1206:
than the
Carthaginian horses, would come off best. He arranged the 2,000 Gallic cavalry to the front of his formation – many or all of them would have carried a javelinman riding behind each of the cavalrymen, as was their tradition. Scipio positioned the velites in close support of the Gauls. On sighting the enemy, the velites sallied forward from behind their cavalry to advance within javelin-hurling range. On seeing this, the whole of the Carthaginian close-order cavalry promptly charged them. The Roman light infantry, realising they would be cut down if the Carthaginians came into contact with them, turned and fled, making no attempt to throw their missiles. The Roman cavalry, who were all close order attempted to counter charge the Carthaginians. They were obstructed by the large number of their infantry attempting to pass through their ranks to the rear, and in the case of the Gallic cavalry, possibly by still having a javelinman riding into battle behind each of the cavalrymen. The modern historian
790:
50:
991:
1247:
2,200 Gallic troops serving with the Roman army attacked the Romans closest to them in their tents, and deserted to the
Carthaginians; taking the Romans' heads with them as a sign of good faith. Hannibal rewarded them and sent them back to their homes to enrol more recruits. Hannibal also made his first formal treaty with a Gallic tribe, and supplies and recruits started to come in. The Romans abandoned their camp and withdrew under cover of night. The next morning the Carthaginian cavalry bungled their pursuit and the Romans were able to set up camp on an area of high ground by the river
1076:
Hannibal felt an even more pressing need to recruit strongly among the
Cisalpine Gauls. He determined that a display of confidence was called for and advanced boldly down the valley of the Po. However, Scipio led his army equally boldly against the Carthaginians, causing the Gauls to remain neutral. Both commanders attempted to inspire the ardour of their men for the coming battle by making fiery speeches to their assembled armies. Hannibal is reported to have stressed to his troops that they had to win, whatever the cost, as there was no place they could retreat to.
1043:, northern Italy. The Romans had already withdrawn to their winter quarters and were astonished by Hannibal's appearance. His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the cancellation of Rome's planned invasion of Africa by an army under Longus. The Carthaginians needed to obtain supplies of food, as they had exhausted their reserves. They also wished to obtain allies among the north-Italian Gallic tribes from which they could recruit, as Hannibal believed that he required a larger army if he were to effectively take on the Romans. The local tribe, the
1104:
1382:
Goldsworthy argues that the cavalry saddles of the time "provide an admirably firm seat" and that dismounting was an appropriate response to an extended cavalry versus cavalry melee. He does not suggest why this habit ceased once stirrups were introduced. Nigel
Bagnall doubts that the cavalrymen dismounted at all, and suggests that the accounts of them doing so reflect the additional men carried by the Gallic cavalry dismounting and that the velites joining the fight gave the impression of a largely dismounted combat.
1188:
1214:
occurrence in Punic War cavalry combat. There is debate among modern scholars as to the reasons for this common tactic. Certainly the second men on some, and possibly all, of the 2,000 Gallic cavalry's horses dismounted and joined the fight. Some of the Roman javelinmen also reinforced their cavalry comrades, but the extent to which this occurred is unclear. The ensuing melee is recorded as continuing for some time, with no clear advantage being gained by either side.
3130:
1059:
1159:; allied legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. Scipio's army consisted of four legions, with approximately 16,000 infantry and 1,600 cavalry. A further 2,000 Gallic cavalry and many Gallic infantry were also serving with the Romans. Scipio led out all of his 3,600 cavalry and, anticipating that they would be outnumbered, supplemented them with a large but unknown number of the 4,500 or so available velites.
1235:
3510:
1184:. It was unusual, prior to Ticinus, for one side's more mobile cavalry to be similarly enveloped. During periods when armies were encamped in close proximity it was common for their light forces to skirmish with each other, attempting to gather information on each other's forces and achieve minor, morale-raising victories. These were typically fluid affairs and viewed as preliminaries to any subsequent battle.
1218:
throwing them into confusion and panic. The velites, still aware of their vulnerability to cavalry, immediately fled. The Roman reserve cavalry attempted to protect the rear of the fighting line, but were surrounded and Scipio was badly wounded. The main force of Roman cavalry, attacked from both sides, was routed and suffered heavy losses. In the confusion Scipio's 16-year-old son, also named
1263:; only approximately 10,000 of the Roman army of 40,000 were able to fight their way off the battlefield. As a result the flow of Gallic support became a flood and the Carthaginian army grew to 60,000 men. Hannibal settled into winter quarters to rest and train his men, while the Romans drew up plans to prevent Hannibal from breaking into Roman Italy. In May 217
754:. That night Scipio broke camp and retreated over the Ticinus; the Carthaginians captured 600 of his rearguard the next day. After further manoeuvres Scipio established himself in a fortified camp to await reinforcements while Hannibal recruited among the local Gauls. When the Roman reinforcements arrived in December under
1217:
Then the
Carthaginian light cavalry swept round both ends of the line of battle, attacking the still disorganised velites and the small Roman cavalry reserve, where Scipio had positioned himself. These Carthaginians also threatened, and threw javelins at, the rear of the already engaged Roman troops,
1175:
were usually preceded by the two armies camping two to twelve kilometres (1–7 mi) apart for days or weeks; sometimes forming up in battle order each day. In such circumstances either commander could prevent a battle from occurring, and unless both commanders were willing to at least some degree
746:
ensued: many cavalry dismounted to fight on foot and some of the Roman javelinmen reinforced the fighting line. This continued indecisively until the
Numidians swept round both ends of the line of battle. They then attacked the still disorganised javelinmen; the small Roman cavalry reserve, to which
1246:
The Romans withdrew as far as
Piacenza. Two days after Ticinus the Carthaginians crossed the river Po, and then marched to Piacenza. They formed up outside the Roman camp and offered battle, which Scipio refused. The Carthaginians set up their own camp some 8 kilometres (5 mi) away. That night
971:
detached one Roman and one allied legion from the force intended for Iberia to reinforce the Roman position in northern Italy. The
Scipios had to raise fresh troops to replace these and thus could not set out for Iberia until September. At the same time another Roman army in Sicily under the consul
947:
BC the Romans pushed even further north, establishing two new towns, or "colonies", on the Po and appropriating large areas of the best land. Most of the Gauls simmered with resentment at this intrusion. The major Gallic tribes in
Cisalpine Gaul attacked the Roman colonies there, causing the Romans
1205:
were positioned on the flanks and possibly held back slightly. Scipio, who had gained a low opinion of the
Carthaginian cavalry from the clash near the Rhone, expected an extended exchange of javelins and hoped that his velites, being smaller targets and better able to shelter behind their shields
1113:
Anticipating an engagement as he closed with the Romans, Hannibal had recalled all of his scouts and raiding parties and took with him an exclusively cavalry force which included almost all of his 6,000-strong mounted contingent. Carthage usually recruited foreigners to make up its army. Many were
1075:
Hearing that Publius Scipio was operating in the region, he assumed the Roman army in Massala which he had believed en route to Iberia had returned to Italy and reinforced the army already based in the north. Believing he would therefore be facing a much larger Roman force than he had anticipated,
1213:
The cavalry did not move into contact at speed, but at a fast walk or slow trot; any faster would have "ended in a growing pile of injured men and horses", according to the modern historian Sam Koon. Once in contact with the enemy, many of the cavalrymen dismounted to fight; this was a frequent
1381:
had not been invented at the time, and Archer Jones believes its absence meant cavalrymen had a "feeble seat" and were liable to come off their horses if a sword swing missed its target. Sabin states that cavalry dismounted to gain a more solid base to fight from than a horse without stirrups.
1225:
The surviving Roman forces regathered at their camp, still held by their heavy infantry. Aware the Carthaginians could now use their superiority in cavalry to isolate his camp, Scipio withdrew during the night back over the Ticinus. He left a force behind to dismantle the pontoon bridge so the
1282:
In 204 BC Publius Cornelius Scipio, the same man who had fought as a youth at Ticinus, invaded the Carthaginian homeland in North Africa, defeated the Carthaginians in two major battles and won the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa. Hannibal and the remnants of his army were
1028:. A Roman cavalry patrol scattered a force of Carthaginian cavalry, but Hannibal's main army evaded the Romans and Gnaeus Scipio continued to Iberia with the Roman force; Publius returned to northern Italy to coordinate the immediate Roman response there. The Carthaginians crossed the
1155:. They carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword, and a 40-centimetre (1 ft 4 in) shield. An army was usually formed by combining one or several Roman legions with the same number of similarly sized and equipped legions provided by their
1255:. Even so, they had to abandon much of their baggage and heavier gear, and many stragglers were killed or captured. Scipio waited for reinforcements while Hannibal camped at a distance on the plain below and gathered and trained the Gauls now flocking to his standard.
1222:, cut his way through to his wounded father at the head of a small group; he escorted him away from the fight, saving him from being either captured or killed. The losses suffered by each side are not known, but the Roman casualties are believed to have been severe.
1258:
Shocked by Hannibal's arrival and Scipio's setback, the Roman Senate ordered the army commanded by Tiberius Longus in Sicily to march north to assist Scipio. When Longus arrived in December, Hannibal enticed him into attacking and heavily defeated him at the
1134:
as "steady", meaning that they were accustomed to sustained hand-to-hand combat rather than hit and run tactics. Hannibal's cavalry contingent would have consisted almost entirely of these three types, but the numbers of each are not known.
1091:(the modern Ticino) and continued west. When his scouts reported the nearby presence of Carthaginians, Scipio ordered his army to encamp. The Carthaginians did the same. Next day each commander led out a strong force to personally
1138:
Most male Roman citizens were liable for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two or more
698:
War had been declared early in 218 BC over perceived infringements of Roman prerogatives in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) by Hannibal. Hannibal had gathered a large army, marched out of Iberia, through
847:
on a cynical pretence and imposed a further 1,200 talent indemnity. The annexation of Sardinia and Corsica by Rome and the additional financial imposition fuelled resentment in Carthage. The contemporary
1391:
An ancient historian writing a century after the event claimed it was a household slave, not Scipio's son, who saved him. The younger Scipio was to go on to be Rome's most successful general of the war.
1167:
Neither the precise date nor the precise location of the battle are known: it took place in late November 218 BC on the flat country on the west bank of the Ticinus, not far from modern
193:
762:. The following spring, strongly reinforced by Gallic tribesmen, the Carthaginians moved south into Roman Italy. Hannibal campaigned in southern Italy for the next 12 years.
1143:, each of 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry in each legion, poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard
1130:
who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat. Iberia also provided experienced cavalry: unarmoured close-order troops referred to by the ancient historian
1226:
Carthaginians would be unable to follow. Hannibal pursued the next day and captured 600 men from this rearguard, but not before the bridge had been rendered impassable.
1055:
believes that with these brutal actions Hannibal was sending out a clear message to the other Gallic tribes as to the likely consequences of non-cooperation.
1368:
One of cavalry's main advantages in close combat was their impetus; they were at a considerable disadvantage if struck by opposing cavalry while stationary.
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to give battle the stand off would end with one army simply marching off without engaging. Many battles were decided when one side was partially or wholly
973:
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Scipio had attached himself; and the rear of the already engaged Roman cavalry. All three of these Roman forces were thrown into confusion and panic.
3543:
3151:
960:
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124:
3191:
1171:. The ancient historians Livy and Polybius both give accounts of the battle, which agree on the main events, but differ in some of the details.
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considered this act of bad faith by the Romans to be the single greatest cause of war with Carthage breaking out again nineteen years later.
179:
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in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia. The Roman fleet carrying the Scipio brothers' army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern
3495:
1279:. A cavalry force of 4,000 from another Roman army were also engaged and wiped out. Hannibal campaigned in Italy for the next 12 years.
3300:
583:
49:
3220:
3156:
3014:
985:
704:
232:
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Scullard, Howard H. (2006) . "Carthage and Rome". In Walbank, F. W.; Astin, A. E.; Frederiksen, M. W. & Ogilvie, R. M. (eds.).
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Since the end of the First Punic War Rome had also been expanding, especially in the area of north Italy either side of the river
952:), where they were besieged. A Roman relief army broke through the siege, but was then ambushed and itself besieged in Tannetum.
2981:
279:
3485:
3171:
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in September, at about the same time as Hannibal was fighting his way across the river against a force of local Gauls at the
964:
742:
the Carthaginian centre immediately charged and the javelinmen fled back through the ranks of their cavalry. A large cavalry
3332:
3295:
990:
369:
339:
794:
The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War.
711:(northern Italy), where many of the local tribes were opposed to Rome. The Romans were taken by surprise, but one of the
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that had been the cause of several of the Gallic tribes initiating their campaign against Rome earlier in the year.
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with 38,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry in October 218 BC, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain and the
615:
511:
399:
593:
551:
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3210:
3109:
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The Romans broke and fled, with heavy casualties. Scipio was wounded and only saved from death or capture by his
568:
546:
349:
3104:
1271:
and provoked a Roman army into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. Hannibal set an ambush and in the
309:
3480:
3437:
3245:
3215:
1272:
1025:
610:
588:
269:
254:
227:
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Erdkamp, Paul (2015) . "Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
501:
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The Roman army in Massala had continued to Iberia under Publius's brother, Gnaeus; only Publius had returned.
374:
3432:
3357:
3307:
3290:
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3250:
935:. Roman attempts to establish towns and farms in the region from 232 BC led to repeated wars with the local
605:
394:
344:
334:
304:
284:
274:
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with the intention of giving battle to Hannibal. The two commanding generals each led out strong forces to
3402:
3382:
3319:
3265:
3176:
3054:
2568:
516:
459:
299:
496:
3342:
3285:
3114:
1198:
1095:
the size and make up of the opposing army, about which they would have been almost completely ignorant.
728:
578:
573:
404:
384:
449:
429:
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354:
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their opponents. Scipio mixed many javelinmen with his main cavalry force, anticipating a large-scale
506:
324:
3475:
3240:
3235:
3024:
1260:
879:, and territorial depth which encouraged it to stand up to future Roman demands. Hamilcar ruled as a
832:
759:
521:
486:
319:
264:
249:
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Fronda, Michael P. (2015) . "Hannibal: Tactics, Strategy, and Geostrategy". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
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3397:
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959:, to each lead an army. In 218 BC the Romans raised an army to campaign in Iberia under the consul
904:
868:
563:
454:
900:
54:
Eighteenth-century depiction of the battle, showing the younger Scipio rescuing his wounded father
3452:
3372:
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3311:
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3119:
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Koon, Sam (2015) . "Phalanx and Legion: the "Face" of Punic War Battle". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
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1268:
1012:, then took an inland route to avoid the Roman allies along the coast. Hannibal left his brother
916:
884:
867:(today Iberia consists of Spain and Portugal); this was to become a quasi-monarchial, autonomous
824:
469:
419:
414:
289:
3129:
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3387:
3200:
3166:
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3019:
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2810:
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2696:
2674:
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2636:
2617:
2598:
2576:
2549:
1181:
1033:
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864:
823:. The war lasted for 23 years, from 264 to 241 BC, until the Carthaginians were defeated. The
784:
674:
541:
526:
464:
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222:
128:
2631:
Edwell, Peter (2015) . "War Abroad: Spain, Sicily, Macedon, Africa". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
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in the 3rd century BC. They struggled for supremacy primarily on the Mediterranean island of
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3186:
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1219:
1202:
1001:
804:
751:
732:
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642:
294:
203:
102:
41:
1234:
1118:; the region provided two main types of cavalry: close-order shock cavalry (also known as "
1051:) stormed it, massacred the population and seized the supplies there. The modern historian
3553:
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3447:
3412:
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3337:
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3146:
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3034:
3006:
1276:
1047:, were unwelcoming, so Hannibal promptly besieged their capital, (near the site of modern
1013:
911:, which was situated well south of the Ebro. In 218 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal
800:
776:
620:
536:
531:
491:
481:
379:
1058:
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led many of his veterans on an expedition to expand Carthaginian holdings in south-east
3457:
3064:
3059:
2884:
Rawlings, Louis (1996). "Celts, Spaniards, and Samnites: Warriors in a Soldiers' War".
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Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and 37 elephants in what is now
836:
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359:
17:
2947:(2015) . "Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).
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2712:
Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247-183 BC
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This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, or, rarely, even more.
1242:, at the foot of the hills in which Scipio sought refuge from Hannibal's army.
1123:
955:
It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year, known as
928:
716:
2845:
Hannibal's Odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia
1275:
completely defeated the Roman force, killing 15,000 Romans and taking 15,000
2966:
1291:
BC and Hannibal was decisively defeated. As a consequence Carthage agreed a
1252:
1239:
1144:
1017:
828:
1210:
comments that the Roman cavalry and infantry got into a "dreadful tangle".
859:
Shortly after Rome's breach of the treaty the leading Carthaginian general
1000:
Meanwhile, Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern
2575:. Vol. VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–80.
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1,200 talents was approximately 30,000 kg (30 long tons) of silver.
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1127:
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The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean
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149:
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The Cambridge Ancient History: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C
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over ten years. Four years later, when Carthage was weakened by the
661:. It took place in the flat country on the right bank of the river
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and the rebellion of many of its African possessions, Rome seized
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1083:, a Roman colony founded earlier that year, the Romans created a
948:
to flee to their previously established colony of Mutina (modern
1131:
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1005:
700:
2970:
2563:
Briscoe, John (2006). "The Second Punic War". In Astin, A. E.;
175:
907:. A little later Rome made a separate treaty with the city of
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for the year, Scipio, led an army along the north bank of the
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Carthaginian cavalry of Hannibal's army, as depicted in 1891
1004:) over the winter, marching north in May 218 BC. He entered
2929:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 486–569.
2904:(1996). "The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War".
2906:
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement
2886:
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement
2826:
Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War
827:
was signed by which Carthage evacuated Sicily and paid an
2635:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 320–338.
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Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 7, Part 2, 2nd Edition
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Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War
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2235:
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2127:
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1777:
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1447:
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2790:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 77–94.
2654:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 58–76.
1432:
1430:
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It was the settling of Roman colonists at Piacenza and
27:
Battle between Carthaginian and Romans forces in 218 BC
2222:
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which stripped it of most of its territory and power.
976:
was preparing for an invasion of Carthaginian Africa.
2180:
2178:
1991:
1989:
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recalled from Italy to confront him. They met at the
871:. Carthage gained silver mines, agricultural wealth,
3466:
3185:
3137:
3005:
2809:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1315:3,200 talents was approximately 82,000 kg (81
2771:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
1114:from North Africa, and are usually referred to as
731:cavalry in the centre of his line, with his light
2693:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC
1197:Hannibal placed his cavalry in a line with the
34:
2828:. Warminster, Wiltshire: Aris & Phillips.
2982:
2951:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 280–298.
2673:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 242–259.
903:as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian
187:
8:
2750:Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War
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899:was agreed with Rome, specifying the river
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1702:
1685:
688:cavalry and a large but unknown number of
194:
180:
172:
31:
2847:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
129:
2094:
1475:
939:tribes, who were finally defeated in 222
819:and its surrounding waters, and also in
2807:The First Punic War: A Military History
2733:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley.
2449:
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2019:
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758:, Hannibal heavily defeated him at the
657:in late November 218 BC as part of the
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2359:
2133:
1819:
1783:
1756:
1122:") carrying spears; and light cavalry
913:besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum
669:in northern Italy. Hannibal led 6,000
2714:. London ; New York: Routledge.
2616:. London ; New York: Routledge.
2595:Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide
2512:
2500:
2291:
2255:
2226:
2169:
2157:
1968:
1867:
1855:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1463:
1201:in the centre. The more manoeuvrable
995:Hannibal's route from Iberia to Italy
963:, who was accompanied by his brother
883:and was succeeded by his son-in-law,
811:, the two main powers of the western
7:
2344:
2315:
2279:
2267:
2184:
2118:
1995:
1192:Hannibal, the Carthaginian commander
1070:revolt and the Carthaginian invasion
2769:The Art of War in the Western World
2752:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2597:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
895:, eight years later. In 226 BC the
153:Up to 2,000 mounted Gallic infantry
915:and early the following year Rome
25:
1267:BC the Carthaginians crossed the
3509:
3508:
3128:
680:, while Scipio led 3,600 Roman,
48:
3544:Battles of the Second Punic War
3157:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas
986:Hannibal's crossing of the Alps
875:, military facilities such as
1:
2949:A Companion to the Punic Wars
2788:A Companion to the Punic Wars
2731:A Companion to the Punic Wars
2671:A Companion to the Punic Wars
2652:A Companion to the Punic Wars
2633:A Companion to the Punic Wars
1182:attacked in the flank or rear
1151:-armed skirmishers, known as
3549:Military history of Lombardy
2258:, pp. 103–104, 144–145.
1299:Notes, citations and sources
781:Barcid conquest of Hispania
3577:
2867:Carthage Must be Destroyed
983:
837:mutiny of part of its army
774:
3504:
3126:
1220:Publicus Cornelius Scipio
1066:in 218 BC, depicting the
280:Crossing of the Apennines
213:
157:
137:
113:
96:
58:
47:
39:
1550:, pp. 219–220, 225.
1490:, pp. 209, 212–213.
1273:battle of Lake Trasimene
1180:and their infantry were
1026:battle of Rhone Crossing
665:, to the west of modern
655:Publius Cornelius Scipio
3443:Great Plains (Bagradas)
2748:Hoyos, Dexter (2015b).
2729:Hoyos, Dexter (2015) .
1087:across the lower river
641:was fought between the
75:West bank of the lower
2843:Mahaney, W.C. (2008).
2824:Lazenby, John (1998).
2805:Lazenby, John (1996).
2767:Jones, Archer (1987).
2710:Hoyos, Dexter (2005).
2612:Daly, Gregory (2002).
2567:; Frederiksen, M. W.;
1243:
1199:close-order formations
1194:
1110:
1072:
1036:of the native tribes.
1020:) at the mouth of the
997:
980:Carthage invades Italy
796:
738:On sighting the Roman
114:Commanders and leaders
79:, in present-day Italy
1238:The Trebbia today at
1237:
1190:
1106:
1061:
993:
891:BC and then his son,
792:
158:Casualties and losses
18:Battle of the Ticinus
3221:Crossing of the Alps
1562:, pp. 222, 225.
1261:battle of the Trebia
760:battle of the Trebia
703:(modern France) and
233:Crossing of the Alps
88:Carthaginian victory
66:Late November 218 BC
2869:. London: Penguin.
2695:. London: Phoenix.
2689:Goldsworthy, Adrian
2548:. London: Pimlico.
2527:, pp. 308–309.
2416:, pp. 175–176.
2306:, pp. 170–171.
1924:, pp. 169–170.
1885:, pp. 168–169.
1834:, pp. 283–284.
1646:, pp. 139–140.
1622:, pp. 144–145.
1586:, pp. 143–144.
1574:, pp. 146–147.
1008:to the east of the
905:sphere of influence
803:was fought between
727:. Hannibal put his
558:Sicily and Sardinia
3312:Claw of Archimedes
3120:Treaty of Lutatius
2294:, pp. 9, 103.
1244:
1195:
1111:
1073:
998:
825:Treaty of Lutatius
797:
3559:210s BC conflicts
3531:
3530:
2958:978-1-405-17600-2
2945:Zimmermann, Klaus
2936:978-0-521-23446-7
2876:978-0-14-101809-6
2854:978-1-59333-951-7
2835:978-0-85668-080-9
2816:978-0-8047-2673-3
2797:978-1-1190-2550-4
2778:978-0-252-01380-5
2759:978-0-19-986010-4
2740:978-1-1190-2550-4
2721:978-0-415-35958-0
2702:978-0-304-36642-2
2680:978-1-405-17600-2
2661:978-1-1190-2550-4
2642:978-1-119-02550-4
2623:978-0-415-26147-0
2604:978-0-19-285300-4
2582:978-0-521-23448-1
2555:978-0-7126-6608-4
2282:, pp. 85–86.
2082:, pp. 50–51.
2070:, pp. 22–25.
1983:, pp. 32–34.
1798:, pp. 43–44.
1079:After camping at
1034:guerrilla tactics
974:Sempronius Longus
785:Siege of Saguntum
639:Battle of Ticinus
634:
633:
310:Nuceria Alfaterna
170:
169:
92:
91:
35:Battle of Ticinus
16:(Redirected from
3566:
3522:Military history
3512:
3511:
3486:Port of Carthage
3322:
3315:
3314:
3194:
3187:Second Punic War
3132:
3070:Bagradas (Tunis)
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2962:
2940:
2921:
2897:
2880:
2858:
2839:
2820:
2801:
2782:
2763:
2744:
2725:
2706:
2684:
2665:
2646:
2627:
2608:
2586:
2559:
2528:
2525:Goldsworthy 2006
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2489:Goldsworthy 2006
2486:
2480:
2477:Goldsworthy 2006
2474:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2426:Goldsworthy 2006
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2402:Goldsworthy 2006
2399:
2390:
2387:Goldsworthy 2006
2384:
2378:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2333:Goldsworthy 2006
2330:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2304:Goldsworthy 2006
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2211:
2205:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2146:Goldsworthy 2006
2143:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2056:Goldsworthy 2006
2053:
2047:
2044:Goldsworthy 2006
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2008:Goldsworthy 2006
2005:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1981:Goldsworthy 2006
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1945:Goldsworthy 2006
1942:
1925:
1922:Goldsworthy 2006
1919:
1913:
1910:Goldsworthy 2006
1907:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1883:Goldsworthy 2006
1880:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1844:Goldsworthy 2006
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1674:Goldsworthy 2006
1671:
1662:
1659:Goldsworthy 2006
1656:
1647:
1644:Goldsworthy 2006
1641:
1635:
1632:Goldsworthy 2006
1629:
1623:
1620:Goldsworthy 2006
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1596:Goldsworthy 2006
1593:
1587:
1584:Goldsworthy 2006
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1410:Goldsworthy 2006
1407:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1290:
1266:
1203:Numidian cavalry
946:
942:
890:
733:Numidian cavalry
659:Second Punic War
552:2nd New Carthage
517:1st New Carthage
208:
206:
205:Second Punic War
196:
189:
182:
173:
131:
60:
59:
52:
42:Second Punic War
32:
21:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3500:
3468:Third Punic War
3462:
3423:Carteia (naval)
3318:
3306:
3305:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3133:
3124:
3095:Drepana (siege)
3007:First Punic War
3001:
2997:Battles of the
2995:
2965:
2959:
2943:
2937:
2924:
2900:
2883:
2877:
2861:
2855:
2842:
2836:
2823:
2817:
2804:
2798:
2785:
2779:
2766:
2760:
2747:
2741:
2728:
2722:
2709:
2703:
2687:
2681:
2668:
2662:
2649:
2643:
2630:
2624:
2611:
2605:
2589:
2583:
2562:
2556:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2233:
2225:
2214:
2206:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1832:Zimmermann 2015
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1769:Zimmermann 2015
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1709:
1703:Zimmermann 2015
1701:
1692:
1686:Zimmermann 2015
1684:
1680:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1288:
1264:
1251:at what is now
1232:
1193:
1165:
1109:
1101:
1099:Opposing forces
1071:
1014:Hasdrubal Barca
996:
988:
982:
944:
940:
925:
888:
801:First Punic War
795:
787:
777:First Punic War
775:Main articles:
773:
768:
756:Tiberius Longus
752:16-year-old son
735:on the wings.
635:
630:
209:
204:
202:
200:
152:
147:
80:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Carteia (land)
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:2nd Beneventum
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3298:
3296:1st Beneventum
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Lake Trasimene
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:Lipari Islands
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2941:
2935:
2922:
2898:
2881:
2875:
2863:Miles, Richard
2859:
2853:
2840:
2834:
2821:
2815:
2802:
2796:
2783:
2777:
2764:
2758:
2745:
2739:
2726:
2720:
2707:
2701:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2660:
2647:
2641:
2628:
2622:
2609:
2603:
2591:Collins, Roger
2587:
2581:
2569:Ogilvie, R. M.
2565:Walbank, F. W.
2560:
2554:
2542:Bagnall, Nigel
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2515:, p. 315.
2505:
2503:, p. 310.
2493:
2491:, p. 222.
2481:
2479:, p. 190.
2469:
2467:, p. 244.
2454:
2442:
2430:
2428:, p. 180.
2418:
2406:
2404:, p. 173.
2391:
2389:, p. 172.
2379:
2377:, p. 173.
2364:
2362:, p. 108.
2349:
2337:
2335:, p. 171.
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2231:
2212:
2210:, p. 172.
2189:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2136:, p. 243.
2123:
2111:
2099:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2046:, p. 287.
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1985:
1973:
1971:, p. 268.
1961:
1949:
1947:, p. 170.
1926:
1914:
1912:, p. 169.
1899:
1887:
1872:
1870:, p. 266.
1860:
1858:, p. 111.
1848:
1846:, p. 168.
1836:
1824:
1822:, p. 107.
1812:
1800:
1788:
1786:, p. 321.
1773:
1771:, p. 291.
1761:
1759:, p. 252.
1749:
1737:
1722:
1720:, p. 221.
1707:
1705:, p. 284.
1690:
1688:, p. 283.
1678:
1663:
1661:, p. 151.
1648:
1636:
1634:, p. 145.
1624:
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 144.
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1538:, p. 220.
1528:
1526:, p. 175.
1516:
1514:, p. 213.
1504:
1502:, p. 211.
1492:
1480:
1478:, p. 569.
1468:
1466:, p. 196.
1456:
1454:, p. 158.
1441:
1426:
1424:, p. 157.
1414:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1287:in October 202
1285:battle of Zama
1231:
1228:
1191:
1173:Formal battles
1164:
1161:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1085:pontoon bridge
1064:Cisalpine Gaul
1062:
994:
984:Main article:
981:
978:
961:Publius Scipio
933:Cisalpine Gaul
924:
923:Cisalpine Gaul
921:
869:Barcid fiefdom
861:Hamilcar Barca
793:
772:
769:
767:
764:
709:Cisalpine Gaul
690:light infantry
632:
631:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
601:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
559:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
478:
477:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
370:2nd Beneventum
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:1st Beneventum
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
270:Lake Trasimene
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
241:
240:
236:
235:
230:
225:
219:
218:
214:
211:
210:
201:
199:
198:
191:
184:
176:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
125:Publius Scipio
122:
116:
115:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3572:
3571:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Ager Falernus
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3139:Mercenary War
3136:
3131:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Cape Hermaeum
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:(67): 59–79.
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:Sabin, Philip
2899:
2895:
2891:
2888:(67): 81–95.
2887:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:, p. 60.
2451:
2446:
2443:
2440:, p. 61.
2439:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2347:, p. 86.
2346:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2318:, p. 87.
2317:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:, p. 85.
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2246:, p. 53.
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:, p. 69.
2228:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:, p. 83.
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2172:, p. 66.
2171:
2166:
2163:
2160:, p. 64.
2159:
2154:
2151:
2148:, p. 56.
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2121:, p. 13.
2120:
2115:
2112:
2109:, p. 99.
2108:
2103:
2100:
2097:, p. 88.
2096:
2095:Rawlings 1996
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2058:, p. 48.
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2034:, p. 23.
2033:
2028:
2025:
2022:, p. 48.
2021:
2016:
2013:
2010:, p. 32.
2009:
2004:
2001:
1998:, p. 80.
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1959:, p. 98.
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:, p. 52.
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1810:, p. 71.
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1747:, p. 41.
1746:
1741:
1738:
1735:, p. 47.
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:, p. 50.
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:, p. 13.
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:Scullard 2006
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:, p. 97.
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:, p. 82.
1411:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:heavy cavalry
1117:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1053:Richard Miles
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
992:
987:
979:
977:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
938:
934:
930:
922:
920:
919:on Carthage.
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Mediterranean
810:
806:
802:
791:
786:
782:
778:
770:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
748:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:over the Alps
702:
696:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
556:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
475:
474:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Campi Veteres
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:2nd Casilinum
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:1st Casilinum
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Ager Falernus
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
207:
197:
192:
190:
185:
183:
178:
177:
174:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:3,600 cavalry
145:
143:6,000 cavalry
142:
141:
136:
132:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
95:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3520:
3513:
3491:2nd Nepheris
3481:1st Nepheris
3383:New Carthage
3378:2nd Tarentum
3363:2nd Herdonia
3353:Upper Baetis
3348:1st Herdonia
3328:1st Tarentum
3266:Silva Litana
3230:
3177:Leptis Parva
3110:2nd Mt. Eryx
3105:1st Mt. Eryx
3055:Cape Ecnomus
2948:
2926:
2909:
2905:
2885:
2866:
2844:
2825:
2806:
2787:
2768:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2692:
2670:
2651:
2632:
2613:
2594:
2572:
2545:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2450:Lazenby 1996
2445:
2438:Lazenby 1998
2433:
2421:
2414:Bagnall 1999
2409:
2382:
2375:Bagnall 1999
2340:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2244:Lazenby 1998
2208:Bagnall 1999
2165:
2153:
2141:
2114:
2107:Lazenby 1998
2102:
2080:Lazenby 1998
2075:
2068:Bagnall 1999
2063:
2051:
2039:
2032:Bagnall 1999
2027:
2020:Lazenby 1998
2015:
2003:
1976:
1964:
1957:Lazenby 1998
1952:
1917:
1895:Lazenby 1998
1890:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1808:Erdkamp 2015
1803:
1796:Lazenby 1998
1791:
1764:
1752:
1745:Lazenby 1998
1740:
1733:Briscoe 2006
1718:Mahaney 2008
1681:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1608:Collins 1998
1603:
1591:
1579:
1572:Bagnall 1999
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1524:Lazenby 1996
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1452:Lazenby 1996
1437:Bagnall 1999
1422:Lazenby 1996
1417:
1405:
1387:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1319:) of silver.
1311:
1293:peace treaty
1281:
1257:
1245:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:Philip Sabin
1196:
1166:
1157:Latin allies
1147:, served as
1137:
1112:
1078:
1074:
1038:
999:
969:Roman Senate
954:
926:
917:declared war
858:
821:North Africa
798:
749:
737:
697:
643:Carthaginian
638:
636:
616:Great Plains
600:North Africa
512:Upper Baetis
435:2nd Tarentum
410:2nd Herdonia
390:1st Herdonia
365:1st Tarentum
300:Silva Litana
275:Umbrian Lake
244:
148:Up to 4,500
97:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
3286:Decimomannu
3100:Mount Ercte
2465:Fronda 2015
2360:Hoyos 2015b
2134:Fronda 2015
1820:Hoyos 2015b
1784:Edwell 2015
1757:Fronda 2015
1124:skirmishers
1093:reconnoitre
897:Ebro Treaty
729:close-order
721:reconnoitre
653:army under
574:Decimomannu
547:2nd Carteia
542:1st Carteia
445:2nd Petelia
405:Sapriportis
325:1st Petelia
3538:Categories
3476:Lake Tunis
3241:Ebro River
3025:Agrigentum
2999:Punic Wars
2513:Miles 2011
2501:Miles 2011
2292:Jones 1987
2256:Jones 1987
2227:Sabin 1996
2170:Sabin 1996
2158:Sabin 1996
1969:Miles 2011
1868:Miles 2011
1856:Hoyos 2005
1560:Miles 2011
1548:Miles 2011
1536:Miles 2011
1512:Miles 2011
1500:Hoyos 2015
1488:Miles 2011
1464:Miles 2011
943:BC. In 218
852:historian
766:Background
693:javelinmen
645:forces of
594:Agrigentum
497:Illiturgis
487:Ebro River
265:Victumulae
3438:2nd Utica
3433:1st Utica
3398:Grumentum
3358:2nd Capua
3338:1st Capua
3206:Lilybaeum
3192:(Battles)
3090:Lilybaeum
2345:Koon 2015
2316:Koon 2015
2280:Koon 2015
2268:Koon 2015
2185:Koon 2015
2119:Daly 2002
1996:Koon 2015
1398:Citations
1317:long tons
1269:Apennines
1253:Rivergaro
1240:Rivergaro
1230:Aftermath
1178:enveloped
1145:legionary
1018:Marseille
1002:Cartagena
931:known as
885:Hasdrubal
877:shipyards
831:of 3,200
829:indemnity
611:2nd Utica
606:1st Utica
564:Lilybaeum
455:Grumentum
395:2nd Capua
380:1st Capua
260:Placentia
3515:Category
3496:Carthage
3453:Insubria
3403:Metaurus
3373:Canusium
3368:Numistro
3308:Heat ray
3301:Syracuse
3291:3rd Nola
3281:2nd Nola
3271:1st Nola
3256:Geronium
3201:Saguntum
3162:Carthage
3152:Bagradas
3080:Panormus
3050:Tyndaris
3015:Treaties
2918:43767903
2894:43767904
2865:(2011).
2691:(2006).
2593:(1998).
2571:(eds.).
2544:(1999).
1277:prisoner
1081:Piacenza
1041:Piedmont
1010:Pyrenees
909:Saguntum
893:Hannibal
887:, in 229
873:manpower
854:Polybius
841:Sardinia
805:Carthage
740:infantry
725:skirmish
647:Hannibal
584:Syracuse
579:Leontini
470:Insubria
460:Metaurus
430:Caulonia
425:Manduria
420:Canusium
415:Numistro
345:3rd Nola
335:2nd Nola
305:1st Nola
290:Geronium
223:Saguntum
138:Strength
120:Hannibal
103:Carthage
71:Location
3428:Crotona
3393:Petelia
3388:Baecula
3343:Silarus
3320:Sambuca
3231:Ticinus
3167:The Saw
3115:Aegates
3085:Drepana
3040:Thermae
3020:Messana
2534:Sources
1379:stirrup
1348:Cremona
1249:Trebbia
1153:velites
1149:javelin
1141:legions
1128:Numidia
1116:Libyans
1089:Ticinus
1045:Taurini
957:consuls
881:viceroy
845:Corsica
833:talents
713:consuls
682:Italian
678:cavalry
675:Iberian
663:Ticinus
527:Baecula
465:Crotona
450:Venusia
385:Silarus
355:Lucania
245:Ticinus
217:Prelude
150:velites
127: (
3554:218 BC
3261:Cannae
3236:Trebia
2955:
2933:
2916:
2892:
2873:
2851:
2832:
2813:
2794:
2775:
2756:
2737:
2718:
2699:
2677:
2658:
2639:
2620:
2601:
2579:
2552:
1289:
1265:
1163:Battle
1068:Gallic
967:. The
965:Gnaeus
950:Modena
945:
941:
937:Gallic
889:
865:Iberia
817:Sicily
783:, and
771:Iberia
686:Gallic
671:Libyan
649:and a
589:Himera
507:Orongi
476:Iberia
295:Cannae
255:Mutina
250:Trebia
85:Result
77:Ticino
3448:Cirta
3413:Sucro
3408:Ilipa
3276:Ibera
3226:Cissa
3216:Rhone
3211:Malta
3172:Tunis
3147:Utica
3060:Aspis
3045:Sulci
3035:Mylae
2914:JSTOR
2890:JSTOR
1304:Notes
1169:Pavia
1126:from
1049:Turin
1022:Rhone
850:Greek
744:melee
707:into
667:Pavia
651:Roman
621:Cirta
569:Malta
537:Sucro
532:Ilipa
522:Baria
502:Munda
492:Ibera
482:Cissa
440:Locri
330:Cumae
320:Hamae
239:Italy
228:Rhone
166:Heavy
163:Light
3458:Zama
3310:and
3065:Adys
2953:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2811:ISBN
2792:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2637:ISBN
2618:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2550:ISBN
1377:The
1132:Livy
1030:Alps
1006:Gaul
901:Ebro
843:and
809:Rome
807:and
799:The
701:Gaul
684:and
673:and
637:The
626:Zama
400:Rome
360:Arpi
108:Rome
63:Date
130:WIA
3540::
2910:67
2908:.
2457:^
2394:^
2367:^
2352:^
2323:^
2234:^
2215:^
2192:^
2177:^
2126:^
2087:^
1988:^
1929:^
1902:^
1875:^
1776:^
1725:^
1710:^
1693:^
1666:^
1651:^
1444:^
1429:^
929:Po
779:,
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