909:
1404:
526:
1416:
276:
377:
1118:
752:
1354:
1450:
31:
469:
1207:
3644:
1380:
1435:
3654:
1392:
1270:
central heating) or space to accommodate a bathtub, plumbing facilities being limited in them only to a kitchen sink and a small toilet room with a toilet seat. Thus the dwellers of such apartments, on a par with those living in the part of pre-1917-built blocks of flats which had not undergone cardinal renovation, would have no choice but to use public bathhouses.
92:
1307:
aside for ladies only, Mondays and
Thursdays. The average number of visitors to the Philadelphia baths every week was about 28,000, with a "great crush" of boys appearing after school hours, boys who were likely to ignore their 30-minute time limits. Operators discouraged the use of soap. By 1904 Pittsburgh would have its third municipal bath, the
1046:, around ten private baths were available in the 1830s. Whilst the dimensions of the baths were small, they provided a range of services. A major proprietor of bath houses in Birmingham was a Mr. Monro who had had premises in Lady Well and Snow Hill. Private baths were advertised as having healing qualities and being able to cure people of
734:
itself, with the item that puts his body at the most exposure being the very last thing removed. When entering a public bath, a Jew is not permitted to greet his neighbor with a verbal salutation, and if another person should greet him audibly, he is to retort: "This is a bath house." Once inside, he is forbidden to sit in a
1198:, Australia in 1859, Canada had one by 1869, and the first in New Zealand was opened in 1874. Urquhart's influence was also felt outside the Empire when in 1861, Dr Charles H Shepard opened the first Turkish baths in the United States at 63 Columbia Street, Brooklyn Heights, New York, most probably on 3 October 1863.
681:
2298:... Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene ... Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths' practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period ...
228:), and bathtubs were made of bronze or timber. Bath beans, a powdery soap mixture of ground beans, cloves, eaglewood, flowers, and even powdered jade, was a luxury toiletry in the Han dynasty; commoners used powdered beans without spices. Luxurious bathhouses built around hot springs were recorded in the
733:
instructed on what should be the conduct of every Jew who enters a public bath. Before a Jew enters a public bath, he is first required to offer a short prayer unto God, requesting that no offensive act befall him there. He is also instructed on which clothes he is to remove before entering the bath
1306:
In an 1897 comparison to
Pittsburgh, which had no municipal baths, Philadelphia was equipped with a dozen, "distributed through the very poorest quarters of the city," each with a concrete pool and 80 dressing rooms. Every pool was drained, flushed and swept twice a week, prior to the two days set
1273:
Since the 1950s in cities, towns, and many rural areas more comfortable dwelling became a nationally required standard, and almost all apartments are designed with both cold and hot water supply, and a bathroom with a bathtub, but a percentage of people living in them still go to public steam baths
302:
From at least as early as 550 AD there have been public drinking fountains in Nepal, also called dhunge dhara or hiti. The primary function of these dhunge dharas was to provide easily accessible and safe drinking water. Depending on their size and location, they were also used as a public bath and
1269:
Since the first half of the 20th century running unheated drinking water supply has been made available virtually to all inhabitants of multi-story apartment buildings in cities, but if such dwellings were built during the 1930s and not updated later, they do not have hot running water (except for
1294:
estate for their free use. The Lick bathhouse continued as a public amenity until 1919. Other early examples such as the 1890 West Side
Natatorium in Milwaukee, the first of Chicago's in 1894, and the 1891 People's Baths on the Lower East Side of Manhattan were alike in their explicit spirit of
1265:
big cities since the 18th century, public baths were opened in them and then back in villages. While the richer urban circles could afford to have an individual bathroom with a bathtub in their apartments (since the late 19th century with running water), the lower classes necessarily used public
1257:
behind their dwelling on the family's land plot. It was usually a smallish wooden cabin with a low entrance and no more than one small window to keep heat inside. Traditionally, the family washed their bodies completely once a week before the day of the Bible-prescribed rest (Sunday) as having a
487:
would cover 140,000 square metres (1,500,000 sq ft), its soaring granite and porphyry sheltering 3,000 bathers a day. Most Roman homes, except for those of the most elite, did not have any sort of bathing area, so people from various classes of Roman society would convene at the public
2459:
The evidence of early medieval laws that enforced punishments for the destruction of bathing houses suggests that such buildings were not rare. That they ... took a bath every week. At places in southern Europe, Roman baths remained in use or were even restored ... The Paris city scribe
Nicolas
738:
upon the marble floor, such as one who puts his head between his own legs while sitting upright (others explain the sense as exercising the body); nor is he permitted to rub or scratch another person's limbs with his bare hands, but may use an extended device to scratch another bather's back.
1322:
This amounted to a national bath-building movement that peaked in the decade between 1900 and 1910. By 1904, eight of the nation's ten most populous cities had year-round bathhouses available to the working class. In 1922, 40 cities across the country maintained at least one or two public
997:
1314:
A New York state law of 1895 required every city over 50,000 in population maintain as many public baths as their Boards of Health deemed necessary, providing hot and cold water for at least 14 hours a day. Despite that mandate, the first civic bathhouse in New York City, the
2716:
Model Public Baths, Goulston-square, Whitechapel. The BATHS for men and boys are now OPEN from 5 in the morning till 10 at night. Charges – first-class (two towels), cold bath 5d., warm bath 6d.; second-class (one towel), cold bath 1d, warm bath 2d. Every bath is in a private
347:
In the 17th century, the first
European visitors to Japan recorded the habit of daily baths in sexually mixed groups. Before the mid-19th century, when Western influence increased, nude communal bathing for men, women, and children at the local unisex public bath, or
146:
In Greece by the sixth century BC, men and women washed in basins near places of physical and intellectual exercise. Later gymnasia had indoor basins set overhead, the open maws of marble lions offering showers, and circular pools with tiers of steps for lounging.
2270:... Thus bathing also was considered a part of good health practice. For example, Tertullian attended the baths and believed them hygienic. Clement of Alexandria, while condemning excesses, had given guidelines for Christian] who wished to attend the baths ...
1244:
being a spacious country with a farming population dominating until World War II. Farmers did not have inside their log cabins running water supply and hot bathtubs for washing their bodies, so they either used for their washing heat and space inside their
396:, bathing is almost always "public", in the sense that people converge at riverbanks, pools, or water springs for bathing or laundering. However, some sections of riverbanks are segregated by gender. Nude bathing is quite uncommon; many people still use
908:
743:) while lying on the marble floor in the bath house. These strictures were enacted in order to discourage developing any close bond and connection with another bather that might, otherwise, lead to inappropriate behavior while both men are naked.
636:) but also provided general hygiene and served other functions in the community such as meeting places for socialization for both men and women. Archaeological remains attest to the existence of bathhouses in the Islamic world as early as the
244:, noted Chinese bathhouses used coal for heating, which he had never seen in Europe. At that time coal was so plentiful that Chinese people of every social class took frequent baths, either in public baths or in bathrooms in their own homes.
49:
originated when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities. Though termed "public", they have often been restricted according to gender, religious affiliation, personal membership, and other criteria.
852:
maintained their baths in their residences which described by scholar Paolo
Squatriti as " luxurious baths", and bath houses including hot baths incorporated into Christian Church buildings or those of monasteries, which known as
1403:
251:
bathhouse had slabbed floors and brick dome ceilings. A huge boiler was installed in the back of the house, connected with the bathing pool through a tunnel. Water could be pumped into the pool by water wheels attended by staff.
236:(960–1279), public bathhouses became popular and ubiquitous, and bathing became an essential part of social life and recreation. Bathhouses often provided massage, manicure, rubdowns, ear cleaning, food and beverages.
359:
In contemporary times, many, but not all administrative regions forbid nude mixed gender public baths, with exceptions for children under a certain age when accompanied by parents. Public baths using water from
1282:
The building of public baths in the United States began in the 1890s. Public baths were created to improve the health and sanitary condition of the working classes, before personal baths became commonplace.
1415:
68:
As the percentage of dwellings containing private bathrooms has increased in some societies, the need for public baths has diminished, and they are now almost exclusively used recreationally.
266:
Unlike traditional public baths in other countries, public baths in Korea are known for having various amenities on site besides the basic bathing. This can range from public saunas known as
1062:
members of society should have the opportunity to access baths, in an attempt to address the health problems of the public. On 22 April and 23 April 1845, two lectures were delivered in the
1353:
767:
clergy, as well as the pagan custom of women bathing naked in front of men, this did not stop the Church from urging its followers to go to public baths for bathing, which contributed to
205:, describes that people should take a hot shower every five days and wash their hair every three days. It was also considered good manners to take a bath provided by the host before the
408:) wrapped around their bodies to cover their genitals. More modest bathing springs might use woven bamboo partitions for privacy, still a common practice in villages and rural areas.
2695:
Yesterday the bill, as amended by the committee, for promoting the voluntary establishment in boroughs and parishes in
England and Wales of public baths and wash-houses was printed.
1308:
1027:
epidemic, Wilkinson took the initiative to offer the use of her house and yard to neighbours to wash their clothes, at a charge of a penny per week, and showed them how to use a
1152:, a book about his travels in 1848 through Spain and Morocco. He described the system of dry hot-air baths (little-changed since Roman times) which were used there and in the
272:, hot tubs, showers, and even massage tables where people can get massage scrubs. Due to the popularity of Korean jjimjilbangs, some have started to open up outside of Korea.
1300:
138:
The bath is housed inside a larger—more elaborate—building and was used for public bathing. The Great Bath and the house of the priest suggest that the Indus had a religion.
2329:... but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body" ...
1866:
368:(hot springs) are particularly popular. Towns with hot springs are destination resorts, which are visited daily by the locals and people from other, neighboring towns.
2896:
423:
developed a bathing pool, although it was not actually "public" since it was believed to be reserved for royalty or people residing in the compound. The 14th-century
332:, houses of prominent families, such as the families of court nobles or samurai, had baths. The bath had lost its religious significance and instead became leisure.
3400:
1973:
1626:
1160:
read
Urquhart's book and worked with him to construct such a bath. After a number of unsuccessful attempts, Barter opened the first bath of this type at St Ann's
2910:
3445:
3423:
1187:. During the following 150 years, over 700 Turkish baths opened in Britain, including those built by municipal authorities as part of swimming pool complexes.
431:
had several bathing structures, including the Candi Tikus bathing pool, believed to be a royal bathing pool; and the
Segaran reservoir, a large public pool.
232:. While royal bathhouses and bathrooms were common among ancient Chinese nobles and commoners, the public bathhouse was a relatively late development. In the
106:
150:
Bathing was ritualized, and becoming an art, with cleansing sands, hot water, hot air in dark vaulted "vapor baths", a cooling plunge, and a rubdown with
483:
The first public thermae of 19 BC had a rotunda 25 metres across, circled by small rooms, set in a park with an artificial river and pool. By AD 300 the
1258:(steam) bath meant having to get and bring in a considerable amount of firewood and water and spending time off other farm work heating the bathhouse.
974:
remain an integral and ancient part of the way of life there. They are found on the lake shore, in private apartments, corporate headquarters, at the
2686:
2781:
325:, ritual purification with water. After Japan imported Buddhist culture, many temples had saunas, which were available for anyone to use for free.
3440:
419:
or bathing-pool structure enclosed in a walled compound. This suggests that other than bathing in riverbanks or springs, people of ancient Java's
1266:
steambaths – special big buildings which were equipped with developed side catering services enjoyed by the merchants with a farming background.
3418:
3408:
2748:"Profit is a Dirty Word: The Development of Public Baths and Wash-houses in Britain 1847–1915 – SHEARD 13 (1): 63 – Social History of Medicine"
525:
81:
2621:
2481:
2452:
2424:
2399:
2353:
2322:
2291:
2263:
1949:
1847:
1817:
1602:
3413:
3064:
685:
2707:
3325:
2747:
2104:
Sourdel-Thomine, J.; Louis, A. (2012). "Ḥammām". In
Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
982:. The sauna is an important part of the national identity and those who have the opportunity usually take a sauna at least once a week.
1183:
in July 1860, when Roger Evans, a member of one of Urquhart's Foreign Affairs Committees, opened a Turkish bath at 5 Bell Street, near
672:. The process of visiting a hammam was similar to that of Roman bathing, albeit with some exceptions such as the absence of exercise.
3390:
3000:
2023:
1771:
1695:
1529:
1870:
640:(7th–8th centuries) and their importance has persisted up to modern times. Their architecture evolved from the layout of Roman and
3455:
3363:
3036:
1032:
991:
2369:
275:
3145:
1316:
492:", with pools, exercise spaces, game rooms, gardens, even libraries, and theatres. One of the most famous public bath sites is
2960:
2507:
3428:
2844:
2816:
1103:
was a response to the public's desire for increased sanitary conditions, and by 1915 most towns in Britain had at least one.
221:
3553:
1100:
1070:
912:
504:
216:
Ancient public bath facilities have been found in ancient Chinese cities, such as the Dongzhouyang archaeological site in
2873:
450:
cleansing ritual rather than for sanitation or recreation. Its bubbling water is the main source of the Pakerisan River.
3140:
1449:
1335:
926:
in the 11th and 12th centuries, who had enjoyed warm baths in the Middle East. These, however, rapidly degenerated into
930:
or at least the reputation as such and were closed down at various times. For instance, in England during the reign of
3601:
3320:
1469:
1175:
The following year, the first public bath of its type to be built in mainland Britain since Roman times was opened in
191:
inscriptions describe the people washing hair and body in bath, suggesting people paid attention to personal hygiene.
1786:
1236:
body treatments with steam and accessories such as a bunch of birch branches have been traditionally carried out in
3536:
3521:
1977:
1475:
1157:
975:
2938:
The Tenement House Problem Including the Report of the New York State Tenement House Commission of 1900 · Volume 2
3335:
3069:
112:
3433:
3162:
2802:
620:. In Islamic culture the significance of the hammam was both religious and civic: it provided for the needs of
120:
95:
2066:
Sibley, Magda. "The Historic Hammams of Damascus and Fez: Lessons of Sustainability and Future Developments".
1991:
1434:
376:
53:
In addition to their hygienic function, public baths have also been social meeting places. They have included
1892:
3237:
3103:
3096:
1125:
1112:
854:
661:
35:
3558:
3531:
3250:
1837:
1093:
967:
566:
2730:
2578:
3678:
3563:
3385:
2773:
2638:
Memoir of Kitty Wilkinson of Liverpool, 1786–1860: with a short account of Thomas Wilkinson, her husband
1595:
Collective baths in Egypt 2 : new discoveries and perspectives : Balaneîa = Thermae = Hammâmât
1331:
947:
788:
780:
463:
202:
1556:(1). Egypts Presidential Specialized Council for Education and Scientific Research: 51–67. 2020-10-01.
1379:
680:
1644:
857:" because they served both the clerics and needy poor people. Public bathing were common in mediaeval
751:
511:. He also states that "In Western Europe only the Finns still practice a truly public bathing habit."
3631:
3508:
3272:
3172:
3029:
1141:
1063:
739:
Furthermore, he is not permitted to have his "limbs broken" (a kind of stretching of the muscles, or
1753:
1081:
across the country to incur expenditure in constructing public swimming baths out of its own funds.
3578:
3483:
3305:
1359:
931:
882:
689:
621:
605:
484:
3653:
3626:
3583:
3568:
3498:
3493:
3300:
3152:
3091:
2890:
2552:
1967:
1620:
1575:
886:
493:
443:
381:
178:
1148:, who for political and personal reasons wished to popularize Turkish culture. In 1850 he wrote
1707:
1391:
1117:
848:
baths, or even a myriad of monastic bath houses functioning in eighth and ninth centuries. The
30:
3262:
3210:
3059:
2996:
2617:
2560:
2477:
2448:
2420:
2395:
2349:
2341:
2318:
2287:
2259:
2232:
2191:
2148:
2019:
1955:
1945:
1843:
1813:
1767:
1691:
1608:
1598:
1567:
1525:
996:
979:
812:
702:
637:
447:
2751:
3616:
3573:
3330:
3076:
2594:
1669:
1557:
1287:
1028:
823:
784:
303:
for other washing and cleaning activities. Many of them are still being used as such today.
1732:
468:
3648:
3345:
3295:
3081:
3022:
1917:
1790:
1217:
1078:
1036:
1016:
764:
730:
557:
546:
420:
162:
2431:
Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.
2229:
Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature
1290:
building, with laundry facilities, given to the citizens of San Francisco in 1890 by the
161:
Greek public bathing spread to the already rich ancient Egyptian bathing culture, during
2911:"Former Pittsburgh Wash House & Public Baths Nominated for Historic Landmark Status"
1206:
3683:
3548:
3488:
2224:
2163:
2147:(in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Jerusalem: Pe'er HaTorah. p. 359 (Hil. Ta'aniyot 5:6).
1191:
1153:
1137:
827:
735:
723:
617:
613:
609:
577:
489:
217:
1323:
facilities, and the city with the largest system of baths was New York City, with 25.
3672:
3658:
3621:
3606:
3543:
3468:
3358:
3255:
3245:
3185:
3180:
3118:
1766:
Water Conduits in the Kathmandu Valley (2 vols.) by Raimund O.A. Becker-Ritterspach,
1579:
1492:
1425:
1339:
1327:
1246:
1237:
1212:
1059:
1055:
971:
898:
776:
760:
716:
707:
705:, are used only for enhancing bodily cleanliness and for pleasure and relaxation. On
497:
193:
184:
166:
151:
132:
1012:
in 1829. The first known warm fresh-water public wash house was opened in May 1842.
3478:
3473:
3463:
3380:
3310:
3277:
2964:
1481:
1296:
1161:
1129:
1074:
916:
878:
874:
601:
585:
473:
329:
297:
248:
241:
233:
229:
198:
124:
99:
1793:
by Purushottam P. Khatri, The Rising Nepal, 1 June 2019, retrieved 6 December 2019
576:) or "Turkish baths" (mainly by westerners due to the bath's association with the
2990:
2936:
2652:
2013:
1807:
3526:
3375:
3130:
2158:
1774:, Published by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1995
1546:"An Insight into an Egyptian Intangible Cultural Heritage Tradition: The Hammām"
1486:
1225:
1184:
1169:
1089:
963:
890:
858:
804:
649:
645:
641:
581:
268:
261:
210:
188:
2119:
1562:
1545:
1066:
urging the provision of public baths in Birmingham and other towns and cities.
488:
baths. Roman baths became "something like a cross between an aqua centre and a
3611:
3516:
3370:
3353:
3315:
3227:
3200:
3157:
3135:
2211:
2140:
1612:
1497:
1291:
1176:
1043:
866:
808:
653:
589:
530:
237:
2564:
2236:
2152:
1959:
1571:
3267:
3217:
3195:
2526:
1009:
1001:
939:
740:
669:
657:
477:
439:
424:
412:
393:
280:
116:
39:
2284:
Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion
966:, where the sauna remained a popular phenomenon, even expanding during the
135:', complete with stairs leading down to the water at each one of its ends.
1939:
1783:
507:, described public bathing as a "social event" for the Romans in his book
91:
17:
3287:
3222:
3205:
1455:
1367:
1254:
1145:
1047:
923:
922:
Roman style public baths were introduced on a limited scale by returning
840:
800:
597:
428:
351:
312:
128:
2817:"James Lick's Public Baths – A Building the City May Well Feel Proud Of"
2556:
2145:
Sefer Mishneh Torah - HaYad Ha-Chazakah (Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law)
3190:
3125:
3086:
2778:
Victorian Turkish Baths: Their origin, development, and gradual decline
2460:
Boileau noted the existence of twenty-six public baths in Paris in 1272
2120:"About Bath Houses, Turkish Baths and Sauna Culture and Bath Resources"
1441:
1165:
1133:
1024:
1015:
The popularity of wash-houses was spurred by the newspaper interest in
959:
927:
845:
831:
816:
796:
787:
built public bathing facilities that were separate for both sexes near
768:
719:'s destruction, Jews are not permitted to visit the public bath house.
712:
551:
459:
155:
77:
62:
58:
2846:
Washing "The Great Unwashed": Public Baths in Urban America, 1840–1920
2315:
Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000, Parti 400–1000
3045:
1371:
1262:
1241:
1195:
1180:
1085:
943:
870:
772:
697:
534:
520:
405:
320:
206:
201:(1046 – 256 BCE) ritual, politics, and culture compiled during the
111:
Some of the earliest public baths are found in the ruins in of the
3113:
2258:. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315.
1205:
1116:
1019:, an Irish immigrant "wife of a labourer" who became known as the
995:
907:
862:
835:
792:
750:
679:
665:
632:
593:
524:
467:
401:
375:
363:
284:
274:
90:
54:
29:
1274:
for health treatments with steam, tree branches, aromatic oils.
1233:
1051:
849:
626:
538:
442:, dating from the 9th century. A notable public bathing pool is
435:
385:
183:
Bathing culture in Chinese literature can be traced back to the
3018:
1058:, amongst others. On 19 November 1844, it was decided that the
901:
also played a prominent role in the development of the British
61:, and other relaxation therapies, as are found in contemporary
1031:(bleach) to get them clean. She was supported by the District
902:
894:
1409:
A woman bathing is spied upon through a window, England, 1782
27:
Buildings with swimming pools or other facilities for bathing
1311:, built by private contributors but maintained by the city.
154:. Cities all over Ancient Greece honored sites where "young
2046:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Bath".
2068:
The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture
1249:
or built from logs, like the cottage itself, a one-family
3014:
1992:"Professor Garrett G. Fagan – Audio & Video Lectures"
978:
and even at the depth of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in
2231:, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, p. 1517,
1295:
social improvement—the People's Baths were organized by
1039:. In 1842 Wilkinson was appointed baths superintendent.
893:
monks played a role in the development and promotion of
644:
bathhouses and featured a similar sequence of rooms: an
2774:"St Ann's Hydropathic Establishment, Blarney, Co. Cork"
2735:, vol. 1, Co-operative printing company, p. 7
2583:, vol. 1, Co-operative printing company, p. 3
1286:
One pioneering public bathhouse was the well-appointed
889:
encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing;
2368:
Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou, Eutychia; Tourta, A. (1997).
2048:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1801:
1799:
1069:
After a period of campaigning by many committees, the
361:
349:
339:
333:
318:
2666:
2664:
2542:
2540:
213:, bathing became a regular activity every five days.
2614:
Endangered lives: public health in Victorian Britain
2385:
2383:
2381:
1754:"How to visit a Korean bathhouse for the first time"
1550:
International Journal of Heritage and Museum Studies
1194:. Dr. John Le Gay Brereton opened a Turkish bath in
571:
438:
contains several public bathing pools—some, such as
3594:
3507:
3454:
3399:
3344:
3286:
3236:
3171:
3052:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
1867:"The Majestic Beauty of the Ratu Boko Palace ruins"
1301:
Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor
2872:
2849:. The Ohio State University Press. pp. 39, 44
2308:
2306:
2256:Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective
1366:, 1915 restored 1992 at Maisonneuve public baths,
1326:Other notable constructions of the period/include
1121:Maud and friends visit a London Turkish bath, 1892
1004:wash house, the first public wash house in England
970:, when European bath houses were being destroyed.
545:Public bathhouses were a prominent feature in the
1319:on the Lower East Side, opened five years later.
695:Public baths in Judaism, unlike the ritual bath (
549:which was inherited from the model of the Roman
938:from the Italian word for bath, were set up in
668:, as well as smoke and hot air passing through
42:, New York City (1904–1906, restored 1989–1990)
1941:Daily life in ancient Rome : a sourcebook
3030:
2843:Williams, Marilyn Thornton (1 January 1991).
1008:The first modern public baths were opened in
556:Muslim bathhouses, also called hammams (from
476:, showing the under-floor heating system, or
158:stood and splashed water over their bodies".
8:
2895:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2871:Bayard, "Meg," Mary Temple (14 March 1897).
2474:The English Spa, 1560–1815: A Social History
1784:Kathmandu water spouts, lost and found cases
1088:public baths was opened at Goulston Square,
2866:
2864:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2508:"Finnish Sauna Culture – Not Just a Cliché"
2286:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–11.
1515:
1513:
1190:Similar baths opened in other parts of the
107:Sanitation in the Indus Valley Civilization
3037:
3023:
3015:
2317:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
1972:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1690:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–91.
1686:Golas, Peter J and Needham, Joseph (1999)
1625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1240:. This tradition was born in rural areas,
1179:, and the idea spread rapidly. It reached
950:in 1546 due to their negative reputation.
946:. They were all officially closed down by
2061:
2059:
2057:
1561:
958:A notable exception to this trend was in
2750:. Shm.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from
2445:Perception and Action in Medieval Europe
838:allocated to the Romans bathing through
2099:
2097:
2095:
1944:. Brian K. Harvey. Indianapolis. 2016.
1509:
1349:
701:) which is used for purification after
2888:
2106:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2079:
2077:
1965:
1618:
529:The changing room or vestibule of the
380:Public bathing as cleansing ritual in
279:People bathing in Bhindyo Gaa Hiti in
82:History of water supply and sanitation
2819:. San Francisco Call. 2 November 1890
2549:Observations on baths and wash-houses
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1869:. Wonderful Indonesia. Archived from
1638:
1636:
1099:The introduction of bath houses into
1077:on 26 August 1846. The Act empowered
580:), are historically found across the
7:
3065:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
2935:Veiller, Lawrence (1 January 1903).
2616:, Taylor & Francis, p. 73,
2447:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61.
2088:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
2015:Bathing in Public in the Roman World
1708:"Marco Polo's Descriptions of China"
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
815:urged his followers on the value of
509:Bathing in Public in the Roman World
503:Dr. Garrett G Fagan, a professor at
344:, to bathe in a shallow wooden tub.
131:was the size of 'a modest municipal
2961:"FORDYCE Bathhouse General History"
2772:Shifrin, Malcolm (3 October 2008),
2417:The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions
2371:Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki
2086:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
873:. Catholic religious orders of the
561:
240:, who traveled to China during the
2732:Sanitas Sanitatum et Omnia Sanitas
2595:"'Slum Saint' honored with statue"
2580:Sanitas Sanitatum et Omnia Sanitas
2476:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
1422:Ancient Ruins Used as Public Baths
446:, which is primarily used for the
317:The origin of Japanese bathing is
25:
1688:Science and Civilisation in China
715:marking the commemoration of the
3652:
3643:
3642:
2963:. asms.k12.ar.us. Archived from
2784:from the original on 11 May 2011
2533:. Helsinki: Helsinki University.
2214:Institutions edition (in Hebrew)
1893:"Tracing the glory of Majapahit"
1448:
1433:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1352:
1136:) were introduced to Britain by
1071:Public Baths and Wash-houses Act
992:Baths and wash houses in Britain
861:larger towns and cities such as
791:and pilgrimage sites; also, the
759:Despite the denunciation of the
2671:"Private Bath Advertisements".
2254:Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick (2006).
1524:. Grove Press. pp. 13–14.
1317:Rivington Street municipal bath
822:Great bathhouses were built in
2995:. University of Hawaii Press.
2346:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1670:"Ancient Chinese Bath Culture"
1309:Wash House and Public Building
225:
1:
3554:Nudity in American television
2636:Rathbone, Herbert R. (1927),
2443:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2005).
1891:Sita W. Dewi (9 April 2013).
1096:laying the foundation stone.
684:A contemporary mikveh at the
505:Pennsylvania State University
434:The Hindu-majority island of
2746:Sally Sheard* (2014-05-02).
2527:"The sauna – a sacred place"
2210:(chapter 10), p. 55a in the
664:which provide hot water and
356:, was a daily fact of life.
220:. Bathrooms were called Bi (
3602:Imagery of nude celebrities
3326:Social nudity organizations
2992:Japan, a view from the bath
2525:Korhonen, N. (April 1998).
2348:, Oxford University Press,
1643:Sun, Jiahui (1 July 2021).
1470:Bathing culture in Yangzhou
1132:which are derived from the
572:
547:culture of the Muslim world
411:The 8th-century complex of
362:
350:
340:
334:
319:
3700:
3537:Nudity in live performance
2729:Metcalfe, Richard (1877),
2654:Topography of Warwickshire
2577:Metcalfe, Richard (1877),
2392:Water: A Spiritual History
2050:. Oxford University Press.
2012:Fagan, Garrett G. (2002).
1645:"Bathing in Ancient Times"
1563:10.21608/ijhms.2020.188742
1330:in the spa resort town of
1128:(based on the traditional
1110:
989:
518:
457:
310:
295:
259:
176:
104:
75:
3640:
3336:Timeline of social nudity
3070:Nakedness and colonialism
2714:. 1847-07-26. p. 1.
2693:. 1846-07-22. p. 6.
2612:Wohl, Anthony S. (1984),
2547:Ashpitel, Arthur (1851),
2531:Universitas Helsingiensis
2512:The Finnish Sauna Society
2394:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2313:Squatriti, Paolo (2002).
2241:
2084:Marçais, Georges (1954).
1593:Redon, Bérangère (2017).
1162:Hydropathic Establishment
755:A bathhouse, c. 1475–1485
472:Ruins of a Roman bath in
187:(1600 – 1046 BCE), where
113:Indus Valley civilization
87:Indus Valley Civilization
3391:Clothing-optional events
3163:Clothing laws by country
2803:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
2708:"Classified Advertising"
2496:Wheatcroft (2003) p. 73.
2472:Hembry, Phyllis (1990).
2419:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61.
2282:Thurlkill, Mary (2016).
1210:1926 depiction of rural
1140:, diplomat and sometime
763:style of Roman pools by
729:(chapter 10), the early
670:conduits under the floor
3456:Social nudity advocates
3238:Issues in social nudity
3104:Breastfeeding in public
2941:. Macmillan. p. 42
2915:Preservation Pittsburgh
2687:"Baths and Wash-Houses"
2415:Black, Winston (2019).
1336:Asser Levy Public Baths
1150:The Pillars of Hercules
1126:Victorian Turkish baths
1113:Victorian Turkish baths
36:Asser Levy Public Baths
3559:Nudity in music videos
3532:Nude photography (art)
3251:Sexual objectification
3053:Nakedness and clothing
2673:The Birmingham Journal
2651:West, William (1830).
2206:), appendix, Tractate
1229:
1122:
1005:
934:, bath houses, called
919:
756:
692:
660:. Heat is produced by
542:
480:
389:
288:
102:
78:Bathing § History
43:
3569:Nudity in advertising
3564:Nudity in print media
3364:Nude swimming classes
2989:Clark, Scott (1994).
2640:, H. Young & Sons
2390:Bradley, Ian (2012).
1976:) CS1 maint: others (
1836:Clark, Scott (1994).
1806:Clark, Scott (1994).
1342:, completed in 1908.
1332:Hot Springs, Arkansas
1209:
1120:
999:
990:Further information:
954:Modern public bathing
911:
781:Clement of Alexandria
754:
683:
528:
471:
464:Ancient Roman bathing
379:
278:
203:Warring States period
105:Further information:
94:
33:
3632:Softcore pornography
3509:Depictions of nudity
3273:Wardrobe malfunction
3173:Nudity and sexuality
2874:"The Great Unwashed"
1733:"Marco Polo's World"
1364:Les petits Baigneurs
1299:and financed by the
1142:Member of Parliament
1023:. In 1832, during a
3579:Glamour photography
3527:Nude modeling (art)
3484:Henry S. Huntington
2122:. Aquariussauna.com
1994:. The Great Courses
1520:Keay, John (2001).
1261:With the growth of
1092:, in 1847 with the
883:ritual purification
690:Birmingham, Alabama
606:Indian subcontinent
485:Baths of Diocletian
197:, a work regarding
3627:Nude psychotherapy
3584:Erotic photography
3499:Richard Ungewitter
3494:Elton Raymond Shaw
3331:Anarchist naturism
3321:Naturist magazines
3301:Christian naturism
3153:Nudity and protest
3092:Nudity in religion
2877:. Pittsburgh Press
2601:. 4 February 2010.
2342:Kazhdan, Alexander
1918:"Pura Tirta Empul"
1789:2019-12-06 at the
1440:Bagno del Papa in
1230:
1216:by Russian artist
1123:
1021:Saint of the Slums
1006:
968:Reformation period
920:
887:Benedict of Nursia
885:, and inspired by
881:' rules contained
819:as a bodily need.
757:
693:
543:
481:
390:
289:
179:Chinese bathhouses
103:
44:
3666:
3665:
3263:Indecent exposure
3211:Feminist stripper
2623:978-0-416-37950-1
2551:, pp. 2–14,
2483:978-0-8386-3391-5
2454:978-1-84383-146-4
2426:978-1-4408-6232-8
2401:978-1-4411-6767-5
2355:978-0-19-504652-6
2324:978-0-521-52206-9
2293:978-0-7391-7453-1
2265:978-0-88920-912-1
2192:Babylonian Talmud
1951:978-1-58510-795-7
1849:978-0-8248-1657-5
1819:978-0-8248-1657-5
1712:Facts and Details
1649:theworldofchinese
1604:978-2-7247-0696-3
1489:– Native American
1130:Muslim bathhouses
1079:local authorities
1033:Provident Society
824:Byzantine centers
813:Gregory the Great
775:according to the
570:
448:Balinese Hinduism
392:Traditionally in
16:(Redirected from
3691:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3617:Nudity in combat
3574:Nude photography
3306:Freikörperkultur
3077:Childhood nudity
3039:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3006:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2840:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2806:, 3 October 1863
2799:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2221:
2215:
2189:
2172:
2156:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1963:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1897:The Jakarta Post
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:backcover Misogi
1803:
1794:
1781:
1775:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1704:
1698:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1676:. 30 April 2019.
1666:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1565:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1522:India: A History
1517:
1478:– ancient Greece
1452:
1437:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1360:Alfred Laliberté
1356:
1288:James Lick Baths
1037:William Rathbone
1029:chloride of lime
976:Parliament House
807:since the early
622:ritual ablutions
575:
565:
563:
367:
355:
343:
337:
324:
227:
21:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3636:
3590:
3503:
3450:
3395:
3346:Nude recreation
3340:
3296:Naturist resort
3282:
3232:
3167:
3082:Sex segregation
3048:
3043:
3013:
3003:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2244: I (end)
2223:
2222:
2218:
2190:
2175:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2026:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1964:
1952:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1791:Wayback Machine
1782:
1778:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1685:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1617:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1398:
1397:Bathing in 1568
1395:
1386:
1385:Bathing in 1450
1383:
1374:
1357:
1348:
1280:
1218:Boris Kustodiev
1204:
1115:
1109:
1101:British culture
1017:Kitty Wilkinson
994:
988:
956:
765:early Christian
749:
747:Christian world
731:Sages of Israel
678:
646:undressing room
523:
517:
466:
458:Main articles:
456:
421:Mataram Kingdom
374:
315:
309:
300:
294:
264:
258:
181:
175:
144:
127:in present-day
115:. According to
109:
89:
84:
74:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3697:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Nudity in film
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Heinrich Pudor
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3109:Public bathing
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3012:
3011:External links
3009:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2952:
2927:
2902:
2860:
2830:
2808:
2794:
2764:
2738:
2721:
2699:
2678:
2660:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2604:
2586:
2569:
2536:
2517:
2506:Valtakari, P.
2498:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2453:
2435:
2425:
2407:
2400:
2377:
2360:
2354:
2344:, ed. (1991),
2333:
2323:
2302:
2292:
2274:
2264:
2246:
2227:, ed. (2006),
2216:
2208:Kallah Rabbati
2173:
2164:Shulchan Aruch
2132:
2111:
2091:
2073:
2053:
2031:
2024:
2004:
1983:
1950:
1931:
1909:
1883:
1858:
1848:
1842:. p. 36.
1828:
1818:
1795:
1776:
1759:
1745:
1724:
1699:
1679:
1654:
1632:
1603:
1585:
1537:
1530:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:Byzantine bath
1454:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1279:
1276:
1247:Russian stoves
1203:
1200:
1192:British Empire
1158:Richard Barter
1154:Ottoman Empire
1138:David Urquhart
1111:Main article:
1108:
1105:
1094:Prince Consort
987:
986:British Empire
984:
980:Pyhäsalmi Mine
972:Finnish saunas
955:
952:
913:Byzantine Bath
828:Constantinople
799:within church
748:
745:
736:fetal position
727:Kallah Rabbati
724:Minor tractate
686:Temple Beth-El
677:
674:
638:Umayyad period
614:eastern Europe
578:Ottoman Empire
541:(18th century)
519:Main article:
516:
513:
455:
452:
373:
370:
311:Main article:
308:
305:
296:Main article:
293:
290:
260:Main article:
257:
254:
218:Henan Province
177:Main article:
174:
171:
163:Ptolemaic rule
143:
142:Ancient Greece
140:
88:
85:
73:
70:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3696:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Nudity clause
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Nude calendar
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Body painting
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Lee Baxandall
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3446:South America
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:San Francisco
3427:
3426:
3425:
3424:North America
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:Nude swimming
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:Pornification
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:Sexualization
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:Exhibitionism
3184:
3182:
3181:Intimate part
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:United States
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:Finnish sauna
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3010:
3004:
3002:0-8248-1657-9
2998:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2967:on 2008-02-28
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2928:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2875:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2754:on 2006-10-03
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2675:. 1851-05-17.
2674:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:0-472-08865-3
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2005:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1920:. Burari Bali
1919:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1873:on 2014-06-25
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:9788121506908
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:0-521-58000-5
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1531:0-8021-3797-0
1527:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Gay bathhouse
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1426:Hubert Robert
1423:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1340:New York City
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:Bathhouse Row
1324:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1278:United States
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1222:Russian Venus
1219:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:working class
1057:
1056:skin diseases
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1003:
998:
993:
985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
951:
949:
945:
942:on the river
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
914:
910:
906:
904:
900:
899:Protestantism
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:charity baths
851:
847:
844:, or private
843:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Church Father
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:mixed bathing
753:
746:
744:
742:
737:
732:
728:
725:
720:
718:
717:Second Temple
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
699:
691:
688:synagogue in
687:
682:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
568:
559:
555:
553:
548:
540:
536:
532:
527:
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
501:
499:
498:Bath, England
495:
491:
486:
479:
475:
470:
465:
461:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
383:
378:
371:
369:
366:
365:
357:
354:
353:
345:
342:
336:
331:
326:
323:
322:
314:
306:
304:
299:
291:
286:
282:
277:
273:
271:
270:
263:
255:
253:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:
194:Book of Rites
190:
186:
185:Shang dynasty
180:
172:
170:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
152:aromatic oils
148:
141:
139:
136:
134:
133:swimming pool
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
108:
101:
97:
93:
86:
83:
79:
71:
69:
66:
64:
60:
56:
51:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3679:Public baths
3657:
3647:
3479:Ilsley Boone
3474:Paul Bindrim
3464:Kurt Barthel
3386:Nude beaches
3381:Nude wedding
3311:Gay naturism
3278:Strip search
3108:
2991:
2983:Bibliography
2969:. Retrieved
2965:the original
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2937:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2914:
2905:
2879:. Retrieved
2851:. Retrieved
2845:
2821:. Retrieved
2811:
2801:
2797:
2786:, retrieved
2777:
2767:
2756:. Retrieved
2752:the original
2741:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2579:
2572:
2548:
2530:
2520:
2511:
2501:
2492:
2473:
2467:
2458:
2444:
2438:
2430:
2416:
2410:
2391:
2370:
2363:
2345:
2336:
2328:
2314:
2297:
2283:
2277:
2269:
2255:
2249:
2228:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:Avodah Zarah
2195:
2168:
2162:
2144:
2135:
2124:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2085:
2067:
2047:
2014:
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1986:
1940:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:the original
1861:
1853:
1839:Clark – 1994
1838:
1831:
1823:
1809:Clark – 1994
1808:
1779:
1762:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1687:
1682:
1673:
1648:
1597:. Le Caire.
1594:
1588:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1521:
1482:Steam shower
1421:
1363:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:Simon Baruch
1285:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1250:
1232:Washing and
1231:
1221:
1211:
1189:
1174:
1149:
1124:
1098:
1083:
1075:royal assent
1068:
1041:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1000:Interior of
957:
935:
921:
917:Thessaloniki
879:Benedictines
875:Augustinians
839:
821:
758:
726:
721:
706:
696:
694:
631:
625:
618:Ottoman rule
602:Central Asia
586:North Africa
550:
544:
531:Vakil Hammam
515:Muslim world
508:
502:
482:
474:Dion, Greece
454:Roman Empire
433:
416:
410:
397:
391:
358:
346:
330:Heian period
327:
316:
301:
298:Dhunge dhara
267:
265:
249:Ming dynasty
246:
242:Yuan dynasty
234:Song dynasty
230:Tang dynasty
215:
199:Zhou dynasty
192:
182:
167:ancient Rome
160:
149:
145:
137:
125:Mohenjo Daro
110:
100:Mohenjo Daro
67:
52:
47:Public baths
46:
45:
3401:By location
3376:Naked party
3131:Toplessness
2788:12 December
2225:Jastrow, M.
2169:Orach Chaim
2159:Joseph Karo
1738:15 November
1717:15 November
1674:viewofchina
1487:Sweat lodge
1226:birch besom
1185:Marble Arch
1172:, Ireland.
1170:County Cork
1090:Whitechapel
964:Scandinavia
891:Benedictine
859:Christendom
809:Middle Ages
805:monasteries
789:monasteries
582:Middle East
494:Aquae Sulis
444:Tirta Empul
415:contains a
404:clothes or
382:Tirta Empul
269:Hanjeungmak
262:Jjimjilbang
256:South Korea
211:Han dynasty
189:Oracle bone
3673:Categories
3612:Naked News
3517:Nude (art)
3371:Naked yoga
3354:Nude beach
3316:Gymnosophy
3228:Candaulism
3201:Striptease
3158:Dress code
3136:Topfreedom
2971:2008-03-24
2945:24 January
2920:24 January
2881:23 January
2853:27 January
2823:27 January
2758:2014-05-21
2212:Or Hachaim
2194:(vol. 16:
2141:Maimonides
2126:2014-05-21
1998:2014-05-21
1902:5 February
1877:2014-06-23
1613:1002185387
1504:References
1498:Water park
1334:, and the
1292:James Lick
1177:Manchester
1156:. In 1856
1134:Roman bath
1084:The first
1044:Birmingham
948:Henry VIII
867:Regensburg
834:, and the
708:Tisha B'Av
703:defilement
676:In Judaism
590:al-Andalus
490:theme park
398:kain jarik
247:A typical
238:Marco Polo
121:Great Bath
96:Great Bath
76:See also:
18:Bath-house
3268:Obscenity
3218:Voyeurism
3196:Streaking
2891:cite news
2712:The Times
2691:The Times
2565:501833155
2237:614562238
2153:122758200
1968:cite book
1960:924682988
1924:5 October
1621:cite book
1580:237439213
1572:2735-3850
1476:Gymnasium
1224:(holding
1107:Hot baths
1073:received
1064:town hall
1010:Liverpool
1002:Liverpool
940:Southwark
924:crusaders
801:basilicas
795:situated
771:and good
741:massaging
654:warm room
650:cold room
608:, and in
592:(Islamic
567:romanized
478:hypocaust
440:Goa Gajah
425:Majapahit
417:petirtaan
413:Ratu Boko
400:(usually
394:Indonesia
372:Indonesia
281:Kathmandu
209:. In the
117:John Keay
40:Manhattan
3649:Category
3595:See also
3288:Naturism
3223:Anasyrma
3206:Stripper
2782:archived
2599:BBC News
2557:60239734
2204:Horayoth
2143:(1974).
2108:. Brill.
1787:Archived
1464:See also
1456:Agkistro
1368:Montreal
1255:outhouse
1146:Stafford
1054:and all
1048:diabetes
932:Henry II
928:brothels
841:diaconia
826:such as
713:fast day
662:furnaces
658:hot room
656:, and a
598:Portugal
429:Trowulan
427:city of
129:Pakistan
63:day spas
59:massages
3522:History
3441:Oceania
3434:Seattle
3191:Mooning
3126:Massage
3087:Modesty
3060:History
2240:, s.v.
2200:Eduyoth
1472:– China
1442:Viterbo
1346:Gallery
1263:Russian
1234:thermal
1166:Blarney
1025:cholera
960:Finland
936:bagnios
846:Lateran
832:Antioch
817:bathing
811:. Pope
769:hygiene
722:In the
610:central
569::
552:thermae
460:Thermae
338:became
328:In the
287:in 2021
222:Chinese
156:ephebes
119:, the "
72:History
3659:Portal
3419:Europe
3409:Africa
3141:Canada
3046:Nudity
2999:
2620:
2563:
2555:
2480:
2451:
2423:
2398:
2352:
2321:
2290:
2262:
2235:
2171:554:1)
2157:; cf.
2151:
2022:
1958:
1948:
1854:Gyōzui
1846:
1816:
1770:
1694:
1611:
1601:
1578:
1570:
1528:
1428:(1798)
1372:Quebec
1242:Russia
1238:banyas
1202:Russia
1196:Sydney
1181:London
1086:London
944:Thames
877:' and
871:Naples
785:Church
783:. The
773:health
711:, the
698:mikveh
616:under
604:, the
573:ḥammām
558:Arabic
535:Shiraz
521:Hammam
406:sarong
341:gyōzui
335:Misogi
321:misogi
224::
207:dinner
80:, and
55:saunas
3684:Sauna
3114:Sauna
3097:Awrah
2717:room.
2553:JSTOR
1576:S2CID
1253:bath
1251:banya
1213:banya
1164:near
863:Paris
850:popes
836:popes
797:baths
793:popes
666:steam
642:Greek
633:ghusl
594:Spain
562:حمّام
402:batik
364:onsen
352:sentō
313:Sentō
307:Japan
292:Nepal
285:Nepal
173:China
123:" of
3414:Asia
2997:ISBN
2947:2021
2922:2021
2897:link
2883:2021
2855:2021
2825:2021
2790:2009
2618:ISBN
2561:OCLC
2478:ISBN
2449:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2233:OCLC
2149:OCLC
2020:ISBN
1978:link
1974:link
1956:OCLC
1946:ISBN
1926:2014
1904:2015
1844:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1740:2022
1719:2022
1692:ISBN
1627:link
1609:OCLC
1599:ISBN
1568:ISSN
1526:ISBN
1144:for
1052:gout
1035:and
962:and
903:spas
895:spas
869:and
830:and
803:and
652:, a
648:, a
630:and
627:wudu
612:and
596:and
539:Iran
462:and
436:Bali
386:Bali
165:and
34:The
2242:שבר
1558:doi
1424:by
1362:'s
1338:in
1042:In
915:in
600:),
533:in
496:in
98:of
38:in
3675::
2913:.
2893:}}
2889:{{
2863:^
2833:^
2780:,
2776:,
2710:.
2689:.
2663:^
2597:.
2559:,
2539:^
2529:.
2510:.
2457:.
2429:.
2380:^
2327:.
2305:^
2296:.
2268:.
2202:,
2198:,
2176:^
2161:,
2094:^
2076:^
2056:^
2034:^
2018:.
1970:}}
1966:{{
1954:.
1895:.
1852:.
1822:.
1812:.
1798:^
1710:.
1672:.
1657:^
1647:.
1635:^
1623:}}
1619:{{
1607:.
1574:.
1566:.
1552:.
1548:.
1512:^
1370:,
1303:.
1220::
1168:,
1050:,
905:.
897:.
865:,
779:,
588:,
584:,
564:,
560::
537:,
500:.
384:,
283:,
169:.
65:.
57:,
3038:e
3031:t
3024:v
3005:.
2974:.
2949:.
2924:.
2899:)
2885:.
2857:.
2827:.
2761:.
2657:.
2514:.
2486:.
2404:.
2374:.
2167:(
2155:.
2129:.
2070:.
2028:.
2001:.
1980:)
1962:.
1928:.
1906:.
1880:.
1756:.
1742:.
1721:.
1651:.
1629:)
1615:.
1582:.
1560::
1554:2
1534:.
1228:)
853:"
624:(
554:.
388:.
226:湢
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
