1214:
government. The arbitrary assignment of Qiang (羌) to a specific ethnic group has created confusion. First, in general, people could hardly avoid making an artificial equivalence between
Ancient Qiang and Qiangzu. Since Qiangzu was named in 1950, other Tibeto-Burman speakers or Ancient Qiang decendents show no interest in dating their history back to Ancient Qiang, asking, “How could we (Yi 9,000,000; Tibetan 6,000,000) be decendents of the small Qiangzu?” Moreover, since the assignment of the name Qiangzu, the indigenous culture (Rme/ʐme/ culture) has been strongly shaped by the willing and concomitant necessity of creating a Qiang culture that demonstrates unmerited links to Ancient Qiang. Thirdly, the term Qiang split the Rme people (those using the Rme/ʐme autonym) into two parts. The Rme in Heishui are not considered Qiangzu but Tibetan by the Central Government.
891:
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fetched the bride and delivered her to the groom's house where the wedding ceremony was held, which involved dancing and drinking highland barley wine. After three days, the bride returned to her parents' house and lived there for a year until the birth of the first child. The men traveled to their wives' residences and worked their land for a long period of time as bride service. Despite the centrality of women in Qiang families, Qiang society was neither matriarchal or egalitarian. Men held all the important political and religious positions, although there is some evidence that female shamans existed at one point. Like most agricultural societies, women were responsible for domestic and agricultural work while men engaged in construction, transport, and plowing.
44:
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1186:. It places spiritual belief in the natural features of the landscape and the ability of shamans to contact spirits. The Qiang believed in the door god, the fireplace god, and the house god. The fireplace god was sacrificed to with food near an iron potholder before each meal. An altar in the corner of the main floor facing the door was considered sacred. It showed the financial status of the household with how ornate it was.
1131:
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populations. Communities and individuals were not firmly identified with the modern nationality Qiang, by others as well as themselves, until the People’s
Republic. Today they are concentrated in Maozhou and Wenchuan and parts of Lixian and Heishui, plus a few in the southernmost part of Songpan. They speak a variety of non-Tibetan dialects in two main forms, Northern and Southern Qiang, but some speak only Chinese.
2299:
912:, Fan Ye (398–445) wrote a history of the Western Qiang describing traits such as "disheveled hair", folding their coat from the left side, and marriage customs where a widow would either marry her son or the deceased husband's brother. According to Fan, the Qiang lived in tribes and had no unified ruler.
1213:
In most current scholarship, especially in
Chinese, the modern Qiangzu are assumed to be the same as Ancient Qiangzu. However, compared to other Tibeto-Burman speakers, Qiangzu does not have a closer relation to the Ancient Qiang group. Nevertheless they have been designated as Qiangzu by the Chinese
1197:
or xbi in Qiang. Xbi were responsible for initiation ceremonies for young men who reached 18 years of age. The ceremony, known as "sitting on top of the mountain" in Qiang, involves a family ritual sacrificing a sheep or cow and planting three cypress trees on top of a mountain. These shamans were
1162:
Qiang society followed matrilineal descent and it was men who integrated into the women's lineage at their deaths. Others consider Qiang society to be patrilineal but with a high status for women. Marriage was monogamous and forbidden within the same family for three generations. A large entourage
1146:
provinces. Unlike other nomads, the Qiang did not shave their heads and wore their hair loose over their face. At some point prior to the modern era they settled and adopted an agricultural way of life. Due to constant conflict between Qiang tribes and other peoples, the Qiang built numerous stone
1075:
A problematic case is the “Qiang,” which as Wang Mingke has established, is an old
Chinese term along the western borderlands for people in the middle, neither Chinese nor Tibetan, neither exclusively agricultural nor purely pastoral, and likely referring to a variety of successive frontier
366:, a figure of Chinese legends and mythology and an ancestor of the Zhou dynasty, was possibly related or identical to the Qiang. Some of the ancient groups were called the "Horse-Qiang" or "Many-Horse-Qiang" (Ma Qiang or Duo Ma Qiang), suggesting they may have been horse breeders.
939:. The Dangchang Qiang were led by the Liang clan (梁) while the Dengzhi Qiang, also known as the Baishui Qiang (白水羌), were led by the Xiang clan (像/象). Both states were tributaries to the neighbouring Northern and Southern dynasties and lasted until the mid-6th century.
2297:
Watt, James C. Y.; Angela Falco Howard, Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY., Boris Ilʹich
Marshak, Su Bai, Zhao Feng, Maxwell K. Hearn, Denise Patry Leidy, Chao-Hui Jenny Lui, Valentina Ivanova Raspopova, Zhixin Sun (2004).
692:
won a battle against
Beigong Boyu and the rebels withdrew. Beigong Boyu and Li Wenhou are not mentioned after this, but the rebellion continued anyway when the new Inspector was killed by his own troops. During the rebellion, a half-Qiang,
1036:
The Qiang people of
Qingtang are skilled at forging armour. The colour of the iron is blue-black, so clear and bright that it can mirror a hair. They use musk-deer leather for the thongs to string it together - it is soft, thin, and
865:
However, the Later Qin entered a declined during the second half of Yao Xing's reign. Infighting between the princes over the succession to the throne and mounting defeats on the battlefield, particularly to the
Xiongnu rebel state,
1189:
The Qiang celebrated the Qiang New Year on the 24th day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar. Now it is fixed on 1 October. The
Mountain Sacrifice Festival is held between second and sixth months of the lunar calendar.
478:. The court sent an envoy, Yiqu Anguo (義渠安國) to assess the tribes, but he instead massacred the Xianling Qiang tribes and more than thirty of their leaders, causing the Western Qiang to all rebel. The Han commander,
411:
as separate branches of the Qiang. A song from one of these groups, the "White Wolf" people, was transcribed in
Chinese characters together with Chinese translation, and the language has since been identified as a
391:
as a people who moved with their livestock in search of water and pasture, made military weapons themselves using iron from the mountains, and possessed bows, lances, short knives, swords and armour. In the
950:
was where Wang Yu was born, Lirun was to Xi'ans's northeast by 100 miles and modern day Chengcheng stands at its site. Wang Yu patronized Buddhism and in 488 had a temple constructed in his birthplace.
946:) was an ethnic Qiang eunuch and he may have been castrated during the rebellion since the Northern Wei would castrated the rebel tribe's young elite. Fengyi prefecture's Lirun town according to the
2660:
2043:
We identified Mogou to be the earliest ~4000 yr. BP Di-Qiang population, and genetically related to Taojiazhai in sharing up to 100% paternal (O3a) and ~60% maternal (D4, M10, F, Z) haplogroups.
326:: "Even if the Qiang people might not be regarded as the main source of the Tibetan people, it is undoubtedly that the Qiang people played a certain role in the formation of Tibetan race".
2414:
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The Qiang revered the tiger and featured it prominently on their totem poles. White stones (flint stones) were also considered to be sacred and sometimes put on altars or rooftops.
1927:
Song, Mengyuan; Wang, Zefei; Lyu, Qiang; Ying, Jun; Wu, Qian; Jiang, Lanrui; Wang, Fei; Zhou, Yuxiang; Song, Feng; Luo, Haibo; Hou, Yiping; Song, Xingbo; Ying, Binwu (2022-11-01).
398:, other Qiang tribes named were the "Brown Onion", "White Horse", and "Yellow Ox" Qiang. The various tribes of the Qiangs formed a confederation against the Han but were defeated.
161:
also mentions that character of Qiang was formed from the words "sheep" and "man". Modern scholars have attempted to reconstruct the ancient pronunciation of Qiang: sinologist
890:
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dynasties, and depending on their circumstances, the local Qiang people sided with one of the two states. Among Shu's strategies during the northern expeditions of
1111:
1058:, the term Qiang was replaced by Fan (Bod), and the people of the western plateaus were called "Western Bod". The two terms were used interchangeably until the
2646:
1973:
Furthermore, ancient DNA revealed genetic connections between early Di-Qiang (Di and Qiang were historically combined to be one group) and Han Chinese , .
3288:
318:. Even today, from linguistic similarities, their relative relationship can be seen. They formed the Tibetan ethnicity after the unification of the
874:
ascended the throne in 416, rebellions sprang up throughout the empire while it came under attack from its neighbours. The Eastern Jin commander,
768:
during the 4th-century and early 5th-century. They, along with many other tribal people in northwestern China, participated in the rebellions of
588:, took charge of strategy. The new regime was significantly less effective under the regent and failed to make any headway against Han forces.
1859:
China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty
1098:
The Silver Turtle Temple is a complex of Qiang temples dedicated to various gods consecrated in 2013–2014. Its three temples are dedicated to
298:. There are still many ethnological and linguistic links between the Qiang and the Tibetans. The Qiang tribe expanded eastward and joined the
1911:
1588:
745:
106:) was a name given to various groups of people at different periods in ancient China. The Qiang people are generally thought to have been of
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Nicola Di Cosmo (13 March 1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China". In Michael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughness (ed.).
214:, meaning "to ride, go by wagon", as in "to ride off to hunt from a chariot", so that Qiang could actually mean "charioteer".
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The Qiang culture, ram's horn flower represents true love. Young men use the flower to express their love for their beloved.
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guard towers with small windows and doors, giving them the moniker of "Stone Tower Culture". These constructs, described as
769:
1642:
1985:
Li, Jiawei; Zeng, Wen; Zhang, Ye; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Li, Chunxiang; Zhu, Hong; Fu, Qiaomei; Zhou, Hui (2017-12-04).
1929:"Paternal genetic structure of the Qiang ethnic group in China revealed by high-resolution Y-chromosome STRs and SNPs"
850:
to Chang'an, where he helped translate many Buddhist texts into Chinese. It was also under Qin when the Chinese monk,
1791:
1611:
1486:
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inscriptions 3,000 years ago and was used to describe "a people other than one's people." It appears again in the
1673:
The Creation of the Qiang Ethnicity, its Relation to the Rme People and the Preservation of Rme Language, p.56-63
543:
against the invading army, and although the Qiang forces suffered significant casualties, they were defeated at
3293:
2521:
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conducted an anti-Qiang campaign and massacred Qiang populations as well as settled them outside the frontier.
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In 112 BCE, the Han dynasty invaded what is now eastern Tibet with 25,000 cavalry on grounds of Qiang raiding.
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1110:, the most important deities of the Qiang people. It is located on Qiangshan, in Qiang City, Mao County of
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region rebel and initially defeated the Han forces sent to fight them. However, in 41 BCE, the Han general
302:
in the course of historical development, while the other branch that traveled southwards, crosses over the
900:
673:
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The Qiang did not have surnames until the last few hundred years when they adopted Han Chinese surnames.
826:, crushed the last vestiges of the Former Qin's military, establishing the Later Qin as a major power in
812:
626:
574:
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The Creation of the Qiang Ethnicity, its Relation to the Rme People and the Preservation of Rme Language
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also responsible for passing down Qiang stories as there was no written Qiang language until recently.
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1928:
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The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire
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1998:
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Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt.
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In 184 CE, Beigong Boyu, a member of the Auxiliary of Loyal Barbarians of Huangzhong, started the
496:
155:) was thus formed from the characters for "sheep" (羊) and "man" (人), and pronounced like "sheep".
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1964:
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was to win the support of the Qiang and other tribes and aid them in their revolts against Wei.
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rebelled and declared himself Everlasting King of Qin in 384. After killing his former ruler,
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Genetic analyses of ancient Qiang (Di-Qiang) remains found high genetic affinity with modern
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Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
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Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
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The Qiang were first described as nomadic shepherds living in the region of contemporary
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547:. Having achieved victory against the Han army, Dianlian proclaimed himself emperor at
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1425:"Chapter 14 - The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times"
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The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.
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241:, the mythical "Flame Emperor." The Yan Emperor and his tribe were defeated by the
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991:. They came to be known as the Ran and Mang who were the ancestors of the modern
720:, some of the Qiang people continued to support Ma Chao in his attempt to retake
334:
indicated that the Qiangs were shepherds from the west and they were part of the
3194:
3077:
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1987:"Ancient DNA reveals genetic connections between early Di-Qiang and Han Chinese"
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Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History
267:(trad. 1675–1646 BC). They seem to have lived in a diagonal band from northern
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584:. Lianchang was too young to exercise authority and another man of the tribe,
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History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D
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and was joined by Qiang soldiers. Although the coalition collapsed after the
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and vassalized many of its contemporary states. Yao Xing was also an ardent
827:
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796:
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604:
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famously pacified the rebellion in 60 BCE, largely attributed to his use of
2038:
1960:
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In 446 an ethnic Qiang rebellion was crushed by the Northern Wei. Wang Yu (
736:
period (220–280), northwestern China became a contested region between the
394:
882:. In 417, Jin forces captured Yao Hong in Chang'an, ending the Later Qin.
2925:
2898:
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1026:
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dynasty before they were all subjected to the latter and its successors.
789:
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475:
471:
374:
283:, who mounted expeditions against them, capturing slaves and victims for
226:
The "City of China's Ancient Qiang" (中国古羌城), a Qiang cultural complex in
200:
origin; Beckwith compares a proposed reconstruction of Qiang to *klaŋ in
1825:
Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom
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1771:武王曰：「嗟！我有國冢君，司徒、司馬、司空，亞旅、師氏，千夫長、百夫長，及庸、蜀、羌、髳、微、纑、彭、濮人，稱爾戈，比爾干，立爾矛，予其誓。」
1179:
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but they failed to achieve any major victory. In 185, the Han general
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697:, rose to power as a warlord in Liang province with another warlord,
436:, as well as with ancient 'Yellow River farmers' associated with the
335:
85:
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and heavily promoted the religion within his state. He welcomed the
795:
The first and only Qiang-led state of the Sixteen Kingdoms was the
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889:
855:
843:
784:, the Qiang tribes waivered their allegiances between Jin and the
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attacked from the south and killed Lianchang's wife and children.
457:
401:
Later in the Han dynasty, groups of people in the western part of
363:
311:
276:
272:
221:
2614:
Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy
151:, the Qiang were shepherds, and the Chinese character for Qiang (
3094:
2818:
2548:
Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD
2304:(illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23.
2284:"Sixteen Barbarian States Event History (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1032:, the Qiang were noted for producing high quality steel armour.
237:
According to a legend, the Qiang were partly descended from the
2642:
830:. Under his rule, the state reached its zenith as it conquered
358:
who defeated the Shang. It has been suggested that the clan of
1756:
The Pluralistic and Unified Structure of Chinese Ethnic Groups
819:, where he elevated himself to Emperor of (Later) Qin in 386.
137:
may also have been descended in part from the ancient Qiangs.
2530:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms
551:. Qiang forces now threatened Han territory as far south as
466:
In 61 BCE, the Han court uncovered a conspiracy between the
460:, where they subsequently merged with the Qiang population.
290:
This ancient tribe is said to be the progenitor of both the
2161:
2159:
2146:
2144:
2104:
2102:
488:
or "military-agricultural colonies" to win over the Qiang.
287:. The Qiang prisoners were skilled in making oracle bones.
2580:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153,
2397:
2395:
2119:
2117:
780:. As Jin authority collapsed in northern China during the
569:
In 110 CE, Dianlian defeated and killed the Administrator
499:
returned with 60,000 men and crushed the Qiang rebellion.
2089:
2087:
1062:
when Qiang came to refer to those living upstream of the
915:
Two minor Qiang polities existed during this period: the
708:, the son of Ma Teng, led a coalition in Guanxi (west of
440:. Ancient Qiang remains belonged exclusively to paternal
19:
For the modern ethnic group in Northwestern Sichuan, see
2462:
2460:
1904:
Wars With the Xiongnu: A Translation from Zizhi Tongjian
1193:
Religious ceremonies were performed by shamans known as
1009:, the "Bod originates from the Qiang." According to the
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
1758:. The Central Ethnic University Publishing. p. 28.
878:
took advantage of the chaos in Later Qin to launch his
580:
In 112 CE, Dianlian died and was succeeded by his son
1524:. 2002. Northern Síchuan - Around Wénchuan, page 517.
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967:Qiang moved to the region of Xiazhou around modern
61:
34:
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1512:
676:in 185, and from there carried out raids against
209:
16:Ethnic group mentioned in ancient Chinese history
2415:"The inside info on China's ancient watchtowers"
1731:
1729:
1211:
1073:
1034:
983:. Another group of Qiang migrated south to the
1828:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 54–58.
680:. A Han army was sent out against them led by
2654:
2270:"Later Qin Dynasty 後秦(www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1575:Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014.
1520:Bradley Mayhew, Korina Miller, Alex English:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1112:Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
654:In 142 CE, the Qiang rebellion was put down.
8:
2324:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1701:
1699:
1470:Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages
452:In the mid-2nd century BCE, elements of the
29:
2623:Encyclopedia of Peoples of Asia and Oceania
979:(1038–1227 CE) and came to be known as the
192:proposes that the word "Qiang" may have an
3179:
2973:
2682:
2661:
2647:
2639:
1483:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
603:'s headquarters from the north. Meanwhile
42:
28:
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2010:
1712:Cambridge University Press. p. 908.
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1559:
1557:
1472:. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
1017:was founded by a branch of the Fa Qiang.
509:In 57 CE, the Qiang led by Dianyu raided
110:origin, though there are other theories.
2596:The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1
2578:Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368
1933:Forensic Science International: Genetics
373:, a group of nomads to the southwest of
314:, forming numerous ethnic groups of the
145:According to the Han dynasty dictionary
2478:
2466:
2439:
2427:
2374:
2301:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD
2093:
2078:
2066:
2054:
1455:Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann:
1406:
975:. They eventually founded the state of
100:
2350:
2338:
2317:
1693:. 《詩經·商頌·殷武》: "昔有成湯，自彼氐羌，莫敢不來享，莫敢不來王"。
815:, he captured the Former Qin capital,
516:In 59 CE, a Han army defeated Dianyu.
502:In 49 CE, the Qiang tribes retook the
2572:Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao",
2264:
2262:
2184:
870:, gradually weakened the state. When
275:, somewhat to the south of the later
196:etymology and that the Qiang were of
7:
2451:
2401:
2362:
1862:. E. Brill, Leiden. pp. 80–81.
724:in 213 CE before he was driven out.
184:Qiangs are generally believed to be
129:may be of Qiang descent. The modern
62:Regions with significant populations
2490:
1429:The Origins of Chinese Civilization
533:Protectorate of the Western Regions
338:. They had a close relation to the
253:The term "Qiang" first appeared on
2518:Military Culture in Imperial China
614:was assassinated and forces under
535:was abandoned. The Han court sent
456:reportedly migrated into southern
14:
2632:Imperial Chinese Military History
2607:(Master thesis). Duke University.
2253:"Qiang 羌 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1906:. AuthorHouse. pp. 324–340.
1577:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
1566:Original text: 羌：西戎牧羊人也。从人从羊，羊亦聲。
644:but were defeated by the general
3289:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
2960:
1534:Wicky W. K. Tse (27 June 2018).
1395:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
1151:, can be found today in eastern
629:and was defeated by the general
54:Portraits of Periodical Offering
910:Northern and Southern dynasties
886:Northern and Southern dynasties
822:In 394, Yao Chang's successor,
782:upheaval of the Five Barbarians
651:In 140 CE, the Qiang rebelled.
621:In 120 CE, the Qiang chieftain
316:Tibetan-Burmese language family
52:, a Qiang ethnic group, from a
2574:The Cambridge History of China
1643:"Qiang among China's ancients"
1433:University of California Press
931:, located west of present-day
799:(384–417). In the wake of the
712:) against the Han chancellor,
562:In 109 CE, Dianlian conquered
385:). They were described in the
382:
377:were known as the Chuo Qiang (
351:Records of the Grand Historian
90:
1:
2509:Ancient China and Its Enemies
1883:Annotated translation of the
1423:Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1983).
894:Depiction of an envoy of the
426:Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples
310:; some went even farther, to
165:reconstructs it to *kʰiaŋ in
2616:, Cambridge University Press
2598:, Cambridge University Press
2566:Contesting the Yellow Dragon
2511:, Cambridge University Press
1945:10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102774
1900:"Chapter 9 - War with Qiang"
1427:. In David Keightley (ed.).
491:In 42 BCE, the Qiang in the
470:and a Qiang noble to attack
342:, and were mentioned in the
2630:Whiting, Marvin C. (2002),
2546:Crespigny, Rafe de (2017),
2537:Crespigny, Rafe de (2010),
2528:Crespigny, Rafe de (2007),
591:In 116 CE, the Han general
3310:
2612:Wagner, Donald B. (2008),
1856:Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979).
1822:Kleeman, Terry F. (1998).
1792:Princeton University Press
1612:Princeton University Press
1487:Cambridge University Press
1205:
880:second northern expedition
854:, began his pilgrimage to
760:The Qiang were one of the
181:name of Qiang as *C.qʰaŋ.
18:
2958:
2621:West, Barbara A. (2009),
2594:Twitchett, Denis (2008),
2516:Cosmo, Nicola di (2009),
2507:Cosmo, Nicola Di (2002),
2012:10.1186/s12862-017-1082-0
1459:. UNESCO, 1996, page 501.
803:disastrous defeat at the
764:that founded many of the
279:. They were enemy of the
81:
66:
48:Depiction of an envoy of
41:
3284:Ancient peoples of China
2522:Harvard University Press
1991:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1782:Beckwith, Christopher I.
1744:, 五洲传播出版社, 2003. page 7.
1602:Beckwith, Christopher I.
1481:Patricia Buckley Ebrey:
1202:Relation to modern Qiang
862:were first constructed.
666:Liang Province rebellion
640:tribe under Manu raided
354:as one of the allies of
56:painting, 6th century CE
35:
2555:LaPolla, Randy (2003),
1581:Oxford University Press
1134:Traditional Qiang house
210:
2564:Kang, Xiaofei (2016),
1898:Joseph P. Yap (2009).
1685:, Sacrificial Odes of
1222:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1084:
1047:
905:
901:The Gathering of Kings
858:from Chang'an and the
776:(296–299) against the
668:. The rebels captured
428:, particularly modern
414:Tibeto-Burman language
405:were mentioned in the
234:
1754:Fei Xiaotong (1999).
1133:
1125:
1097:
908:During the period of
893:
807:, the Qiang general,
636:In 121 CE, the Qiang
599:cavalry in a raid on
506:region from the Han.
408:Book of the Later Han
225:
2634:, Writers Club Press
2603:Wen, Maotao (2014).
1614:. pp. 375–376.
1280:Dianlian (r.107–112)
674:Youfufeng Commandery
648:the following year.
190:Christopher Beckwith
2003:2017BMCEE..17..239L
1176:Qiang folk religion
1011:Da Qing yi tong zhi
836:Eastern Jin dynasty
805:Battle of Fei River
778:Western Jin dynasty
718:Battle of Tong Pass
627:Jincheng Commandery
618:ended Qiang raids.
575:Hanzhong Commandery
555:and as far east as
553:Hanzhong Commandery
531:. As a result, the
511:Jincheng Commandery
188:speakers, although
31:
2557:A Grammar of Qiang
2404:, p. 681-682.
2389:, p. 181-182.
2341:, p. 322-323.
1649:. 7 September 2014
1286:Langmo (r.112–118)
1136:
1128:
1120:
906:
860:Maijishan Grottoes
545:Hanyang Commandery
306:, and entered the
304:Hengduan Mountains
235:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3171:
3170:
2956:
2955:
2493:, pp. 70–71.
1913:978-1-4490-0605-1
1784:(16 March 2009).
1604:(16 March 2009).
1589:978-0-19-994537-5
1283:Lianchang (d.117)
1252:Shaodang (40 BCE)
1225:Tribes and chiefs
1126:Qiang guard tower
1025:According to the
1003:According to the
933:Jiuzhaigou County
917:Dangchang Kingdom
896:Dangchang Kingdom
564:Longxi Commandery
442:haplogroup O-M175
345:Book of Documents
260:Classic of Poetry
171:William H. Baxter
163:Edwin Pulleyblank
71:
70:
3301:
3180:
2974:
2964:
2683:
2673:peoples in China
2663:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2568:
2560:
2559:, Mouton Gruyter
2551:
2542:
2539:Imperial Warlord
2533:
2524:
2512:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2481:, p. 14-15.
2476:
2470:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:, p. 12-13.
2425:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2169:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2014:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1703:
1694:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1647:archive.shine.cn
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1598:
1592:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1531:
1525:
1522:South-West China
1518:
1507:
1506:, 2005, page 87.
1496:
1490:
1489:, 2010, page 69.
1479:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1420:
1220:
1157:Sichuan Province
1149:Himalayan Towers
1082:
1045:
1006:New Book of Tang
989:Sichuan Province
973:Shaanxi Province
766:Sixteen Kingdoms
756:Sixteen Kingdoms
642:Wuwei Commandery
597:Southern Xiongnu
549:Beidi Commandery
438:Yangshao culture
384:
263:in reference to
213:
177:reconstruct the
104:
92:
83:
46:
32:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3294:Five Barbarians
3274:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3235:
3209:
3167:
3056:
3025:
2965:
2952:
2865:
2797:
2697:
2674:
2669:Historical non-
2667:
2629:
2625:, Facts on File
2620:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2588:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2515:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2489:
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2477:
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2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2316:
2312:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1887:by John E. Hill
1881:
1877:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1801:978-14008-29941
1780:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:Tibetan History
1734:
1727:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:978-14008-29941
1600:
1599:
1595:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1497:
1493:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1422:
1421:
1408:
1403:
1350:Gyalrong people
1336:
1249:Shaodang (Yan)
1236:Dianyu II (184)
1227:
1221:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1172:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1023:
1001:
969:Jingbian County
957:
921:Tanchang County
919:in present-day
888:
762:Five Barbarians
758:
730:
450:
422:
356:King Wu of Zhou
322:. According to
285:human sacrifice
251:
220:
143:
57:
37:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Khalkha Mongol
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2586:
2569:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2513:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2456:
2454:, p. 681.
2444:
2442:, p. 431.
2432:
2420:
2406:
2391:
2387:Twitchett 1994
2379:
2367:
2355:
2353:, p. 322.
2343:
2331:
2310:
2289:
2275:
2258:
2237:
2235:, p. 639.
2233:Crespigny 2007
2225:
2223:, p. 248.
2221:Crespigny 2007
2213:
2211:, p. 663.
2209:Crespigny 2007
2201:
2199:, p. 723.
2197:Crespigny 2007
2189:
2187:, p. 104.
2170:
2168:, p. 445.
2166:Crespigny 2007
2155:
2153:, p. 139.
2151:Crespigny 2007
2140:
2138:, p. 421.
2136:Twitchett 2008
2128:
2124:Crespigny 2017
2113:
2111:, p. 270.
2109:Twitchett 2008
2098:
2096:, p. 179.
2083:
2081:, p. 175.
2071:
2069:, p. 158.
2059:
2057:, p. 141.
2047:
1977:
1919:
1912:
1890:
1875:
1868:
1848:
1834:
1814:
1800:
1794:. p. 44.
1773:
1761:
1746:
1725:
1718:
1695:
1675:
1659:
1634:
1620:
1593:
1568:
1553:
1546:
1526:
1508:
1491:
1474:
1468:Sanping Chen:
1461:
1448:
1441:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:Tibetan people
1352:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1260:Western Qiang
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:Dianliang (40)
1253:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1216:
1206:Main article:
1203:
1200:
1171:
1168:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1022:
1019:
1015:Tibetan Empire
1000:
999:Tibetan Empire
997:
956:
953:
887:
884:
772:(270–279) and
770:Tufa Shujineng
757:
754:
734:Three Kingdoms
729:
728:Three Kingdoms
726:
722:Liang province
529:Liang Province
449:
446:
421:
418:
308:Yungui Plateau
296:Tibetan people
250:
247:
243:Yellow Emperor
219:
216:
175:Laurent Sagart
167:Middle Chinese
142:
139:
127:Yuan dynasties
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
47:
39:
38:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3306:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Khamag Mongol
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2469:, p. 14.
2468:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2377:, p. 11.
2376:
2371:
2368:
2365:, p. 63.
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
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1547:9781315532318
1543:
1540:. Routledge.
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1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
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1360:Achang people
1358:
1356:
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1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Tangut people
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1321:Quhu lai Wang
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
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1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
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1272:
1270:
1266:Pang Tian (6)
1265:
1262:
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1259:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:Midanger (60)
1243:
1242:
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576:
572:
567:
565:
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546:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
523:of the Qiang
522:
517:
514:
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498:
494:
489:
487:
486:
481:
480:Zhao Chongguo
477:
473:
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461:
459:
455:
454:Lesser Yuezhi
447:
445:
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431:
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331:Shuowen Jiezi
327:
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321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
281:Shang dynasty
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Tang of Shang
262:
261:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
233:
229:
224:
217:
215:
212:
207:
203:
199:
198:Indo-European
195:
194:Indo-European
191:
187:
186:Tibeto-Burman
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:
158:Fengsu Tongyi
154:
150:
149:
148:Shuowen Jiezi
140:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:Tangut people
111:
109:
108:Tibeto-Burman
105:
103:
97:
93:
87:
79:
75:
67:Ancient China
65:
60:
55:
51:
45:
40:
33:
22:
3176:Early Modern
2813:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2517:
2508:
2486:
2479:LaPolla 2003
2474:
2467:LaPolla 2003
2447:
2440:LaPolla 2003
2435:
2428:LaPolla 2003
2423:
2409:
2382:
2375:LaPolla 2003
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2300:
2292:
2278:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2131:
2094:Whiting 2002
2079:Whiting 2002
2074:
2067:Whiting 2002
2062:
2055:Whiting 2002
2050:
2042:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1903:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1858:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1824:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1786:
1776:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1739:
1708:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1651:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1606:
1596:
1576:
1571:
1536:
1529:
1494:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1428:
1380:Nakhi people
1365:Bamar people
1340:Qiang people
1297:Beigong Boyu
1212:
1208:Qiang people
1194:
1192:
1188:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1137:
1085:
1081:Xiaofei Kang
1074:
1060:Qing dynasty
1056:Yuan dynasty
1053:
1035:
1024:
1013:(1735), the
1010:
1004:
1002:
993:Qiang people
961:Tang dynasty
958:
941:
914:
907:
899:
864:
821:
801:Former Qin's
794:
759:
731:
703:
682:Huangfu Song
672:and reached
663:
656:
653:
650:
635:
620:
609:
590:
579:
568:
561:
518:
515:
508:
501:
497:Feng Fengshi
490:
483:
465:
462:
451:
430:Qiang people
423:
406:
400:
393:
386:
368:
362:, mother of
349:
343:
340:Zhou dynasty
329:
328:
324:Fei Xiaotong
320:Tubo kingdom
292:modern Qiang
289:
271:to northern
258:
252:
236:
183:
156:
146:
144:
131:Qiang people
112:
101:
99:
89:
73:
72:
26:Ethnic group
21:Qiang people
2576:, Volume 6,
2351:Wagner 2008
2339:Wagner 2008
1841:31 December
1807:30 December
1627:30 December
1385:Pumi people
1277:Youfei (60)
1274:Yangyu (60)
1054:During the
977:Western Xia
959:During the
904:, c. 650 CE
746:Zhuge Liang
704:In 211 CE,
657:In 167 CE,
610:In 117 CE,
595:led 10,000
557:Ji Province
519:In 107 CE,
434:Han Chinese
388:Book of Han
371:Han dynasty
369:During the
255:oracle bone
239:Yan Emperor
202:Old Chinese
179:Old Chinese
133:as well as
3278:Categories
3037:Karakhanid
2587:0521243319
2501:References
2311:1588391264
2185:Cosmo 2009
1997:(1): 239.
1939:: 102774.
1835:0824818008
1653:2018-11-15
1263:Fu Fan (6)
1219:Maotao Wen
1178:resembles
1108:Li Yuanhao
987:in modern
868:Helian Xia
848:Kumārajīva
774:Qi Wannian
659:Duan Jiong
360:Jiang Yuan
300:Han people
228:Mao County
96:Wade–Giles
3139:Xueyantuo
3047:Khotanese
2829:Tocharian
2452:West 2009
2402:West 2009
2363:Kang 2016
2320:cite book
2021:1471-2148
1969:252254620
1953:1872-4973
1504:Routledge
1401:Footnotes
1390:Yi people
1271:Xianlian
1184:shamanism
1064:Min River
985:Min River
965:Dangxiang
834:from the
828:Guanzhong
809:Yao Chang
797:Later Qin
750:Jiang Wei
710:Tong Pass
690:Dong Zhuo
686:Zhang Wen
625:attacked
616:Ren Shang
612:Lianchang
605:Ren Shang
601:Lianchang
582:Lianchang
571:Zheng Qin
541:Ren Shang
527:attacked
206:Tocharian
141:Etymology
3214:Northern
3183:Southern
3061:Northern
2977:Southern
2970:Medieval
2926:Shanrong
2899:Dingling
2870:Northern
2844:Quanrong
2729:Lạc Việt
2702:Southern
2491:Wen 2014
2039:29202706
1961:36156385
1683:Shi Jing
1334:See also
1327:Yangdiao
1217:—
1195:duangong
1170:Religion
1079:—
1070:Language
1043:Shen Kuo
1040:—
1030:Shen Kuo
1027:polymath
872:Yao Hong
840:Buddhist
824:Yao Xing
817:Chang'an
790:Han-Zhao
678:Chang'an
670:Jincheng
638:Shaodang
593:Deng Zun
537:Deng Zhi
525:Xianlian
521:Dianlian
476:Dunhuang
472:Shanshan
420:Genetics
375:Dunhuang
294:and the
169:, while
135:Tibetans
3257:Khoshut
3252:Dzungar
3240:Western
3105:Khereid
3083:Jurchen
3073:Kumo Xi
3052:Tibetan
3030:Western
2994:Cuanman
2943:Xianyun
2916:Guifang
2909:Xianbei
2887:Xiongnu
2882:Chunwei
2849:Xianyun
2802:Western
2749:Yangyue
2744:Shanyue
2724:Dong'ou
2719:Âu Việt
2686:Eastern
2679:Ancient
2550:, Brill
2541:, Brill
2532:, Brill
2030:5716020
1999:Bibcode
1564:Shouwen
1324:Ruoling
1315:Lianger
1309:Juzhong
1233:Goujiu
1180:animism
1144:Qinghai
1116:Sichuan
1090:Culture
981:Tanguts
937:Sichuan
929:Dengzhi
844:Kuchean
832:Luoyang
813:Fu Jian
786:Xiongnu
742:Shu Han
738:Cao Wei
732:In the
714:Cao Cao
706:Ma Chao
699:Han Sui
695:Ma Teng
646:Ma Xian
631:Ma Xian
504:Qinghai
485:tuntian
468:Xiongnu
444:(O3a).
403:Sichuan
379:Chinese
269:Shaanxi
249:Origins
232:Sichuan
218:History
204:to the
117:of the
102:Ch'iang
78:Chinese
50:Dengzhi
3247:Oirats
3226:Manchu
3161:Shatuo
3156:Yueban
3134:Uyghur
3124:Tangut
3110:Naiman
3090:Shiwei
3068:Khitan
3042:Karluk
3014:Zhuang
3009:Bouyei
2931:Sushen
2904:Wuhuan
2894:Donghu
2861:Yuezhi
2839:Xirong
2788:Yelang
2783:Nanman
2739:Nanyue
2734:Minyue
2714:Âu Lạc
2709:Baiyue
2693:Dongyi
2584:
2308:
2037:
2027:
2019:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1910:
1885:Weilüe
1866:
1832:
1798:
1716:
1691:Yin Wu
1618:
1587:
1544:
1439:
1318:Miwang
1300:Diaoku
1230:Bi'nan
1037:tough.
963:, the
948:Weishu
876:Liu Yu
852:Faxian
846:monk,
586:Langmo
493:Longxi
395:Weilüe
381::
336:Xirong
98::
88::
86:pinyin
80::
3231:Nivkh
3151:Tujue
3144:Yugur
3129:Tiele
3115:Tatar
2948:Xunyu
2936:Yilou
2877:Beidi
2854:Xunyu
2834:Wusun
2824:Sumpa
2814:Qiang
2776:Hmong
1965:S2CID
1769:Shiji
1687:Shang
1375:Mosuo
1370:Sumpa
1312:Li Lu
1291:Zhong
1241:Qian
1153:Tibet
1140:Gansu
1114:, in
1100:Yandi
925:Gansu
898:from
856:India
788:-led
458:Gansu
364:Houji
312:Burma
277:Beidi
273:Henan
211:klānk
208:word
91:Qiāng
74:Qiang
30:Qiang
3195:Shan
3095:Zubu
3078:Mohe
2819:Saka
2771:Miao
2766:Dian
2582:ISBN
2326:link
2306:ISBN
2035:PMID
2017:ISSN
1957:PMID
1949:ISSN
1908:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1843:2014
1830:ISBN
1809:2014
1796:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1629:2014
1616:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1306:Erku
1303:Dize
1182:and
1155:and
1142:and
1106:and
1104:Dayu
1050:Yuan
1021:Song
955:Tang
927:and
748:and
740:and
684:and
623:Jiwu
539:and
474:and
432:and
348:and
173:and
125:and
123:Song
119:Tang
113:The
3205:Yao
3200:She
3004:Rau
2984:Bai
2921:Jie
2754:Yue
2671:Han
2025:PMC
2007:doi
1941:doi
573:in
448:Han
3280::
3190:Bo
3021:Yi
2999:Li
2989:Bo
2809:Di
2793:Yi
2761:Bo
2520:,
2459:^
2394:^
2322:}}
2318:{{
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2041:.
2033:.
2023:.
2015:.
2005:.
1995:17
1993:.
1989:.
1971:.
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1947:.
1937:61
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1931:.
1902:.
1790:.
1738:,
1728:^
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944:王遇
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