39:
400:, had not been directly affected, and some part of the shattered polity was reconstructed under a new chanyu. The new chanyu, however, was killed in 93, and after him, no chanyu of the Northern Xiongnu was ever heard of again. On the frontier of the Han dynasty in present-day Mongolia, the hostile Xiongnu state was ended.
367:
of the
Southern Xiongnu, however, was anxious to destroy his rival completely, and early in AD 90, as embassies were still being exchanged, Dou Xian launched an attack, captured his rival's seal and treasure and his wives and daughters.
391:
and defeated the
Northern Xiongnu ruler, captured his mother, killed 5,000 of his armies, and drove him in flight again to the west from Altayn Nuruu. He was not heard from again. The rest of the Xiongnu left in
196:
375:
soon initiated a punitive expedition against the remaining hostile
Xiongnu tribes, subsequently causing the tribes to flee westwards. Dou Xian had reported that the
606:
After the defeat of 91, the chanyu left some 200,000 of his retired veterans and wounded settle at the
Dzungaria under his younger brother and later the Prince
328:
at the Altai
Mountains and pursued them westwards. The Han forces killed 13,000 Xiongnu troops and accepted the surrender of 200,000 Xiongnu from 81 tribes.
876:
189:
881:
826:
777:
759:
740:
722:
182:
855:
804:
379:
was so weak that there was no point in treating him further. In
February 91, he mounted a final invasion, with two of his generals,
359:
After the successful campaign of AD 89, the
Xiongnu state was destroyed. After the battle, Dou Xian led his forces back, and the "
397:
886:
325:
317:
106:
891:
696:
692:
651:
574:
570:
497:
663:
Though there was a rebellion by
Xiongnu of the north, they elected a chanyu named Fenghou in 94, but he was of a
152:
682:
641:
637:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
901:
630:
in later annals. The bravest and strongest of the
Xiongnu migrated westwards under the shanyu in advance.
340:
838:
324:. A large detachment then moved to the northwest, and in the major battle of the campaign they defeated
206:
30:
235:
834:"Dou Xian Po Beixiongnu Zhi Zhan" ("The Battle of Dou Xian's Defeating on the Northern Xiongnu")
518:"Dou Xian Po Beixiongnu Zhi Zhan" ("The Battle of Dou Xian's Defeating on the Northern Xiongnu")
851:
822:
800:
773:
755:
736:
718:
677:
632:
447:
348:
332:
309:
282:
274:
250:
245:
230:
110:
94:
85:
611:
360:
321:
240:
225:
848:
The
Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han empires, 221 B.C. - A.D. 220
833:
687:
646:
565:
517:
492:
220:
870:
792:
748:
627:
347:, which celebrated the achievement of the battle. This inscription was identified in
308:
in three great columns that included their allies, specifically the main army of the
819:
A global chronology of conflict: From the ancient world to the modern Middle East
896:
672:
615:
331:
Dou Xian brought the main body of his troops in triumphal progress north to the
286:
90:
623:
336:
38:
796:
610:, they would continue to be mentioned in annals until 151, when they raided
393:
384:
715:
A biographical dictionary of later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23 - 220 AD)
619:
541:《封燕然山铭》辞曰：铄王师兮征荒裔，剿凶虐兮截海外，夐其邈兮亘地界，封神丘兮建隆嵑，熙帝载兮振万世 Inscriptions of Yanran.
380:
372:
313:
290:
119:
668:
579:
297:
296:
In June 89 AD, the Han dispatched a force which promptly advanced from
788:
667:
royal house (a son of Tuntuhe) and soon due to intimidation from the
364:
344:
305:
301:
363:", whose name has not survived, sought to negotiate peace. Tuntuhe
607:
388:
174:
166:
entire Xiongnu's army destroyed (with more than 200,000 prisoners)
178:
16:
Battle between the Northern Xiongnu and the Han dynasty (AD 89)
622:, Ma Da, eventually they moved northwest to the steppe of
289:
in June AD 89. The battle was a success for the Han under
417:
415:
413:
351:
by scholars from Mongolia and China in August 2017.
747:
528:
526:
846:Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han foreign relations".
281:), was a major expedition launched against the
23:
512:
510:
508:
506:
190:
8:
560:
558:
556:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
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614:, which they almost wrested away from the
487:
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481:
197:
183:
175:
37:
20:
850:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
343:, composed by his client, the historian
754:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
618:but were driven off by the Governor of
577:(for modern annotation on location see
409:
71:Han victory; Collapse of Xiongnu Empire
750:The early Chinese empires: Qin and Han
532:Yü (1986), 415; Crespigny (2007), 171.
421:
7:
671:, he was forced to surrender to the
785:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300 – 900
626:and became known as the tribes of
14:
877:Battles involving the Han dynasty
772:. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1956.
735:. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1965.
62:Region near the Altai Mountains
387:in charge. They advanced from
1:
882:Battles involving the Xiongnu
141:
717:. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
339:. There he carved the cliff
746:Lewis, Mark Edward (2007).
713:Crespigny, Rafe de (2007).
918:
821:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO
582:'s Edition of Zhi Tongjian
148:8,000 Han Chinese regulars
278:
271:Battle of Altai Mountains
216:
160:
131:
100:
79:
45:
36:
28:
24:Battle of Altai Mountains
783:Graff, David A. (2002).
312:. The force of General
341:Inscriptions of Yanran
335:, west of present-day
101:Commanders and leaders
839:Encyclopedia of China
161:Casualties and losses
887:1st century in China
396:, specifically near
892:1st-century battles
813:Tucker, Spencer C.
326:the Northern Chanyu
318:the Northern Chanyu
768:Sima Guang, comp.
665:Southern Xiongnu's
550:Lewis (2007), 138.
827:978-1-85109-667-1
778:978-7-101-00183-9
761:978-0-674-02477-9
741:978-7-101-00306-2
724:978-90-04-15605-0
678:Book of Later Han
633:Book of Later Han
448:Book of Later Han
349:Dundgovi Province
333:Khangai Mountains
316:advanced towards
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310:Southern Xiongnu
283:Northern Xiongnu
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95:Southern Xiongnu
86:Northern Xiongnu
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911:
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731:Fan Ye et al.,
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377:Northern Chanyu
361:Northern Chanyu
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322:Altai Mountains
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256:Altai Mountains
212:
208:Han–Xiongnu War
207:
205:
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126:
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107:Northern Shanyu
93:
63:
31:Han–Xiongnu War
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770:Zizhi Tongjian
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688:Zizhi Tongjian
675:court by 118.
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647:Zizhi Tongjian
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566:Zizhi Tongjian
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493:Zizhi Tongjian
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902:80s conflicts
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857:0-521-24327-0
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806:0-415-23955-9
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793:New York City
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424:, p. 40.
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784:
769:
749:
732:
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707:Bibliography
686:
676:
664:
659:
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631:
602:
597:(2010), 142.
594:
589:
578:
564:
546:
537:
491:
446:
376:
370:
358:
330:
295:
293:(d. AD 92).
270:
268:
255:
140:
112:
80:Belligerents
29:Part of the
398:Lake Barkol
287:Han dynasty
91:Han dynasty
871:Categories
832:An, Tian,
733:Hou Hanshu
624:Kazakhstan
422:Graff 2002
404:References
337:Kharkhorin
53:June 89 AD
842:, 1st ed.
797:Routledge
516:An Tian,
394:Dzungaria
385:Ren Shang
355:Aftermath
320:into the
236:Tian Shan
123:Deng Hong
817:(2010).
691:, vols.
636:, vols.
620:Dunhuang
569:, vols.
451:, vols.
381:Geng Kui
373:Dou Xian
371:General
314:Dou Xian
291:Dou Xian
132:Strength
120:Dou Xian
58:Location
681:, vol.
669:Xianbei
650:, vol.
593:Tucker
580:Bo Yang
496:, vol.
285:by the
275:Chinese
151:10,000
144:18,000
137:200,000
125:Tuntuhe
113:†
854:
825:
815:et al.
803:
789:London
776:
758:
739:
721:
628:Yueban
612:Yiwulu
595:et al.
365:Chanyu
345:Ban Gu
306:Guyang
304:, and
277::
251:Yiwulu
246:Zhizhi
231:Loulan
169:3,400+
109:
68:Result
608:Huyan
389:Juyan
302:Manyi
279:稽落山之戰
241:Jushi
226:Mobei
153:Qiang
127:Anguo
852:ISBN
823:ISBN
801:ISBN
774:ISBN
756:ISBN
737:ISBN
719:ISBN
685:and
644:and
383:and
298:Jilu
269:The
221:Mayi
50:Date
673:Han
616:Han
897:89
873::
836:.
799:.
795::
791:,
787:.
697:50
695:,
693:48
683:88
652:53
642:89
640:,
638:88
584:).
575:48
573:,
571:47
555:^
525:^
505:^
498:47
480:^
473:90
471:,
469:89
467:,
465:88
463:,
461:23
459:,
457:19
455:,
453:04
429:^
412:^
300:,
142:c.
860:.
829:.
809:.
764:.
727:.
699:.
654:.
520:.
500:.
475:.
273:(
198:e
191:t
184:v
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