Battered woman syndrome - Knowledge (XXG)

704:

rational reasons for the victim's assessment that their life or that of their children was in danger. For example, if life-threatening attacks were preceded by a certain look in the eyes in the past, the victim may have had probable cause for believing that another life-threatening attack was likely to occur. Fourth, it does not provide for the possibility that a person may be abused, but have chosen to kill for reasons other than on-going abuse – for example, jealousy or greed. Fifth, it paints survivors of domestic violence exclusively as passive victims rather than resourceful survivors. Controversy has also surrounded the legal mechanisms of the use of the BWS, which usually rely on the use of existing general legal defenses, such as self-defense, provocation or insanity based defenses - defenses which themselves have been subjected to controversy regarding their exact definitions and standards with regard to the

955:

situation, the majority of people that would take advantage of this defense are women since they are generally abused more than men. In this notable instance of an attempted defense using BWS, Florida resident Kathleen Weiand shot and killed her husband Todd Weiand. She used the battered woman syndrome in her defense and the defense expert agreed that she was suffering from the syndrome. However, the jury rejected her defense and Kathleen was sentenced to 18 years in prison for second degree murder. Kathleen appealed, eventually reaching Florida's Supreme Court who regarded her case as high priority. Ultimately, the Court overturned the ruling, in favor of Kathleen Weiand.

770:(2003) EWCA Crim 415, following threats of sexual and violent abuse against herself and her daughter, the defendant killed her obsessive, jealous, controlling partner while he was restrained by handcuffs, blindfolded and gagged as part of their regular sexual activity. The term of five years' imprisonment was reduced to three and a half years because of the terrifying threats made by a man determined to dominate and control the defendant's life. The threats created a genuine fear for the safety of herself and more significantly, her daughter, and this caused the defendant to lose control and make the ferocious attack. 843:, a 28-year-old, pregnant immigrant, killed her abusive husband Pietro with an axe after he tried to force her into prostitution. She confessed and was sentenced to hang after a brief trial, but during the delay before the sentence was carried out (a delay necessary to allow her to give birth to her child), a public campaign for her release began. Napolitano's supporters argued that the judge in the case had been wrong to throw out evidence of her long-standing abuse at Pietro's hands (including an incident five months before when he stabbed her nine times with a pocket knife). The 61: 745:, she claimed provocation. The judge directed the jury to consider whether, if she did lose her self-control, a reasonable person having the characteristics of a well-educated married Asian woman living in England would have lost her self-control given her husband's provocation. On appeal, it was argued that he should have directed the jury to consider a reasonable person suffering from 'battered woman syndrome'. Having considered fresh medical evidence, the 517:

gestures of contrition. However, the partner does not find solutions to avoid another phase of tension building and release so the cycle repeats. The repetition of the violence, despite the abuser's attempts to "make nice", results in the abused partner feeling at fault for not preventing a repeat cycle of violence. However, since the victim is not at fault and the violence is internally driven by the abuser, this self-blame results in feelings of

948:" (Rothenberg, "Social Change", 782). Instead of using the term "battered woman", the terminology "battering and its effects" became acceptable. The decision to change this terminology was based on a changing body of research indicating there is more than one pattern to battering and a more inclusive definition more accurately represented the realities of domestic violence. 465: 443: 418: 382: 372: 352: 342: 325: 315: 716:

For a variety of reasons, victims are reluctant to testify against their abusers and pursue civil and criminal remedies." Even with those who experience domestic violence do testify, they "are often not believed. Despite changes in legal and popular conceptions of domestic violence, judges and juries continue to ignore or discount victims' testimony about the abuse."

763:(1996) 2 AER 1023 the battered wife adduced fresh evidence that she had a personality disorder and the Court of Appeal ordered a retrial considering that, if the evidence had been available at the original trial, the jury might have reached a different decision. The victim does not have to be in a position to carry out the threats immediately. 827:, which are intended to address this perceived imbalance. Under the new laws, victims of family violence will be able to put evidence of their abuse before the court as part of their defence, and argue self-defence even in the absence of an immediate threat, and where the response of killing involved greater force than the threatened harm. 791:

Whether the provocative acts or words and the defendant's response met the 'ordinary person' standard prescribed by the statute is the question the jury must consider, not the altogether looser question of whether, having regard to all the circumstances, the jury consider the loss of self-control was

786:

and had a violent and abusive relationship. The evidence was that the deceased was drunk and taunted him by telling him that she had sex with another man. The defendant then struck the deceased with an axe which was an accident of availability. Psychiatric evidence was that his consumption of alcohol

922:

The partial defense of provocation that converted what would otherwise be murder into manslaughter was abolished in 2009 in New Zealand, because the historical reason for its existence (mandatory life sentence for murder) no longer exists. However, the provocative behavior of the victim can be taken

818:

In Australia, self-defence might be considered the most appropriate defence to a charge of murder for a woman who kills to protect her life or the lives of her children in a domestic violence context. It is about the rational act of a person who kills in order to save her (or his) own life. But the

781:

as wrongly decided, interpreting the Act as setting a purely objective standard. Thus, although the accused's characteristics were to be taken into account when assessing the gravity of the provocation, the standard of self-control to be expected was invariable except for the accused's age and sex.

715:

The effectiveness of new laws in "reducing the incidence of domestic violence, however, has been limited for a number of reasons." A major barrier "to using these laws to protect women is that proving domestic violence in court is difficult. First, the victim is often the only witness to the abuse.

528:

Feelings of depression and passivity may also be created by lack of social support outside of the abusive situation. Research in the 1980s by Gondolf and Fisher found that women in abusive situations increase help-seeking behavior as violence intensifies. However, their attempts at seeking help are

954:

was a landmark Florida Supreme Court case that took place in March 1999. In this historic case, the state's Supreme Court granted Florida citizens the ability to rely upon battered spouse syndrome as a defense in killing their abuser. While the decision is effective for anyone who is in an abusive

612:

1 All ER 932: "Provocation is some act, or series of acts done (or words spoken) ... which would cause in any reasonable person and actually causes in the accused, a sudden and temporary loss of self-control, rendering the accused so subject to passion as to make him or her for the moment not

703:

In recent years, BWS has been questioned as a legal defense on several grounds. First, legal changes in many states now make it possible to admit a history of past abuse into evidence. Second, not all battered persons act the same. Third, it pleads pathology when there may, in fact, be completely

478:

When battered woman syndrome (BWS) manifests as PTSD, it consists of the following symptoms: (a) re-experiencing the battering as if it were recurring even when it is not, (b) attempts to avoid the psychological impact of battering by avoiding activities, people, and emotions, (c) hyperarousal or

516:

The syndrome develops in response to a three-stage cycle found in intimate partner violence situations. First, tension builds in the relationship. Second, the abusive partner releases tension via violence while blaming the victim for having caused the violence. Third, the violent partner makes

198:

proposed the concept of battered woman syndrome (BWS). She described it as consisting "of the pattern of the signs and symptoms that have been found to occur after a woman has been physically, sexually, and/or psychologically abused in an intimate relationship, when the partner (usually, but not

673:

Self-defense when using a reasonable and proportionate degree of violence in response to the abuse might appear the most appropriate defense but, until recently, it almost never succeeded. Research in 1996 in England found no case in which a battered woman successfully pleaded self-defense (see

2155:

This is an issue that affects vast numbers of women throughout all nations of the world. ... Although there are cases in which men are the victims of domestic violence, nevertheless 'the available research suggests that domestic violence is overwhelmingly directed by men against women ... In

246:

ICD9 code 995.81 lists the syndrome under "battered woman/man/spouse/person NEC", and categorizes it as any person presenting with identified physical descriptors rather than psychological descriptors. It falls under the general heading of "Adult physical abuse", classified under "Injury and

911:

6, deals with a wife who pleaded provocation after she killed her husband with an axe when he proposed to leave her for another woman. There was some evidence of neglect, humiliation, and abuse but the court concluded that this was exaggerated. On appeal, the court was very conscious of the

654:

The courts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have accepted the extensive and growing body of research showing that battered women can use force to defend themselves. This may include even killing their abusers because of the abusive, and sometimes

736:

and set fire to the bed of her husband, Deepak, after he had gone to sleep. He suffered severe burns over 40% of his body and died 10 days later in the hospital. He allegedly had attempted to break her ankles and burn her with a hot iron on the night of her attack. Accusing him of

655:

life-threatening, situation in which they find themselves. These women act in the firm belief that there is no other way than to kill for self-preservation. The courts have recognized that this evidence may support a variety of defenses to a charge of murder or to mitigate the

525:. The feeling of being both responsible for and helpless to stop the violence leads in turn to depression and passivity. This learned depression and passivity makes it difficult for the abused partner to marshal the resources and support system needed to leave. 529:

often frustrated by unresponsive extended family and social services. In a 2002 study, Gondolf found that more than half of women had negative views of shelters and programs for battered women because of negative experiences with those programs.

185:

based defenses. The term "battered woman syndrome" has been criticized by some survivor advocates as being outdated terminology not used outside of courts. The newer term used among advocates and outside of the courts is "criminalized survivor".

3853: 3838: 2156:

addition, violence used by men against female partners tends to be much more severe than that used by women against men. Mullender and Morley state that 'Domestic violence against women is the most common form of family violence worldwide.'

1650:"Medicalization of the Battered Woman: A Historical-Social Construction of the Battered Woman Syndrome (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA (August 16, 2003)" 807:(2004) rejects the notion of creating a mitigatory defence to cover the use of excessive force in self-defence but accepts that the "all or nothing" effect of self-defence can produce unsatisfactory results in the case of murder. 1879: 153:

The condition is the basis for the battered woman legal defense that has been used in cases of physically and psychologically abused women who have killed their male partners. The condition was first researched extensively by

237:

It was estimated that in 2010, "roughly one woman" is "battered every seven seconds. It is estimated that one of every four American women will be physically or sexually abused by an intimate partner during her lifetime."

202:

Walker stated, "As there are significant differences between the theory underlying the construct of BWS, and to date there are no empirically supported data, it has not yet been applied to men. Therefore, the term used is

548:

A legal defense using BWS may argue that the systematic abuse suffered by the victim of domestic violence has led her to believe that killing the abuser was the only way to avoid being killed herself and may rely on

233:

in some legal circles, "and sounds more politically neutral, the new term does not improve on the former in providing a unitary syndrome, and does not account for the characteristics unique to male victimization."

787:

was involuntary and that he had a number of other psychiatric conditions which, independently of the effects of the alcohol, might have caused the loss of self-control and induced him to kill. Lord Nicholls said:

150:(PTSD). Victims may exhibit a range of behaviors, including self-isolation, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse, and signs of physical injury or illness, such as bruises, broken bones, or chronic fatigue. 1275:"ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision; Clinical Modification, 6th edition, 2006 / Practice Management Information Corporation (PMIC). Published Los Angeles, CA : PMIC, C2005" 939:

ordered an investigation into the role of battered woman syndrome expert testimony in the courts to determine its validity and usefulness. In 1997, they published the report of their investigation, titled

1425: 792:

sufficient excusable. The statute does not leave each jury free to set whatever standard they consider appropriate in the circumstances by which to judge whether the defendant's conduct is 'excusable'.

819:

lack of success in raising self-defence in Australia for battered women has meant that provocation has been the main focus of the courts. In 2005, based on the Victorian Law Reform Commission's

708:

needed in court, given that the broad application of these defenses may provide a 'license to kill' to the people, including to abusive men who kill their partners and claim such defenses and

2270: 2064: 1405:

Battered women as survivors: An alternative to treating learned helplessness. Gondolf, Edward W.; Fisher, Ellen R. Lexington, MA, England: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com. (1988).

1518: 674:

Noonan at p. 198). After analyzing 239 appellate decisions on trials of women who killed in self-defense in the U.S., Maguigan (1991) argues that self-defense is gender biased.

1945: 258:

does not provide a distinct diagnostic category for reactions to battering. The diverse reactions of battered women are treated as separate diagnoses; for example, PTSD or

496:

The abused fears for their life, and/or, the lives of loved ones whom the abuser might or has threatened to harm (e.g., children-in-common, close relatives, or friends).

2129:

McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (2011), "Potential problems for the effectiveness of international human rights law as regards domestic violence", in McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (ed.),

3143: 919:

A report of the New Zealand Law Commission examines not only violence by men against women, but also violence by women against men and in same-sex relationships.

944:. "The federal report ultimately rejected all terminology related to the battered woman syndrome...noting that these terms were 'no longer useful or appropriate 2283:

The Validity and Use of Evidence Concerning Battering and Its Effects in Criminal Trials: Report Responding to Section 40507 of the Violence Against Women Act

3396: 3266: 576:

cases in England involving women who had killed violent partners in response to what they described as cumulative abuse rather than in response to a single

2657: 2322: 2637: 1920: 1414:

Gondolf, Edward. "Service Barriers for Battered Women With Male Partners in Batterer Programs". J Interpers Violence February 2002 vol. 17 no. 2 217–227.

916:

culture in New Zealand in restricting the power of the wife to act independently of her husband and reduced her sentence for manslaughter to five years.

569:

is another defense that may be used. A legal defense using BWS seeks to obtain an acquittal, a mitigated sentence or a conviction of a lesser offense.

2688: 750: 648: 2060:

Report of the New Zealand Law Commission on Some Criminal Defences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants, report 73 (May 2001) found at

2949: 2246:

Noonan, S (1996). "Battered Woman Syndrome: Shifting the Parameters of Criminal Defences (or (re)inscribing the Familiar?)" in Bottomely, A (ed)

1775: 218:(BMS). Of course, men are abused by women, but the psychological impact on the man does not appear to be consistent with trauma in most cases." 199:

always a man) exerted power and control over the woman to coerce her into doing whatever he wanted, without regard for her rights or feelings."

3709: 2954: 2748: 3894: 2061: 1960: 1330: 989: 2265: 2894: 2425: 2269:

Report of the New Zealand Law Commission on Some Criminal Defences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants, report 73 (May 2001)

712:

for being killed. The broadening of self-defense laws in the US has been especially controversial due to fears about its potential abuse.

483:, (d) disrupted interpersonal relationships, (e) body image distortion or other somatic concerns, and (f) sexuality and intimacy issues. 2405: 2150: 746: 2099: 1939: 1305:

Roth D. L. & Coles E. M. (1995). "Battered woman syndrome: a conceptual analysis of its status vis a vis DSM-IV mental disorders".

3889: 3401: 2970: 2728: 1554: 1158: 1120: 1076: 1036: 896:, received a two-year sentence for manslaughter by provocation. Mrs. Fate spoke no English and was isolated within a small close-knit 266:, the diagnosis is absent from the manual. It may, however, be used as a classification to guide treatment plans and forensic issues. 3344: 2919: 2914: 2560: 2375: 2220: 2199: 2144: 1793: 1461: 3365: 2924: 2854: 2000: 1895: 1536: 2276:

Falling Short of the Challenge? A Comparative Assessment of the Australian Use of Expert Evidence on the Battered Woman Syndrome

1824:

Rix, Keith (January 2001). "'Battered woman syndrome' and the defence of provocation: two women with something more in common".

3465: 3406: 2929: 2784: 2738: 2622: 2453: 2315: 2849: 2779: 2764: 1256: 295: 3739: 3490: 2934: 2884: 2874: 2809: 2698: 2678: 2617: 2540: 1670: 969: 797: 636: 251: 147: 3789: 3358: 2899: 2864: 2814: 2789: 2774: 2662: 2345: 1613:

Rothenberg, Bess (2003). "'We Don't have Time for Social Change': Cultural Compromise and the Battered Woman Syndrome".

974: 605: 3316: 2975: 2944: 2939: 2904: 2879: 2869: 2859: 2839: 2824: 2794: 2565: 2286: 2204:

Dutton, D. G. & Painter, S. (1993) "The battered woman syndrome: effects of severity and intermittency of abuse".

2005: 225:

has been used to apply to men, especially as part of a legal defense. Author John Hamel stated that although the term

169:

Although the diagnosis has mainly centered on women, it has occasionally been applied to men when employing the term

2046: 1808: 800:, the defence of provocation—used in a number of the aforementioned cases—has been replaced with 'loss of control'. 3884: 3754: 3330: 3182: 3094: 2844: 2829: 2819: 2804: 2799: 2652: 2308: 932: 640: 577: 537:

In the US, the battered woman syndrome as a legal defense started to be developed in the 1970s. In 1977 in the US,

393: 2239:

McMahon, M. (1999) "Battered women and bad science: the limited validity and utility of battered woman syndrome".

3759: 3699: 3231: 3150: 3129: 2889: 2834: 2708: 2632: 2545: 2355: 836: 696: 562: 115: 85: 486:

Additionally, repeated cycles of violence and reconciliation can result in the following beliefs and attitudes:

3774: 3520: 3337: 3323: 3210: 2468: 1185: 557:. Alternatively, the victim may argue that the abuse has severely affected her mental state, in which case the 435: 2169: 3432: 3298: 3252: 3175: 2081: 1875: 1200: 995: 859: 848: 644: 3284: 3259: 3196: 2478: 2360: 1274: 979: 936: 677: 584: 554: 2132:

International human rights law and domestic violence: the effectiveness of international human rights law

3899: 3744: 3559: 3495: 2909: 2420: 2415: 705: 431: 173:, especially as part of a legal defense. As a legal defense, it may be incorporated in defenses such as 2022: 1292: 3779: 3224: 1355: 984: 810:

A 2001 study reported that the use of the provocation defense was rising in cases of battered woman.

518: 163: 1671:"Feminist (or "Feminist") Reform of Self-Defense Law: Some Critical ReflectionsCritical Reflections" 60: 3857: 3689: 3616: 3591: 3458: 3189: 3136: 3122: 3023: 2693: 2520: 2488: 2136: 1430: 1150: 1112: 1028: 840: 824: 683: 592: 572:

In the UK, battered woman syndrome emerged as a legal defense in the 1990s, as a result of several

566: 178: 119: 2192:

More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law (Morality and Society Series)

1785: 3769: 3661: 3611: 3564: 3532: 3515: 3391: 3238: 2998: 2570: 1849: 1630: 1379: 1237: 758: 729: 709: 627: 614: 541:' trial for the murder of her husband was one of the first cases involving what was later called 69: 2743: 690: 1777:

Principles and Values in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Andrew Ashworth

1596:

Downs, Donald A. "Battered Woman Syndrome: Tool of Justice or False Hope in Defense Cases?" in

1108:

Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse, Second Edition: Evidence-Based Approaches

1062: 3794: 3549: 3411: 2380: 2370: 2331: 2216: 2195: 2140: 1995: 1914: 1841: 1789: 1457: 1371: 1326: 1320: 1154: 1116: 1072: 1068: 1032: 1022: 964: 852: 844: 738: 588: 262:. Because there are no subcategories of the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in the 259: 93: 49: 2130: 1600:. Eds. Donileen R. Loseke, Richard J. Gelles, and Mary M. Cavanaugh, SAGE Publications, 2005. 1144: 1106: 669:

Battered woman syndrome is not a legal defense in and of itself, but may legally constitute:

3656: 3631: 3542: 3537: 3038: 3008: 3003: 2769: 2575: 2525: 2290: 2262:

Self Defence Review: Final Report to the Minister of Justice and Solicitor-General of Canada

2107: 1833: 1781: 1622: 1363: 1227: 558: 195: 182: 155: 1871: 1692:

Aiken, Jane and Jane C. Murphy (2000). "Evidence Issues in Domestic Violence Civil Cases".

3724: 3641: 3351: 3245: 3203: 3018: 2473: 2068: 1949: 855:. She was the first woman in Canada to use the battered woman defense on a murder charge. 538: 456: 159: 2185: 1359: 942:

The Validity and Use of Evidence Concerning Battering and Its Effects in Criminal Trials

363: 3862: 3799: 3729: 3714: 3704: 3694: 3621: 3525: 3451: 3291: 3157: 3069: 3054: 3033: 2506: 2435: 2365: 1024:

Social Work and Family Violence, Second Edition: Theories, Assessment, and Intervention

893: 864: 666:, the defense has occasionally been used by men in reference to their abusive spouses. 656: 620: 480: 208: 135: 123: 17: 1899: 114:) is a pattern of signs and symptoms displayed by a woman who has suffered persistent 3878: 3804: 3510: 3217: 3079: 3059: 3013: 2703: 2511: 2463: 2448: 1853: 1649: 1634: 1241: 1216:"Gender-Based Violence, Law Reform, and the Criminalization of Survivors of Violence" 1519:"Law Report: Classic direction to jury on provocation defence upheld: R v Ahluwalia" 88:, depression, passivity, and lack of social support outside of the abusive situation 3734: 3666: 3646: 3636: 3626: 3596: 3028: 2733: 2612: 2585: 2535: 2410: 2397: 1383: 742: 550: 493:

The abused has an inability to place the responsibility for the violence elsewhere.

401: 174: 127: 405: 1179: 583:

In a series of appeals against murder convictions, feminist groups (particularly

3809: 3784: 3606: 3581: 3571: 3554: 3505: 3386: 3089: 3084: 2683: 2627: 2530: 2515: 2458: 2443: 1977: 885: 749:

ordered a retrial on the basis that the new evidence showed an arguable case of

522: 500: 2186:

American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence, Bibliography Archives

1774:

Mitchell, Barry (2012). "Years of Provocation, Followed by a Loss of Control".

3847: 3764: 3586: 3576: 3074: 3064: 2550: 1837: 897: 862:

set a precedent for the use of the battered women defence in the 1990 case of

783: 777:(2005) 3 AER 371, the Privy Council regarded the Court of Appeal precedent in 504: 54: 1845: 1626: 1456:(First ed.). Chandler Lake Books / Mission Point Press. pp. 17–18. 2227:

Battered Women as Survivors: An Alternative to Treating Learned Helplessness

1367: 255: 1375: 900:

community of 12 families, so she felt trapped in the abusive relationship.

1426:"Francine Hughes Wilson, whose 'burning bed' became a TV film, dies at 69" 823:, the Victorian government announced changes to the homicide laws in that 3651: 3500: 2647: 2642: 2580: 2496: 409: 3830: 1346:

Walker, L. E. A. (2006). "Battered Woman Syndrome: Empirical Findings".

1232: 1215: 3601: 2555: 1322:

Social Work and Family Violence: Theories, Assessment, and Intervention

889: 1573: 166:

theory to explain why women stayed in relationships with abusive men.

3842: 3719: 733: 573: 397: 2300: 2253:

Peterson, Christopher; Maier, Steven & Seligman, Martin. (1993)

2255:

Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the Age of Personal Control

3672: 3482: 3474: 2501: 2350: 913: 263: 143: 131: 2234:

Battered Women and Provocation: The Implications of R v Ahluwalia

1181:

Southern California review of law and women's studies, Volume 13

908: 881: 597:

and secured the courts' recognition of battered woman syndrome.

306: 3447: 2304: 2213:

Justifiable Homicide: Battered Women, Self Defense, and the Law

1484:". In Hunter, Rosemary; McGlynn, Clare; Rackley, Erica (eds.). 613:

master of his or her mind." Three cases helped to change this:

3749: 1220:

International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy

923:

into accountant in deciding the length of a murder sentence.

27:

Condition resulting from emotional, physical, or sexual abuse

366:

at work or other important daily life activities is affected

1504:

Feminist Perspectives on The Foundational Subjects of Law

1064:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology

3443: 2248:

Feminist Perspectives on the Foundational Subject of Law

499:

The abused has an irrational belief that the abuser is

2502:

Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)

1555:"Trial forced plight of battered wives into the open" 3820: 1497: 1495: 490:

The abused thinks that the violence was their fault.

3824: 3682: 3481: 3420: 3379: 3308: 3276: 3167: 3114: 3107: 3047: 2991: 2984: 2963: 2757: 2721: 2671: 2605: 2598: 2487: 2434: 2396: 2389: 2338: 1488:. Oxford: Hart Publishing. pp. (292–310), 292. 1475: 1473: 92: 81: 68: 48: 40: 35: 1574:"Critique of the 'Battered Woman Syndrome' Model" 782:The defendant and the deceased were both chronic 1255:Aiken, Jane H. and Katherine Goldwasser (2010). 130:—from her male partner. It is classified in the 3144:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America 3352:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2004:. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.). 3459: 2316: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1608: 1606: 1199:Panic Button: The April Wilkens Case (2022). 600:Until the mid-1990s, the legal definition of 8: 3397:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence 1506:. London: Cavendish Publishing. p. 201. 1325:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 151. 689:insanity (usually within the meaning of the 1486:Feminist Judgments: From Theory to Practice 1319:Dr. Joan McClennen PhD. (8 February 2010). 1174: 1172: 1170: 1146:The Battered Woman Syndrome, Fourth Edition 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 3821: 3466: 3452: 3444: 3111: 2988: 2602: 2393: 2323: 2309: 2301: 2082:"Partial defence of provocation abolished" 1998:. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). 1976:, March 13, 2006. Accessed June, 2008 via 1348:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 273: 254:(PTSD), has mainly centered on women. The 146:. It may be diagnosed as a subcategory of 59: 32: 1786:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696796.003.0008 1537:"Abnormal traits relevant to provocation" 1231: 250:The diagnosis, especially with regard to 2689:Effects of domestic violence on children 1878:(Australia). Cf R v Lavallee 1 SCR 852 1598:Current Controversies on Family Violence 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 751:diminished responsibility in English law 649:diminished responsibility in English law 2232:Nicolson, Donald & Sanghvi, Rohit. 1480:Connelly, Clare (2010). "Commentary on 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1006: 3710:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 2971:Domestic violence in Christian culture 2194:Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. 1919:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1912: 990:Complex posttraumatic stress disorder 591:) challenged the legal definition of 7: 2976:Domestic violence in Islamic culture 2426:Sexual violence by intimate partners 2229:. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. 1996:"Napolitano (Neapolitano), Angelina" 1978:A Guide to Women in Canadian History 1482:Attorney-General for Jersey v Holley 1061:McClennen J, Keys AM, Day M (2017). 1021:McClennen J, Keys AM, Day M (2016). 275:Symptoms of battered woman syndrome, 2406:Genital modification and mutilation 2274:Stubbs, Julie & Tolmie, Julia. 2215:Ohio: Ohio State University Press. 2025:Online version accessed June, 2008. 278:a few of which are shared with PTSD 3402:National Domestic Violence Hotline 2257:, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1972:Platinum Image Film press release 1942:Defences to Homicide: Final Report 1940:Victorian Law Reform Commission's 1936:Defences to Homicide: Final Report 1934:Victorian Law Reform Commission's 1826:The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 821:Defences to Homicide: Final Report 647:. In addition to loss of control, 25: 3345:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2153:from the original on 2016-05-15, 2080:Power, Simon (28 November 2009). 1309:. Vol. 14(7–8): pp. 641–658. 659:if convicted of lesser offenses. 2190:Downs, Donald Alexander, (1996) 2170:"Battered spouse case is closed" 2001:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1974:New Film About Italian Immigrant 1261:Georgetown University Law Center 463: 441: 416: 380: 370: 350: 340: 336:Is fearful for more than 4 weeks 323: 313: 2739:Management of domestic violence 2623:Domestic violence and pregnancy 2454:Domestic violence and pregnancy 2168:Carlton, Sue (27 August 1999). 2106:. 11 March 1999. Archived from 2050:(2002) NZCA 6(21 February 2002) 1891:Battered Women and Self Defence 1517:Magrath, Paul (3 August 1992). 1424:Langer, Emily (April 1, 2017). 2241:Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 2206:American Journal of Psychiatry 1553:Mills, Heather (30 May 1996). 651:is also an available defense. 296:Post-traumatic stress disorder 148:post-traumatic stress disorder 99: 1: 3491:Adverse childhood experiences 3359:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 3267:What's Love Got to Do with It 2699:Parental bullying of children 2679:Adverse childhood experiences 2618:Domestic violence against men 2211:Gillespie, Cynthia K. (1990) 1809:The Law Commission Report on 1535:Ying Hui Tan (11 July 1995). 970:Domestic violence against men 803:The Law Commission Report on 798:Coroners and Justice Act 2009 637:Coroners and Justice Act 2009 252:posttraumatic stress disorder 75: 3895:Psychopathological syndromes 2663:Social emotional development 2048:The Queen v Epifania Suluape 2023:SooToday.com, May 06, 2004. 975:Outline of domestic violence 905:The Queen v Epifania Suluape 3317:Contemporary Family Therapy 2566:Passive-aggressive behavior 2479:Situational couple violence 2297:. New York: Harper and Row. 2067:September 28, 2007, at the 2006:University of Toronto Press 1814:(2004), Part 4 (pp. 78-86). 1762:HM's AG for Jersey v Holley 1257:"The Perils of Empowerment" 884:88 a woman who had come to 775:HM's AG for Jersey v Holley 3916: 2729:Domestic violence hotlines 2653:Parental abuse by children 2062:New Zealand Law Commission 1994:Iacovetta, Franca (2005). 1948:December 30, 2005, at the 1811:Partial Defences to Murder 1648:Noh, Marianne; Lo, Celia. 1293:"Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes" 933:Violence Against Women Act 805:Partial Defences to Murder 728:(1992) 4 AER 889 a woman ( 641:provocation in English law 231:battered person's syndrome 3890:Intimate partner violence 3700:Abusive power and control 3130:The Conspiracy of Silence 2709:Stress in early childhood 2633:Intimate partner violence 2546:Major depressive disorder 2356:Abusive power and control 2281:US Department of Justice 1874: (10 December 1998), 1838:10.1080/09585180010027860 1669:Dressler, Joshua (2010). 888:from the small island of 796:Since the passage of the 697:diminished responsibility 604:in England had relied on 563:diminished responsibility 293: 288: 283: 116:intimate partner violence 3775:Psychological projection 3637:Referee and umpire abuse 3338:Journal of Family Issues 2469:Murder of pregnant women 1627:10.1177/0891243203255633 1502:Bottomley, Anne (1996). 1214:Goodmark, Leigh (2021). 1186:University of California 931:In 1994, as part of the 664:battered person syndrome 639:replaced the defence of 223:battered person syndrome 212:battered person syndrome 171:battered person syndrome 140:battered person syndrome 44:Battered person syndrome 3433:Domestic violence court 3253:Sleeping with the Enemy 2225:Gondolf, E. F. (1988). 1368:10.1196/annals.1385.023 1201:"The True Experts | 11" 996:Battered-child syndrome 892:, which is part of the 860:Supreme Court of Canada 645:loss of control defence 543:battered-woman syndrome 290:Battered woman syndrome 229:has been replaced with 221:Occasionally, the term 190:Concept and terminology 108:Battered woman syndrome 36:Battered woman syndrome 18:Battered Women Syndrome 3428:Battered woman defense 3366:Violence Against Women 2749:Prevention initiatives 2658:Same-sex relationships 2416:Birth control sabotage 2361:Conflict tactics scale 2236:. (1993) Crim. LR 728. 2208:Vol. 63(4): pp614–622. 980:Violence against women 937:United States Congress 678:imperfect self defense 585:Southall Black Sisters 555:imperfect self defense 3745:Just-world hypothesis 3496:Anti-social behaviour 2421:Reproductive coercion 2243:, Vol. 6(1): pp 23–49 1872:[1998] HCA 75 1737:(2003) EWCA Crim 415. 565:defense may be used. 436:somatic health issues 216:battered man syndrome 3780:Psychological trauma 3225:Looking for Angelina 2250:, London: Cavendish. 2137:Taylor & Francis 1780:. pp. 113–132. 1694:Family Law Quarterly 1675:Marquette Law Review 1615:Gender & Society 1279:icd9.chrisendres.com 1188:. 2003. p. 107. 1031:. pp. 184–186. 985:Violence against men 625:4 All ER 1008); and 432:Dislike their bodies 164:learned helplessness 142:, but is not in the 3690:Abusive supervision 3617:Psychological abuse 3592:Institutional abuse 3137:Defending Our Lives 3024:Nicola Graham-Kevan 2694:Narcissistic parent 2521:Emotional blackmail 2135:, Oxford New York: 2019:I just killed a pig 1723:R v Thornton (No 2) 1454:Blood on the Mitten 1431:The Washington Post 1360:2006NYASA1087..142W 1233:10.5204/ijcjsd.1994 841:Angelina Napolitano 280: 3770:Playing the victim 3662:Surveillance abuse 3612:Professional abuse 3533:Cruelty to animals 3392:ManKind Initiative 3239:One Minute to Nine 3232:Once Were Warriors 2999:Jacquelyn Campbell 2571:Setting up to fail 2561:Narcissistic abuse 2295:The Battered Woman 2037:(1998) 16 CRNZ 88. 1868:Osland v The Queen 1747:R v Smith (Morgan) 1725:(1996) 2 AER 1023. 1572:Dutton, Mary Ann. 1452:Carr, Tom (2016). 1153:. pp. 49–54. 1143:Walker LE (2016). 1115:. pp. 38–40. 730:Kiranjit Ahluwalia 274: 3885:Criminal defenses 3872: 3871: 3818: 3817: 3795:Traumatic bonding 3441: 3440: 3375: 3374: 3103: 3102: 2717: 2716: 2594: 2593: 2381:Traumatic bonding 2371:Cycle of violence 2332:Domestic violence 2291:Walker, Lenore E. 2110:on 6 October 2013 2100:"WEIAND v. STATE" 2021:by David Helwig. 1764:(2005) 3 AER 371. 1713:(1992) 4 AER 889. 1332:978-0-8261-1133-3 1069:SAGE Publications 965:Domestic Violence 853:life imprisonment 739:domestic violence 589:Justice for Women 476: 475: 460: 438: 413: 367: 337: 310: 299: 291: 286: 279: 105: 104: 94:Diagnostic method 30:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 3907: 3822: 3657:Structural abuse 3632:Police brutality 3538:Disability abuse 3468: 3461: 3454: 3445: 3331:Family Relations 3299:The War on Women 3176:American Tragedy 3112: 2989: 2603: 2576:Silent treatment 2526:False accusation 2394: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2302: 2260:Ratushny, Lynn. 2174: 2173: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2077: 2071: 2058: 2052: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1991: 1980: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1898:. Archived from 1887: 1881: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1821: 1815: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1610: 1601: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1550: 1544: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1490: 1489: 1477: 1468: 1467: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1316: 1310: 1307:Medicine and Law 1303: 1297: 1296: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1176: 1165: 1164: 1140: 1127: 1126: 1105:Hamel J (2013). 1102: 1083: 1082: 1058: 1043: 1042: 1018: 947: 851:her sentence to 837:Sault Ste. Marie 710:blame the victim 559:insanity defense 470: 467: 466: 455: 448: 445: 444: 430: 423: 420: 419: 392: 387: 384: 383: 377: 374: 373: 362: 357: 354: 353: 347: 344: 343: 335: 330: 327: 326: 320: 317: 316: 304: 294: 289: 284: 281: 277: 196:Lenore E. Walker 156:Lenore E. Walker 64: 63: 33: 21: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3833: 3819: 3814: 3790:Rationalization 3725:Destabilisation 3678: 3642:Religious abuse 3477: 3472: 3442: 3437: 3416: 3371: 3304: 3285:Life with Billy 3272: 3204:The Burning Bed 3163: 3099: 3043: 3019:David Finkelhor 2980: 2959: 2753: 2744:Women's shelter 2713: 2667: 2590: 2483: 2430: 2385: 2334: 2329: 2278:(1999) MULR 27. 2182: 2180:Further reading 2177: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2147: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2086:Beehive.govt.nz 2079: 2078: 2074: 2069:Wayback Machine 2059: 2055: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2017: 2013: 1993: 1992: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1961:The Age article 1959: 1955: 1950:Wayback Machine 1933: 1929: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1896:"Archived copy" 1894: 1888: 1884: 1865: 1861: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1752:, 29 July 1998. 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1580: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1559:The Independent 1552: 1551: 1547: 1541:The Independent 1534: 1530: 1523:The Independent 1516: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1178: 1177: 1168: 1161: 1142: 1141: 1130: 1123: 1104: 1103: 1086: 1079: 1060: 1059: 1046: 1039: 1020: 1019: 1008: 1004: 961: 952:Weiand v. State 945: 929: 874: 845:federal cabinet 833: 816: 747:Court of Appeal 722: 706:burden of proof 691:M'Naghten Rules 662:Under the term 578:provocative act 539:Francine Hughes 535: 514: 468: 464: 457:Sexual intimacy 446: 442: 434:and experience 421: 417: 385: 381: 375: 371: 355: 351: 345: 341: 328: 324: 318: 314: 276: 272: 244: 192: 160:Martin Seligman 58: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3913: 3911: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3850: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825:Classification 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3800:Victim blaming 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3730:Discrimination 3727: 3722: 3717: 3715:Dehumanization 3712: 3707: 3705:Child grooming 3702: 3697: 3695:Abuse of power 3692: 3686: 3684: 3683:Related topics 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3622:Physical abuse 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3552: 3550:Domestic abuse 3547: 3546: 3545: 3543:military draft 3535: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3324:Family Process 3320: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3292:Mommie Dearest 3288: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3183:Black and Blue 3179: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3158:Sin by Silence 3154: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3095:Deborah Tucker 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3070:Elizabeth Celi 3067: 3062: 3057: 3055:Ruahine Albert 3051: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3034:Linda Saltzman 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2950:United Kingdom 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2509: 2507:Economic abuse 2504: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2366:Cycle of abuse 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2288: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2264:(11 July 1997) 2258: 2251: 2244: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2209: 2202: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2160: 2145: 2139:, p. 13, 2121: 2091: 2072: 2053: 2039: 2027: 2011: 1981: 1965: 1953: 1927: 1882: 1859: 1832:(1): 131–149. 1816: 1801: 1794: 1766: 1754: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1684: 1661: 1640: 1621:(5): 771–787. 1602: 1589: 1564: 1545: 1528: 1509: 1491: 1469: 1462: 1444: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1389: 1354:(1): 142–157. 1338: 1331: 1311: 1298: 1284: 1266: 1247: 1206: 1191: 1166: 1160:978-0826170996 1159: 1128: 1122:978-0826196781 1121: 1084: 1078:978-1506353227 1077: 1044: 1038:978-0826133496 1037: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 960: 957: 928: 925: 894:Tuvalu Islands 873: 870: 865:R. v. Lavallee 832: 829: 815: 812: 794: 793: 756:Similarly, in 721: 718: 701: 700: 694: 687: 681: 675: 545:as a defense. 534: 533:In legal cases 531: 513: 510: 509: 508: 497: 494: 491: 481:hypervigilance 474: 473: 471: 461: 452: 451: 449: 439: 427: 426: 424: 414: 389: 388: 378: 368: 359: 358: 348: 338: 332: 331: 321: 311: 309:for their life 301: 300: 292: 287: 271: 268: 243: 240: 214:(BPS) or even 209:gender-neutral 207:rather than a 191: 188: 103: 102: 96: 90: 89: 83: 79: 78: 72: 66: 65: 52: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3912: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3805:Victimisation 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380:Organizations 3378: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3151:Silent Voices 3148: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115:Documentaries 3113: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3080:Donna Ferrato 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3060:Angela Barker 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3039:Murray Straus 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3014:Mary Ellsberg 3012: 3010: 3009:Emily Douglas 3007: 3005: 3004:Kenneth Dodge 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2955:United States 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2704:Sibling abuse 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2512:Embarrassment 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2489:Psychological 2486: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2464:Honor killing 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2449:Bride burning 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2221:0-8142-0521-6 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2200:0-226-16159-5 2197: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2146:9781136742088 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2125: 2122: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1902:on 2005-07-19 1901: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1795:9780199696796 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711:R v Ahluwalia 1707: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1651: 1644: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463:9781943338078 1459: 1455: 1448: 1445: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1396:Walker, 1979. 1393: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1001: 997: 994: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 962: 958: 956: 953: 949: 943: 938: 934: 927:United States 926: 924: 920: 917: 915: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 871: 869: 867: 866: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 830: 828: 826: 822: 813: 811: 808: 806: 801: 799: 790: 789: 788: 785: 780: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 760: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 731: 727: 726:R v Ahluwalia 719: 717: 713: 711: 707: 698: 695: 692: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 672: 671: 670: 667: 665: 660: 658: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 629: 624: 623: 622:R v Humphreys 618: 617: 616:R v Ahluwalia 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 595: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 546: 544: 540: 532: 530: 526: 524: 520: 511: 506: 502: 498: 495: 492: 489: 488: 487: 484: 482: 472: 462: 458: 454: 453: 450: 440: 437: 433: 429: 428: 425: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400:of violence, 399: 395: 391: 390: 379: 369: 365: 361: 360: 349: 339: 334: 333: 322: 312: 308: 303: 302: 297: 282: 269: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 241: 239: 235: 232: 228: 224: 219: 217: 213: 210: 206: 200: 197: 189: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 120:psychological 117: 113: 109: 101: 97: 95: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 71: 67: 62: 56: 53: 51: 47: 43: 39: 34: 19: 3900:Self-defense 3852: 3837: 3760:Minimisation 3755:Manipulation 3735:Exaggeration 3671: 3667:Verbal abuse 3647:Sexual abuse 3627:Social abuse 3597:Intimidation 3427: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3123:A Better Man 3121: 3029:Denise Hines 2920:South Africa 2915:Saudi Arabia 2734:Duluth model 2613:Bride-buying 2586:Verbal abuse 2536:Intimidation 2411:Marital rape 2376:Epidemiology 2294: 2285:(May, 1996) 2282: 2275: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2226: 2212: 2205: 2191: 2163: 2154: 2131: 2124: 2112:. Retrieved 2108:the original 2103: 2094: 2085: 2075: 2056: 2047: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2018: 2014: 1999: 1973: 1968: 1956: 1941: 1935: 1930: 1904:. Retrieved 1900:the original 1890: 1885: 1867: 1862: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1810: 1804: 1776: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1735:R v Charlton 1734: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1653:. Retrieved 1643: 1618: 1614: 1597: 1592: 1581:. Retrieved 1577: 1567: 1558: 1548: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1512: 1503: 1485: 1481: 1453: 1447: 1435:. Retrieved 1429: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1321: 1314: 1306: 1301: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1260: 1250: 1226:(4): 13–25. 1223: 1219: 1209: 1194: 1180: 1145: 1107: 1063: 1023: 951: 950: 941: 930: 921: 918: 904: 902: 877: 875: 863: 857: 834: 825:jurisdiction 820: 817: 809: 804: 802: 795: 778: 774: 772: 768:R v Charlton 767: 765: 759:R v Thornton 757: 755: 743:marital rape 725: 723: 714: 702: 668: 663: 661: 653: 634: 632:2 AER 1023. 628:R v Thornton 626: 621: 615: 609: 601: 599: 593: 582: 571: 551:self-defense 547: 542: 536: 527: 521:rather than 519:helplessness 515: 485: 477: 402:unwanted sex 249: 247:Poisoning". 245: 236: 230: 226: 222: 220: 215: 211: 204: 201: 193: 175:self defense 170: 168: 152: 139: 111: 107: 106: 3810:Victimology 3785:Psychopathy 3607:Persecution 3582:Humiliation 3572:Gaslighting 3555:Elder abuse 3506:Child abuse 3387:Gulabi Gang 3309:Periodicals 3168:Other films 3090:Erin Pizzey 3085:Ellen Pence 2925:South Korea 2895:Philippines 2855:New Zealand 2684:Child abuse 2628:Elder abuse 2531:Gaslighting 2516:Humiliation 2459:Dowry death 2444:Acid attack 1938:, found at 903:Similarly, 886:New Zealand 872:New Zealand 847:eventually 835:In 1911 in 732:), created 684:provocation 619:4 AER 889; 602:provocation 594:provocation 567:Provocation 523:empowerment 501:omnipresent 406:degradation 394:Manipulated 364:Performance 305:The person 179:provocation 158:, who used 41:Other names 3879:Categories 3765:Narcissism 3587:Incivility 3577:Harassment 3260:Submission 3197:Bordertown 3075:Anne Cools 3065:Sarah Buel 2930:Tajikistan 2785:Bangladesh 2722:Prevention 2551:Mind games 1906:2006-01-17 1876:High Court 1655:2011-05-13 1583:2011-05-13 1002:References 898:Wellington 880:(1998) 16 784:alcoholics 643:with the 505:omniscient 260:depression 55:Psychology 3740:Isolation 3560:Financial 3211:Daughters 3048:Activists 2992:Academics 2850:Lithuania 2780:Australia 2765:Argentina 2541:Isolation 1893:found at 1854:143826913 1846:0958-5184 1750:The Times 1635:145483033 1578:aaets.org 1242:244781266 814:Australia 610:R v Duffy 410:isolation 256:DSM-IV-TR 242:Diagnosis 194:In 1979, 100:Diagnosis 50:Specialty 3652:Stalking 3565:Marriage 3526:marriage 3521:military 3501:Bullying 3246:Provoked 2964:Religion 2935:Thailand 2885:Paraguay 2875:Pakistan 2810:Colombia 2672:Children 2648:Misogyny 2643:Misandry 2581:Stalking 2497:Bullying 2436:Physical 2151:archived 2065:Archived 2035:R v Fate 1946:Archived 1915:cite web 1700:: 43–62. 1376:17189503 1151:Springer 1113:Springer 1029:Springer 992:(C-PTSD) 959:See also 878:R v Fate 849:commuted 657:sentence 606:Devlin J 412:and more 396:through 285:Symptoms 270:Symptoms 183:insanity 124:physical 86:violence 76:Symptoms 70:Symptoms 3673:more... 3602:Neglect 3511:neglect 3412:Respect 3190:Blinded 2985:Experts 2900:Romania 2865:Nigeria 2815:Ecuador 2790:Bolivia 2775:Albania 2770:Armenia 2758:Country 2638:Lesbian 2599:Victims 2556:Nagging 2346:Outline 2339:General 2293:(1979) 2114:20 June 2104:FindLaw 1437:July 3, 1384:2709248 1356:Bibcode 907:(2002) 890:Nanumea 720:England 398:threats 3863:995.81 3720:Denial 3516:sexual 3407:Refuge 3218:Enough 2945:Uganda 2940:Turkey 2905:Russia 2880:Panama 2870:Norway 2860:Norway 2840:Mexico 2825:Guyana 2795:Brazil 2606:Adults 2398:Sexual 2219: 2198: 2143: 1852: 1844: 1792: 1633: 1460: 1382: 1374: 1329: 1240: 1157: 1119: 1075: 1035: 935:, the 914:Samoan 831:Canada 761:(No 2) 734:napalm 693:); and 630:(No 2) 574:murder 512:Causes 459:issues 298:(PTSD) 181:, and 136:995.81 134:(code 128:sexual 82:Causes 57: 3848:T74.1 3750:Lying 3483:Types 3475:Abuse 3421:Legal 3277:Books 3108:Media 2910:Samoa 2845:Kenya 2830:India 2820:Ghana 2805:China 2800:Chile 2390:Forms 2351:Abuse 1870: 1850:S2CID 1631:S2CID 1380:S2CID 1238:S2CID 779:Smith 307:fears 264:DSM-5 144:DSM-5 138:) as 132:ICD-9 126:, or 3858:9-CM 2890:Peru 2835:Iran 2474:Sati 2217:ISBN 2196:ISBN 2141:ISBN 2116:2022 1921:link 1889:See 1866:See 1842:ISSN 1790:ISBN 1681:(4). 1458:ISBN 1439:2017 1372:PMID 1352:1087 1327:ISBN 1155:ISBN 1117:ISBN 1073:ISBN 1033:ISBN 909:NZCA 882:CRNZ 858:The 741:and 635:The 587:and 503:and 98:see 74:see 3854:ICD 3839:ICD 1834:doi 1782:doi 1623:doi 1364:doi 1228:doi 876:In 773:In 766:In 724:In 608:in 561:or 553:or 227:BWS 205:BWS 162:'s 112:BWS 3881:: 3861:: 3846:: 3843:10 2149:, 2102:. 2084:. 1984:^ 1925:). 1917:}} 1913:{{ 1848:. 1840:. 1830:12 1828:. 1788:. 1698:34 1696:. 1679:93 1677:. 1673:. 1629:. 1619:17 1617:. 1605:^ 1576:. 1557:. 1539:, 1521:. 1494:^ 1472:^ 1428:. 1378:. 1370:. 1362:. 1350:. 1277:. 1259:. 1236:. 1224:10 1222:. 1218:. 1184:. 1169:^ 1149:. 1131:^ 1111:. 1087:^ 1071:. 1067:. 1047:^ 1027:. 1009:^ 868:. 839:, 753:. 580:. 408:, 404:, 177:, 122:, 3856:- 3841:- 3831:D 3467:e 3460:t 3453:v 2514:/ 2324:e 2317:t 2310:v 2172:. 2118:. 2088:. 2008:. 1963:. 1923:) 1909:. 1856:. 1836:: 1798:. 1784:: 1658:. 1637:. 1625:: 1586:. 1561:. 1543:. 1525:. 1466:. 1441:. 1386:. 1366:: 1358:: 1335:. 1295:. 1281:. 1263:. 1244:. 1230:: 1203:. 1163:. 1125:. 1081:. 1041:. 946:' 699:. 686:; 680:; 507:. 469:Y 447:Y 422:Y 386:Y 376:Y 356:Y 346:Y 329:Y 319:Y 118:— 110:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index