First Battle of the Marne

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Grand Directive changing the order of battle for the German attack. He ordered that Paris be bypassed on the north. The Germans would now attempt to entrap the French forces between Paris and Verdun. To accomplish this, the 2nd Army of Bülow became the primary striking force with the 1st Army (Kluck) ordered to follow in echelon to protect the western flank of the 2nd. At the time of this Grand Directive, Moltke based his decision on an intercepted radio transmission describing the French retreating across the Marne. Kluck, who was as bold as Bulow was cautious, was not pleased with the change of plans which would require him to halt his advance to wait for Bulow. Instead, interpreting the order broadly (or disobeying it), Kluck turned his line of march from south to southeast, becoming closer but not in echelon with Bülow, and on 3 September his forces crossed the Marne River 60 km (37 mi) east of Paris, the first Germans to do so. Kluck was in pursuit of the French 5th army which was still retreating. Kluck's boldness was based on his confidence that the French and British were a depleted and defeated force. He was unaware that a new French army, the 6th of Joseph Gallieni and Maunoury, was guarding Paris to his west and he discounted the British Expeditionary Force which had apparently abandoned the battlefield.

1661:. Gronau had the responsibility of covering the outermost right flank of Kluck. He discerned the danger of a flank attack against Kluck and, although greatly outnumbered, attacked the French, holding them off for 24 hours before retreating. Kluck was therefore warned of the unexpected threat to his right flank and indeed his whole army. Kluck chose to mount a counteroffensive. He ordered his army to turn to the right and face west to confront the threat from the 6th French army. This involved a withdrawal of Kluck's forces who had crossed the Marne River to the south and now had to march 130 km (81 mi) in two days to reach positions facing the French. Kluck's swift reaction prevented the 6th Army from advancing across the Ourcq River to the German rear. Kluck moved off French attacks on 6 and 7 September. 564: 440: 428: 416: 404: 392: 281: 269: 257: 245: 233: 222: 209: 159: 1992: 1586:

d’Esperey's plan for the counterattack. That night he issued commands to halt the French retreat in his Instruction General No. 5 and ordered the counterattack to begin on 6 September. The BEF was under no obligation to follow orders of the French, but Joffre believed British participation was crucial. Joffre first attempted to use diplomatic channels to convince the British government to apply pressure on BEF commander John French. Then, on 5 September, Joffre journeyed to BEF headquarters for discussions which ended with him banging his hand dramatically on a table while shouting "Monsieur le Maréchal, the honour of England is at stake!" Following this meeting, French agreed to the operational plan to commence the following day.

2074: 1632:"At dawn on 6 September, 980,000 French and 100,000 British soldiers with 3,000 guns assaulted the German line of 750,000 men and 3,300 guns between Verdun and Paris." Joffre had finally found the propitious time to end the Great Retreat and counterattack. The battle would take place in two distinct locations near southern tributaries of the Marne with the French 5th and 9th army assaulting the German's 2nd and 3rd armies and north of the Marne between the French 6th army facing the German 1st army. Communications and coordination were poor between German armies and with Moltke's headquarters in Luxembourg, each German army would fight its own battle. 1777:. Hentsch described the hazardous position of Bülow and said a general retreat was necessary, again asserting his authority in the name of Moltke. Kuhl "was thunderstruck." The 1st Army was poised to assault the city of Paris and, hopefully, win the war, but Kuhl acceded to Hentsch and informed Kluck. With Bülow retreating, Kluck had no choice but to follow suit and he issued the order to retreat. His order said he was retreating "at the behest" of Moltke's General Staff. On 11 September Moltke himself visited the 3rd, 4th, and 5th German armies and ordered a retreat of those armies in addition to the ongoing retreat of the 1st and 2nd armies) to the 1613: 583: 523: 511: 499: 487: 475: 364: 351: 339: 328: 317: 304: 188: 2031:

1st Army for an attack to the south-west, with the IV Corps and the 4th and 7th cavalry divisions, against the attempted French envelopment. The attack was cancelled and the IX Reserve Corps was ordered to withdraw behind the right flank of the 1st Army. The 2nd and 9th Cavalry divisions were dispatched as reinforcements the next day but before the retirement began, the French attack reached Carlepont and Noyon, before being contained on 18 September. The German armies attacked from Verdun westwards to Reims and the Aisne at the

1743:, commander of the 5th Army, and other French commanders. On 6 September the British force moved so slowly it finished the day 12 kilometres (7 mi) behind its objectives and suffered only seven men killed. The BEF, though outnumbering Germans in the gap ten to one, advanced only 40 km (25 mi) in three days. The 5th Army by 8 September crossed the Petit Morin, which forced Bülow to withdraw the right flank of the 2nd Army. The next day, the 5th Army crossed the Marne, and the German 2nd Army retreated further. 1595: 1886:…the reason that transcends all others was the extraordinary and peculiar aptitude of the French soldier to recover quickly. That men will let themselves be killed where they stand, that is well-known and counted on in every plan of battle. But that men who have retreated for ten days, sleeping on the ground and half dead with fatigue, should be able to take up their rifles and attack when the bugle sounds, is a thing upon which we never counted. It was a possibility not studied in our war academy. 1625: 292: 1789:"Along a front of nearly 250 miles , the German infantry faced about and began to retrace its steps over the ground won in bitter combat during the last two weeks." Many of the German soldiers and officers on the front lines of the conflict were bitter at what they regarded as a foolish order to retreat. Meyer said that the First Battle of the Marne "has come down to us in history as the fight that saved Paris but in fact was settled by one side's decision not to fight." 1603: 1324: 1765:

with Bülow and his staff. Hentsch was told that Bülow's right flank (bordering the gap between Bülow's and Kluck's armies) was at the point of collapse. Bülow said that his army was "cinders" and "in no condition" to take the offensive against the French. He blamed Kluck for the crisis and said that Kluck should immediately break off the battle with the French 6th Army and close the gap between them. If not, the situation could become "extremely serious".

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British soldiers marched southeast in summer heat, wearing woollen uniforms and carrying 60 lb (27 kg) packs, the Germans motivated by the belief that they would soon capture Paris and end the war. German commanders exulted in their victories, but Chief of General Staff Moltke was worried. The Germans were capturing few prisoners and arms, an indication that the French and British were retreating in good order, not in panic.

1856:, was able to bring the allies to a tactical victory. He used interior lines to move troops from his right wing to the critical left wing and sacked generals. Due to the redistribution of French troops, the German 1st Army had 128 battalions facing 191 battalions of the French and BEF. The 2nd and 3rd German armies had 134 battalions facing 268 battalions of the French Fifth and new Ninth Army. It was his orders that prevented 1574:. This was done despite the fact Lanrezac had been right, as Joffre had been wrong, about the German offensive coming from Belgium and had also been right in violating the French "cult of the offensive" by taking a defensive posture against the invading Germans and preserving his army to fight another day. The French government fled Paris on 2 September fearing the Germans would conquer the city. 1769:

20 km (12 mi) withdrawal of his forces and prognosticated "incalculable consequences". Hentsch agreed with Bülow that when French and British forces crossed the Marne a general retreat by the Germans would be necessary. They agreed that Kluck must disengage and march to the Marne to link up with Bülow's 2nd Army. If Kluck refused, Bülow would retreat north of the Marne.

1709:, called "Desperate Frankie" as a compliment by the British. During the retreat, the French massacred 450 Germans who were attempting to surrender. With his right wing retreating, Bülow conversely ordered his left wing to attack with help from Hausen's 3rd army. Hausen covered Bülow's left flank and assaulted Foch's 9th army in the Marshes of Saint–Gond near the city of 1534:

Its men had marched 500 km (310 mi) since leaving Germany one month earlier, fought several battles, and suffered 20,000 men killed, wounded, and ill. The soldiers were "like living scarecrows." With every mile marched southward, the Germans were more isolated from the sources of their supplies while the French were closer to theirs.

1386:. The French armies engaged in the Marne Battle were reinforced by reservists, recruits, and by transfers from other French and colonial armies. French divisions facing the German right wing rose from 17.5 on 23 August to 41 on 6 September, numbering more than 700,000 men. The BEF numbered 130,000 men at the beginning of the war and was commanded by 1546:. The German 1st and 2nd armies on 1 August had 580,000 soldiers; at the Battle of the Marne they had 372,000. By the eve of the battle, the allied forces between Paris and Verdun numbered 980,000 French and 100,000 British soldiers while the Germans numbered 750,000. The Germans had an advantage in artillery with 3,300 to 3,000 guns. 1275:, a west to east distance of 230 km (140 mi). The point of decision and the heaviest fighting was in the western one-half of that area. By 9 September, the success of the Franco–British counteroffensive left the German 1st and 2nd Armies at risk of encirclement, and they were ordered to retreat to the 1959:. Herwig estimated 300,000 casualties for all sides at the Marne but questioned whether isolating the battle was justified. In 2010, Ian Sumner wrote that there were 12,733 British casualties, including 1,700 dead. Sumner cites the same overall casualty figure for the French for September as Herwig from 1890:

Richard Brooks in 2000 wrote that the significance of the battle centres on the fact that the failure of the Schlieffen Plan forced Germany to fight a two-front war against France and Russia—the scenario its strategists had long feared. Brooks claimed that, "By frustrating the Schlieffen Plan, Joffre

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The Allies exploited the gap in the German lines, sending the BEF northwest toward Kluck and the 5th Army northeast toward Bülow into the gap between the two German armies. The right wing of the French 5th Army attacked on 6 September and pinned the 2nd Army in the Battle of the Two Morins, named for

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The Germans recognized that a long war was not in their interest as the resources of France, Great Britain, and Russia were far greater than their own. To win the war with France quickly would even the odds. To historian Herwig, the Schlieffen Plan, the violation of Belgian neutrality, and the German

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The strategies of the French and Germans likewise contrasted. The French focused their attention, troops, and defences in eastern France where they believed the Germans would be most dangerous. They were wrong. The Germans mostly stayed on defence in the east, although blunting French attacks. In the

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race car driver. He was ruthless in firing more than 30 French generals who did not meet his standards (or, as some say, who dared to disagree with him). John French, the British commander, was intimidated by the casualties suffered by the British in initial battles and thereafter reluctant to engage

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maintained good order in his retreating army and was able to reinforce it by bringing in additional manpower from his eastern flank and integrating military reserve units into the regular army. By early September, the Franco–British forces outnumbered the Germans who were exhausted after a month-long

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to regroup for another offensive. The Germans were pursued by the French and British, although the pace of the exhausted Allied forces was slow and averaged only 19 km (12 mi) per day. The Germans ceased their retreat after 65 km (40 mi), at a point north of the Aisne River where

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Hentsch departed Luxembourg on 8 September by automobile and visited the 5th, 4th, and 3rd German Armies that afternoon. He reported back to Moltke that the situation of those armies was "entirely favorable." At 6:45 that evening, he received a different message at 2nd Army headquarters in a meeting

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on 8 September. He had 82,000 men for the task. Hausen's attack was a surprise, launched at night with no artillery preparation. His soldiers overran artillery positions "with the bayonet." Hausen pushed Foch back 13 km (8.1 mi). Hausen's attack then bogged down with his soldiers exhausted

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of 1870. Germany's priority was to defeat France quickly, so that it could turn its attention to the Russians. Both armies at the beginning of the war believed that offence would prevail over defence. The French military philosophy has been characterized as the "cult of the offensive," a belief that

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rather than advancing around the German northern flank. The German 6th Army had also found that on arrival in the north, it was forced to oppose the French attack rather than advance around the flank and that the secondary objective, to protect the northern flank of the German Armies in France, had

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who had replaced Moltke on 14 September, ordered the German 6th Army to move from the German-French border to the northern flank on 17 September. By the next day, French attacks north of the Aisne led Falkenhayn to order the 6th Army to repulse the French and secure the flank. The French advance at

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cut the main railway from Verdun to Paris and created the St. Mihiel salient, south of the Verdun fortress zone. The main German effort remained on the western flank, which was revealed to the French by intercepted wireless messages. By 28 September, the Aisne front had stabilised and the BEF began

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The French Second Army completed a move from Lorraine and took over command of the left-hand corps of the Sixth Army, as indications appeared that German troops were also being moved from the eastern flank. The German IX Reserve Corps arrived from Belgium by 15 September and the next day joined the

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Joffre ordered outflanking manoeuvres by the armies on the left flank but the advance was too slow to catch the Germans, who ended their withdrawal on 14 September, on high ground on the north bank of the Aisne and began to dig in. Frontal attacks by the Ninth, Fifth, and Sixth Armies were repulsed

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At the start of the war, both sides had plans that they hoped would result in victory after a short war. While the German invasion failed to defeat the French and British, after the battle the German army still occupied a large portion of northern France as well as most of Belgium. "France had lost

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Whether General von Moltke actually said to the Emperor, "Majesty, we have lost the war," we do not know. We know anyhow that with a prescience greater in political than in military affairs, he wrote to his wife on the night of the 9th, "Things have not gone well. The fighting east of Paris has not

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Lt. Colonel Hentsch apparently responded to Field Marshall Bülow that, he, Hentsch had "full power of authority" to order Kluck to withdraw from his battle with the 6th French Army. During the meeting Bülow received the news that his army was buckling under pressure from the French. Bülow ordered a

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throughout the battle. He issued General Directives by way of emissaries from his headquarters, but gave his army commanders wide latitude in their operations. By contrast, the French commander, Joseph Joffre, was a whirlwind of activity (although insisting on fine dining and an uninterrupted eight

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Germany declared war on France on 3 August 1914. Both sides expected a short war. Germany faced the specter of a two-front war, facing Russia in the east and France and Britain in the west. German strategy was to defeat France in six weeks and then turn its attention to Russia. As envisioned by the

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the 1st Army had 13,254 casualties, the 2nd Army had 10,607 casualties, the 3rd Army had 14,987 casualties, the 4th Army had 9,433 casualties, the 5th Army had 19,434 casualties, the 6th Army had 21,200 casualties and the 7th Army had 10,164 casualties. Herwig estimated that the five German Armies

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It is difficult to separate the casualties in the Battle of the Marne from the casualties in the other related battles of August and September 1914. Over two million men fought in the campaign leading to the First Battle of the Marne and although there are no exact official casualty counts for the

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wrote that Joffre's victory at the Marne was far from decisive, Tuchman calling it an "…incomplete victory of the Marne…" and Doughty "…opportunity for a decisive victory had slipped from his hands". Ian Sumner called it a flawed victory and that it proved impossible to deal the German armies "a

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on 6 September or reinforcing that army when the pivotal battle was unfolding on the other side of the battlefield. He resisted counter-attacking until the time was right then put his full force behind it. D'Esperey should also receive credit as the author of the main stroke. As Joffre says in his

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Kluck's turn to the northwest on 5 to 7 September to fight the 6th French army opened a 50 km (31 mi) gap on his left flank between his soldiers and those of Bülow of the 2nd German army. French air reconnaissance observed German forces moving north to face the Sixth Army and discovered

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Bülow's 2nd army south of the Marne on 6 September was as worn and depleted as Klucks, having marched 440 km (270 mi) since leaving Germany and having suffered more than 26,000 casualties and soldiers felled by illnesses. Bülow had begun the war with 260,000 soldiers; in September he had

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said that "the German strategic effort, though neither Moltke nor Kluck perceived it, was beginning to fall apart". Moltke realized he did not have sufficient forces to carry out the Schlieffen Plan which envisioned the 1st army of Kluck encircling Paris to the west and south. Instead, he issued a

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Meanwhile, the attacking Germans had outrun their logistics and attrition among its soldiers was high. Kluck's first army had advanced 140 km (87 mi) beyond the railhead which supplied it. Sixty per cent of its motor transport had broken down as had fodder wagons carrying hay for horses.

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After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans retreated for up to 90 kilometres (56 mi) and lost 11,717 prisoners, 30 field guns and 100 machine-guns to the French and 3,500 prisoners to the British before reaching the Aisne. The German retreat ended their hope of pushing the French beyond the

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On 5 September, one day before Joffre's plan to begin the French offensive, the French and Germans clashed on Kluck's 1st army's right flank. Part of Maunoury's 6th army, made up mostly of reservists and numbering in total 150,000 was probing 40 km (25 mi) northeast from Paris near the

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began in which the French 3rd, 4th, and 5th armies and the BEF on the French left began a 300 km (190 mi) retreat, mostly walking rather than fighting. The French were followed by the German 1st (Kluck), 2nd (Bülow), and 3rd (Hausen) armies. Hundreds of thousands of German, French, and

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of 1870. The French did not fortify their north western border with Belgium as they did not expect the Germans to attack there and also feared being accused of violating Belgian neutrality—and thereby losing British participation in the war. Germany, however, had no compunctions about violating

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Richard Hentsch, to visit the armies. Moltke's instructions to Hentsch were verbal, not written, although apparently Moltke gave Hentsch, a mere lieutenant colonel, the authority to order the German armies to retreat if necessary for their survival. Hentsch's mission, in the words of historian

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Kluck telegrammed Moltke on the night of 8 September that "The decision will be obtained tomorrow by an enveloping attack by General von Quast." The next morning Quast fought his way through the defences of the French 6th army and the way to Paris, 50 km (31 mi) distant, was open. In

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August 1914 saw bloody battles, nearly all of which the Germans won, the conquest of most of Belgium by Germany, and the rapid advance of the German armies into France. North and west of Paris, the French and British armies retreated before the German onslaught. East of Paris, the French army

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The next morning, 9 September, with additional bad news from the front arriving, Bülow ordered another withdrawal without knowing what Kluck would do. Meanwhile, Hentsch proceeded onwards to Kluck's 1st Army headquarters near the Ourcq River, arriving at 11:30 am after a journey through the

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by Gallieni and Manoury's new Sixth Army. Gallieni had come to the same conclusion on 3 September and sent Maunoury and the 6th Army east to find the German's flank. On 4 September, Joffre spent much of this afternoon in silent contemplation under an ash tree. At dinner he received word of

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Demands for more soldiers on other fronts in the war (and possible over-confidence) resulted in Moltke reducing the number of German attackers in France by 200,000 or more men in August. He transferred two corps to the eastern front to fight the Russians and assigned another two to besiege

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On 24 August, Joffre finally acknowledged that his northwestern (left) flank was at risk. He abandoned the aggressive Plan XVII and instead proclaimed that the French armies were "forced to take defensive action...to wear down the enemy's strength and resume the offense in due course." The

1349:), the Germans embarked on a rapid, circular, counter-clockwise offensive through Belgium and into France with the objective of capturing Paris and enveloping and destroying the French army east of Paris within their six-week timetable. The German violation of Belgium's neutrality brought 2158:

was assembled from the III Reserve Corps, the siege artillery used against Antwerp, and four of the new reserve corps training in Germany. A German offensive began by 21 October but the 4th and 6th Armies were only able to take small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides at the

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The arrival of six thousand soldiers by rail, truck, and taxi has been described as critical in preventing a possible German breakthrough against the 6th Army. However, in General Gallieni's memoirs, he notes how some had "exaggerated somewhat the importance of the taxis." In 2001,

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had won the decisive battle of the war, and perhaps of the century". The Battle of the Marne was also one of the first battles in which reconnaissance aircraft played a decisive role, by discovering weak points in the German lines, which the Entente armies were able to exploit.

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On 17 September, the French Sixth Army attacked from Soissons to Noyon, at the westernmost point of the French flank, with the XIII and IV corps, which were supported by the 61st and 62nd divisions of the 6th Group of Reserve Divisions. After this, the fighting moved north to

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wrote that "nowhere, and at no time, did it present the traditional aspect of victory", but nonetheless stated that the French and British stroke into the breach between the 1st and 2nd German Armies "made the battle of the Marne the decisive battle of the war".

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called the Battle of the Marne the most important land battle of the 20th century, while another analyst, John J. Tierney, Jr, argued it was the most important battle in history. The battle is described in French folklore as the "miracle on the Marne."

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become the main task. By 6 October, the French needed British reinforcements to withstand German attacks around Lille. The BEF had begun to move from the Aisne to Flanders on 5 October and reinforcements from England assembled on the left flank of the

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was stationed between the third and fourth French armies. Utilizing the extensive French railway system, Joffre transferred men from the two eastern armies (the 1st and 2nd) to the Marne and integrated semi-trained French reserves into his defence.

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in Luxembourg, was out of communication with the German armies in France. Moltke preferred sending instructions to his armies by emissary rather than relying on his inadequate telephone and telegraph system. He sent his intelligence officer,

1581:, d'Esperey, the new commander of the French 5th army, outlined a plan for a French and British counter-attack on the German 1st Army. The counterattack would come from the south by d'Esperey's 5th Army, the west by the BEF, and at the 1955:

from Verdun to Paris had 67,700 casualties during the battle and assumed 85,000 casualties for the French. Herwig wrote that there were 1,701 British casualties (the British Official History noted that these losses were incurred from

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The French commander Joffre was preparing for the propitious time when he would counterattack. He reinforced his newly created 6th and 9th armies. On 3 September Joffre dismissed Lanrezac, commander of 5th army, and replaced him with

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Germany created seven armies for service on the western front. Three of them on the German right flank would be most involved in the Battle of the Marne. At the beginning of the war, the First Army numbered 320,000 men commanded by

1287:. The German retreat from 9 to 12 September marked the end of the German attempt to defeat France quickly. Both sides next commenced reciprocal operations to envelop the northern flank of their opponent in what became known as the 2146:. The moves of the 7th and then the 6th Army from Alsace and Lorraine had been intended to secure German lines of communication through Belgium, where the Belgian army had sortied several times, during the period between the 2001:

On 10 September, Joffre ordered the French armies and the BEF to advance and for four days, the Armies on the left flank moved forward and gathered up German stragglers, wounded and equipment, opposed only by rearguards. On

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On the night of 7–8 September came the most storied event of the Battle of the Marne. Military Governor Gallieni in Paris reinforced the 6th army guarding Paris by shuttling soldiers to the front by rail, truck, and

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Belgian neutrality as its objective was to win the war quickly before Great Britain could intervene decisively. The French and British were outnumbered in contesting the German offensive through Belgium into France.

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the belligerents made reciprocal attempts to turn the northern flank of their opponent. Joffre ordered the French Second Army to move to the north of the French Sixth Army, by moving from eastern France from

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had 180,000 men. These numbers would be depleted by the time of the Marne Battle. The French army stationed on the western front initially consisted of five armies of which the Fourth Army, commanded by

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for a total of just under 420,000 in the first two months of the war. According to Roger Chickering, German casualties for the 1914 campaigns on the Western Front were 500,000. British casualties were

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While Kluck was on the offensive near Paris, Bülow went on the defensive after the French attack on 6 September. On 7 September, Bülow ordered his right wing to retreat 15 km (9.3 mi) to the

6019: 6467: 6447: 616: 1965:, which includes the losses at the battle of the Aisne, as 213,445 but provides a further breakdown: 18,073 killed, 111,963 wounded and 83,409 missing. Most of the missing had been killed. 5917: 5554: 4725: 2130:

The Entente Powers and the Germans attempted to take more ground after the "open" northern flank had disappeared. The Franco-British attacks towards Lille in October at the battles of

1836:, the war of movement ended with the Germans and the allied powers facing each other across a stationary front line of trenches and defenses that remained nearly stable for four years. 5996: 1857: 6024: 4538: 5939: 3780:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. 1501:

anticipated that Germany would concentrate most of its forces in eastern France in Alsace-Lorraine and Joffre clung to that belief, although the commander of the 5th French army,

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This led Joffre to transfer the Second Army west to the left flank of the Sixth Army, the first phase of Entente attempts to outflank the German armies in "The Race to the Sea".

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The Germans and the French had different strategies for what they anticipated would be a short war. France's top priority was to recover Alsace-Lorraine, lost to Germany in the

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French troops had begun to move westwards on 2 September, using the undamaged railways behind the French front, which were able to move a corps to the left flank in

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mentions only the taxis as "fewer than legend" and in 2009 Herwig called the taxis militarily insignificant. The positive impact on French morale was undeniable.

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as the commander of the 6th army. Gallieni demanded not only garrison troops but also a mobile force to confront the advancing Germans. The 9th army headed by

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The Battle of the Marne from September 5 to 12 resulted in an estimated 250,000 French casualties, 12,733 British casualties and 298,000 German casualties.

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the Germans pursued the retreating Franco/British forces more than 250 km (160 mi) southward. The French and British halted their retreat in the

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Verdun–Marne–Paris line and winning a quick victory. Following the battle and the failures by both sides to turn the opponent's northern flank during the

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that "Moltke's nerves are at an end and is no longer able to conduct operations." The Kaiser forced Moltke to resign due to "ill health." War Minister

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During the retreat, Joffre bolstered his defences. He created two new armies. The 6th was to defend Paris with Gallieni as the Military Governor and

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The Commanders-in-Chiefs of the armies were a study in contrasts. Moltke, the chief of the German General Staff, remained at his headquarters in

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invasion of France in 1914 were "an all-or-nothing throw of the dice, a high-risk operation born of hubris and bordering on recklessness."

6059: 6273: 5018: 4523: 6258: 5548: 4957: 786: 5643: 4703: 6133: 5827: 4922: 4393: 4188: 4169: 4107: 4062: 4024: 3920: 3823: 3804: 3763: 3742: 3719: 3659: 3640: 739: 645: 2201: 1612: 1505:, repeatedly warned him that the Germans were attacking Belgium in numbers exceeding those of his own and the BEF. Retired general 5385: 5320: 4358: 4256: 1654: 1155: 355: 5056: 857: 6384: 6189: 6169: 5956: 5892: 5715: 5584: 4495: 4415: 4353: 5858: 5232: 6482: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6164: 4510: 4485: 4383: 3901: 3159: 1387: 1346: 1248: 309: 296: 1740: 1571: 675: 249: 6497: 6217: 6159: 6154: 6118: 6052: 5944: 5790: 5380: 4770: 4698: 4629: 4398: 4368: 4363: 879: 803: 650: 670: 6108: 5735: 5675: 5572: 5477: 5247: 5033: 4737: 4576: 4475: 3778:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914

1578: 1451: 978: 808: 655: 368: 5350: 1130: 6346: 5783: 5768: 5626: 5578: 4901: 4775: 4688: 4452: 4440: 4435: 1304: 1264:

campaign, had outrun their supply lines, and were suffering shortages. On 3 September the military governor of Paris,

1209: 1178: 1150: 963: 718: 50: 5560: 4962: 820: 6472: 6326: 6283: 5325: 5310: 5212: 5081: 4649: 4561: 4518: 2211: 1125: 1115: 1093: 1027: 943: 933: 906: 734: 31: 6268: 5608: 5222: 5076: 1598:

9 September 1914. The BEF (brown) and French 5th army (red) exploit the gap between the German 1st and 2nd armies.

6036: 5620: 5370: 5355: 4661: 4639: 4388: 4378: 4311: 2135: 1986: 1371: 1284: 1173: 1145: 1100: 1083: 1039: 953: 874: 830: 273: 5649: 5590: 5530: 2323: 2142:(October–November) were followed up by attempts to advance between the BEF and the Belgian army by a new French 6243: 5730: 5720: 5602: 5345: 5340: 5262: 4671: 4644: 4348: 4234: 2155: 1666: 1617: 1140: 1078: 1054: 958: 884: 527: 515: 503: 491: 479: 5066: 3968:

Mombauer, Annika (December 2006). "The Battle of the Marne: Myths and Reality of Germany's 'Fateful Battle'".

3835:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun : Erich Von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

2139: 3611:. Illustrated Michelin Guides for the Visit to the Battlefields. Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin & Cie. 1925. 6477: 6314: 6306: 6248: 6008: 5703: 5466: 5300: 5295: 5267: 5227: 5086: 5071: 5046: 4927: 4804: 2109: 2102: 1853: 1435: 1399: 1229: 1105: 1066: 1044: 894: 835: 761: 1271:

On 4 September Joffre gave the order to launch a counteroffensive. The battle took place between Paris and

6081: 5805: 5740: 5596: 5330: 5257: 5207: 5192: 5174: 5147: 5061: 5028: 4693: 4654: 4634: 4445: 4338: 2196: 2131: 2116: 1845:

64 per cent of its iron, 62 per cent of its steel, and 50 per cent of its coal. The failure of the French

1689:

Keegan's words, "The balance of advantage on the Marne once more seemed to have tilted the Germans' way."

1594: 1522: 1455: 1120: 1088: 1049: 1017: 948: 916: 899: 889: 862: 771: 237: 5614: 6071: 5725: 5390: 5360: 5290: 5237: 5159: 5127: 5101: 5051: 4982: 4884: 4837: 4683: 4621: 4490: 4373: 2167: 1802: 1752: 1292: 1265: 1221: 1135: 1110: 968: 850: 754: 164: 100: 62: 5023: 1934:

In 2009, Herwig re-estimated the casualties for the battle. He wrote that the French official history,

1900:

battle, estimates for the actions of September along the Marne front for all armies are often given as

1706: 1624: 1224:(Allies/Entente). The Germans had initial successes in August. They were victorious in the Battles of 660: 6487: 6421: 6336: 4997: 4972: 4947: 4304: 3773: 2143: 2097: 1825: 1674: 1255:(BEF), lost faith in his French allies and began to plan for a British retreat to port cities on the 1022: 1723:

the gap. The lack of coordination between von Kluck and Bülow caused the gap to widen even further.

1408: 1398:

hours of sleep every night). Joffre visited his armies and their commanders frequently, driven by a

6403: 6356: 5542: 5406: 5365: 5242: 5202: 5197: 5142: 4825: 4819: 4720: 2284: 2124: 1911:

of whom an estimated 80,000 were killed. Tuchman gave French casualties for August as 206,515 from

1469: 1463: 1447: 1358: 1032: 988: 983: 798: 776: 640: 321: 6363: 6278: 5637: 5501: 5483: 5448: 5412: 5252: 5217: 5169: 5154: 5041: 4992: 4831: 4790: 4470: 4160: 2160: 2115:

the Second Army had been reinforced to eight Corps but was still opposed by German forces at the

1874: 1757: 1005: 845: 766: 3690:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

2059:

and Flanders in Belgium, joining with the British forces that had been in Belgium since August.

1786:. Joffre ordered allied troops to pursue, leading to the First Battle of the Aisne (see below). 1602: 1327:

The location of the French and German armies about 1 September en route to the Marne River near

744: 1635: 6396: 6390: 6351: 6253: 6086: 5669: 5524: 5507: 5315: 5137: 5117: 4952: 4937: 4867: 4855: 4715: 4556: 4533: 4480: 4214: 4184: 4165: 4141: 4122: 4103: 4079: 4058: 4039: 4020: 3996: 3954: 3935: 3916: 3897: 3880: 3857: 3838: 3819: 3800: 3781: 3759: 3738: 3715: 3707: 3693: 3674: 3655: 3636: 3612: 3592: 3575: 3554: 3271: 3155: 2469: 1878: 1821: 1702: 1490: 1412: 1362: 1323: 1071: 1012: 815: 665: 444: 432: 420: 408: 396: 332: 3265: 5454: 5424: 5418: 5335: 5164: 5132: 5122: 4861: 4785: 4780: 4708: 4528: 4428: 3977: 2206: 2032: 1972:, who was killed while leading his platoon during an attack at the beginning of the battle. 1969: 1774: 1502: 1443: 1375: 1268:, perceived that the German right flank was vulnerable and positioned his forces to attack. 973: 749: 1554: 6263: 6103: 5442: 5002: 4977: 4676: 4584: 4423: 4155: 2068: 2056: 1833: 1798: 1658: 1506: 1459: 1379: 1342: 1328: 1288: 1256: 1205: 1168: 840: 285: 226: 4208: 17: 6096: 6076: 5747: 5460: 5305: 5096: 4987: 4843: 4747: 4730: 3794: 1783: 1526: 1439: 1383: 1366: 1300: 1225: 911: 781: 343: 261: 4277: 4260: 1882:

decisive blow". Tuchman wrote that Kluck explained the German failure at the Marne as

6436: 6207: 5495: 5489: 4932: 4849: 4760: 4073: 3981: 3731: 2147: 1869: 1861: 1670: 1514: 1509:

also warned Joffre that the German's main effort was in the northwest, not the east.

1429: 1350: 1311: 1280: 1260: 1237: 793: 626: 214: 193: 5657: 5091: 3753: 1682: 3606: 3990: 3854:

The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World

1497:

launched several offensives into Alsace-Lorraine which failed. France's military

5868: 5773: 5471: 4906: 4327: 2860:"A Fleet of Taxis Did Not Really Save Paris From the Germans During World War I" 2127:, which had been formed from the left flank units of the 2nd Army on 4 October. 1931:

No future battle on the Western Front would average so many casualties per day.

1778: 1732: 1728: 1582: 1562: 1276: 1241: 92: 68: 54: 2604:, p. 165. Meyer conflicts with Herwig on the number of corps transferred.. 1868:

Historians characterise the Battle of the Marne as a partial success. However,

2179: 2178:). Falkenhayn then attempted to achieve a limited goal of capturing Ypres and 1710: 1640: 1403:

the Germans, but finally played an important role in the Battle of the Marne.

1394: 71:

helmets with cloth covers) on the front line at the First Battle of the Marne.

4218: 4000: 3884: 3616: 3579: 3558: 121: 108: 5663: 5430: 4183:(2nd repr. Westholme Publishing, 2007 ed.). New York: Longmans, Green. 4083: 3785: 2048: 1498: 1353:

into the war. Britain sent the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to France.

1296: 4138:

The First Battle of the Marne 1914: The French 'miracle' Halts the Germans

2078:

German and Allied operations, Artois and Flanders, September–November 1914

1816:

gone in our favour, and we shall have to pay for the damage we have done".

5923: 4036:

Home before the leaves fall: A New History of the German Invasion of 1914

2020: 1543: 1493:

said 'that all the courage in the world cannot prevail against gunfire."

1244:

valley while the Germans advanced to 40 km (25 mi) from Paris.

2324:"The Most Important Battle in History – The Institute of World Politics" 1761:

Herwig, was to become "the most famous staff tour in military history."

2151: 2024: 1996:

Opposing positions: 5 September (dashed line) 13 September (solid line)

1846: 1539: 1233: 594: 96: 4078:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. London: HMSO. 3951:

Atlantic Automobilism: Emergence and Persistence of the Car, 1895–1940

2150:

and the Battle of the Marne; in August, British marines had landed at

1917:

and Herwig gave French casualties for September as 213,445, also from

1272: 1213: 4102:(2nd 1968, Cassell 1999 ed.). London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 2108:

met a German attack rather than an open flank and by the end of the

6091: 3267:

Trial by Fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914

2072: 1990: 1634: 1623: 1611: 1601: 1593: 1553: 1322: 1217: 1639:

French soldiers rest in a forest during the battle of the Marne.

3712:

Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

1865:

memoirs: "it was he who made the Battle of the Marne possible".

686: 4300: 1940:, gave 213,445 French casualties in September and assumed that 690: 598: 4296: 3755:

A Genius for War: The German Army and General Staff, 1807–1945

1944:

40% occurred during the Battle of the Marne. Using the German

1797:

The German retreat from 9–13 September marked the end of the

1653:

Ourcq River looking for the Germans when it encountered the

1259:

for an evacuation to Britain. However, the French commander

2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 30:"The Marne" redirects here. For the July 1918 battle, see 3220: 3218: 3216: 1773:

devastation of war. He met with Kluck's chief of staff,

1216:

with a plan for winning the war in 40 days by occupying

2894: 2892: 2229: 2227: 1698:

154,000. Moreover, his relations with Kluck were poor.

1577:

On 4 September, while meeting with the British General

1247:

With the battlefield reverses of August, Field Marshal

3692:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2267: 2265: 2263: 1904:

500,000 killed or wounded. French casualties totalled

1820:

On 14 September, German military authorities informed

1669:. Gallieni commandeered about six hundred taxicabs at 4278:"The War in the Air – Observation and Reconnaissance" 3932:

A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914–1918

1382:, created to protect Paris; and the 9th commanded by 6468:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

6376: 6297: 6236: 6198: 6142: 6131: 6035: 6007: 5955: 5877: 5851: 5803: 5756: 5696: 5689: 5517: 5399: 5281: 5183: 5110: 5011: 4915: 4877: 4812: 4803: 4746: 4620: 4609: 4575: 4547: 4509: 4461: 4414: 4407: 1673:in central Paris to carry soldiers to the front at 4017:The March to the Marne: The French Army, 1870–1914 3730: 1283:, where they dug in on the heights and fought the 4121:. The First World War. Vol. 1. Oxford: OUP. 1852:Joffre, whose planning had led to the disastrous 3652:Kitchener's War: British Strategy from 1914–1916 2192:Order of battle of the First Battle of the Marne 1968:Some notable people died in the battle, such as 1232:and overran a large area of northern France and 5273:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 4210:The Genius of the Marne: A Play in Three Scenes 1884: 1813: 1361:; the Second Army had 260,000 men commanded by 43: 6448:Battle honours of the King's Royal Rifle Corps 4312: 3671:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 1714:and having suffered about 11,000 casualties. 702: 610: 8: 3388:The First World War: Part 2: Under the Eagle 2736:, p. 244. Quoted from Anthony Clayton, 1960: 1945: 1935: 1918: 1912: 1806: 1407:east, France had the objective of regaining 4236:La véritable histoire des taxis de la Marne 4072:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). 3138: 2055:The BEF prepared to commence operations in 1937:Les armées françaises dans la grande guerre 6453:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 6139: 5848: 5753: 5693: 4809: 4617: 4411: 4319: 4305: 4297: 3375: 2285:"Battle of the Marne: 6–10 September 1914" 2254: 1981:First Battle of the Aisne, 13–28 September 1657:of 24,000 men commanded by German general 709: 695: 687: 617: 603: 595: 40: 4057:. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Lexikon-Verlag. 3758:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 1801:. Moltke is said to have reported to the 6463:Battles of World War I involving Germany 5555:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3879: ed.). Paris: Editions B. Arthaud. 3519: 2833: 2661: 2541: 2455: 2395: 2322:Tierney Jr., John J. (20 October 2019). 1805:: "Your Majesty, we have lost the war."( 1705:after attacks by the French 5th army of 1208:fought from 5 to 12 September 1914. The 6458:Battles of World War I involving France 5932:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 4259:. Cnparm.home.texas.net. Archived from 4257:"August 1914 – The 1st Battle of Marne" 3531: 3507: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3399: 3339: 3315: 3303: 3224: 3030: 2785: 2223: 470: 387: 3423: 3411: 3351: 3327: 3207: 3195: 3171: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2883: 2845: 2797: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2673: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2505: 2431: 2407: 2383: 2371: 2347: 2309: 2271: 2233: 2047:with the first troops arriving in the 1808:Majestät, wir haben den Krieg verloren 5885:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 5228:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3574: ed.). New York: Pyramid Books. 3553:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3495: 3126: 2898: 2697: 2685: 2649: 2601: 2529: 2517: 2493: 2443: 2419: 2359: 67:German soldiers (wearing distinctive 7: 6289:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3733:The Encyclopedia of Military History 3363: 3183: 2982: 2809: 1411:which it had lost to Germany in the 6443:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade 6218:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 5019:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3729:Dupuy, R. E.; Dupuy, T. N. (1970). 2821: 2468:Coyner, Kristin (25 January 2010). 1374:, and the Fifth Army, commanded by 1295:and led to a bloody four-year long 4958:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3294:, 2nd ed. London: Leo Cooper, 215. 1628:The battle of Meaux September 1914 1365:; and the Third Army commanded by 25: 4019:(2003 ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 3875:(Elek Books 1965, translation of 3816:Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris 2446:, pp. 105–114, 127, 132–133. 2434:, pp. 140–142, 192–194, 253. 1828:was appointed to replace Moltke. 5321:Second Battle of the Piave River 4943:Russian invasion of East Prussia 3982:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2006.00166.x 3714:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 3589:Dictionnaire historique de Paris 1727:the two rivers in the area, the 581: 571: 562: 521: 509: 497: 485: 473: 450: 438: 426: 414: 402: 390: 362: 349: 337: 326: 315: 302: 290: 279: 267: 255: 243: 231: 220: 207: 186: 171: 157: 61: 6385:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 5585:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3633:Atlas of World Military History 3608:Battle-Fields of the Marne 1914 6208:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6067:Deportations from East Prussia 5864:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 4276:Unikoski, A. (9 August 2003). 4181:The Campaign of the Marne 1914 3737:. New York: Harper & Row. 3673:. Cambridge University Press. 3570:(translation by H.E. Hart, of 2202:La Ferté-sous-Jouarre memorial 1: 6119:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3896:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 3551:The First Battle of the Marne 2051:on the Somme on the night of 2023:and the French dug in around 1941: 1905: 1901: 6493:Wilhelm, German Crown Prince 6274:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 5573:Estonian War of Independence 5248:Southern Palestine offensive 4140:. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. 3799:. Devizes: Select Editions. 3654:. Washington DC: Brassey's. 3414:, pp. xii, xv, 315–316. 3292:Mons: The Retreat to Victory 2949:, pp. 235–236, 248–251. 2937:, pp. 234–235, 250–251. 2776:, pp. 227–228, 240–248. 2470:"Fight to Change all Fights" 2458:, pp. 191–194, 212–214. 2312:, pp. xi, xii, 315–316. 2043:to withdraw on the night of 1950:, Herwig recorded that from 1607:French infantry charge, 1914 1489:. A French lieutenant named 1452:Battle of St. Quentin (1914) 6228:USA against Austria-Hungary 5627:Turkish War of Independence 5579:Latvian War of Independence 5311:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4902:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 4255:Parmely, C. (15 May 1914). 4242:. Paris: Librairie Chapelot 4053:Schüddekopf, O. E. (1977). 3390:(1914) TV mini-series 2003. 3152:The World Crisis, 1911–1918 2858:Hanc, John (24 July 2014). 1253:British Expeditionary Force 1179:Western Front tactics, 1917 6514: 6311:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5859:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 5326:Second Battle of the Marne 5213:Second battle of the Aisne 5082:Second Battle of Champagne 4923:German invasion of Belgium 4207:Balderston, J. L. (1919). 4075:Principal Events 1914–1918 3856:. New York: Random House. 2212:Second Battle of the Marne 2066: 1984: 1433: 1427: 1196:or known in France as the 568:250,000 killed or wounded 32:Second Battle of the Marne 29: 6417: 6092:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5621:Irish War of Independence 5371:Armistice of Villa Giusti 5356:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4968:First Battle of the Marne 4334: 4213:. New York: N. L. Brown. 3934:. New York: Bantam Dell. 3635:. London: HarperCollins. 3587:Boucard, Pauline (2013). 3270:. Greenwood. p. 73. 3264:Gardner, Nikolas (2003). 2166:and further south in the 1987:First Battle of the Aisne 1372:Fernand de Langle de Cary 1285:First Battle of the Aisne 1222:French and British armies 1194:First Battle of the Marne 726: 636: 587:260,000 killed or wounded 555: 536: 375: 274:Fernand de Langle de Cary 200: 149: 75: 60: 48: 44:First Battle of the Marne 6244:Constantinople Agreement 5537:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 5400:Co-belligerent conflicts 5376:Second Romanian campaign 5346:Third Transjordan attack 5057:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4963:Battle of Grand Couronné 3631:Brooks, Richard (2000). 2676:, pp. 220–221, 230. 2520:, pp. 163–165, 194. 2496:, pp. 142, 162–163. 2362:, pp. 163–164, 193. 1572:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 1291:which culminated in the 1236:. In what is called the 577:12,733 killed or wounded 356:Albrecht von Württemberg 250:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 18:Battle of the Two Morins 6307:Modus vivendi of Acroma 6259:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 5567:Greater Poland Uprising 5467:National Protection War 5351:Meuse–Argonne offensive 5301:German spring offensive 5296:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5072:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5047:Second Battle of Artois 4928:Battle of the Frontiers 3992:The Battle of the Marne 3877:La Bataille de la Marne 3873:The Battle of the Marne 3814:Fierro, Alfred (1996). 3688:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 3669:Chickering, R. (2004). 3566:Blond, Georges (1967). 2103:First Battle of Picardy 1854:Battle of the Frontiers 1849:caused that situation. 1782:they dug in, preparing 1436:Battle of the Frontiers 1067:German spring offensive 6332:Paris Peace Conference 6320:Ukraine–Central Powers 6114:Massacres of Albanians 6082:Late Ottoman genocides 5889:Bulgarian occupations 5597:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5561:Hungarian–Romanian War 5386:Naval Victory Bulletin 5381:Armistice with Germany 5331:Hundred Days Offensive 5258:Battle of La Malmaison 5208:Second battle of Arras 5175:Battle of Transylvania 5029:Second Battle of Ypres 4897:Sarajevo assassination 4786:South African Republic 3989:Perris, G. H. (1920). 3796:Battles of World War I 3549:Asprey, R. B. (1962). 2197:World War I casualties 2080: 1998: 1961: 1946: 1936: 1919: 1913: 1888: 1818: 1807: 1735:. The BEF advanced on 1644: 1629: 1621: 1609: 1599: 1558: 1523:Michel-Joseph Maunoury 1456:Battle of the Ardennes 1332: 1204:) was a battle of the 238:Michel-Joseph Maunoury 201:Commanders and leaders 6483:September 1914 events 6342:Treaty of St. Germain 6315:Russia–Central Powers 6269:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6097:Pontic Greek genocide 6072:Destruction of Kalisz 6048:Eastern Mediterranean 5609:Polish–Lithuanian War 5391:Armistice of Belgrade 5361:Armistice of Salonica 5291:Operation Faustschlag 5238:Third Battle of Oituz 5160:Baranovichi offensive 5128:Lake Naroch offensive 5102:Battle of Robat Karim 5077:Vistula–Bug offensive 5052:Battles of the Isonzo 4983:First Battle of Ypres 4233:Carré, Henri (1921). 4164:. London: Constable. 4117:Strachan, H. (2001). 3892:Keegan, John (1998). 3833:Foley, R. T. (2005). 3793:Evans, M. M. (2004). 3752:Dupuy, T. N. (1977). 2168:First Battle of Ypres 2076: 1994: 1976:Subsequent operations 1638: 1627: 1618:Taxi cab of the Marne 1615: 1605: 1597: 1557: 1326: 1293:First Battle of Ypres 1266:Joseph Simon Gallieni 556:Casualties and losses 384:Franco-British Armies 6498:Paris in World War I 6337:Treaty of Versailles 6053:Mount Lebanon famine 5968:in the United States 5936:Russian occupations 5650:Turkish–Armenian War 5591:Polish–Ukrainian War 5531:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5478:Central Asian Revolt 5268:Armistice of Focșani 4998:Battle of Sarikamish 4948:Battle of Tannenberg 4344:Military engagements 4263:on 28 September 2011 3930:Meyer, G.J. (2007). 3871:Isselin, H. (1964). 3290:John Terraine 1991, 3154:, Free Press, 2005, 3150:Churchill, Winston. 2864:Smithsonian Magazine 2616:, pp. 219, 244. 2154:. In October, a new 2004:11 and 12 September, 1826:Erich von Falkenhayn 1746: 1675:Nanteuil-le-Haudouin 1198:Miracle on the Marne 1174:French Army mutinies 1169:1914 Christmas truce 939:Hohenzollern Redoubt 628:Retreat to the Marne 369:Crown Prince Wilhelm 6404:They shall not pass 6327:Treaty of Bucharest 6284:Treaty of Bucharest 6223:USA against Germany 6200:Declarations of war 5904:German occupations 5817:British casualties 5676:Soviet–Georgian War 5603:Egyptian Revolution 5543:Armeno-Georgian War 5407:Somaliland campaign 5366:Armistice of Mudros 5243:Battle of Caporetto 5233:Battle of Mărășești 5203:Zimmermann telegram 5198:February Revolution 5143:Battle of the Somme 5067:Bug-Narew Offensive 5042:Battle of Gallipoli 5034:Sinking of the RMS 4826:Scramble for Africa 4820:Franco-Prussian War 4476:Sinai and Palestine 4136:Sumner, I. (2010). 4098:Spears, E. (1930). 4055:Der Erste Weltkrieg 4034:Senior, I. (2012). 3995:. London: Methuen. 3894:The First World war 3852:Herwig, H. (2009). 3650:Cassar, G. (2004). 3534:, pp. 103–104. 3522:, pp. 269–270. 3486:, pp. 407–408. 3474:, pp. 400–401. 3174:, pp. 301–302. 3117:, pp. 302–303. 3093:, pp. 298–306. 3069:, pp. 273–276. 3057:, pp. 267–274. 2973:, pp. 118–119. 2961:, pp. 255–261. 2925:, pp. 119–120. 2913:, pp. 281–282. 2812:, pp. 239–240. 2752:, pp. 231–236. 2712:, pp. 226–229. 2700:, pp. 190–191. 2652:, pp. 157–158. 2568:, pp. 219–220. 2556:, pp. 207–210. 2532:, pp. 163–164. 2508:, pp. 133–140. 2410:, pp. 192–195. 2398:, pp. 235–236. 1470:Franco-Prussian war 1464:Battle of Le Cateau 1448:Battle of Charleroi 1359:Alexander von Kluck 1251:, commander of the 1220:and destroying the 1202:miracle de la Marne 1163:Associated articles 880:Hartmannswillerkopf 740:Invasion of Belgium 551:51 German divisions 546:6 British divisions 544:64 French divisions 322:Alexander von Kluck 118: / 83:5–14 September 1914 6364:Treaty of Lausanne 6279:Paris Economy Pact 6213:UK against Germany 6143:Entry into the war 6109:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5828:Ottoman casualties 5638:Franco-Turkish War 5518:Post-War conflicts 5502:Russian Revolution 5484:Invasion of Darfur 5449:Kelantan rebellion 5437:Kurdish rebellions 5413:Mexican Revolution 5253:October Revolution 5218:Kerensky offensive 5193:Capture of Baghdad 5170:Monastir offensive 5155:Brusilov offensive 4993:Battle of Kolubara 4832:Russo-Japanese War 4161:The Guns of August 4038:. Oxford: Osprey. 4015:Porch, D. (1981). 3953:. Berghahn Books. 3949:Mom, Gijs (2014). 3913:The Eye in the Air 3837:. Cambridge: CUP. 3818:. Robert Laffont. 3591:. La Pochothèque. 3510:, pp. 98–100. 3081:, p. 281–283. 2764:, p. 113–115. 2161:Battle of the Yser 2113:(25–29 September), 2081: 1999: 1875:Barbara W. Tuchman 1758:Lieutenant Colonel 1707:Franchet d'Esperey 1645: 1643:colour photograph. 1630: 1622: 1610: 1600: 1559: 1347:Helmuth von Moltke 1333: 310:Helmuth von Moltke 27:World War I battle 6473:Conflicts in 1914 6430: 6429: 6413: 6412: 6397:The Golden Virgin 6391:Mutilated victory 6372: 6371: 6352:Treaty of Trianon 6347:Treaty of Neuilly 6254:Damascus Protocol 6127: 6126: 6087:Armenian genocide 6044:Allied blockades 6016:Belgian refugees 5799: 5798: 5709:Strategic bombing 5685: 5684: 5670:Franco-Syrian War 5644:Greco-Turkish War 5632:Anglo-Turkish War 5615:Polish–Soviet War 5549:German Revolution 5525:Russian Civil War 5508:Finnish Civil War 5341:Battle of Megiddo 5316:Battle of Goychay 5263:Battle of Cambrai 5223:Battle of Mărăști 5138:Battle of Jutland 5118:Erzurum offensive 4973:Siege of Przemyśl 4953:Siege of Tsingtao 4938:Battle of Galicia 4868:Second Balkan War 4856:Italo-Turkish War 4813:Pre-War conflicts 4799: 4798: 4689:Portuguese Empire 4605: 4604: 4567:German New Guinea 4549:Asian and Pacific 4282:firstworldwar.com 4179:Tyng, S. (1935). 4147:978-1-84603-502-9 4128:978-0-19-926191-8 4045:978-1-84908-843-5 3960:978-1-7823-8378-9 3941:978-0-553-38240-2 3911:Mead, P. (1983). 3863:978-1-4000-6671-1 3844:978-0-521-04436-3 3699:978-0-7864-7470-7 3680:978-1-10703-768-7 3598:978-2-253-13140-3 3462:, pp. 97–99. 3438:, pp. 95–98. 3366:, pp. 56–58. 3277:978-0-313-32473-4 3033:, pp. 92–95. 2985:, pp. 55–56. 2350:, pp. 30–31. 2106:(22–26 September) 1962:Armées Françaises 1920:Armées Françaises 1914:Armées Françaises 1879:Robert A. Doughty 1822:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1703:Petit Morin River 1550:The eve of battle 1491:Charles de Gaulle 1424:The Great Retreat 1413:Franco-German war 1187: 1186: 1013:Nivelle offensive 787:Trouée de Charmes 684: 683: 676:Villers-Cotterêts 593: 592: 145: 144: 99:, east of Paris, 16:(Redirected from 6505: 6357:Treaty of Sèvres 6249:Treaty of London 6140: 5918:Northeast France 5849: 5821:Parliamentarians 5754: 5716:Chemical weapons 5694: 5455:Senussi campaign 5425:Muscat rebellion 5419:Maritz rebellion 5336:Vardar offensive 5165:Battle of Romani 5133:Battle of Asiago 5123:Battle of Verdun 5087:Kosovo offensive 4862:First Balkan War 4810: 4709:Russian Republic 4618: 4412: 4354:Economic history 4321: 4314: 4307: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4241: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4194: 4175: 4151: 4132: 4113: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4068: 4049: 4030: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3985: 3964: 3945: 3926: 3915:. London: HMSO. 3907: 3888: 3867: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3789: 3769: 3748: 3736: 3725: 3703: 3684: 3665: 3646: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3602: 3583: 3562: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3139:Schüddekopf 1977 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2258: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2121: 2114: 2110:Battle of Albert 2107: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2054: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033:Battle of Flirey 2017: 2010: 2009:15–16 September. 2005: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1947:Sanitätsberichte 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1860:from abandoning 1810: 1775:Hermann von Kuhl 1738: 1693:Bülow and Hausen 1655:IV Reserve Corps 1561:By 2 September, 1503:Charles Lanrezac 1444:Battle of Dinant 1376:Charles Lanrezac 1307:of World War I. 1126:St Quentin Canal 721: 711: 704: 697: 688: 631: 629: 619: 612: 605: 596: 586: 585: 584: 576: 575: 574: 567: 566: 565: 526: 525: 524: 514: 513: 512: 502: 501: 500: 490: 489: 488: 478: 477: 476: 455: 454: 453: 443: 442: 441: 431: 430: 429: 419: 418: 417: 407: 406: 405: 395: 394: 393: 371: 367: 366: 365: 358: 354: 353: 352: 342: 341: 340: 331: 330: 329: 320: 319: 318: 307: 306: 305: 295: 294: 284: 283: 282: 276: 272: 271: 270: 260: 259: 258: 252: 248: 247: 246: 236: 235: 234: 225: 224: 223: 212: 211: 210: 196: 192: 190: 189: 181: 177: 175: 174: 167: 163: 161: 160: 133: 132: 130: 129: 128: 123: 122:49.017°N 3.383°E 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 77: 76: 65: 41: 21: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6409: 6368: 6300: 6293: 6264:Treaty of Darin 6232: 6194: 6150:Austria-Hungary 6136: 6123: 6104:Rape of Belgium 6031: 6003: 5951: 5945:Western Armenia 5940:Eastern Galicia 5873: 5847: 5811: 5810:Civilian impact 5809: 5795: 5752: 5681: 5513: 5443:Ovambo Uprising 5395: 5277: 5179: 5106: 5024:Battle of Łomża 5007: 5003:Christmas truce 4978:Race to the Sea 4911: 4873: 4795: 4766:Austria-Hungary 4742: 4677:Empire of Japan 4614: 4612: 4601: 4585:U-boat campaign 4571: 4543: 4505: 4457: 4403: 4384:Popular culture 4330: 4325: 4295: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4264: 4254: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4206: 4202: 4200:Further reading 4197: 4191: 4178: 4172: 4154: 4148: 4135: 4129: 4116: 4110: 4097: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4052: 4046: 4033: 4027: 4014: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3967: 3961: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3923: 3910: 3904: 3891: 3870: 3864: 3851: 3845: 3832: 3826: 3813: 3807: 3792: 3772: 3766: 3751: 3745: 3728: 3722: 3706: 3700: 3687: 3681: 3668: 3662: 3649: 3643: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3605: 3599: 3586: 3565: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3376:Chickering 2004 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3253: 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2283: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2261: 2255:Clodfelter 2017 2253: 2240: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2188: 2175: 2171: 2164:(16–31 October) 2163: 2119: 2117:Battle of Arras 2112: 2105: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2071: 2069:Race to the Sea 2065: 2063:Race to the Sea 2057:French Flanders 2052: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2015: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1989: 1983: 1978: 1957:6–10 September) 1956: 1952:1–10 September, 1951: 1928: 1924: 1908: 1897: 1842: 1834:Race to the Sea 1799:Schlieffen Plan 1795: 1749: 1736: 1720: 1695: 1659:Hans von Gronau 1650: 1620: 1608: 1592: 1552: 1507:Joseph Gallieni 1466: 1460:Battle of Halen 1432: 1426: 1409:Alsace–Lorraine 1380:Joseph Gallieni 1343:Schlieffen Plan 1338: 1329:Chateau-Thierry 1321: 1289:Race to the Sea 1257:English Channel 1206:First World War 1190: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1160: 964:Vimy Ridge 1916 841:Race to the Sea 809:1st St. Quentin 731: 722: 717: 715: 685: 680: 671:Crépy-en-Valois 632: 627: 625: 623: 589:38,000 captured 588: 582: 580: 572: 570: 569: 563: 561: 550: 549:750,000–900,000 545: 543: 532: 522: 520: 510: 508: 498: 496: 486: 484: 474: 472: 469: 468: 461: 451: 449: 439: 437: 427: 425: 415: 413: 403: 401: 391: 389: 386: 385: 363: 361: 360: 359: 350: 348: 347: 346: 338: 336: 335: 327: 325: 324: 316: 314: 313: 303: 301: 289: 288: 286:Maurice Sarrail 280: 278: 277: 268: 266: 265: 264: 256: 254: 253: 244: 242: 241: 240: 232: 230: 229: 227:Joseph Gallieni 221: 219: 218: 208: 206: 187: 185: 184: 172: 170: 169: 168: 158: 156: 155: 126: 124: 120: 117: 112: 109: 107: 105: 104: 103: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6511: 6509: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6478:1914 in France 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6299:Peace treaties 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6185:United Kingdom 6182: 6177: 6175:Ottoman Empire 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6079: 6077:Sack of Dinant 6074: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6041: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6025:United Kingdom 6022: 6013: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5985: 5979:POW locations 5977: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5961: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5779:United Kingdom 5776: 5774:Ottoman Empire 5771: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5751: 5750: 5748:Trench warfare 5745: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5700: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5464: 5461:Volta-Bani War 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5306:Zeebrugge Raid 5303: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5097:Battle of Loos 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4988:Black Sea raid 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4890:Historiography 4881: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4844:Bosnian Crisis 4841: 4838:Tangier Crisis 4835: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4771:Ottoman Empire 4768: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4748:Central Powers 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4731:British Empire 4726:United Kingdom 4723: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4704:Russian Empire 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4622:Entente Powers 4615: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4590:North Atlantic 4581: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4501:Central Arabia 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4463:Middle Eastern 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4364:Historiography 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4294: 4293: 4273: 4252: 4230: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4176: 4170: 4152: 4146: 4133: 4127: 4114: 4108: 4095: 4069: 4063: 4050: 4044: 4031: 4025: 4012: 3986: 3976:(4): 747–769. 3965: 3959: 3946: 3940: 3927: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3889: 3868: 3862: 3849: 3843: 3830: 3824: 3811: 3805: 3790: 3774:Edmonds, J. E. 3770: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3726: 3720: 3708:Doughty, R. A. 3704: 3698: 3685: 3679: 3666: 3660: 3647: 3641: 3628: 3603: 3597: 3584: 3563: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3498:, p. 101. 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3450:, p. 388. 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3402:, p. 313. 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3354:, p. 156. 3344: 3342:, p. 519. 3332: 3320: 3308: 3306:, p. 521. 3296: 3283: 3276: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3227:, p. 522. 3212: 3210:, p. 315. 3200: 3188: 3186:, p. 336. 3176: 3164: 3143: 3131: 3129:, p. 184. 3119: 3107: 3105:, p. 122. 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3045:, p. 265. 3035: 3023: 3021:, p. 254. 3011: 3009:, p. 253. 2999: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2901:, p. 212. 2888: 2886:, p. 263. 2876: 2850: 2848:, p. 262. 2838: 2836:, p. 254. 2826: 2824:, p. 245. 2814: 2802: 2790: 2788:, p. 750. 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2726: 2724:, p. 230. 2714: 2702: 2690: 2688:, p. 188. 2678: 2666: 2664:, p. 253. 2654: 2642: 2640:, p. 220. 2630: 2628:, p. 108. 2618: 2606: 2594: 2592:, p. 240. 2582: 2580:, p. 101. 2570: 2558: 2546: 2544:, p. 248. 2534: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2422:, p. 191. 2412: 2400: 2388: 2386:, p. 122. 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2314: 2302: 2276: 2259: 2257:, p. 419. 2238: 2236:, p. 244. 2222: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2120:(1–4 October), 2077: 2067:Main article: 2064: 2061: 1995: 1985:Main article: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1896: 1893: 1841: 1838: 1794: 1791: 1748: 1747:Hentsch's tour 1745: 1719: 1716: 1694: 1691: 1649: 1646: 1616: 1606: 1591: 1588: 1551: 1548: 1527:Ferdinand Foch 1440:Battle of Mons 1428:Main article: 1425: 1422: 1384:Ferdinand Foch 1367:Max von Hausen 1363:Karl von Bülow 1337: 1336:The Combatants 1334: 1320: 1317: 1301:trench warfare 1185: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1159: 1158: 1156:Lys and Escaut 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1003: 992: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 925: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 903: 902: 892: 887: 885:Neuve Chapelle 882: 877: 866: 865: 860: 858:Winter actions 855: 854: 853: 848: 838: 833: 828: 823: 821:Grand Couronné 818: 813: 812: 811: 806: 801: 791: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 759: 758: 757: 752: 747: 737: 727: 724: 723: 716: 714: 713: 706: 699: 691: 682: 681: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 637: 634: 633: 624: 622: 621: 614: 607: 599: 591: 590: 578: 558: 557: 553: 552: 547: 539: 538: 534: 533: 531: 530: 518: 506: 494: 482: 466: 465: 464: 462: 460: 459: 447: 435: 423: 411: 399: 383: 382: 381: 378: 377: 376:Units involved 373: 372: 344:Max von Hausen 333:Karl von Bülow 299: 262:Ferdinand Foch 203: 202: 198: 197: 182: 179:United Kingdom 152: 151: 147: 146: 143: 142: 141:Allied victory 139: 135: 134: 91: 89: 85: 84: 81: 73: 72: 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6510: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6190:United States 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6130: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5807: 5802: 5792: 5791:United States 5789: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5741:Convoy system 5739: 5738: 5737: 5736:Naval warfare 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5496:Kaocen revolt 5494: 5491: 5490:Easter Rising 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5062:Great Retreat 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933:Battle of Cer 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4850:Agadir Crisis 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4738:United States 4736: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4655:French Empire 4653: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4608: 4598: 4597:Mediterranean 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4577:Naval warfare 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4453:Italian Front 4451: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4441:Eastern Front 4439: 4437: 4436:Western Front 4434: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4394:Puppet states 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4238: 4237: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4190:1-59416-042-2 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4171:0-333-69880-0 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4109:0-304-35228-4 4105: 4101: 4096: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4064:3-57005-021-1 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4026:0-52154-592-7 4022: 4018: 4013: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970:The Historian 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3922:0-11-771224-8 3918: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3825:2-221-07862-4 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3806:1-84193-226-4 3802: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3765:0-13-351114-6 3761: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3744:0-06-011139-9 3740: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3721:0-67401-880-X 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3661:1-57488-708-4 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3642:0-7607-2025-8 3638: 3634: 3629: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3533: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3520:Strachan 2001 3516: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3426:, p. 89. 3425: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3378:, p. 31. 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3330:, p. 86. 3329: 3324: 3321: 3318:, p. 96. 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3141:, p. 18. 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2997:, p. 49. 2996: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2834:Strachan 2001 2830: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2662:Strachan 2001 2658: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542:Strachan 2001 2538: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2456:Strachan 2001 2452: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2396:Strachan 2001 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2374:, p. 22. 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2274:, p. 88. 2273: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2207:La Délivrance 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148:Great Retreat 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2094:2–9 September 2075: 2070: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2036:(19 September 2034: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2012: 1993: 1988: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1970:Charles Péguy 1966: 1963: 1948: 1938: 1932: 1929:1,700 killed. 1921: 1915: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1870:John Terraine 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1754: 1744: 1742: 1737:6–8 September 1734: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1671:Les Invalides 1668: 1667:Renault taxis 1662: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1515:Great Retreat 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477:(spirit) and 1476: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1430:Great Retreat 1423: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1351:Great Britain 1348: 1344: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312:Holger Herwig 1308: 1306: 1305:Western Front 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1261:Joseph Joffre 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1238:Great Retreat 1235: 1231: 1230:the Frontiers 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212:army invaded 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1131:Meuse-Argonne 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1045:Passchendaele 1043: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 996: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 930: 929: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 907:2nd Champagne 905: 901: 898: 897: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 875:1st Champagne 873: 872: 871: 870: 864: 861: 859: 856: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 795: 794:Great Retreat 792: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 764: 763: 760: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 730: 725: 720: 719:Western Front 712: 707: 705: 700: 698: 693: 692: 689: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 646:Le Grand Fayt 644: 642: 639: 638: 635: 630: 620: 615: 613: 608: 606: 601: 600: 597: 579: 560: 559: 554: 548: 541: 540: 535: 529: 519: 517: 507: 505: 495: 493: 483: 481: 471: 467:German Armies 463: 458: 448: 446: 436: 434: 424: 422: 412: 410: 400: 398: 388: 380: 379: 374: 370: 357: 345: 334: 323: 312: 311: 300: 298: 293: 287: 275: 263: 251: 239: 228: 217: 216: 215:Joseph Joffre 205: 204: 199: 195: 183: 180: 166: 154: 153: 148: 140: 137: 136: 131: 127:49.017; 3.383 102: 98: 94: 90: 87: 86: 82: 79: 78: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 51:Western Front 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 6402: 6395: 6383: 5990: / 5922: 5757:Conscription 5721:Cryptography 5658:Iraqi Revolt 5092:Siege of Kut 5035: 4967: 4613:participants 4562:German Samoa 4496:South Arabia 4285:. 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First Battle of the Marne

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