242:
482:
33:
466:
823:
725:
634:
1087:
532:
54:
516:
548:
321:
The description of this pathogen and its aggressiveness raised concern in the scientific community and the public, fearing that it might be a rising threat to
Western hemisphere salamanders. On January 12, 2016, the U.S. government issued a directive that prohibited the importation of salamanders in
615:
has had catastrophic effects on certain
European salamander populations, believed to be the cause of a 96% decline in populations with in the Netherlands. More than a third of the worlds salamanders live in the United States, and 40% of those salamanders are already threatened. While regulations on
372:
appears to occupy a narrow climactic niche in its native range in East and
Southeast Asia. In its introduced range in Europe, it was first detected in the Netherlands in 2012, where it wiped out a majority of the country's small fire salamander population. It has since naturally expanded into
1226:
Martel, A.; Blooi, M.; Adriaensen, C.; Van Rooij, P.; Beukema, W.; Fisher, M. C.; Farrer, R. A.; Schmidt, B. R.; Tobler, U.; Goka, K.; Lips, K. R.; Muletz, C.; Zamudio, K. R.; Bosch, J.; Lotters, S.; Wombwell, E.; Garner, T. W. J.; Cunningham, A. A.; Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A.; Salvidio, S.;
1916:
Böning, Philipp; Lötters, Stefan; Barzaghi, Benedetta; Bock, Marvin; Bok, Bobby; Bonato, Lucio; Ficetola, Gentile
Francesco; Glaser, Florian; Griese, Josline; Grabher, Markus; Leroux, Camille; Munimanda, Gopikrishna; Manenti, Raoul; Ludwig, Gerda; Preininger, Doris (2024-05-17).
1456:
309:
populations in Asia and in animals of asian origin being transported via the pet trade. Since the pathogens initial discovery, it has been found in several additional areas across Europe in both wild and captive populations. One study was able to detect
276:
infection, it was lethal to many
European and some North American salamanders. East Asian salamanders were susceptible but able to tolerate infections. The fungus was also detected in a more-than-150-year-old museum specimen of the Japanese
408:, Germany, which was possibly introduced either by hitchhiking on shoes, animals, or machinery, although it is also possible that it had naturally expanded from northern Germany unnoticed. The southernmost outbreak was identified in
1100:
Voyles, J.; Young, S.; Berger, L.; Campbell, C.; Voyles, W. F.; Dinudom, A.; Cook, D.; Webb, R.; Alford, R. A.; Skerratt, L. F.; Speare, R. (2009). "Pathogenesis of
Chytridiomycosis, a Cause of Catastrophic Amphibian Declines".
498:
1845:
381:, although it was likely present in some of these regions well before the documented outbreaks; the oldest known record is from Germany in 2004, for example. In Germany, it is primarily known from the states of
1712:"eDNA-based monitoring of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans with ddPCR in Luxembourg ponds: taking signals below the Limit of Detection (LOD) into account"
616:
the most likely avenue of introduction into North
America, amphibian trade, are in place in both Canada and the United States, regulations are seriously lacking in Mexico. Furthermore,
1573:
1160:
Bletz, Molly C.; Kelly, Moira; Sabino-Pinto, Joana; Bales, Emma; Van Praet, Sarah; Bert, Wim; Boyen, Filip; Vences, Miguel; Steinfartz, Sebastian; Pasmans, Frank; Martel, An (2018).
597:
species being lethally susceptible. Recent work has demonstrated that some lungless species, specifically those in the
Spelerpini tribe might also be clinically susceptible to
1710:
Porco, David; Purnomo, Chanistya Ayu; Glesener, Liza; Proess, Roland; Lippert, Stéphanie; Jans, Kevin; Colling, Guy; Schneider, Simone; Stassen, Raf; Frantz, Alain C. (2024).
852:
754:
663:
579:
for the pathogen's introduction to Europe. The
Eastern Newt, which is found across the eastern United States and parts of Canada is a susceptible Bsal host species.
1030:
Martel, A.; Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A.; Blooi, M.; Bert, W.; Ducatelle, R.; Fisher, M. C.; Woeltjes, A.; Bosman, W.; Chiers, K.; Bossuyt, F.; Pasmans, F. (2013).
2465:
412:
in 2020, which was possibly associated with an accidental introduction via aquatic plants for garden ponds; this outbreak caused a mass mortality event among
1457:"Epidemiological tracing of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans identifies widespread infection and associated mortalities in private amphibian collections"
1797:"Habitat connectivity supports the local abundance of fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) but also the spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans"
2232:
Gray, Matthew J.; Carter, Edward Davis; Piovia-Scott, Jonah; Cusaac, J. Patrick W.; Peterson, Anna C.; Whetstone, Ross D.; et al. (June 5, 2023).
1284:
Cunningham, A. A.; Beckmann, K.; Perkins, M.; Fitzpatrick, L.; Cromie, R.; Redbond, J.; O'Brien, M. F.; Ghosh, P.; Shelton, J.; Fisher, M. C. (2015).
1976:
Bosch, Jaime; Martel, An; Sopniewski, Jarrod; Thumsová, Barbora; Ayres, Cesar; Scheele, Ben C.; Velo-Antón, Guillermo; Pasmans, Frank (August 2021).
2400:
1846:"Kurzmitteilung: Vorläufiger Bericht über den Erstnachweis von Bsal (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans) an Feuersalamandern im Freiland in Hessen"
2161:
241:
1653:"Ecological Barriers for an Amphibian Pathogen: A Narrow Ecological Niche for Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in an Asian Chytrid Hotspot"
230:, which is manifested in skin lesions and is lethal for the salamanders. Damage to the epidermal layer can be extensive and may result in
874:
776:
685:
444:
from other parts of Spain are thought to be false positives, as later surveys of these sites have found no presence of the disease.
428:, Spain in 2018, which likely originated from released captive individuals. This outbreak caused mortality in fire salamanders and
2511:
1795:
Bolte, Leonard; Goudarzi, Forough; Klenke, Reinhard; Steinfartz, Sebastian; Grimm-Seyfarth, Annegret; Henle, Klaus (2023-06-01).
1771:"The amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in the hotspot of its European invasive range: past – present – future"
998:
222:
397:
in 2024, on the border with North Rhine-Westphalia, where it was found to have caused a mass mortality of fire salamanders.
53:
2128:
400:
In addition to this contiguous range, several isolated outbreaks have been reported. One such outbreak is known from the
421:
835:
737:
646:
2426:
845:
839:
831:
747:
741:
733:
656:
650:
642:
2470:
896:
700:
32:
2299:
924:
917:
805:
522:
1872:"Preliminary report on the occurrence of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in the Steigerwald, Bavaria, Germany"
856:
758:
667:
2516:
2506:
465:
1227:
Ducatelle, R.; Nishikawa, K.; Nguyen, T. T.; Kolby, J. E.; Van
Bocxlaer, I.; Bossuyt, F.; Pasmans, F. (2014).
2521:
938:
481:
214:
1086:
2329:
952:
440:; the site was thus impounded to contain the outbreak and prevent any spillover. Several other reports of
382:
1006:
can be found at the Southeast Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation disease task team web-page.
115:
903:
889:
576:
472:
213:. The pathogen, unidentified up to then, had devastated fire salamander populations in the Netherlands.
209:
148:
1895:"Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans kills alpine newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris) in southernmost Germany"
589:
species susceptibility performed to date has been by Martel et al 2014. Their experiments demonstrated
125:
2392:
2374:
2311:
2249:
2048:
1808:
1536:
1471:
1352:
1240:
1110:
1047:
945:
386:
393:, where it has caused landscape-scale declines of fire salamanders. It was detected in the state of
2457:
1406:"Trade in wild anurans vectors the urodelan pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans into Europe"
798:
504:
1574:"Skin-eating fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans threatens to wipe out salamanders worldwide"
2214:
1321:
1142:
980:
966:
959:
611:
is a serious threat to salamander species, while it has not yet been confirmed in North America,
554:
290:
48:
497:
361:, "eating", which refers to extensive skin destruction and rapid death in infected salamanders.
1341:"Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans is the predominant chytrid fungus in Vietnamese salamanders"
2478:
2361:
2277:
2206:
2109:
2017:
1999:
1958:
1940:
1826:
1751:
1733:
1692:
1674:
1554:
1505:
1487:
1437:
1386:
1368:
1313:
1305:
1266:
1199:
1181:
1134:
1126:
1075:
931:
910:
488:
437:
417:
286:
278:
2483:
2267:
2257:
2196:
2188:
2099:
2089:
2056:
2007:
1989:
1948:
1930:
1816:
1741:
1723:
1682:
1664:
1631:
1623:
1544:
1495:
1479:
1427:
1417:
1376:
1360:
1297:
1256:
1248:
1189:
1173:
1118:
1065:
1055:
973:
707:
538:
294:
227:
95:
1339:
Laking, Alexandra E.; Ngo, Hai Ngoc; Pasmans, Frank; Martel, An; Nguyen, Tao Thien (2017).
2078:"Tracking, Synthesizing, and Sharing Global Batrachochytrium Data at AmphibianDisease.org"
1404:
Nguyen, Tao Thien; Nguyen, Thinh Van; Ziegler, Thomas; Pasmans, Frank; Martel, An (2017).
791:
567:) have been severely decimated in the Netherlands. The North American rough-skinned newt (
257:
205:
85:
1597:
2272:
2253:
2233:
2052:
2037:"Conservation risk of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans to endemic lungless salamanders"
1953:
1918:
1812:
1746:
1711:
1687:
1652:
1540:
1475:
1356:
1244:
1114:
1051:
2387:
2317:
2104:
2077:
2012:
1977:
1636:
1611:
1500:
1381:
1340:
1261:
1228:
1194:
1161:
1070:
1031:
231:
186:
105:
620:
has the potential to infect an estimated 80 to 140 North American salamander species.
531:
201:
has emerged recently and poses a major threat to species in Europe and North America.
2500:
2218:
2146:
1894:
1871:
594:
2162:"Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity, Salamnders Biodiversity and Consevation"
1325:
1146:
429:
282:
2366:
1229:"Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders"
547:
2352:
1935:
1549:
1524:
1285:
2452:
2413:
1455:
Fitzpatrick, Liam D.; Pasmans, Frank; Martel, An; Cunningham, Andrew A. (2018).
413:
401:
2262:
1919:"Alpine salamanders at risk? The current status of an emerging fungal pathogen"
1821:
1796:
1728:
1651:
Sun, Dan; Ellepola, Gajaba; Herath, Jayampathi; Meegaskumbura, Madhava (2023).
1483:
2192:
2179:
Fisher, Mathew (Feb 25, 2020). "Chytrid fungi and global amphibian declines".
2094:
1422:
1405:
571:) was killed by the fungus in laboratory tests. The Japanese fire-belly newt (
515:
378:
315:
269:
190:
183:
2003:
1944:
1830:
1737:
1678:
1491:
1441:
1372:
1309:
1185:
1130:
2431:
1252:
1122:
1060:
1003:
425:
416:. Due to its proximity to the Alps, this outbreak poses a major risk to the
261:
65:
2281:
2210:
2201:
2113:
2021:
1962:
1755:
1696:
1627:
1598:"Listing Salamanders as Injurious Due to Risk of Salamander Chytrid Fungus"
1558:
1509:
1432:
1390:
1317:
1270:
1203:
1177:
1138:
1079:
409:
1770:
1007:
424:
if allowed to expand. Another outbreak was identified in a single site in
2439:
2346:
2304:
1978:"Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans Threat to the Iberian Urodele Hotspot"
433:
346:
204:
It was described in 2013 based on a strain collected from skin tissue of
2405:
2061:
2036:
1994:
1669:
405:
374:
306:
218:
2418:
1364:
2444:
1893:
Schmeller, Dirk; Utzel, Reinhard; Pasmans, Frank; Martel, An (2020).
1301:
235:
194:
75:
2323:
345:, "earthen pot" (describing the structure that contains unreleased
293:
to Europe rather recently through the trade of species such as the
16:
Species of pathogenic chytrid fungus that infects amphibian species
2234:"Broad host susceptibility of North American amphibian species to
394:
390:
265:
240:
2379:
1162:"Disruption of skin microbiota contributes to salamander disease"
2327:
996:
and other diseases impacting amphibian populations, including
816:
718:
627:
252:
Another study estimated that this species had diverged from
2238:
suggests high invasion potential and biodiversity risk"
1166:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
593:
susceptibility followed a phylogenetic trend with many
1036:
sp. nov. causes lethal chytridiomycosis in amphibians"
301:
is supported by additional studies which have found
2336:
1600:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. January 12, 2016.
164:Martel A., Blooi M., Bossuyt F., Pasmans F. (2013)
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
844:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
746:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
655:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1612:"Etymologia: Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans"
1040:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
264:. While initial susceptibility testing showed
2129:"New Disease Emerges as Threat to Salamanders"
575:) is somewhat resistant and could have been a
281:. This suggests it had originally emerged and
8:
1025:
1023:
1021:
285:with salamanders in East Asia, forming its
43:infection in the skin of a fire salamander
2324:
1614:. citing public domain text from the CDC.
389:, with the core of its range being in the
217:confirmed it as related to the well known
31:
20:
2271:
2261:
2200:
2103:
2093:
2060:
2011:
1993:
1952:
1934:
1820:
1745:
1727:
1686:
1668:
1635:
1548:
1499:
1431:
1421:
1380:
1260:
1193:
1069:
1059:
875:Learn how and when to remove this message
777:Learn how and when to remove this message
686:Learn how and when to remove this message
297:as pets. The asian origin hypothesis for
189:that infects amphibian species. Although
1017:
193:seem to be the most susceptible, some
7:
563:Populations of the fire salamander (
322:order to reduce the threat posed by
1286:"Emerging disease in UK amphibians"
432:, and posed a severe threat to the
2147:"Amphibian Species By the Numbers"
14:
2338:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
2312:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
2300:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
2236:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
1034:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
457:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
455:Confirmed and potential hosts of
246:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
173:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
158:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
25:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
2127:Burke, Katie (6 February 2017).
2076:Koo, Michell (October 4, 2021).
1085:
821:
723:
632:
546:
530:
514:
496:
480:
464:
377:, western Germany, and possibly
337:is derived from the Greek words
52:
2082:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
226:. Like this species, it causes
2166:Virginia Cooperative Extension
1844:Pfeiffer, Berit (2024-04-19).
1525:"The coming salamander plague"
999:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
248:, clinical signs and pathology
1:
1936:10.1371/journal.pone.0298591
1550:10.1126/science.346.6209.530
197:species are also affected.
2181:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2538:
2263:10.1038/s41467-023-38979-4
1822:10.1007/s10980-023-01636-8
1729:10.1186/s12862-023-02189-9
1484:10.1038/s41598-018-31800-z
897:Salamandrina perspicillata
701:Salamandrella keyserlingii
357:, "salamander", and Latin
272:seemed to be resistant to
2193:10.1038/s41579-020-0335-x
2095:10.3389/fvets.2021.728232
2035:Carter, E. Davis (2020).
1716:BMC Ecology and Evolution
1572:Rhodi, Lee (2014-10-31).
1423:10.1163/15685381-00003125
925:Notophthalmus viridescens
918:Tylototriton wenxianensis
806:Paramesotriton deloustali
523:Notophthalmus viridescens
422:Lanza's alpine salamander
154:
147:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
830:This section includes a
732:This section includes a
641:This section includes a
140:B. salamandrivorans
2512:Fungi described in 2013
1253:10.1126/science.1258268
1123:10.1126/science.1176765
1061:10.1073/pnas.1307356110
939:Euproctus platycephalus
859:more precise citations.
761:more precise citations.
670:more precise citations.
585:The most comprehensive
215:Molecular phylogenetics
1850:Feuersalamander Hessen
1628:10.3201/eid2207.ET2207
1622:(7): 1282. July 2016.
1178:10.1098/rspb.2018.0758
953:Ichthyosaura alpestris
604:Threats to salamanders
383:North Rhine-Westphalia
249:
2242:Nature Communications
1523:Stokstad, E. (2014).
904:Salamandra salamandra
890:Hydromantes strinatii
473:Salamandra salamandra
244:
210:Salamandra salamandra
191:salamanders and newts
2041:Conservation Letters
992:More information on
946:Lissotriton italicus
387:Rhineland-Palatinate
2254:2023NatCo..14.3270G
2053:2020ConL...13E2675C
1813:2023LaEco..38.1537B
1541:2014Sci...346..530S
1476:2018NatSR...813845F
1357:2017NatSR...744443L
1245:2014Sci...346..630M
1115:2009Sci...326..582V
1052:2013PNAS..11015325M
1046:(38): 15325–15329.
988:Information sources
799:Cynops pyrrhogaster
505:Cynops pyrrhogaster
448:Susceptible species
436:salamanders of the
324:B. salamandrivorans
314:in 7 of 11 captive
116:Batrachochytriaceae
2133:American Scientist
2062:10.1111/conl.12675
1995:10.3390/jof7080644
1670:10.3390/jof9090911
1464:Scientific Reports
1345:Scientific Reports
1172:(1885): 20180758.
981:Pseudotriton ruber
967:Neurergus crocatus
960:Triturus cristatus
832:list of references
734:list of references
643:list of references
555:Pseudotriton ruber
353:is from the Greek
250:
2494:
2493:
2479:Open Tree of Life
2330:Taxon identifiers
1801:Landscape Ecology
1535:(6209): 530–531.
1410:Amphibia-Reptilia
1365:10.1038/srep44443
1290:Veterinary Record
1239:(6209): 630–631.
1109:(5952): 582–585.
932:Taricha granulosa
911:Pleurodeles waltl
885:
884:
877:
787:
786:
779:
696:
695:
688:
489:Taricha granulosa
438:Iberian Peninsula
418:alpine salamander
287:natural reservoir
279:sword-tailed newt
169:
168:
2529:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
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2369:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2325:
2286:
2285:
2284:. Art. No. 3270.
2275:
2265:
2229:
2223:
2222:
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2170:
2169:
2157:
2151:
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2143:
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2124:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2097:
2073:
2067:
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2064:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1997:
1982:Journal of Fungi
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1938:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1867:
1861:
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1858:
1857:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1807:(6): 1537–1554.
1792:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1769:Lötters (2020).
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1731:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1672:
1657:Journal of Fungi
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1616:Emerg Infect Dis
1608:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
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1552:
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1461:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1302:10.1136/vr.h2264
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1223:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1027:
974:Eurycea wilderae
880:
873:
869:
866:
860:
855:this section by
846:inline citations
825:
824:
817:
782:
775:
771:
768:
762:
757:this section by
748:inline citations
727:
726:
719:
708:Siren intermedia
691:
684:
680:
677:
671:
666:this section by
657:inline citations
636:
635:
628:
550:
539:Eurycea wilderae
534:
518:
500:
484:
468:
351:salamandrivorans
335:Batrachochytrium
295:fire belly newts
254:B. dendrobatidis
228:chytridiomycosis
223:B. dendrobatidis
206:fire salamanders
160:
127:Batrachochytrium
96:Chytridiomycetes
57:
56:
35:
21:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2517:Parasitic fungi
2507:Chytridiomycota
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
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2477:
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2456:
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2231:
2230:
2226:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2160:Bishop, David.
2159:
2158:
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2145:
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2126:
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2121:
2075:
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1975:
1974:
1970:
1929:(5): e0298591.
1915:
1914:
1910:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1433:1854/LU-8625943
1403:
1402:
1398:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1225:
1224:
1211:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1014:
990:
881:
870:
864:
861:
850:
836:related reading
826:
822:
815:
792:Cynops cyanurus
783:
772:
766:
763:
752:
738:related reading
728:
724:
717:
692:
681:
675:
672:
661:
647:related reading
637:
633:
626:
606:
583:
582:
581:
580:
560:
559:
558:
551:
543:
542:
535:
527:
526:
519:
510:
509:
508:
501:
493:
492:
485:
477:
476:
469:
460:
459:
450:
391:Eifel Mountains
367:
332:
258:Late Cretaceous
165:
162:
156:
143:
86:Chytridiomycota
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2522:Fungus species
2519:
2514:
2509:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2318:Index Fungorum
2308:
2294:
2293:External links
2291:
2288:
2287:
2224:
2187:(6): 332–343.
2171:
2152:
2138:
2119:
2068:
2027:
1968:
1908:
1885:
1870:Thein (2020).
1862:
1836:
1787:
1761:
1702:
1643:
1603:
1589:
1564:
1515:
1447:
1416:(4): 554–556.
1396:
1331:
1276:
1209:
1152:
1092:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1010:
989:
986:
985:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
883:
882:
840:external links
829:
827:
820:
814:
811:
810:
809:
802:
795:
785:
784:
742:external links
731:
729:
722:
716:
713:
712:
711:
704:
694:
693:
651:external links
640:
638:
631:
625:
622:
605:
602:
562:
561:
552:
545:
544:
536:
529:
528:
520:
513:
512:
511:
502:
495:
494:
486:
479:
478:
470:
463:
462:
461:
454:
453:
452:
451:
449:
446:
366:
363:
341:, "frog", and
331:
328:
232:osmoregulatory
187:chytrid fungus
167:
166:
163:
152:
151:
145:
144:
137:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
106:Rhizophydiales
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2534:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2202:10044/1/78596
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1905:(3): 230–232.
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1882:(3): 227–229.
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1784:(3): 173–188.
1783:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
987:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
962:
961:
957:
955:
954:
950:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:
936:
934:
933:
929:
927:
926:
922:
920:
919:
915:
913:
912:
908:
906:
905:
901:
899:
898:
894:
892:
891:
887:
886:
879:
876:
868:
858:
854:
848:
847:
841:
837:
833:
828:
819:
818:
812:
808:
807:
803:
801:
800:
796:
794:
793:
789:
788:
781:
778:
770:
760:
756:
750:
749:
743:
739:
735:
730:
721:
720:
714:
710:
709:
705:
703:
702:
698:
697:
690:
687:
679:
669:
665:
659:
658:
652:
648:
644:
639:
630:
629:
623:
621:
619:
614:
610:
603:
601:
600:
596:
595:Salamandridae
592:
588:
578:
574:
570:
566:
557:
556:
549:
541:
540:
533:
525:
524:
517:
507:
506:
499:
491:
490:
483:
475:
474:
467:
458:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:marbled newts
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
329:
327:
325:
319:
318:collections.
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
180:
175:
174:
161:
159:
153:
150:
149:Binomial name
146:
142:
141:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2337:
2316:
2310:
2298:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2155:
2141:
2132:
2122:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2044:
2040:
2030:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1926:
1922:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1854:. Retrieved
1849:
1839:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1592:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1567:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1470:(1): 13845.
1467:
1463:
1450:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1351:(1): 44443.
1348:
1344:
1334:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1236:
1232:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1043:
1039:
1033:
997:
993:
991:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
871:
865:January 2024
862:
851:Please help
843:
804:
797:
790:
773:
767:January 2024
764:
753:Please help
745:
706:
699:
682:
676:January 2024
673:
662:Please help
654:
617:
612:
608:
607:
598:
590:
586:
584:
572:
568:
564:
553:
537:
521:
503:
487:
471:
456:
441:
414:alpine newts
399:
369:
368:
365:Distribution
358:
354:
350:
342:
338:
334:
333:
323:
320:
311:
302:
298:
273:
253:
251:
245:
221:
208:
203:
198:
178:
177:
172:
171:
170:
157:
155:
139:
138:
126:
40:
24:
18:
2453:NatureServe
2414:iNaturalist
2248:(1): 3270.
1852:(in German)
1296:(18): 468.
857:introducing
759:introducing
715:Susceptible
668:introducing
402:Steigerwald
2501:Categories
1988:(8): 644.
1899:Salamandra
1876:Salamandra
1856:2024-05-14
1778:Salamandra
1663:(9): 911.
1583:2015-06-05
1578:Tech Times
1012:References
379:Luxembourg
355:salamandra
291:introduced
289:, and was
283:co-evolved
270:caecilians
234:issues or
184:pathogenic
82:Division:
2458:2.1029763
2353:Q19826825
2219:211266075
2004:2309-608X
1945:1932-6203
1831:1572-9761
1738:2730-7182
1679:2309-608X
1492:2045-2322
1442:0173-5373
1373:2045-2322
1310:0042-4900
1186:0962-8452
1131:0036-8075
1004:Ranavirus
426:Catalonia
347:zoospores
339:batrachos
330:Etymology
262:Paleogene
260:or early
134:Species:
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
2440:MycoBank
2388:Fungorum
2380:39667988
2347:Wikidata
2305:MycoBank
2282:37277333
2273:10241899
2211:32099078
2114:34692807
2022:34436183
1963:38758948
1954:11101120
1923:PLOS ONE
1756:38178008
1747:10768104
1722:(1): 4.
1697:37755019
1688:10532633
1559:25359941
1510:30218076
1391:28287614
1326:26161581
1318:25934745
1271:25359973
1204:30135150
1147:52850132
1139:19900897
1080:24003137
624:Tolerant
305:in wild
112:Family:
62:Domain:
2484:5219628
2471:1357716
2406:7670473
2250:Bibcode
2105:8527349
2049:Bibcode
2013:8400424
1809:Bibcode
1637:4918143
1537:Bibcode
1529:Science
1501:6138723
1472:Bibcode
1382:5347381
1353:Bibcode
1262:5769814
1241:Bibcode
1233:Science
1195:6125908
1111:Bibcode
1103:Science
1071:3780879
1048:Bibcode
853:improve
755:improve
664:improve
434:endemic
406:Bavaria
375:Belgium
316:urodele
307:urodela
256:in the
219:chytrid
182:) is a
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
2445:803904
2432:120547
2419:948980
2393:803904
2280:
2270:
2217:
2209:
2112:
2102:
2020:
2010:
2002:
1961:
1951:
1943:
1829:
1754:
1744:
1736:
1695:
1685:
1677:
1634:
1557:
1508:
1498:
1490:
1440:
1389:
1379:
1371:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1269:
1259:
1202:
1192:
1184:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1078:
1068:
813:Lethal
577:vector
569:centre
410:Allgäu
359:vorans
343:chytra
236:sepsis
195:anuran
2215:S2CID
2047:(1).
1774:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1322:S2CID
1143:S2CID
838:, or
740:, or
649:, or
573:right
395:Hesse
266:frogs
76:Fungi
2466:NCBI
2401:GBIF
2367:KZGX
2278:PMID
2207:PMID
2110:PMID
2018:PMID
2000:ISSN
1959:PMID
1941:ISSN
1827:ISSN
1752:PMID
1734:ISSN
1693:PMID
1675:ISSN
1555:PMID
1506:PMID
1488:ISSN
1438:ISSN
1387:PMID
1369:ISSN
1314:PMID
1306:ISSN
1267:PMID
1200:PMID
1182:ISSN
1135:PMID
1127:ISSN
1076:PMID
1002:and
994:Bsal
618:Bsal
613:Bsal
609:Bsal
599:Bsal
591:Bsal
587:Bsal
565:left
442:Bsal
420:and
385:and
370:Bsal
312:Bsal
303:Bsal
299:Bsal
274:Bsal
268:and
199:Bsal
179:Bsal
41:Bsal
2427:ISC
2375:EoL
2362:CoL
2315:in
2303:in
2268:PMC
2258:doi
2197:hdl
2189:doi
2100:PMC
2090:doi
2057:doi
2008:PMC
1990:doi
1949:PMC
1931:doi
1817:doi
1742:PMC
1724:doi
1683:PMC
1665:doi
1632:PMC
1624:doi
1545:doi
1533:346
1496:PMC
1480:doi
1428:hdl
1418:doi
1377:PMC
1361:doi
1298:doi
1294:176
1257:PMC
1249:doi
1237:346
1190:PMC
1174:doi
1170:285
1119:doi
1107:326
1066:PMC
1056:doi
1044:110
404:in
349:);
2503::
2481::
2468::
2455::
2442::
2429::
2416::
2403::
2390::
2377::
2364::
2349::
2276:.
2266:.
2256:.
2246:14
2244:.
2240:.
2213:.
2205:.
2195:.
2185:18
2183:.
2164:.
2131:.
2108:.
2098:.
2088:.
2084:.
2080:.
2055:.
2045:13
2043:.
2039:.
2016:.
2006:.
1998:.
1984:.
1980:.
1957:.
1947:.
1939:.
1927:19
1925:.
1921:.
1903:56
1901:.
1897:.
1880:56
1878:.
1874:.
1848:.
1825:.
1815:.
1805:38
1803:.
1799:.
1782:56
1780:.
1776:.
1750:.
1740:.
1732:.
1720:24
1718:.
1714:.
1691:.
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1655:.
1630:.
1620:22
1618:.
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1531:.
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1486:.
1478:.
1466:.
1462:.
1436:.
1426:.
1414:38
1412:.
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1359:.
1347:.
1343:.
1320:.
1312:.
1304:.
1292:.
1288:.
1265:.
1255:.
1247:.
1235:.
1231:.
1212:^
1198:.
1188:.
1180:.
1168:.
1164:.
1141:.
1133:.
1125:.
1117:.
1105:.
1074:.
1064:.
1054:.
1042:.
1038:.
1020:^
842:,
834:,
744:,
736:,
653:,
645:,
326:.
238:.
2307:.
2260::
2252::
2221:.
2199::
2191::
2168:.
2149:.
2135:.
2116:.
2092::
2086:8
2065:.
2059::
2051::
2024:.
1992::
1986:7
1965:.
1933::
1859:.
1833:.
1819::
1811::
1758:.
1726::
1699:.
1667::
1661:9
1640:.
1626::
1586:.
1561:.
1547::
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1328:.
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1251::
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1206:.
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