1206:
112:
134:
1217:
1212:
502:
Thomas W. LaBarge, Jacob D. Gardner and Chris L. Organ, The evolution and ecology of gigantism in terror birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae), Published:24 April 2024https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.0235
411:
Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section X.A.I.b. The Tangle of the
Bathornithidae. In: Farner, D.; King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 146–150. Academic Press, New York.
370:
species in particular might have occupied macropredatory niches akin to that of phorusrhacids, the former and latter reaching heights of over 2 m (6 ft 7 in)
1281:
429:
Federico L. Agnolin (2009). "Sistemática y
Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae)" (PDF). Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara: 1–79.
1347:
1268:
378:
proper appears to have favoured wetland environments. It was a highly diverse genus, spanning a wide variety of species at various sizes, from the
1357:
582:
548:
1205:
1367:
356:
might have been capable of flight, most taxa were flightless, constituting examples of flightless birds in mammal dominated environments.
1372:
512:
Cracraft, J. (1968). "A review of the
Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes), with remarks on the relationships of the suborder Cariamae".
1352:
133:
575:
279:. They were likely similar in habits, being terrestrial, long-legged predators, some of which attained massive sizes.
1362:
514:
1337:
337:
are understood to be odd taxa whose cariamiform affinities are not fully resolved. A 2024 study however finds
296:
to this clade, though it has since been rejected. Conversely, some analysis have instead recovered them as a
438:
Mayr, G., & Noriega, J. I. A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early
Miocene seriema
1332:
1322:
1236:
568:
1327:
1294:
1342:
1216:
469:
460:—one of the best represented, albeit least known Paleogene cariamiform birds (seriemas and allies)".
1165:
111:
850:
1135:
927:
857:
797:
700:
485:
128:
1211:
949:
917:
871:
710:
678:
1299:
993:
843:
829:
735:
560:
544:
1286:
938:
880:
1001:
519:
477:
456:
Mayr, G. (2016). "Osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the middle Eocene North
American
1068:
964:
473:
1024:
976:
276:
1316:
1181:
1151:
1105:
1077:
907:
820:
806:
668:
644:
629:
592:
292:
268:
264:
203:
185:
69:
32:
489:
1084:
1047:
1009:
774:
333:
322:
297:
287:
229:
312:
is rendered closer to modern seriemas, though this assessment is heavily debated.
1259:
538:
1144:
1121:
1033:
720:
623:
44:
28:
1114:
1091:
985:
891:
744:
689:
89:
54:
315:
The most recent consensus is that
Bathornithidae is relegated exclusively to
1174:
767:
374:
366:
317:
302:
283:
221:
145:
94:
38:
1253:
1040:
836:
782:
611:
537:
Benton, R. C.; Terry, D. O.; Evanoff, E.; McDonald, H. G. (25 May 2015).
351:
327:
308:
272:
237:
165:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
481:
321:, as a clade of Cariamiformes outside of a clade including seriemas and
1273:
1054:
900:
383:
260:
252:
99:
74:
605:
523:
379:
256:
155:
1230:
617:
175:
1234:
642:
564:
282:
It has been suggested that most, if not all, North
American
1162:
1132:
1102:
1065:
1021:
973:
961:
945:
934:
923:
913:
868:
817:
794:
755:
732:
716:
706:
696:
685:
674:
664:
1243:
1161:
1131:
1101:
1064:
1020:
972:
960:
890:
867:
816:
793:
754:
731:
655:
540:The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology
306:and kin being sister taxa to phorusrhacids while
341:as closer to seriemas than phorusrhacids were.
576:
286:cariamiforme fossils are part of this group.
8:
325:, as well as a possible European specimen.
1231:
1017:
969:
652:
639:
583:
569:
561:
420:Gerald Mayr (2009). Paleogene Fossil Birds
402:Gerald Mayr (2009). Paleogene Fossil Birds
110:
20:
395:
271:, they are related to the still extant
7:
14:
1348:Paleogene birds of North America
1215:
1210:
1204:
132:
1358:Miocene birds of North America
1:
444:Acta palaeontologica Polonica
543:. Indiana University Press.
1368:Taxa named by Joel Cracraft
290:also referred the European
1389:
1373:Prehistoric bird families
1201:
651:
638:
600:
515:American Museum Novitates
440:Noriegavis santacrucensis
255:family of birds from the
216:
211:
129:Scientific classification
127:
118:
109:
23:
1353:Extinct flightless birds
595:and their extinct allies
462:Journal of Paleontology
349:Though some forms like
16:Extinct family of birds
1295:Paleobiology Database
442:(Aves, Cariamidae).
482:10.1017/jpa.2016.45
474:2016JPal...90..357M
458:Bathornis grallator
121:Bathornis grallator
1136:Mesembriornithinae
798:Eleutherornithidae
1363:White River Fauna
1310:
1309:
1237:Taxon identifiers
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
736:Ameghinornithidae
550:978-0-253-01608-9
358:Paracrax gigantea
246:
245:
207:
1380:
1303:
1302:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1232:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1164:
1134:
1104:
1067:
1023:
1018:
1002:Paleopsilopterus
975:
970:
963:
947:
936:
925:
915:
870:
819:
796:
757:
734:
718:
708:
698:
687:
676:
666:
653:
640:
585:
578:
571:
562:
555:
554:
534:
528:
527:
509:
503:
500:
494:
493:
453:
447:
446:, 60(3):589-598.
436:
430:
427:
421:
418:
412:
409:
403:
400:
362:Paracrax antiqua
275:and the extinct
202:
197:
137:
136:
114:
104:
41:
27:Temporal range:
21:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1338:Oligocene birds
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1239:
1229:
1220:
1209:
1187:
1157:
1127:
1097:
1069:Patagornithinae
1060:
1016:
965:Phorusrhacoidea
956:
886:
863:
812:
789:
750:
727:
647:
634:
596:
589:
559:
558:
551:
536:
535:
531:
511:
510:
506:
501:
497:
455:
454:
450:
437:
433:
428:
424:
419:
415:
410:
406:
401:
397:
392:
364:and the larger
347:
201:
195:
131:
105:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1291:
1278:
1265:
1249:
1247:
1245:Bathornithidae
1241:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1166:Physornithinae
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:Phorusrhacinae
1015:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
981:
979:
977:Phorusrhacidae
967:
958:
957:
955:
954:
943:
932:
921:
911:
904:
896:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
876:
874:
865:
864:
862:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
825:
823:
814:
813:
811:
810:
802:
800:
791:
790:
788:
787:
779:
771:
763:
761:
759:Bathornithidae
752:
751:
749:
748:
740:
738:
729:
728:
726:
725:
714:
704:
694:
683:
672:
661:
659:
657:incertae sedis
649:
648:
643:
636:
635:
633:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
601:
598:
597:
590:
588:
587:
580:
573:
565:
557:
556:
549:
529:
518:(2326): 1–46.
504:
495:
468:(2): 357–374.
448:
431:
422:
413:
404:
394:
393:
391:
388:
346:
343:
277:Phorusrhacidae
249:Bathornithidae
244:
243:
242:
241:
233:
225:
214:
213:
209:
208:
199:Bathornithidae
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
125:
124:
116:
115:
107:
106:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
42:
26:
24:Bathornithidae
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1385:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Miocene birds
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Bathornitidae
1321:
1320:
1318:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1184:
1183:
1182:Paraphysornis
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1152:Mesembriornis
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1106:Psilopterinae
1100:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1078:Andalgalornis
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
980:
978:
971:
968:
966:
959:
952:
951:
944:
941:
940:
933:
930:
929:
922:
920:
919:
912:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:
898:
897:
895:
893:
889:
883:
882:
878:
877:
875:
873:
866:
860:
859:
855:
853:
852:
848:
846:
845:
841:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
826:
824:
822:
821:Idiornithidae
815:
809:
808:
807:Eleutherornis
804:
803:
801:
799:
792:
785:
784:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
764:
762:
760:
753:
747:
746:
742:
741:
739:
737:
730:
723:
722:
715:
713:
712:
705:
703:
702:
695:
692:
691:
684:
681:
680:
673:
671:
670:
669:Elaphrocnemus
663:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:Cariamiformes
641:
637:
631:
630:Cariamiformes
627:
625:
621:
619:
615:
613:
609:
607:
603:
602:
599:
594:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
566:
563:
552:
546:
542:
541:
533:
530:
525:
521:
517:
516:
508:
505:
499:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
449:
445:
441:
435:
432:
426:
423:
417:
414:
408:
405:
399:
396:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
376:
371:
369:
368:
363:
359:
355:
353:
344:
342:
340:
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
323:phorusrhacids
320:
319:
313:
311:
310:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
293:Elaphrocnemus
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
269:Cariamiformes
266:
265:North America
262:
258:
254:
250:
240:
239:
234:
232:
231:
226:
224:
223:
218:
217:
215:
210:
205:
200:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:Cariamiformes
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
126:
122:
119:Depiction of
117:
113:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
34:
33:Early Miocene
30:
22:
19:
1328:Eocene birds
1244:
1180:
1173:
1150:
1143:
1120:
1113:
1090:
1085:Andrewsornis
1083:
1076:
1053:
1048:Phorusrhacos
1046:
1039:
1032:
1010:Patagorhacos
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
948:
937:
926:
916:
906:
899:
879:
856:
851:Occitaniavis
849:
842:
835:
828:
805:
781:
775:Eutreptornis
773:
766:
758:
743:
719:
709:
699:
688:
677:
667:
656:
622:Superorder:
539:
532:
513:
507:
498:
465:
461:
457:
451:
443:
439:
434:
425:
416:
407:
398:
373:
372:
365:
361:
357:
350:
348:
338:
334:Eutreptornis
332:
326:
316:
314:
307:
301:
300:group, with
298:polyphyletic
291:
288:Storrs Olson
281:
248:
247:
236:
230:Eutreptornis
228:
220:
198:
120:
18:
1343:Bird genera
1145:Llallawavis
1122:Psilopterus
1034:Devincenzia
928:Pseudolarus
858:Propelargus
721:Lavocatavis
701:Similiornis
624:Australaves
204:J. Cracraft
37:37–20
29:Late Eocene
1317:Categories
1115:Procariama
1092:Patagornis
986:Brontornis
950:Smiliornis
918:Miocariama
892:Cariamidae
872:Salmilidae
745:Strigogyps
711:Talantatos
690:Itaboravis
679:Gradiornis
591:Genera of
390:References
267:. Part of
1260:Q21292506
1175:Physornis
994:Macrornis
844:Oblitavis
830:Gypsornis
768:Bathornis
604:Kingdom:
524:2246/2536
375:Bathornis
367:Bathornis
339:Bathornis
318:Bathornis
303:Bathornis
284:Paleogene
222:Bathornis
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
1254:Wikidata
1041:Kelenken
837:Idiornis
783:Paracrax
612:Chordata
610:Phylum:
606:Animalia
593:Seriemas
490:88936361
354:wetmorei
352:Paracrax
328:Paracrax
309:Paracrax
273:seriemas
238:Paracrax
192:Family:
166:Chordata
162:Phylum:
156:Animalia
142:Domain:
1274:4852390
1055:Titanis
939:Riacama
901:Cariama
881:Salmila
628:Clade:
616:Class:
470:Bibcode
384:Miocene
382:to the
345:Biology
261:Miocene
253:extinct
212:Genera
182:Order:
172:Class:
1287:102349
908:Chunga
547:
488:
380:Eocene
257:Eocene
251:is an
206:, 1968
1300:39473
1282:IRMNG
486:S2CID
1269:GBIF
618:Aves
545:ISBN
331:and
176:Aves
45:PreꞒ
520:hdl
478:doi
263:of
259:to
31:to
1319::
1297::
1284::
1271::
1256::
484:.
476:.
466:90
464:.
386:.
360:,
235:?†
227:?†
123:.
95:Pg
39:Ma
1163:†
1133:†
1103:†
1066:†
1022:†
1013:?
1005:?
997:?
989:?
974:†
962:†
953:?
946:†
942:?
935:†
931:?
924:†
914:†
869:†
818:†
795:†
786:?
778:?
756:†
733:†
724:?
717:†
707:†
697:†
693:?
686:†
682:?
675:†
665:†
584:e
577:t
570:v
553:.
526:.
522::
492:.
480::
472::
219:†
196:†
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
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