481:
33:
61:
593:, and a terminal plate is present in the transitional zone. An inner ring-like structure attached to the tubules of the flagellar doublets within the transitional zone has been observed in transverse section. No roots associated with the kinetosome have been observed. In many zoospores, the nucleus lies partially within the aggregation of ribosomes and was invariably situated laterally. Small
618:
569:–lipid globule complex. The microbodies closely appose and almost surround four to six lipid globules (three anterior and one to three laterally), some of which appear bound by a cisterna. Some zoospores appear to contain more lipid globules (this may have been a result of a plane-of-sectioning effect, because the globules were often lobed in the zoospores examined). A
1195:. These salamanders have several subspecies, but they share a common trait: toxicity. A 2012 study demonstrated that no alpine salamanders in the area had the disease, despite its prevalence in the area. Alpine salamanders can produce alkaloid products or other toxic peptides that may be protective against microbes.
1084:
was found in all 3 sites with the highest percentage of amphibians positive for the fungus from the forest road (medium impact; 50%), followed by the mountain forest (low impact; 44%) and village (high impact; 36%). Human influence most likely explains detection of the fungus in the medium and high
1153:
fungus has caused the decline of 501 amphibian species—about 6.5 percent of the world known total. Of these, 90 have been entirely wiped out and another 124 species have declined by more than 90 percent, and their odds of the effected species recovering to a healthy population are doubtful. However,
817:
specimen from 1938. The study also suggests that chytridiomycosis had been a stable infection in southern Africa from 23 years prior to finding any infected outside of Africa. There is more recent information that the species originated on the Korean peninsula and was spread by the trade in frogs.
669:
that help it digest amphibian cells and use amphibian skin as a nutrient source. Once the zoospore reaches its host, it forms a cyst underneath the surface of the skin, and initiates the reproductive portion of its life cycle. The encysted zoospores develop into zoosporangia, which may produce more
722:
can grow within a wide temperature range (4-25 °C), with optimal temperatures being between 17 and 25 °C. The wide temperature range for growth, including the ability to survive at 4 °C gives the fungus the ability to overwinter in its hosts, even where temperatures in the aquatic
552:
often with membrane-bound spheres of ribosomes within the main ribosomal mass. A small spur has been observed, located at the posterior of the cell body, adjacent to the flagellum, but this may be an artifact in the formalin-fixed specimens. The core area of ribosomes is surrounded by a single
988:
have been performed in various locations across the world, the presence of the fungus in
Southeast Asia remains a relatively recent development. The exact process through which the fungus was introduced to Asia is not known, however, as mentioned above, it has been suggested transportation of
1075:
on local amphibian populations in 3 different areas in relation to human interaction: low (an isolated forest atop a mountain people rarely visit), medium (a forest road ~15 km from a village that is used at least once a week), and high (a small village where humans interact with their
1130:, ulcers, and most prominently the change in osmotic regulation often leading to cardiac arrest. The death toll on amphibians is dependent on a variety of factors but most crucially on the intensity of infection. Certain frogs adopt skin sloughing as a defense mechanism for
1134:; however, this is not always effective, as mortality fluctuates between species. For example, the Fletcher frog, despite practising skin sloughing, suffers from a particularly high mortality rate when infected with the disease compared to similar species like
1735:"McMahon, Taegan A. et al "Chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has nonamphibian hosts and releases chemicals that cause pathology in the absence of infection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.1 (2013): 210-215. Web. 01 Nov. 2020"
1043:
where new species of frogs, toads, and other amphibians and reptiles are being discovered on a frequent basis. Scientists simultaneously are swabbing herpetofauna in order to determine if these newly discovered animals possess traces of the fungus.
1121:
can be introduced to an amphibian primarily through water exposure, colonizing the digits and ventral surfaces of the animal's body most heavily and spreading throughout the body as the animal matures. Potential effects of this pathogen are
750:
through chytridiomycosis, the fungus existed on the amphibians as spherical, unicellular organisms, confined to minute patches (80–120 micrometers across). These organisms, unknown at the time, were subsequently identified as
3407:
Lambert, Max R.; Womack, Molly C.; Byrne, Allison Q.; Hernández-Gómez, Obed; Noss, Clay F.; Rothstein, Andrew P.; Blackburn, David C.; Collins, James P.; Crump, Martha L.; Koo, Michelle S.; Nanjappa, Priya (2020-03-20).
346:
The fungal pathogens that cause the disease chytridiomycosis are known to damage the skin of frogs, toads, and other amphibians, disrupting their balance of water and salt and eventually causing heart failure,
1682:
Voyles J, Young S, Berger L, Campbell C, Voyles WF, Dinudom A, Cook D, Webb R, Alford RA, Skerratt LF, Speare R (2009). "Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines".
1089:. This may go unanswered until more research is performed on transmission of the fungus across landscapes. However, recent evidence suggests mosquitoes may be a possible vector which may help spread
645:
released from the zoosporangium. The zoospores are known to be active only for a short period of time, and can travel short distances of one to two centimeters. However, the zoospores are capable of
2264:
767:
The fungus grows on amphibian skin and produces aquatic zoospores. It is widespread and ranges from lowland forests to cold mountain tops. It is sometimes a non-lethal
3540:
1235:
Berger L, Speare R, Daszak P, Green DE, Cunningham AA, Goggin CL, Slocombe R, Ragan MA, Hyatt AD, McDonald KR, Hines HB, Lips KR, Marantelli G, Parkes H (July 1998).
3947:
1428:
Martel, A.; Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A.; Blooi, M.; Bert, W.; Ducatelle, R.; Fisher, M. C.; Woeltjes, A.; Bosman, W.; Chiers, K.; Bossuyt, F.; Pasmans, F. (2013).
1068:
670:
zoospores that can reinfect the host, or be released into the surrounding aquatic environment. The amphibians infected with these zoospores are shown to die from
1733:
McMahon, T. A.; Brannelly, L. A.; Chatfield, M. W.; Johnson, P. T.; Joseph, M. B.; McKenzie, V. J.; Richards-Zawacki, C. L.; Venesky, M. D.; Rohr, J. R. (2013).
4012:
1142:
Some amphibian species have been found to adapt to infection after an initial die-off with survival rates of infected and non-infected individuals being equal.
3856:
723:
environments are low. The species does not grow well above temperatures of 25 °C, and growth is halted above 28 °C. Infected red-eyed treefrogs (
480:
3908:
2947:
Yang H; H. Baek; R. Speare; R. Webb; S. Park; T. Kim; K.C. Lasat er; S. Shin; S. Son; J. Park; M. Min; Y. Kim; K. Na; H. Lee & S. Park (2008).
3515:
R, Lötters, S Kielgast, J Sztatecsny, M Wagner, N Schulte, U Werner, P Rödder, D Dambach, J Reissner, T Hochkirch, A Schmidt, B (2012-04-30).
843:
may also be spread in the environment by birds and transportation of soils. Infections have been linked to mass mortalities of amphibians in
2303:
1175:
kills this frog by interfering with external water exchange thereby causing an imbalance with ion exchange which leads to heart failure.
1237:"Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America"
3331:
DiRenzo, Graziella; Zipkin, Elise; Grant, Evan
Campbell; Royle, J. Andrew; Longo, Ana; Zamudio, Kelly; Lips, Karen (3 October 2018).
335:
283:
775:. The fungus is associated with host mortality in highlands or during winter, and becomes more pathogenic at lower temperatures.
4073:
3921:
1209:
813:, previously collected from 1879 to 1999 in southern Africa, were examined. The earliest case of chytridiomycosis was found in a
326:
353:
reports. Some amphibian species appear to have an innate capacity to withstand chytridiomycosis infection due to symbiosis with
2757:
in China: discovery of chytridiomycosis in introduced
American bullfrogs and native amphibians in the Yunnan Province, China".
1146:
60:
740:
has occasionally been found in forms distinct from its traditional zoospore and sporangia stages. For example, before the
3999:
3381:
484:
827:), also widely distributed, are also thought to be carriers of the disease due to their inherent low susceptibility to
3960:
2149:
Daszak P, Strieby A, Cunningham AA, Longcore JE, Brown CC, Porter D (2004). "Experimental evidence that the bullfrog (
755:. Characteristics of the organisms were suggestive of encysted zoospores; they may have embodied a resting spore, a
2365:
Schloegel LM, Hero JM, Berger L, Speare R, McDonald K, Daszak P (2006). "The decline of the sharp-snouted day frog (
359:. Even within species that generally succumb, some populations survive, possibly demonstrating that these traits or
4017:
3794:
3624:"A salamander's toxic arsenal: review of skin poison diversity and function in true salamanders, genus Salamandra"
355:
4078:
4068:
3268:"Body size influences energetic and osmoregulatory costs in frogs infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"
2928:
McLeod DS, Sheridan JA, Jiraungkoorskul W, Khonsue W (2008). "A survey for chytrid fungus in Thai amphibians".
930:
869:
954:
2102:"Alien predators and amphibian declines: review of two decades of science and the transition to conservation"
4083:
3518:
Absence of infection with the amphibian chytrid fungus in the terrestrial Alpine salamander, Salamandra atra
1031:
among their amphibian populations. Much effort has been put into classifying herpetofauna in countries like
995:
966:
823:
741:
1093:
Another study in French Guiana reports widespread infection, with 8 of 11 sites sampled being positive for
4063:
3824:
3784:
3171:
2378:
2173:
1085:
areas, however it does not provide an adequate explanation why even isolated amphibians were positive for
972:
960:
434:
384:
322:
2220:
Lips KR (1999). "Mass mortality and population declines of anurans at an upland site in western Panama".
649:, and can move towards a variety of molecules that are present on the amphibian surface, such as sugars,
122:
3788:
936:
888:
558:
155:
2846:
1494:
Garner TW, Perkins MW, Govindarajulu P, Seglie D, Walker S, Cunningham AA, Fisher MC (September 2006).
132:
4027:
3900:
3882:
3806:
3635:
3470:
3344:
3279:
3183:
3172:"Pathogen load predicts host functional disruption: A meta-analysis of an amphibian fungal panzootic"
3100:
2279:
2229:
2113:
2068:
1982:
1886:
1691:
1445:
1248:
1167:
1071:). Another study in Cambodia questioned the potential anthropological impact in the dissemination of
1056:
948:
882:
2711:"Survey of Turkey's endemic amphibians for chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in Turkey"
2383:
630:. The arrows indicate discharge tubes through which zoospores exit the host cell. Scale bar = 35 μm.
3991:
2800:
Rowley J, Chan SK, Tang WS, Speare R, Skerratt LF, Alford RA, Cheung KS, Ho CY, Campbell R (2007).
802:
689:
387:
is derived from the genus of frogs from which the original confirmation of pathogenicity was made (
364:
330:
32:
3667:
3604:
3559:"Toxin variation among salamander populations: discussing potential causes and future directions"
3557:
DE MEESTER, Gilles; ŠUNJE, Emina; PRINSEN, Els; VERBRUGGEN, Erik; VAN DAMME, Raoul (2020-10-13).
3534:
3494:
2782:
2562:
2515:
2396:
2295:
2245:
2131:
1998:
1955:
1910:
1810:
1715:
1619:
1367:
912:
707:
701:
695:
683:
662:
518:
55:
1973:
Daszak P, Cuningham AA, Hyatt AD (2003). "Infection disease and amphibian population declines".
1109:
Worldwide amphibian populations have been on a steady decline due to an increase in the disease
999:, the American Bullfrog) may be a key component in the dissemination of the fungus, at least in
420:. The initial classification of the pathogen as a chytrid was based on zoospore ultrastructure.
3952:
4035:
3869:
3766:
3719:
3659:
3651:
3596:
3588:
3522:
3486:
3439:
3431:
3410:"Comment on "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity""
3362:
3313:
3295:
3248:
3240:
3199:
3128:
3023:
2974:
2910:
2871:
2827:
2774:
2735:
2691:
2554:
2472:
2369:): the first documented case of extinction by infection in a free-ranging wildlife species?".
2347:
2202:
2076:
2050:
1902:
1859:
1818:
1766:
1707:
1664:
1611:
1590:
Symonds EP, Trott DJ, Bird PS, Mills P (2008). "Growth characteristics and enzyme activity in
1572:
1533:
1473:
1315:
1276:
1188:
894:
1551:
Moss AS, Reddy NS, Dortaj IM, San
Francisco MJ (2008). "Chemotaxis of the amphibian pathogen
1003:. Initial studies demonstrated the presence of the fungus on island states/countries such as
4040:
3756:
3748:
3709:
3701:
3643:
3578:
3570:
3478:
3421:
3352:
3303:
3287:
3230:
3191:
3118:
3108:
3013:
2964:
2902:
2861:
2817:
2766:
2725:
2710:
2681:
2546:
2507:
2462:
2388:
2337:
2287:
2237:
2192:
2121:
2040:
2032:
1990:
1945:
1894:
1849:
1802:
1756:
1746:
1699:
1654:
1603:
1564:
1523:
1515:
1463:
1453:
1405:
1397:
1359:
1307:
1266:
1256:
1204:
1110:
1077:
1060:
924:
906:
876:
A wide variety of amphibian hosts have been identified as being susceptible to infection by
784:
451:
349:
311:
186:
102:
3146:
3217:
Wu, Nicholas C.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Ohmer, Michel E. B.; Franklin, Craig E. (2019-01-27).
918:
852:
725:
626:
598:
92:
2153:) is a potential carrier of chytridiomycosis, an emerging fungal disease of amphibians".
835:
populations where it may introduce the disease to new areas. It has also been shown that
3639:
3474:
3348:
3283:
3187:
3104:
2906:
2660:
Bovero S, Sotgiu G, Angelini C, Doglio S, Gazzaniga E, Cunningham AA, Garner TW (2008).
2283:
2233:
2117:
1986:
1890:
1695:
1449:
1252:
3895:
3812:
3761:
3732:
3714:
3689:
3308:
3267:
3123:
3088:
2045:
2020:
1761:
1734:
1528:
1495:
1468:
1429:
1410:
1385:
1123:
671:
605:, which often contain a small number of ribosomes, are densely staining with discoidal
112:
601:
body with stacked cisternae occurred within the cytoplasm outside the ribosomal area.
4057:
3861:
3671:
3608:
3583:
3498:
2291:
2241:
2126:
2101:
1994:
1950:
1929:
1271:
1236:
942:
848:
844:
746:
638:
429:
2786:
2566:
2519:
2400:
2299:
2249:
2135:
2002:
1959:
1719:
3622:
Lüddecke, Tim; Schulz, Stefan; Steinfartz, Sebastian; Vences, Miguel (2018-09-04).
3386:
1914:
1623:
990:
900:
602:
562:
40:
3926:
3874:
2953:
in free-ranging populations of amphibians on mainland Asia: survey in South Korea"
1158:
was not as primary a driver of amphibian declines as found by the previous study.
3113:
1294:
Rosa, Ines Di; Simoncelli, Francesca; Fagotti, Anna; Pascolini, Rita (May 2007).
729:) recovered from their infections when incubated at a temperature of 37 °C.
4004:
3986:
3934:
3459:"Skin defenses of North American salamanders against a deadly salamander fungus"
1187:, or have biological protections against the fungus. One such salamander is the
1127:
1024:
617:
590:
447:
389:
340:
329:
around the world, in a global decline towards multiple extinctions, part of the
3847:
3623:
3291:
2686:
2661:
2467:
2442:
1739:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1438:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1241:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3688:
Daszak, Peter; Berger L; Cunningham AA; Hyatt AD; Green DE; Speare R. (1999).
3647:
3526:
2770:
2550:
2511:
2392:
1607:
1568:
1295:
1052:
772:
654:
646:
586:
315:
48:
3655:
3592:
3558:
3490:
3435:
3299:
3244:
3203:
3064:
Mendoza JA, Gaertner JP, Holden J, Forstner MR, Hahn D (2011). "Detection of
2633:
Lovich R, Ryan MJ, Pessier AP, CLaypool B (2008). "Infection with the fungus
2080:
1319:
3965:
3574:
3426:
3409:
3195:
3041:
Gaertner JP, Mendoza JA, Forstner MR, Neang T, Hahn D (2011). "Detection of
1793:
1751:
1703:
1458:
1350:
1261:
1215:
1064:
1008:
1004:
860:
582:
570:
566:
545:
533:
522:
506:
72:
3770:
3752:
3723:
3705:
3663:
3600:
3443:
3366:
3317:
3252:
3132:
3027:
2978:
2914:
2875:
2831:
2806:
in Hong Kong in native amphibians and in the international amphibian trade"
2778:
2739:
2695:
2558:
2476:
2351:
2206:
2054:
2036:
1906:
1863:
1822:
1770:
1711:
1668:
1615:
1576:
1537:
1519:
1477:
1401:
1280:
3973:
3841:
3799:
1032:
1020:
839:
can survive and grow in moist soil and on bird feathers, suggesting that
768:
666:
642:
594:
554:
549:
464:
425:
1898:
1877:
Di Rosa I, et al. (2007). "The
Proximate Cause of Frog Declines?".
1500:
globally infects introduced populations of the North
American bullfrog,
1311:
1154:
these conclusions were criticized by later studies, which proposed that
3913:
3458:
3235:
3218:
1814:
1371:
1036:
756:
650:
606:
514:
510:
502:
469:
3939:
3516:
3482:
3219:"Epidermal epidemic: unravelling the pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis"
2342:
2321:
2197:
1854:
1837:
1659:
1638:
3978:
3357:
3332:
3266:
Wu, Nicholas C.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E. (2018-02-27).
3018:
2993:
2969:
2948:
2866:
2822:
2801:
2730:
2019:
Weldon C, du Preez LH, Hyatt AD, Muller R, Spears R (December 2004).
1012:
867:
has been implicated in the extinction of the sharp-snouted day frog (
856:
794:
360:
82:
47:
growing on a freshwater arthropod (a) and algae (b); scale bars = 30
3818:
3521:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DGHT).
2533:
Gaertner JP, Forstner MR, O'Donnell L, Hahn D (2009). "Detection of
1806:
1363:
2709:
Erismis UC, Konuk M, Yoldas T, Agyar P, Yumuk D, Korcan SE (2014).
1838:"Emerging disease of amphibians cured by elevated body temperature"
2610:
Lehtinen RM, Kam Y-C Richards CL (2008). "Preliminary surveys for
1016:
1000:
832:
831:
infection. The bullfrog often escapes captivity and can establish
616:
541:
492:
479:
2845:
Kusrini MD, Skerratt LF, Garland S, Berger L, Endarwin W (2008).
487:
of a frozen intact zoospore and sporangia of the chytrid fungus (
3690:"Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines"
1040:
801:
and subsequently spread to other parts of the world by trade in
798:
3887:
3822:
2992:
Wei, Y.; K. Xu; D.-Z. Zhu; X.-F. Chen & X.-L. Wang (2010).
2069:"Frog-Killing Fungus Found to Have Origins on Korean Peninsula"
517:
and smooth-walled, roughly spherical, inoperculate (without an
405:, "one who climbs", referring to a genus of poison dart frogs.
2847:"Chytridiomycosis in frogs of Mount Gede Pangrango, Indonesia"
544:
in size, have an elongate–ovoid body with a single, posterior
525:. Each sporangium produces a single tube to discharge spores.
421:
416:
was until recently considered the single species of the genus
3089:"Widespread Occurrence of Bd in French Guiana, South America"
2889:
Fisher MC, Garner TW, Walker SF (2009). "Global emergence of
2753:
Bai, C.; T. W. Garner & Y. Li (2010). "First evidence of
1097:
infection for at least one species. This study suggests that
809:). In this study, 697 archived specimens of three species of
231:
3333:"Eco-evolutionary rescue promotes host–pathogen coexistence"
759:, or a parasitic form of the fungus that is non-pathogenic.
2641:
below sea level in the
Coachella Valley, California, USA".
1787:
Piotrowski JS, Annis S, Longcore JE (2004). "Physiology of
1637:
Berger L, Hyatt AD, Speare R, Longcore JE (December 2005).
468:, the formation of colonial thalli with multiple sporangia
266:
260:
254:
242:
228:
210:
204:
192:
2174:"Possible modes of dissemination of the amphibian chytrid
970:). and endemic frog species, the Beysehir frog in Turkey (
2893:
and amphibian chytridiomycosis inspace, time, and host".
589:. Nine interconnected props attach the kinetosome to the
272:
219:
2422:) from Three National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska, USA".
1930:"Predicting the Distribution of the Amphibian Pathogen
3737:
in Water: Quarantine and Disease Control Implications"
3087:
Courtois EA, Gaucher P, Chave J, Schmeller DS (2015).
2265:"Infectious disease and amphibian population declines"
1434:
sp. nov. causes lethal chytridiomycosis in amphibians"
1051:
to be prevalent throughout the country in areas near
637:
has two primary life stages: a sessile, reproductive
432:
has corroborated the view, with the closest match to
284:
275:
245:
216:
207:
195:
1063:(frogs collected from streets around the town), and
1019:. Soon thereafter, mainland Asian countries such as
269:
263:
257:
251:
248:
239:
225:
222:
201:
198:
189:
3831:
2537:in endemic salamander species from Central Texas".
1423:
1421:
236:
213:
3731:Johnson, Megan L.; Speare, Richard (August 2003).
1836:Woodhams DC, Alford RA, Marantelli G (June 2003).
2949:"First detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus
1782:
1780:
548:(19–20 μm long), and possess a core area of
375:The generic name is derived from the Greek words
3045:in frogs from different locations in Cambodia".
2322:"Chytrid fungus parasitizing the wild amphibian
2014:
2012:
1555:and its response to a variety of attractants".
1386:"Etymologia: Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans"
363:of species are being subjected to evolutionary
2447:infection in the mountain yellow-legged frog (
1489:
1487:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1183:Some amphibian species are actually immune to
1069:Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity
3457:Pereira, K. E.; Woodley, S. K. (2021-01-11).
3068:on amphibians in Pursat Province, Cambodia".
1340:Longcore JE, Pessier AP, Nichols DK (1999). "
744:that decimated populations of the water frog
8:
3539:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1639:"Life cycle stages of the amphibian chytrid
1101:is more widespread than previously thought.
339:, also causes chytridiomycosis and death in
2605:
2603:
2443:"Effect of temperature on host response to
1067:(frogs collected from a national preserve:
171:Longcore, Pessier & D.K. Nichols (1999)
3819:
2320:Herrera RA, Steciow MM, Natale GS (2005).
2263:Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD (2003).
31:
20:
3760:
3713:
3582:
3425:
3356:
3307:
3234:
3122:
3112:
3017:
2968:
2865:
2821:
2729:
2685:
2662:"Detection of chytridiomycosis caused by
2466:
2382:
2341:
2196:
2125:
2044:
1949:
1853:
1760:
1750:
1658:
1527:
1467:
1457:
1409:
1270:
1260:
1059:(frogs collected from the local market),
462:primarily in the formation of germ tubes
2490:Byrne MW, Davie EP, Gibbons JW (2008). "
2021:"Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus"
1348:, a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians".
1296:"The proximate cause of frog declines?"
1227:
892:), the southern two-lined salamander (
333:. A recently described second species,
3532:
2441:Andre SE, Parker J, Briggs CJ (2008).
2326:(Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Argentina"
763:Habitat and relationship to amphibians
310:, is a fungus that causes the disease
3552:
3550:
3510:
3508:
1791:, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians".
1076:environment on a daily basis). Using
7:
4028:4ee65289-91d2-4025-b3ef-8f7a131e0994
910:), Blanco River Springs Salamander (
886:), the mountain yellow-legged frog (
509:. The fungus in the epidermis has a
2907:10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073435
1099:Bd (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)
1027:, and China reported incidences of
2666:in the endangered sardinian newt (
2172:Johnson ML, Speare R (July 2005).
922:), Jollyville Plateau Salamander (
472:, and a lower thermal preference.
14:
3382:"The Worst Disease Ever Recorded"
2802:"Survey for the amphibianchytrid
1496:"The emerging amphibian pathogen
1432:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
1161:One amphibian in particular that
3002:in Heilongjiang Province, China"
2580:Brodman R, Briggler JT (2008). "
2292:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00016.x
2242:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97185.x
2127:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00013.x
1995:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00016.x
1951:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00028.x
1210:Decline in amphibian populations
958:), the Rio Grande Leopard frog (
327:devastated amphibian populations
185:
59:
3223:Journal of Experimental Biology
2994:"First Early-spring survey for
2670:), in Southern Sardinia, Italy"
946:), the eastern spadefoot toad (
540:, which are typically 3–5
321:Since its discovery in 1998 by
3833:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3807:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3795:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3735:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3170:Wu, Nicholas C. (April 2023).
3066:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
3043:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2996:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2951:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2891:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2804:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2755:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2664:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2635:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2612:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2582:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2535:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2492:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2445:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2416:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2176:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1789:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1641:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1592:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1553:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1498:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1342:Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis
1147:Australian National University
1055:(in a village <5 km),
984:While most studies concerning
952:), the southern leopard frog (
940:), the southern cricket frog (
916:), Barton Springs Salamander (
489:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
414:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
180:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
165:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
25:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1:
2895:Annual Review of Microbiology
2854:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
2810:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
2588:larvae in southern Indiana".
2330:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
1647:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
1165:has affected greatly was the
641:and a motile, uniflagellated
3741:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3694:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3114:10.1371/journal.pone.0125128
2718:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2674:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2455:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
1145:According to a study by the
1047:In Cambodia, a study showed
624:sporangia in the skin of an
485:Scanning electron micrograph
2930:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
2272:Diversity and Distributions
2106:Diversity and Distributions
2100:Kats LB, Ferrer RP (2003).
964:), and the Sardinian newt (
934:, the western chorus frog (
789:It has been suggested that
661:also contains a variety of
4100:
3292:10.1038/s41598-018-22002-8
2687:10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.712
2468:10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.716
898:), San Marcos Salamander (
782:
3648:10.1007/s00114-018-1579-4
3584:10067/1718680151162165141
2771:10.1007/s10393-010-0307-0
2551:10.1007/s10393-009-0229-x
2512:10.1656/1528-7092-7.3.551
2393:10.1007/s10393-005-0012-6
1608:10.1007/s11046-008-9135-y
1569:10.3852/mycologia.100.1.1
383:(earthen pot), while the
356:Janthinobacterium lividum
161:
154:
56:Scientific classification
54:
39:
30:
23:
2586:Ambystoma jeffersonianum
955:Lithobates sphenocephala
931:Ambystoma jeffersonianum
880:, including wood frogs (
870:Taudactylus acutirostris
705:) but not mosquitofish (
442:was discovered in 2013:
308:amphibian chytrid fungus
4074:Fungi described in 1999
3575:10.1111/1749-4877.12492
3427:10.1126/science.aay1838
3380:Yong, Ed (2019-03-28).
3337:Ecological Applications
3196:10.1111/1365-2435.14245
2668:Euproctus platycephalus
2500:Southeastern Naturalist
2367:Taudactylus acutiostris
2324:Leptodactylus ocellatus
1752:10.1073/pnas.1200592110
1704:10.1126/science.1176765
1459:10.1073/pnas.1307356110
1262:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9031
996:Lithobates catesbeianus
967:Euproctus platycephalus
824:Lithobates catesbeianus
779:Geographic distribution
742:2003 European heat wave
681:also infects crayfish (
573:has not been observed.
446:, which mainly affects
3753:10.3201/eid0908.030145
3706:10.3201/eid0506.990601
2639:Lithobates berlandieri
2155:Herpetological Journal
2037:10.3201/eid1012.030804
1520:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0494
1502:Lithobates catesbeiana
1402:10.3201/eid2207.ET2207
1396:(7): 1282. July 2016.
993:carrier species (e.g.
973:Pelophylax caralitanus
961:Lithobates berlandieri
631:
495:
438:. A second species of
3789:University of Alabama
3628:The Science of Nature
3070:Herpetological Review
3047:Herpetological Review
2643:Herpetological Review
2616:Herpetological Review
2590:Herpetological Review
2424:Herpetological Review
937:Pseudacris triseriata
904:), Texas Salamander (
620:
585:lies adjacent to the
559:endoplasmic reticulum
513:bearing a network of
483:
147:B. dendrobatidis
3785:Chytrid Fungi Online
2420:Lithobates sylvatica
2222:Conservation Biology
2025:Emerging Infect. Dis
1168:Lithobates clamitans
1105:Effect on amphibians
949:Scaphiopus holbrooki
883:Lithobates sylvatica
821:American bullfrogs (
803:African clawed frogs
435:Chytridium confervae
3640:2018SciNa.105...56L
3563:Integrative Zoology
3475:2021AnCon..24..552P
3463:Animal Conservation
3349:2018EcoAp..28.1948D
3284:2018NatSR...8.3739W
3188:2023FuEco..37..900W
3151:www.amphibiaweb.org
3105:2015PLoSO..1025128C
2414:Reeves MK (2008). "
2284:2003DivDi...9..141D
2234:1999ConBi..13..117L
2178:in the environment"
2118:2003DivDi...9...99K
1987:2003DivDi...9..141D
1899:10.1038/nature05941
1891:2007Natur.447....4R
1696:2009Sci...326..582V
1450:2013PNAS..11015325M
1444:(38): 15325–15329.
1312:10.1038/nature05941
1253:1998PNAS...95.9031B
1149:estimates that the
677:Besides amphibians
663:proteolytic enzymes
577:Flagellum structure
565:, and an extensive
456:B. salamandrivorans
444:B. salamandrivorans
397:is from the Greek
336:B. salamandrivorans
331:Holocene extinction
123:Batrachochytriaceae
3420:(6484): eaay1838.
3272:Scientific Reports
3236:10.1242/jeb.191817
3176:Functional Ecology
3147:"Chytridiomycosis"
2449:Lithobates muscosa
2073:The New York Times
1140:Lim. tasmaniensis.
913:Eurycea pterophila
889:Lithobates muscosa
708:Gambusia holbrooki
696:Orconectes virilis
684:Procambarus alleni
632:
529:Zoospore structure
496:
4051:
4050:
4036:Open Tree of Life
3825:Taxon identifiers
3483:10.1111/acv.12666
2496:Eurycea cirrigera
2343:10.3354/dao064247
2198:10.3354/dao065181
1934:in the New World"
1855:10.3354/dao055065
1690:(5952): 582–585.
1660:10.3354/dao068051
1189:alpine salamander
1113:, caused by this
1091:B. dendrobatidis.
895:Eurycea cirrigera
581:A nonfunctioning
300:), also known as
176:
175:
16:Species of fungus
4091:
4044:
4043:
4031:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4008:
4007:
4005:NHMSYS0020774201
3995:
3994:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3955:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3916:
3904:
3903:
3891:
3890:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3864:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3820:
3774:
3764:
3727:
3717:
3676:
3675:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3586:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3429:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3358:10.1002/eap.1792
3343:(8): 1948–1962.
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3238:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3116:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3019:10.3354/dao02172
2989:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2970:10.3354/dao02098
2944:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2867:10.3354/dao01981
2851:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2823:10.3354/dao01861
2797:
2791:
2790:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2731:10.3354/dao02742
2715:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2637:in a non-native
2630:
2624:
2623:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2386:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2302:. Archived from
2269:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2182:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2151:Rana catesbeiana
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1932:B. dendrobatidis
1925:
1919:
1918:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1390:Emerg Infect Dis
1382:
1376:
1375:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1232:
1205:Pathogenic fungi
1132:B. dendrobatidis
1111:chytridiomycosis
1095:B. dendrobatidis
1087:B. dendrobatidis
1082:B. dendrobatidis
1078:quantitative PCR
1073:B. dendrobatidis
1049:B. dendrobatidis
1029:B. dendrobatidis
986:B. dendrobatidis
925:Eurycea tonkawae
907:Eurycea neotenes
878:B. dendrobatidis
873:) in Australia.
865:B. dendrobatidis
841:B. dendrobatidis
837:B. dendrobatidis
829:B. dendrobatidis
791:B. dendrobatidis
785:Chytridiomycosis
753:B. dendrobatidis
738:B. dendrobatidis
720:B. dendrobatidis
679:B. dendrobatidis
659:B. dendrobatidis
635:B. dendrobatidis
622:B. dendrobatidis
538:B. dendrobatidis
499:B. dendrobatidis
460:B. dendrobatidis
452:chytridiomycosis
450:and also causes
440:Batrachochytrium
424:analysis of the
418:Batrachochytrium
385:specific epithet
312:chytridiomycosis
296:
292:
288:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
167:
134:Batrachochytrium
103:Chytridiomycetes
64:
63:
45:B. dendrobatidis
35:
21:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4079:Parasitic fungi
4069:Chytridiomycota
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4034:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3990:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3964:
3959:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3827:
3781:
3730:
3687:
3684:
3682:Further reading
3679:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3531:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3099:(4): e0125128.
3086:
3085:
3081:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3040:
3039:
3035:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2418:in wood frogs (
2413:
2412:
2408:
2384:10.1.1.602.3591
2364:
2363:
2359:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2185:Dis. Aquat. Org
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2018:
2017:
2010:
1975:Divers. Distrib
1972:
1971:
1967:
1928:Ron SR (2005).
1927:
1926:
1922:
1885:(7144): E4–E5.
1876:
1875:
1871:
1842:Dis. Aquat. Org
1835:
1834:
1830:
1807:10.2307/3761981
1786:
1785:
1778:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1508:Biology Letters
1493:
1492:
1485:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1364:10.2307/3761366
1339:
1338:
1327:
1306:(7144): E4–E5.
1293:
1292:
1288:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1201:
1181:
1107:
982:
919:Eurycea sosorum
853:Central America
787:
781:
771:and possibly a
765:
735:
726:Litoria chloris
717:
627:Atelopus varius
615:
579:
561:, two to three
531:
478:
411:
373:
297:-droh-bə-ty-dis
294:
290:
286:
235:
188:
184:
172:
169:
163:
150:
93:Chytridiomycota
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4097:
4095:
4087:
4086:
4084:Fungus species
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4032:
4022:
4009:
3996:
3983:
3970:
3957:
3944:
3931:
3918:
3905:
3892:
3879:
3866:
3853:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3813:Index Fungorum
3803:
3791:
3780:
3779:External links
3777:
3776:
3775:
3747:(8): 915–921.
3728:
3700:(6): 735–748.
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3614:
3569:(3): 336–353.
3546:
3504:
3469:(4): 552–567.
3449:
3399:
3372:
3323:
3258:
3209:
3182:(4): 900–914.
3162:
3138:
3079:
3056:
3033:
3012:(3): 241–244.
3000:Rana dybowskii
2984:
2939:
2920:
2881:
2860:(3): 187–194.
2837:
2792:
2765:(1): 241–244.
2745:
2724:(2): 153–157.
2701:
2680:(3): 712–715.
2652:
2625:
2599:
2572:
2525:
2506:(3): 551–555.
2494:occurrence in
2482:
2461:(3): 716–720.
2433:
2406:
2357:
2312:
2309:on 2008-12-26.
2255:
2228:(1): 117–125.
2212:
2164:
2141:
2092:
2075:. 2018-05-10.
2060:
2031:(12): 2100–5.
2008:
1981:(2): 141–150.
1965:
1944:(2): 209–221.
1920:
1869:
1828:
1776:
1725:
1674:
1629:
1602:(3): 143–147.
1596:Mycopathologia
1582:
1543:
1514:(3): 455–459.
1483:
1417:
1377:
1358:(2): 219–227.
1325:
1286:
1247:(15): 9031–6.
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1180:
1177:
1124:hyperkeratosis
1106:
1103:
1080:, evidence of
981:
980:Southeast Asia
978:
807:Xenopus laevis
793:originated in
783:Main article:
780:
777:
764:
761:
734:
731:
716:
713:
672:cardiac arrest
614:
611:
578:
575:
530:
527:
477:
474:
410:
407:
372:
369:
325:, the disease
174:
173:
170:
159:
158:
152:
151:
144:
142:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
113:Rhizophydiales
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
52:
51:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4096:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Aquatic fungi
4062:
4061:
4059:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3733:"Survival of
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3400:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:Dis Aquat Org
3003:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:Dis Aquat Org
2954:
2952:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:Dis Aquat Org
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2653:
2649:(3): 315–317.
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2622:(3): 317–318.
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:(3): 320–321.
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2336:(3): 247–52.
2335:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:(2): 141–50.
2277:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:(2): 99–110.
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:Sihanoukville
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
987:
979:
977:
975:
974:
969:
968:
963:
962:
957:
956:
951:
950:
945:
944:
943:Acris gryllus
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
920:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
874:
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:South America
846:
845:North America
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
762:
760:
758:
754:
749:
748:
747:Rana lessonae
743:
739:
733:Varying forms
732:
730:
728:
727:
721:
714:
712:
710:
709:
704:
703:
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
685:
680:
675:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:zoosporangium
636:
629:
628:
623:
619:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:
473:
471:
467:
466:
461:
458:differs from
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
408:
406:
404:
401:, "tree" and
400:
396:
395:dendrobatidis
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
351:
344:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:
299:
298:
280:
182:
181:
168:
166:
160:
157:
156:Binomial name
153:
149:
148:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3832:
3811:
3805:
3793:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3697:
3693:
3634:(9–10): 56.
3631:
3627:
3617:
3566:
3562:
3517:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3417:
3413:
3402:
3391:. Retrieved
3387:The Atlantic
3385:
3375:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3154:. Retrieved
3150:
3141:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2857:
2853:
2840:
2816:(2): 87–95.
2813:
2809:
2803:
2795:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2721:
2717:
2704:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2619:
2615:
2614:in Taiwan".
2611:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2545:(1): 20–26.
2542:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2304:the original
2275:
2271:
2258:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2191:(3): 181–6.
2188:
2184:
2175:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2028:
2024:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1745:(1): 210–5.
1742:
1738:
1728:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1653:(1): 51–63.
1650:
1646:
1640:
1632:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1214:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1136:Lim. peronii
1135:
1131:
1126:, epidermal
1118:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1048:
1046:
1028:
994:
991:asymptomatic
985:
983:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
901:Eurycea nana
899:
893:
887:
881:
877:
875:
868:
864:
840:
836:
828:
822:
820:
814:
810:
806:
790:
788:
766:
752:
745:
737:
736:
724:
719:
718:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
678:
676:
658:
634:
633:
625:
621:
603:Mitochondria
580:
563:mitochondria
537:
532:
501:infects the
498:
497:
488:
463:
459:
455:
443:
439:
433:
417:
413:
412:
402:
398:
394:
388:
380:
376:
374:
354:
348:
345:
334:
320:
307:
302:
301:
179:
178:
177:
164:
162:
146:
145:
133:
44:
41:Zoosporangia
24:
18:
3987:NatureServe
3935:iNaturalist
3278:(1): 3739.
2963:(1): 9–13.
2901:: 291–310.
2430:(1): 68–70.
1848:(1): 65–7.
1801:(1): 9–15.
1594:isolates".
1128:hyperplasia
1025:South Korea
655:amino acids
591:plasmalemma
503:keratinized
448:salamanders
409:Systematics
390:Dendrobates
379:(frog) and
341:salamanders
4058:Categories
3527:1030045649
3393:2019-03-28
3156:2016-05-27
3076:: 542–545.
3053:: 546–548.
2936:: 199–204.
2161:: 201–207.
2086:2018-05-20
1938:Biotropica
1563:(1): 1–5.
1223:References
1053:Phnom Penh
773:saprophyte
715:Physiology
702:O. immunis
690:P. clarkii
647:chemotaxis
613:Life cycle
587:kinetosome
507:amphibians
476:Morphology
323:Lee Berger
316:amphibians
89:Division:
3992:2.1016469
3672:253637272
3656:0028-1042
3609:221862886
3593:1749-4877
3535:cite book
3499:232030040
3491:1367-9430
3436:0036-8075
3300:2045-2322
3245:1477-9145
3204:0269-8463
2539:EcoHealth
2379:CiteSeerX
2377:: 35–40.
2371:EcoHealth
2081:0362-4331
1794:Mycologia
1557:Mycologia
1351:Mycologia
1320:0028-0836
1216:Ranavirus
1065:Siem Reap
1009:Indonesia
1005:Hong Kong
861:Australia
815:X. laevis
667:esterases
583:centriole
571:rumposome
567:microbody
550:ribosomes
546:flagellum
534:Zoospores
523:sporangia
519:operculum
377:batrachos
371:Etymology
365:selection
141:Species:
79:Kingdom:
73:Eukaryota
3974:MycoBank
3953:11332651
3896:Fungorum
3862:60032393
3857:AusFungi
3848:Q1543914
3842:Wikidata
3800:MycoBank
3771:12967488
3724:10603206
3664:30291447
3601:32965720
3444:32193293
3367:30368999
3318:29487313
3253:30559300
3229:(Pt 2).
3133:25902035
3093:PLOS ONE
3028:21268987
2998:in wild
2979:19899344
2915:19575560
2876:19244970
2832:18286805
2787:24321977
2779:20372969
2740:25266902
2696:18689659
2567:23997421
2559:19424755
2520:84713825
2477:18689660
2401:11114174
2352:15997823
2300:16838374
2250:86205459
2207:16119886
2136:85969277
2055:15663845
2003:16838374
1960:84272576
1907:17538572
1864:12887256
1823:21148822
1771:23248288
1720:52850132
1712:19900897
1669:16465834
1616:18568420
1577:18488347
1538:17148429
1478:24003137
1344:gen. et
1199:See also
1179:Immunity
1117:fungus.
1033:Cambodia
1021:Thailand
769:parasite
651:proteins
643:zoospore
595:vacuoles
555:cisterna
515:rhizoids
505:skin of
465:in vitro
293:-ree-əm
119:Family:
69:Domain:
3914:2627503
3762:3020615
3715:2640803
3636:Bibcode
3471:Bibcode
3414:Science
3345:Bibcode
3309:5829222
3280:Bibcode
3184:Bibcode
3124:4406614
3101:Bibcode
2280:Bibcode
2230:Bibcode
2114:Bibcode
2046:3323396
1983:Bibcode
1915:4421285
1887:Bibcode
1815:3761981
1762:3538220
1692:Bibcode
1684:Science
1624:8545084
1529:1686185
1469:3780879
1446:Bibcode
1411:4918143
1372:3761366
1346:sp. nov
1281:9671799
1249:Bibcode
1193:S. atra
1037:Vietnam
811:Xenopus
757:saprobe
607:cristae
511:thallus
470:in vivo
399:dendron
361:alleles
306:or the
129:Genus:
109:Order:
99:Class:
4041:858873
4025:NZOR:
4018:109871
3979:450228
3966:109124
3940:320144
3901:450228
3888:998631
3769:
3759:
3722:
3712:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3525:
3497:
3489:
3442:
3434:
3365:
3316:
3306:
3298:
3251:
3243:
3202:
3131:
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