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have been painted directly from a posed model, given the anatomical discrepancies (an impossibly twisted left arm, the length of the right arm, an unnatural twist of the torso, and the elongated distance from breast to groin) and inconsistencies in perspective that indicate different parts of the figure are viewed from various vantage points. Yet, the figure appears to repose naturally, without tension or movement. Whatever physical awkwardness the figure may possess when compared to classical sources, the truthfulness of her image has been seen as extraordinarily noble; according to Clark, "this
Christian acceptance of the unfortunate body has permitted the Christian privilege of a soul".
202:
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198:, dated 1643. By eliminating David, his messengers and most of the traditional narrative elements from the picture—the only anecdotal references included are the letter from David (not actually mentioned in Samuel) and the presence of an attendant drying her foot—Rembrandt's presentation of Bathsheba is both intimate and monumental. As a result, the moralistic theme of previous treatments of the subject is replaced by a direct eroticism in which the viewer supplants David as voyeur.
29:
319:, a professor of vascular surgery at the University of Ferrara, claims to have solved the mystery of the model's breast. According to Zamboni the model was affected by thrombophlebitis of a superficial vein of the breast, a condition described by Mondor in 1939. Zamboni bases his claim on the similar appearance of the right breast of one of his own patients whose thrombophlebitis was confirmed by ultrasound, and whose mammography was negative for both cancer and mastitis.
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composed of browns and ochers that impart a golden warmth. Around her rests a thickly painted background of white chemise; set against this her naked flesh stands out for its solid form and the sumptuous application of paint. The paint used to describe her figure is richly nuanced, its broad brushstrokes and strong highlights impart a vibrant tactile quality to the body, rendering her presence palpable.
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498:
194:, the standard treatment had been to show Bathsheba bathing out of doors—thus accounting for her visibility to David—and accompanied by maidservants. A tower could usually be seen in the distance, and perhaps a small figure of David, sometimes accompanied by his two courtiers. Such was the design Rembrandt's earlier
300:, who would have been 28 at the time of the painting. Sluijter has proposed otherwise, stating that the likeness is of an ideal type used by Rembrandt over a long period. Assuming Stoffels as the model, medical researchers have observed deformity in the left breast, and have offered various hypotheses including
236:
Apart from the lack of anecdotal devices, the painting is unusual in other ways. Bathsheba is presented in a space that is difficult to read. The dark background is suggestive of night, while a massive column implies a large architectural structure. Behind her lies a passage of richly painted drapery
256:
show that at some point late in the painting process, he lowered
Bathsheba's head from its initial more upward angle, thereby increasing the sense of the figure's withdrawal into reverie. Initially she appeared to be looking out of the corner of her eye, as if watching David; in the present version
251:
may have been influential, as it includes the pillar, a curtain drawn across the background and
Bathsheba's downcast gaze. It was begun around 1647 and altered and repainted until its completion in 1654. Originally the canvas may have been larger and of a vertical format. It might have been trimmed
279:
Despite its classical references, the characterization of the figure is unconventional, and the depictions of her large stomach, hands and feet are derived from observation rather than respect for the idealised form. Alternatively, art historian Eric Jan
Sluijter proposed that the figure could not
322:
The look of sorrow in the subject's face has been interpreted as evidence of
Stoffels' illness and pregnancy (she gave birth to a daughter in October 1654), Rembrandt's difficulties with the Church stemming from his cohabitation with Stoffels, and the artist's impending bankruptcy. An alternative
495:
283:
The letter shown in her right hand contains a demand from David for her to choose between fidelity to her husband or obedience to her king, and is an anecdotal catalyst for her introspection. In representing this moment, Rembrandt extrapolated from the biblical text, which treated
Bathsheba
415:. Similar in size and format, Bazille's work shares some of the mood of the Rembrandt: according to critic Dianne Pitman, "not the unfolding of a specific narrative but the interplay of sensual effect and solemnity, blending realistic intimacy and dignified remoteness". A 1963 print by
257:
her gaze is softened, in the general direction of her maid but focused on no particular object, imparting a feeling of solemnity and contemplation. There was no letter in her hand in the original conception, and it is also possible that her lap, thighs, and right arm were once draped.
284:
incidentally while focusing on David's sinfulness. As a result, her expression is profound enough to suggest not only her sense of resignation, but the broader narrative as well. As a conception of the nude figure suffused with complexity of thought,
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bathing and, entranced, impregnates her. In order to marry
Bathsheba and conceal his sin, David sends her husband into battle and orders his generals to abandon him, leaving him to certain death.
216:
The work is painted as life sized and in a shallow space, with
Bathsheba dominating the composition as she had in no other earlier version of the scene. It is not known whether Rembrandt painted
187:. David had his messengers retrieve her, and after they slept together she became pregnant with his child. David was able to marry Bathsheba by sending Uriah into battle where he was killed.
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147:, the canvas is "Rembrandt's greatest painting of the nude". Its insight into Bathsheba's moral dilemma has been described as "one of the great achievements of western painting."
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some ten centimeters at the left and at least 20 centimeters in height; It is speculated that
Rembrandt cut the canvas himself in order to intensify the impact of the figure.
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Lawrence Gowing thought otherwise, viewing the painting less as a treatment of the biblical story than as evidence of affection between the artist and his model. Gowing, 436
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448:, where it was stolen by art thief Virginia "Gin" Baker (Catherine Zeta-Jones), but stolen from her by another art thief Robert "Mac" MacDougal (Sean Connery).
323:
hypothesis for the model's identity has suggested that
Stoffels' head was placed on the body of another model, which is consistent with the result derived from
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179:) gives the account of King David who saw a woman bathing from his palace roof. When he asked after her, he was told that she was Bathsheba, daughter of
435:
The painting and its attempted theft forms the subject of "This One Goes to Eleven", a third-season episode of the Canadian television detective series
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132:, Rembrandt's depiction differs in its tight pictorial focus and erotic vitality, achieved through broad, thick brushstrokes and vibrant coloration.
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following an unsuccessful pregnancy. The diagnosis of breast cancer is unlikely, given that Stoffels lived for another nine years.
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for his own reasons, or to satisfy a commission. Presumably in response to Rembrandt's painting, his ex-pupil and close associate
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759:(2000) 70, 231-232. See Bourne's reference to a Russian journal article regarding other hypotheses as to the model's identity.
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Rembrandt's Bankruptcy: The Artist, his Patrons, and the Art World in Seventeenth-Century Netherlands
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have been noted in the works of 19th- and 20th-century artists. It is thought to have inspired
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The traditionally accepted identification of the model is of Rembrandt's partner
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for similarities in the model's attitude; Degas' father was an acquaintance of
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A depiction that is both sensual and empathetic, it shows a moment from the
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142 cm Ă— 142 cm (56 in Ă— 56 in)
831:
Corriere della Sera Corriere Salute, pp. 10 e 11 Giovedì 18 Giugno 2020
416:
819:"Diagnosi su tela: le grandi malattie dipinte dei pittori del passato"
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The first recorded sale of the work took place in 1811 in London.
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882:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1983. Pp. 83-86.
271:, London, was painted by Rembrandt at about the same time as
1133:
710:"Rembrandt's Bathsheba: the dark shadow of the left breast"
1443:
Pendant portraits of Maerten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit
1419:
Diana Bathing with her Nymphs with Actaeon and Callisto
128:
While the scene of David spying on Bathsheba had been
247:
familiar to Rembrandt through engravings. A print by
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714:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
423:, refers to the overtly voyeuristic properties of
341:, c. 1885, is reminiscent of Rembrandt's painting.
315:In "The medical enigma of Rembrandt's Bathsheba",
1074:Rembrandt's Bathsheba Reading King David's Letter
918:Bazille: purity, pose, and painting in the 1860s
1251:Bust of a Man Wearing a Gorget and Plumed Beret
397:prior to bequeathing it to the Louvre in 1869.
2128:Self-Portrait Wearing a White Feathered Bonnet
377:that playfully references old master sources.
2168:Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar
2152:Self-Portrait in a Black Beret and Gold Chain
1149:
771:"The medical enigma of Rembrandt's Bathsheba"
8:
1555:The Archangel Raphael Leaving Tobias' Family
980:. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum; Zwolle: Waanders.
966:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
228:the same year, which is also in the Louvre.
2116:Portrait of a Young Man with a Golden Chain
947:, March 26, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
1815:Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther
1156:
1142:
1134:
842:"Risolto l'enigma sul seno della Betsabea"
327:that Bathsheba's head had been repainted.
18:
1036:"Rembrandt's Ghost: Picasso Looks Back",
1021:. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang.
786:
747:
745:
725:
102:) is an oil painting by the Dutch artist
2602:Paintings in the Louvre by Dutch artists
1011:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
275:and shares a similar spirit of intimacy.
139:; it is one of 583 works donated by Dr.
1977:Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair
1323:The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
1076:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
468:
1219:Suffer little children to come unto me
1084:
920:. Penn State Press, 1998. Pp. 171–72.
444:The painting was depicted in the film
1807:Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law
862:
860:
775:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
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243:is a reinterpretation of two antique
7:
2351:Descent from the Cross by Torchlight
1507:Samson Threatening His Father-In-Law
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517:
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482:
480:
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474:
472:
2084:Self-Portrait with Dishevelled Hair
2057:Portrait of a Man with Arms Akimbo
1839:The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
708:Braithwaite, PA; Shugg, D (1983).
99:Bathsheba with King David's Letter
14:
2184:Self-Portrait as the Apostle Paul
1783:Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph
1775:The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman
1579:Landscape with the Good Samaritan
2407:Cultural depictions of Rembrandt
2192:Self-Portrait as Zeuxis Laughing
1679:Abraham Serving the Three Angels
1093:
1072:Adams, Ann Jensen (ed.) (1998).
27:
2367:The Virgin and Child with a Cat
2041:Portrait of Catharina Hooghsaet
1475:The Prodigal Son in the Brothel
1387:The Storm on the Sea of Galilee
995:The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form
385:(c. 1885) has been compared to
106:(1606–1669), finished in 1654.
2375:Christ Presented to the People
2216:Self-Portrait at the Age of 63
2200:Self-Portrait with Two Circles
2136:Self-Portrait at the Age of 34
1961:Portrait of Jacob de Gheyn III
1911:The Return of the Prodigal Son
1727:Aristotle with a Bust of Homer
1315:Andromeda Chained to the Rocks
1051:. Amsterdam University Press.
997:. Princeton University Press.
751:Bourne, R.G. "Did Rembrandt's
458:List of paintings by Rembrandt
421:Seated Nude and Another Figure
373:(1859–61), an early figure by
151:Biblical account and variation
1:
2440: (1954 documentary film)
1855:Syndics of the Drapers' Guild
1547:The Preacher Eleazar Swalmius
1395:A Lady and Gentleman in Black
1048:Rembrandt and the Female Nude
411:, painted for the 1870 Paris
226:Bathsheba with David's Letter
210:Bathsheba with David's Letter
1539:Landscape with Arched Bridge
1483:Raising of the Cross (study)
1379:The Shipbuilder and his Wife
1275:The Parable of the Rich Fool
1211:The Stoning of Saint Stephen
1129:, Metropolitan Museum of Art
1127:Woman Having Her Hair Combed
976:Bull, Duncan, et al. (2006)
755:really have breast cancer?"
383:Woman Having Her Hair Combed
339:Woman Having her Hair Combed
2009:Portrait of Petronella Buys
1993:Portrait of Marten Soolmans
1969:Aeltje Pietersdr Uylenburgh
1847:Saint Matthew and the Angel
1735:A Woman Bathing in a Stream
1663:The Holy Family with Angels
1647:The Woman Taken in Adultery
1595:The Girl in a Picture Frame
1571:The Wedding Feast of Samson
1259:Tobit and Anna with the Kid
1045:Sluijter, Eric Jan (2006).
265:A Woman Bathing in a Stream
2633:
2437:Rembrandt: A Self-Portrait
2247:Joseph and Potiphar's Wife
1863:Homer Dictating his Verses
1603:The Scholar at the Lectern
509:. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
165:Metropolitan Museum of Art
130:painted by earlier artists
2559:
2493:I Am Rembrandt's Daughter
2402:Bibliography of Rembrandt
2108:Self-Portrait in a Gorget
2001:Portrait of Oopjen Coppit
1937:Portrait of Nicolaes Ruts
1895:Young Woman with a Lapdog
1823:The Denial of Saint Peter
1355:Philosopher in Meditation
1347:Old Man with a Gold Chain
1243:The Baptism of the Eunuch
1171:
1092:
288:is nearly unique in art.
26:
16:Oil painting by Rembrandt
2271:The Artist and his Model
2065:Portrait of Dirck van Os
1985:Oval Portrait of a Woman
1587:Still Life with Peacocks
1499:The Entombment of Christ
1299:Anna and the Blind Tobit
1283:The Artist in his Studio
2279:The Death of the Virgin
1919:Landscape with a Castle
1791:Courtesan at her Mirror
1363:The Abduction of Europa
1019:Paintings in the Louvre
769:Zamboni, Paolo (2020).
196:The Toilet of Bathsheba
161:The Toilet of Bathsheba
2607:Paintings of Bathsheba
2597:Paintings by Rembrandt
2025:Portrait of Maria Trip
1711:Descent from the Cross
1687:Susanna and the Elders
1531:The Blinding of Samson
1451:Descent from the Cross
1411:Descent from the Cross
1307:The Raising of Lazarus
960:Boggs, Jean Sutherland
357:
342:
276:
213:
168:
135:The painting hangs in
2319:Hundred Guilder Print
1743:Bathsheba at Her Bath
1371:Adoration of the Magi
1267:The Flight into Egypt
1116:Bathsheba at Her Bath
1101:Bathsheba at her Bath
1007:Crenshaw, P. (2006).
496:Bathsheba at Her Bath
367:Bathsheba at Her Bath
348:
333:
286:Bathsheba at Her Bath
263:
241:Bathsheba at Her Bath
204:
192:Bathsheba at Her Bath
173:Second Book of Samuel
158:
93:Bathsheba at Her Bath
22:Bathsheba at Her Bath
2550:Vereniging Rembrandt
2501:The Rembrandt Affair
2485:Rembrandt's J'Accuse
2445:Rembrandt fecit 1669
1619:Concord of the State
1491:The Rape of Ganymede
1403:Raising of the Cross
978:Rembrandt-Caravaggio
866:Boggs et al. 451–452
501:May 9, 2008, at the
2335:Goldweigher's Field
2311:Portrait of Jan Six
2033:Portrait of Jan Six
1953:Portrait of a Woman
1515:The Standard Bearer
1339:Christ on the Cross
1331:Christ with a Staff
757:Aust. N.Z. J. Surg.
686:Bull et al. 152–153
560:Bull et al. 151–152
371:The Surprised Nymph
298:Hendrickje Stoffels
2488:(2008 documentary)
2469:Stealing Rembrandt
2456: (1995 novel)
2453:The Anatomy Lesson
2092:Rembrandt Laughing
1627:David and Jonathan
1459:Belshazzar's Feast
1291:Samson and Delilah
1235:Balaam and the Ass
916:Pitman, Dianne W.
431:In popular culture
361:Artistic responses
358:
343:
277:
214:
169:
2579:
2578:
2464: (1999 film)
2432: (1942 film)
2424: (1940 film)
2416: (1936 film)
2359:The Three Crosses
2049:Portrait of a Man
2017:A Polish Nobleman
1945:Portrait of a Man
1799:Saint Bartholomew
1174:Lists of drawings
1111:
1110:
1058:978-90-5356-837-8
962:, et al. (1988).
941:Rembrandt's Ghost
876:Cachin, Françoise
788:10.1111/jth.14801
645:Sluijter, 356–357
587:Sluijter, 354-355
569:Sluijter, 357–358
539:Sluijter, 354-360
438:Murdoch Mysteries
304:, abscess due to
185:Uriah the Hittite
113:story related in
89:
88:
2624:
2572:
2565:
2343:Doctor Fautrieus
2263:River with Trees
1871:The Jewish Bride
1751:The Polish Rider
1703:The Kitchen Maid
1563:The Stone Bridge
1227:History Painting
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1040:. March 26, 2007
1015:Gowing, Lawrence
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898:Boggs et al. 412
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781:(6): 1268–1270.
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401:Frédéric Bazille
350:Frédéric Bazille
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269:National Gallery
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2521:Rembrandt, Iowa
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2382:Mughal drawings
2327:Conus Marmoreus
2295:The Three Trees
2255:Bearded Old Man
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1887:David and Uriah
1831:Titus as a Monk
1611:The Night Watch
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1088:External videos
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1067:Further reading
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844:. 18 June 2020.
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821:. 27 June 2020.
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503:Wayback Machine
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2076:Self-portraits
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372:
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365:Allusions to
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317:Paolo Zamboni
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145:Kenneth Clark
143:in 1869. For
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141:Louis La Caze
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111:Old Testament
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2552:(foundation)
2541:
2504:(2010 novel)
2499:
2496:(2008 novel)
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2015:
2007:
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1126:
1114:
1106:Smarthistory
1100:
1099:Rembrandt's
1073:
1047:
1037:
1018:
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994:
977:
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854:Crenshaw, 42
850:
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720:(5): 337–8.
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394:
393:, who owned
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353:
338:
321:
314:
306:tuberculosis
295:
285:
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272:
264:
240:
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222:Willem Drost
217:
215:
209:
206:Willem Drost
195:
191:
189:
183:and wife of
170:
160:
134:
127:
108:
98:
97:
92:
91:
90:
2480:(2007 film)
2472:(2003 film)
2448:(1977 film)
2392:Works about
2322:(1647–1649)
2235:(including
2203:(1665–1669)
1914:(1662–1669)
1714:(1650–1652)
1674:(1645–1648)
1374:(1632–1633)
409:La Toilette
379:Edgar Degas
354:La Toilette
335:Edgar Degas
232:Composition
159:Rembrandt,
115:2 Samuel 11
2586:Categories
1722:(c. 1652)
1203:The Senses
986:9040091358
954:References
668:Clark, 342
521:Clark, 341
446:Entrapment
137:The Louvre
119:King David
80:The Louvre
68:Dimensions
2564:Contested
2543:Rembrandt
2536:Rembrandt
2513:Namesakes
2461:Rembrandt
2429:Rembrandt
2421:Rembrandt
2413:Rembrandt
2394:Rembrandt
2211:(c. 1669)
2068:(c. 1662)
1929:Portraits
1890:(c. 1665)
1770:(c. 1655)
1590:(c. 1639)
1486:(c. 1635)
1478:(c. 1635)
1435:Artemisia
1350:(c. 1631)
1302:(c. 1630)
1294:(1629–30)
1262:(c. 1626)
1206:(1624–25)
1194:Paintings
1182:paintings
1165:Rembrandt
878:, et al.
805:216646378
753:Bathsheba
530:Bull, 153
425:Bathsheba
405:Bathsheba
403:recalled
395:Bathsheba
387:Bathsheba
381:' pastel
273:Bathsheba
218:Bathsheba
190:Prior to
123:Bathsheba
117:in which
104:Rembrandt
40:Rembrandt
2612:Nude art
2538:(crater)
2287:The Mill
2237:etchings
2228:Drawings
2121:disputed
2119:(1635) (
2111:(c.1629)
1903:Lucretia
1879:Lucretia
1671:The Mill
1178:etchings
1017:(1987).
993:(1990).
797:32346960
499:Archived
452:See also
310:mastitis
267:, 1655,
224:painted
163:, 1643,
76:Location
2546:(train)
1882:(1664)
1754:(1655)
1467:Minerva
1390:(1633)
1222:(1620s)
1119:at the
736:6351705
727:2494383
417:Picasso
407:in his
245:reliefs
212:, 1654.
2378:(1655)
2370:(1654)
2362:(1653)
2354:(1652)
2346:(1652)
2338:(1651)
2330:(1650)
2314:(1647)
2306:(1646)
2298:(1643)
2290:(1641)
2282:(1639)
2274:(1639)
2266:(1634)
2258:(1634)
2250:(1634)
2232:prints
2219:(1669)
2195:(1662)
2187:(1662)
2179:(1660)
2171:(1659)
2163:(1658)
2155:(1654)
2147:(1652)
2139:(1640)
2131:(1635)
2103:(1629)
2095:(1628)
2087:(1628)
2060:(1658)
2052:(1657)
2044:(1657)
2036:(1654)
2028:(1639)
2020:(1637)
2012:(1635)
2004:(1634)
1996:(1634)
1988:(1633)
1980:(1633)
1972:(1632)
1964:(1632)
1956:(1632)
1948:(1632)
1940:(1631)
1906:(1666)
1898:(1665)
1874:(1664)
1866:(1663)
1858:(1662)
1850:(1661)
1842:(1661)
1834:(1660)
1826:(1660)
1818:(1660)
1810:(1659)
1802:(1657)
1794:(1657)
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1778:(1656)
1762:(1655)
1746:(1654)
1738:(1654)
1730:(1653)
1706:(1651)
1698:(1648)
1690:(1647)
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1666:(1645)
1658:(1645)
1650:(1644)
1642:(1643)
1630:(1642)
1622:(1642)
1614:(1642)
1606:(1641)
1598:(1641)
1582:(1638)
1574:(1638)
1566:(1637)
1558:(1637)
1550:(1637)
1534:(1636)
1526:(1636)
1518:(1636)
1510:(1635)
1502:(1635)
1494:(1635)
1470:(1635)
1462:(1635)
1454:(1634)
1446:(1634)
1438:(1634)
1430:(1634)
1422:(1634)
1414:(1633)
1406:(1633)
1398:(1633)
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1523:Danaë
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964:Degas
880:Manet
801:S2CID
464:Notes
413:Salon
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181:Eliam
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