947:'s Transylvanian army. The Tatar forces surprised the Commonwealth defenders, taking many prisoners. On the 18th, during the first day of fighting, most of the rebel Moldavians decided to switch sides and quickly attacked the Polish–Lithuanian flank. Mercenaries, private troops and their magnate leaders were lacking in discipline and morale. Stanisław Koniecpolski commanded the right flank of the Commonwealth forces during the ensuing battle. On 19 September it had become clear that the Polish–Lithuanian forces were defeated, although they still managed to hold their positions; on 20/21 September, Koniecpolski prevented the army from disintegrating. On 29 September, Commonwealth troops had broken through Ottoman ranks with
917:
1358:
1367:
1061:, for more than a month (2 September – 9 October 1621), the Commonwealth hetman held the sultan at bay until the first autumn snow. The lateness of the season and the loss of approximately 40,000 men in battle compelled Osman II to initiate negotiations. A few days before the siege was to be lifted, on 24 September, the aged grand hetman died of exhaustion in the fortress. The battle was a stalemate and the resulting
1379:
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continued their raids across the borders), relations between the
Ottomans and the Commonwealth rapidly deteriorated in early 1620. Both sides began preparing for war, as neither was quite ready for it at the time. The Ottomans declared war against Poland in 1620 and planned to attack in the spring of
959:
During another heavy assault on 6 October, most of the magnates and nobles broke and fled north, leaving infantry and camp, thus sealing the fate of the whole expedition: most of the Polish–Lithuanian troops were killed or captured. The ensuing battle saw the death of Żólkiewski
Koniecpolski, and
907:
against pillaging by undisciplined
Commonwealth magnates' troops, others decided to wait and see what the outcome appeared to be so they could join the winning side, and others joined the Turks. Consequently, only about 600–1000 rebel Moldavian troops appeared in the Commonwealth camp. Żółkiewski
951:
wagon trains and started their retreat. However, after
Graziani bribed some magnates, units of private troops begun to flee and some mercenary cavalry panicked and also ran. This was a prelude of things to come. Consecutive attacks during the retreat (including a particularly violent one on 3
804:, who was by then over 70 years old (as Commonwealth policy didn't allow for a possibility of forced retirement from government offices such as that of hetman), foresaw the coming confrontation with the Ottoman Empire and decided to meet
246:
1216:
There are several accounts that Żółkiewski was sent to relieve the
Habsburgs from the very beginning. Iskender Pasha, during his talks with Żółkiewski at Ţuţora, confirmed that was sent to support Bethlen, not to fight the
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899:(who had ordered his removal from power and his transport to Istanbul) and then prepared to flee, but was forced by Żółkiewski to attach his troops to the Polish–Lithuanian camp. However, many of the Moldavian
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800:' representative, to contribute the Commonwealth forces in 1620—even though many members of the Sejm thought that Polish–Lithuanian forces were neither sufficient nor fully prepared. Hetman
1000:, who stood by his side (7 October). Żółkiewski's head was mounted on a pike and sent to the sultan; Duke Korecki, having often meddled in Moldavian territories, was executed in prison in
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1072:. His efforts at modernizing the Ottoman army were not well received by the Janissaries and the conservative "learned" class. A revolt led by Janissaries and the students of the
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857:(Kantymir). The army numbered between 5,000 to 9,000 (2,000 infantry but only about 1600 Cossack cavalry), with many regiments being made up of the private forces of
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Hrushevsky, M., 1999, The
History of the Ukrainian Cossacks, Vol. 1, The Cossack Age to 1625, Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press,
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towards the Polish frontier. The
Ottomans, following their victory in the Battle of Cecora, had high hopes of conquering the southern part of the
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884:, nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, decided to rebel and support the Commonwealth against the Ottomans. Graziani killed the
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1049:. Polish commander Jan Karol Chodkiewicz crossed the Dniester in September with approximately 35,000 Polish troops and
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was appointed as the ruler of
Moldavia, the rebel Graziani having been killed during his flight on 29 September.
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Death of Hetman
Stanislaw Żółkiewski with his confessor, Father Szymon Wybierski, in the Battle of Cecora (1620)
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October) were repelled, but troop units started disintegrating as soon as soldiers caught sight of the
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erupted on 18 May 1622 and Osman II was deposed, and two days later he was killed by the rebels.
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reflected it, providing some concessions to the
Commonwealth but meeting some Ottoman demands.
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On 10 September, near Țuțora (close to Iași, Romania), the Commonwealth army encountered the
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Between 1,000 and 1,500 Commonwealth men survived the battles, while the Tatars moved into
908:
ordered the army to proceed to the fortified camp (standing from previous wars) at Cecora.
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and Gabriel Bethlen, Osman II decided that he could reinforce his rule or even extend it.
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2006:
1357:
1243:[History of King John Sobieski and of the Polish Kingdom]. Paris: Didier. 1855.
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Osman II blamed the stalemate of war on the lack of zeal and the "degeneracy" of the
1035:
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In 1621 an army of 200,000–250,000 Ottoman veterans, led by Osman II, advanced from
2160:
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1008:
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were taken captive. Before his death, Żółkiewski received the blessing of his
873:
869:
854:
752:
185:
99:
62:
808:
on foreign soil, Moldavia being the obvious choice. However, the sultan sent
1269:
989:
885:
2305:
953:
896:
776:
740:
299:
135:
103:
880:. The army entered Moldavia in September. The Moldavian ruler, hospodar
1433:
1073:
1050:
1027:
940:
889:
877:
858:
846:
557:
1146:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
1126:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
1042:
900:
819:
789:
780:
748:
751:), fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the
932:
920:
915:
785:
2344:
1273:
935:
and Ottoman forces, 13,000–22,000 strong, under the command of
303:
228:
1261:. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, pp. 65–100
1129:, Vol. I, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 237.
1057:, blocking the path of the slow Ottoman march. During the
1418:
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis
1241:"Histoire du roi Jean Sobieski et du royaume de Pologne"
1007:
In the face of such an important victory, advised by
4296:
Battles involving the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
796:'s secret council finally decided, convinced by the
4155:
3794:
3781:
3729:
3575:
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2675:
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2383:
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2263:
2196:
2147:
2082:
1987:
1829:
1649:
1640:
1504:
1495:
1458:
1389:
1307:
1088:, with the inscription "CECORA 18 – 29 IX 1620".
43:
1629:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland
1335:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2356:
1285:
1176:
1174:
1137:
1135:
315:
240:
8:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1084:The Battle of Cecora is commemorated on the
4248:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1625:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)
1613:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)
943:(Ozi). The Ottoman sultan's force included
903:left the camp in order to defend their own
4291:1620 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3791:
3572:
3050:
2685:
2393:
2363:
2349:
2341:
2153:
1646:
1501:
1471:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)
1395:
1292:
1278:
1270:
1200:, Vol. Two, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC,
322:
308:
300:
247:
233:
225:
61:
40:
1476:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)
1466:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)
1230:. University of California Press, p. 113.
1053:supporters and entrenched himself at the
27:Part of the Polish-Ottoman War of 1620–21
1764:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)
1325:History of Polish intelligence services
1109:
763:Because of the failure of Commonwealth
4257:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
2278:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
816:, who had allied himself with Poland.
4316:Battles involving the Crimean Khanate
4243:For 20th-century battles before 1914
1671:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)
7:
4311:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1861:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)
1514:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)
1259:Stanisław Koniecpolski ok. 1592–1646
4252:For the battles during World War I
2097:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
1086:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw
994:Father Szymon Wybierski (Wybierek)
956:and the Polish–Lithuanian border.
927:during the Battle of Cecora (1620)
25:
1883:War of the Holy League 1683–1699
1586:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)
1377:
1365:
1356:
1228:The History of Polish Literature
4336:History of Moldavia (1504–1711)
1866:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676
1856:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634
1844:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621
1797:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618
1715:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629
1710:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625
1705:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618
1693:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611
1688:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629
1581:Władysław the White's rebellion
1568:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
1553:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)
1519:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)
1198:A Global Chronology of Conflict
812:to Moldavia to remove Hospodar
206:20,000 Ottoman troops to 60,000
4351:Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)
2048:Greater Poland uprising (1848)
1839:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
1608:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
1047:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
737:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
132:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
55:Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)
1:
1955:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667
1923:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)
1596:1444 war against the Ottomans
1423:German–Polish War (1028–1031)
1413:German–Polish War (1003–1018)
1330:List of wars involving Poland
1257:Podhorodecki, Leszek (1978).
85:17 September – 7 October 1620
1965:War of the Bar Confederation
1960:War of the Polish Succession
1196:Tucker, S.C., editor, 2010,
733:Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21)
216:Majority killed or captured.
4326:History of Western Moldavia
4321:Military history of Romania
4306:Battles involving Wallachia
2323:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2216:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
2012:War of the Fourth Coalition
1664:campaign of Stephen Báthory
4367:
4331:1620 in the Ottoman Empire
4301:Battles involving Moldavia
2301:Operation Uphold Democracy
2036:War of the Sixth Coalition
2024:War of the Fifth Coalition
1970:Polish–Russian War of 1792
1345:Warfare in Medieval Poland
1320:History of the Polish Army
982:Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki
203:600–1,000 Moldavian troops
29:
4267:Ottoman victories are in
4265:
4239:
2224:
2211:Białystok Ghetto uprising
2156:
2041:French invasion of Russia
1900:
1742:
1722:Northern War of 1655–1660
1576:
1398:
1351:
1301:Polish wars and conflicts
1144:, Alexander Mikaberidze,
337:
266:
210:
201:9,000 Commonwealth troops
195:
154:
125:
77:
72:Walery Eljasz-Radzikowski
60:
48:
4346:17th century in Moldavia
2129:Second Silesian Uprising
1446:1156 war against Germany
1443:1146 war against Germany
1098:Magnate wars in Moldavia
1055:Chocim (Khotyn) Fortress
784:1621. The Commonwealth
771:, and violations of the
731:) took place during the
30:Not to be confused with
2328:Military aid to Ukraine
2139:Third Silesian Uprising
2107:First Silesian Uprising
2102:Polish–Czechoslovak War
1871:Battle of Chocim (1673)
1849:Battle of Chocim (1621)
1226:Czesław Miłosz (1983).
1142:Battle of Cecora (1620)
1117:Battle of Cecora (1620)
892:, imprisoned envoys of
32:Battle of Cecora (1595)
18:Battle of Ţuţora (1620)
2206:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2149:World War II in Poland
1809:Zebrzydowski rebellion
1792:Moldavian Magnate Wars
1759:Siege of Danzig (1577)
960:many others including
928:
837:in Polish sources), a
788:denied most funds the
331:Polish-Ottoman Battles
173:Stanisław Koniecpolski
155:Commanders and leaders
51:Moldavian Magnate Wars
2311:2003 invasion of Iraq
2239:Operation Ostra Brama
2134:Polish–Lithuanian War
1948:Battle of Berestechko
1676:War against Sigismund
1450:Galicia–Volhynia Wars
1121:Alexander Mikaberidze
919:
211:Casualties and losses
2092:Polish–Ukrainian War
1943:Khmelnytsky Uprising
1506:Polish–Teutonic wars
1315:Early modern warfare
1104:Notes and references
802:Stanisław Żółkiewski
161:Stanisław Żółkiewski
2189:during World War II
1975:Kościuszko Uprising
1939:1644 Tatar Invasion
1913:Fedorovych uprising
1904:1624 Tatar Invasion
1831:Polish–Ottoman wars
1783:1593 Tatar Invasion
1775:1589 Tatar Invasion
1752:Battle of Lubieszów
1681:Battle of Stångebro
1651:Polish–Swedish wars
1558:Thirteen Years' War
1428:Miecław's Rebellion
1403:Polish–Veletian War
1340:Polish Armed Forces
1308:General and related
939:, the beylerbey of
792:had asked for. The
727:(also known as the
2316:Occupation of Iraq
2296:War in Afghanistan
2173:Invasion of Poland
2068:fighting in Poland
1989:Poland partitioned
1935:Ostryanyn uprising
1787:Nalyvaiko Uprising
1734:Great Northern War
1698:Battle of Kircholm
1591:Battle of Grotniki
1563:War of the Priests
1536:Battle of Grunwald
986:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
929:
775:by both sides (as
765:diplomatic mission
747:forces (backed by
503:Kamieniec Podolski
257:Polish–Ottoman War
4341:Conflicts in 1620
4276:
4275:
4235:
4234:
3786:(1789–1908)
3777:
3776:
3567:(1700–1789)
3558:
3557:
3045:(1550–1700)
3036:
3035:
2680:(1453–1550)
2671:
2670:
2388:(1299–1453)
2338:
2337:
2273:Racibórz Conflict
2265:People's Republic
2259:
2258:
2234:Operation Tempest
2112:Polish–Soviet War
2053:November Uprising
2029:Austro-Polish War
2017:Prussian campaign
1983:
1982:
1878:Great Turkish War
1819:Battle of Humenné
1814:Thirty Years' War
1802:Battle of Kłuszyn
1779:Kosiński uprising
1769:Battle of Byczyna
1636:
1635:
1548:Gollub War (1422)
1543:Hunger War (1414)
1491:
1490:
1481:Battle of Legnica
1432:1072 war against
1408:Battle of Cedynia
978:Łukasz Żołkiewski
718:
717:
297:
296:
273:Battle of Humenné
223:
222:
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
4358:
4170:2nd Kerch Strait
3792:
3787:
3759:1st Kerch Strait
3573:
3568:
3051:
3046:
3016:Strait of Hormuz
2878:Peñón of Algiers
2686:
2681:
2394:
2389:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2342:
2229:Italian Campaign
2198:Ghetto uprisings
2185:, and
2154:
2117:Battle of Warsaw
2058:January Uprising
1997:Denisko uprising
1930:Pavlyuk uprising
1908:Zhmaylo uprising
1888:Battle of Vienna
1747:Danzig rebellion
1647:
1524:Battle of Płowce
1502:
1497:Jagiellon Poland
1459:Mongol invasions
1396:
1381:
1369:
1360:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1194:
1188:
1178:
1149:
1139:
1130:
1114:
1063:Treaty of Khotyn
1059:Battle of Khotyn
998:Society of Jesus
923:warriors of the
829:led the army to
739:(aided by rebel
729:Battle of Țuțora
725:Battle of Cecora
711:
674:
645:
628:
607:
332:
324:
317:
310:
301:
277:Raid on Istanbul
261:
249:
242:
235:
226:
169:
79:
78:
65:
44:Battle of Cecora
41:
21:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4261:
4231:
4192:6th Dardanelles
4186:5th Dardanelles
4151:
3785:
3784:
3773:
3725:
3566:
3565:
3554:
3510:4th Dardanelles
3504:3rd Dardanelles
3499:2nd Dardanelles
3493:1st Dardanelles
3446:
3258:2nd Zrínyiújvár
3253:1st Zrínyiújvár
3248:Jurjeve Stijene
3044:
3043:
3032:
2935:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2651:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2369:
2339:
2334:
2282:
2255:
2249:Warsaw Uprising
2220:
2192:
2143:
2084:Second Republic
2078:
2002:Napoleonic Wars
1979:
1896:
1825:
1738:
1632:
1618:Battle of Orsha
1601:Battle of Varna
1572:
1487:
1454:
1439:Siege of Głogów
1385:
1384:
1373:
1349:
1303:
1298:
1268:
1254:
1252:Further reading
1249:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1179:
1152:
1140:
1133:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1024:
1016:Alexandru Iliaș
970:Mikołaj Potocki
945:Gabriel Bethlen
925:Crimean Khanate
914:
882:Gaspar Graziani
849:, to fight the
814:Gaspar Graziani
773:Treaty of Busza
761:
721:
720:
719:
714:
705:
656:
639:
618:
597:
333:
330:
328:
298:
293:
284:
262:
258:
255:
253:
202:
188:
184:
177:Gaspar Graziani
175:
171:
165:
147:
145:Crimean Khanate
143:
134:
106:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4364:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4250:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3577:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3482:Cape Celidonia
3479:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3277:Saint Gotthard
3274:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3151:Alcácer Quibir
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3048:
3042:Transformation
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2646:Constantinople
2642:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2376:Ottoman Empire
2374:involving the
2370:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2288:Third Republic
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2122:Kiev offensive
2119:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2007:Peninsular War
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1266:External links
1264:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1219:
1209:
1189:
1150:
1148:, Vol. I, 237.
1131:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1023:
1020:
1002:Constantinople
974:Jan Żółkiewski
962:Samuel Korecki
937:Iskender Pasha
913:
910:
810:Iskender Pasha
806:Ottoman troops
769:Constantinople
760:
757:
716:
715:
713:
712:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
651:
646:
634:
629:
613:
608:
592:
587:
582:
577:
571:
570:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
493:
489:
488:
482:
481:
477:
476:
471:
465:
464:
460:
459:
454:
448:
447:
443:
442:
440:Cornul lui Sas
437:
431:
430:
426:
425:
423:Cornul lui Sas
419:
418:
414:
413:
408:
402:
401:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
370:
369:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
343:
342:
338:
335:
334:
329:
327:
326:
319:
312:
304:
295:
294:
267:
264:
263:
254:
252:
251:
244:
237:
229:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
193:
192:
182:Iskender Pasha
179:
157:
156:
152:
151:
141:Ottoman Empire
138:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
112:
108:
107:
93:
91:
87:
86:
83:
75:
74:
70:, painting by
58:
57:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4363:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:Naval battles
4154:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:Philippopolis
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3783:Modernization
3780:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:Naval battles
3728:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:Naval battles
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
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3378:
3375:
3373:
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3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
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3178:
3174:
3172:
3169:
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3166:
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3159:
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3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
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3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
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3103:
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3090:
3087:
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3080:
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3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
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3047:
3039:
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3028:
3024:
3022:
3019:
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3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
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2990:
2988:
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2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:Naval battles
2938:
2932:
2931:
2927:
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2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
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2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2677:Classical Age
2674:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:Naval battles
2654:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
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2609:
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2527:
2525:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Lwów uprising
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2187:contributions
2184:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:Eastern Front
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2072:Eastern Front
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1889:
1886:
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1708:
1706:
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1662:
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1628:
1626:
1623:
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1616:
1615:
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1611:
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1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
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1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1217:Commonwealth.
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:9781851096671
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1080:Commemoration
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:Lesser Poland
1033:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:Mikolaj Struś
963:
957:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
926:
922:
918:
911:
909:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
709:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
652:
650:
647:
643:
638:
635:
633:
630:
626:
622:
617:
614:
612:
609:
605:
601:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
490:
487:
484:
483:
479:
478:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
461:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
444:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
399:
398:
395:
394:Cosmin Forest
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
366:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
340:
339:
336:
325:
320:
318:
313:
311:
306:
305:
302:
291:
288: (1620)
287:
283:
280:
279: (1620)
278:
275: (1619)
274:
270:
265:
260:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
230:
227:
218:
215:
214:
209:
205:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:Gabor Bethlen
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
168:
162:
159:
158:
153:
150:
146:
142:
139:
137:
133:
130:
129:
124:
116:
113:
110:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
89:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
69:
64:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4278:
4268:
4253:
4244:
4184:
4162:
4144:
4122:
4080:
4073:
4051:
3979:
3972:
3950:
3938:
3931:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3838:
3811:
3795:Land battles
3736:
3718:
3711:
3649:
3642:
3620:
3613:
3609:2nd Belgrade
3604:Petrovaradin
3596:
3589:
3582:
3576:Land battles
3547:
3535:
3508:
3491:
3469:
3457:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3395:Egri Palanka
3393:
3386:
3369:
3362:
3350:
3328:
3281:
3269:
3262:
3240:
3233:
3222:
3221:
3204:
3197:
3175:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3054:Land battles
3025:
3021:Gulf of Oman
3008:
2991:
2979:
2972:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2928:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2796:
2764:
2757:
2745:
2711:1st Belgrade
2689:Land battles
2644:
2632:
2610:
2593:
2584:Hermannstadt
2576:
2569:
2564:Thessalonica
2562:
2555:
2543:
2516:
2499:
2489:Philadelphia
2487:
2480:
2473:
2468:Sırp Sındığı
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2405:Kulaca Hisar
2403:
2397:Land battles
2177:Polish
2161:World War II
1918:Smolensk War
1659:Livonian War
1642:Commonwealth
1391:Piast Poland
1372:
1258:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1197:
1192:
1145:
1141:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1083:
1067:
1040:
1034:and eastern
1025:
1009:grand vizier
1006:
958:
930:
834:
827:Koniecpolski
818:
762:
743:troops) and
735:between the
728:
724:
722:
451:
292: (1621)
285:
281:
271:
268:
166:
149:Transylvania
126:Belligerents
67:
49:Part of the
36:
4088:Shipka Pass
4042:Başgedikler
4037:Akhaltsikhe
4002:Akhaltsikhe
3846:Mount Tabor
3829:Shubra Khit
3764:2nd Ochakov
3707:2nd Ochakov
3667:Stavunchany
3662:1st Ochakov
3206:Nagykanizsa
2884:Leobersdorf
2063:World War I
1070:Janissaries
886:janissaries
874:Kalinowskis
870:Kazanowskis
843:Iași County
706: [
678:Târgu Neamţ
657: [
640: [
619: [
598: [
259:(1620–1621)
4285:Categories
4082:Kızıl Tepe
3958:Dervenakia
3856:Heliopolis
3720:Karánsebes
3644:Banja Luka
3564:Old Regime
3549:Samothrace
3477:Cape Corvo
3371:Negroponte
3358:2nd Mohács
3352:Vrtijeljka
3319:2nd Vienna
3304:2nd Khotyn
3289:Krasnobród
3229:1st Khotyn
3217:Tashiskari
3183:Călugăreni
3130:Gvozdansko
3102:Mostaganem
2981:Formentera
2974:1st Jeddah
2871:1st Mohács
2836:Mercidabık
2772:Breadfield
2759:Valea Albă
2721:Târgoviște
2706:2nd Oranik
2634:2nd Kosovo
2628:1st Oranik
2529:Karanovasa
2495:Dubravnica
2461:Adrianople
2183:resistance
1727:The Deluge
1186:1895571286
866:Zasławskis
855:Khan Temir
823:Zółkiewski
753:Prut River
595:Studenitsa
513:Krasnobród
469:Sasowy Róg
384:Kopystrzyń
186:Khan Temir
100:Prut River
4140:Velestino
4135:Al Wajbah
4059:Eupatoria
4047:Kurekdere
4007:Kulevicha
3963:Karpenisi
3933:Drăgășani
3697:Kozludzha
3633:Yeghevārd
3537:Oinousses
3401:Slankamen
3314:Trembowla
3264:Novi Zrin
3199:Keresztes
3193:2nd Brest
3158:1st Brest
2930:Sokhoista
2918:Esztergom
2843:Han Yunus
2787:Cătlăbuga
2747:Otlukbeli
2726:2nd Mokra
2663:Gallipoli
2618:1st Mokra
2578:Novo Brdo
2545:Nicopolis
2524:Kırkdilim
2447:Gallipoli
2433:Pelekanon
1531:Great War
1022:Aftermath
1012:Ali Pasha
990:confessor
798:Habsburgs
741:Moldavian
637:Novoselka
611:Yazlovets
569:1683-1699
553:Trembowla
492:1672-1676
480:1667-1671
474:Kamieniec
463:1633-1634
446:1620-1621
429:1615-1616
374:Cătlăbuga
368:1485-1503
341:1443-1444
4222:Navarino
4217:Gerontas
4180:Kaliakra
4113:Taşkesen
4103:4th Kars
4069:3rd Kars
4064:Chernaya
4053:Oltenița
4017:2nd Acre
3992:2nd Kars
3981:Phaleron
3974:Kamatero
3968:Arachova
3946:Vasilika
3917:Valtetsi
3881:Al-Safra
3876:Slobozia
3866:Arpachai
3840:1st Acre
3834:Pyramids
3769:Fidonisi
3682:Aspindza
3677:Khresili
3672:1st Kars
3531:Mytilene
3487:Focchies
3417:Moulouya
3411:Ustechko
3377:Batočina
3294:Niemirów
3242:Köbölkút
3069:Temesvár
2999:Girolata
2962:Balearic
2850:Ridanieh
2830:Koçhisar
2817:Turnadag
2810:Çaldıran
2716:Albulena
2701:Krusevac
2696:Leskovac
2606:Torvioll
2601:Kunovica
2595:Zlatitsa
2440:Demotika
2306:Iraq War
1092:See also
1074:madrases
980:, while
954:Dniester
897:Osman II
878:Potockis
862:Koreckis
859:magnates
777:Cossacks
703:Martynów
698:Podhajce
688:Ustechko
654:Pererîta
632:Kamenets
585:Chițcani
558:Wojniłów
533:Petranka
523:Niemirów
498:Ladyzhyn
486:Podhajce
357:Kunovica
352:Zlatitsa
196:Strength
136:Moldavia
104:Moldavia
98:and the
90:Location
53:and the
4269:italics
4207:Nauplia
4202:Algiers
4146:Domokos
4130:Mouzaki
4118:Novšiće
4098:Aladzha
4075:Al-Hasa
4012:Algiers
3940:Sculeni
3922:Doliana
3912:Erzurum
3901:Alamana
3813:Giurgiu
3802:Focșani
3744:Matapan
3713:Mehadia
3702:Kinburn
3657:Perekop
3622:Samarra
3615:Kurijan
3526:Algiers
3521:Algiers
3516:Algiers
3465:Lepanto
3388:Zernest
3382:2nd Niš
3341:Eperjes
3324:Párkány
3299:Komarno
3283:Ładyżyn
3212:Sufiyan
3188:Giurgiu
3144:Torches
3116:Szigeth
3095:Tlemcen
3062:Tlemcen
3004:Alborán
2993:Preveza
2948:Zonchio
2924:Karagak
2904:Algiers
2897:Baghdad
2890:Gorjani
2864:Tlemcen
2824:Algiers
2766:Shkodra
2623:Otonetë
2589:1st Niš
2571:Golubac
2557:Çamurlu
2507:Pločnik
2482:Maritsa
2475:Samokov
2454:Ihtiman
2412:Bapheus
2372:Battles
2181:,
2179:history
2070:on the
1434:Bohemia
1051:Cossack
1028:Podolia
996:of the
941:Ochakiv
905:estates
847:Romania
839:commune
820:Hetmans
790:hetmans
759:Prelude
745:Ottoman
649:Suceava
580:Párkány
563:Żurawno
528:Komarno
411:Suceava
379:Szawrań
269:Prelude
219:Unknown
167:†
117:victory
115:Ottoman
4175:Tendra
4164:Andros
4124:Ulcinj
4093:Plevna
3907:Gravia
3887:Jeddah
3851:Abukir
3819:Izmail
3807:Rymnik
3754:Patras
3738:Imbros
3651:Grocka
3628:Kirkuk
3584:Chelif
3543:Andros
3459:Cyprus
3364:Crimea
3235:Candia
3223:Cecora
3137:Çıldır
3076:Palast
3027:Djerba
2804:Dubica
2798:Krbava
2792:Vrpile
2753:Vaslui
2736:Vaikal
2551:Ankara
2534:Rovine
2518:Kosovo
2512:Bileća
2426:Nicaea
2419:Dimbos
2378:by era
1204:
1184:
1043:Edirne
912:Battle
901:boyars
894:Sultan
835:Cecora
831:Țuțora
794:Senate
781:Tatars
749:Nogais
616:Boiany
575:Vienna
543:Khotyn
538:Kalush
457:Khotyn
452:Cecora
406:Cecora
389:Zasław
290:Khotyn
286:Cecora
163:
111:Result
96:Țuțora
4227:Sinop
4212:Samos
4197:Athos
4032:Nezib
4027:Konya
3997:Varna
3987:Petra
3927:Lalas
3894:Čegar
3871:Batin
3861:Derna
3824:Măcin
3749:Çeşme
3692:Kagul
3687:Larga
3638:Ganja
3598:Pruth
3471:Tunis
3442:Zenta
3424:Lugos
3406:Hodów
3346:Kassa
3271:Jijel
3177:Banat
3171:Sisak
3165:Bihać
3109:Krupa
3089:Tadla
3010:Ponza
2987:Tunis
2955:Modon
2857:Jajce
2782:Adana
2741:Meçad
2731:Ohrid
2640:Polog
2612:Varna
2539:Ohrid
2501:Savra
1032:Wołyń
949:tabor
933:Tatar
921:Tatar
851:Horde
710:]
683:Hodów
673:]
644:]
627:]
606:]
518:Narol
362:Varna
94:Near
4022:Hims
3952:Peta
3591:Oran
3437:Azov
3431:Ulaş
3330:Buda
3309:Lwów
2911:Pest
2385:Rise
1202:ISBN
1182:ISBN
984:and
890:Iași
876:and
825:and
786:Sejm
779:and
723:The
693:Lwów
590:Reni
548:Lwów
508:Lwów
435:Iași
417:1612
400:1595
347:Nish
82:Date
4254:see
4245:see
3336:Vác
3123:Fez
3083:Fez
2968:Diu
2777:Una
888:in
853:of
841:in
767:to
282:War
4287::
1153:^
1134:^
1123:,
1119:,
1038:.
1030:,
1004:.
992:,
976:,
972:,
968:,
964:,
872:,
868:,
864:,
845:,
755:.
708:pl
671:uk
669:;
667:ru
665:;
663:ro
661:;
659:pl
642:uk
625:ru
623:;
621:pl
604:uk
602:;
600:ru
102:,
4271:.
2364:e
2357:t
2350:v
1293:e
1286:t
1279:v
833:(
323:e
316:t
309:v
248:e
241:t
234:v
34:.
20:)
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