521:
518:
512:
506:
501:
496:
494:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
441:
439:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
341:
337:
335:
332:
329:
325:
317:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:G.W. Lamplugh
260:
256:
253:
252:Zambezi River
249:
245:
240:
237:
225:
213:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
183:
180:
177:
173:
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
115:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:180β179
33:
29:
25:
20:
1056:
1034:(3β4): 147.
1031:
1027:
1014:
989:
985:
951:
947:
913:
907:
901:
876:
872:
866:
857:
853:
833:
829:
823:
798:
794:
769:
760:
756:
750:
717:
713:
700:
667:
661:
655:
628:
624:
576:
572:
565:
526:
520:
488:
473:
470:Stratigraphy
465:
445:
433:
346:
321:
296:
268:
266:
242:Type section
579:: 149β156.
553:|work=
436:carbonatite
377:plagioclase
357:porphyritic
318:Description
1063:Categories
954:(4): 563.
720:(5): 945.
670:(3): 868.
631:(2): n/a.
497:References
425:laumontite
415:, such as
405:chalcedony
351:are dark,
331:tholeiitic
298:Vulcanodon
279:valley in
815:131664930
775:Zimbabwe.
692:128474657
601:1464-343X
555:ignored (
545:cite book
411:, though
395:. In the
385:magnetite
369:rhyolites
353:vesicular
328:potassium
247:Named for
170:Lithology
879:: 19β23.
456:Zimbabwe
448:Botswana
421:mesolite
417:stilbite
413:zeolites
389:ilmenite
373:Botswana
324:titanium
289:Zimbabwe
281:Botswana
258:Named by
236:Zimbabwe
212:Botswana
185:Location
160:Overlies
129:Zimbabwe
1036:Bibcode
994:Bibcode
956:Bibcode
918:Bibcode
742:2059067
722:Bibcode
672:Bibcode
633:Bibcode
581:Bibcode
478:of the
409:calcite
387:, some
365:dacites
361:pillows
336:flows.
313:Geology
303:folding
293:basalts
277:Zambezi
275:in the
200:Country
175:Primary
146:Unit of
107:↓
813:
740:
690:
599:
533:
452:Zambia
442:Extent
401:quartz
397:Hwange
381:augite
334:basalt
326:, low-
285:Zambia
233:
224:Zambia
221:
209:
190:Region
179:Basalt
1024:(PDF)
811:S2CID
738:S2CID
710:(PDF)
688:S2CID
349:lavas
271:is a
597:ISSN
557:help
531:ISBN
423:and
391:and
367:and
355:and
347:The
287:and
267:The
136:Type
46:Preκ
1044:doi
1002:doi
964:doi
926:doi
803:doi
730:doi
680:doi
641:doi
589:doi
577:137
462:Age
407:or
1065::
1042:.
1032:40
1030:.
1026:.
1000:.
990:43
988:.
976:^
962:.
952:24
950:.
938:^
924:.
914:28
912:.
885:^
877:17
875:.
858:15
856:.
842:^
832:.
809:.
799:63
797:.
793:.
781:^
761:70
759:.
736:.
728:.
718:15
716:.
712:.
686:.
678:.
668:70
666:.
639:.
627:.
623:.
609:^
595:.
587:.
575:.
549::
547:}}
543:{{
486:.
454:,
450:,
419:,
403:,
383:,
379:,
309:.
283:,
152:,
127:,
96:Pg
40:Ma
30::
1050:.
1046::
1038::
1008:.
1004::
996::
970:.
966::
958::
932:.
928::
920::
860:.
836:.
834:4
817:.
805::
763:.
744:.
732::
724::
694:.
682::
674::
649:.
643::
635::
629:2
603:.
591::
583::
559:)
539:.
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:κ
35:~
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