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capture, hoping to use Ben M'hidi's rivalry with Ben Bella to undermine the FLN. Judge Bérard had suggested to
Aussaresses that Ben M'hidi should be poisoned with cyanide in an apparent suicide and later in a meeting of Massu, Trinquier and Aussaresses it was decided that Ben M'hidi should not stand trial due to the reprisals that would follow his execution and so Aussaresses and men of the
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from the Casbah. In
February Bigeard's troops captured Yacef's bomb transporter, who under extreme interrogation gave the address of the bomb factory at 5 Impasse de la Grenade. On 19 February the 3e RPC raided the bomb factory finding 87 bombs, 70 kg of explosives, detonators and other material, Yacef's bomb-making organisation within the Casbah had been destroyed.
866:. On the FLN side, a decision was made in late 1956 to embark upon a sustained campaign of urban terrorism designed to show the authority of the French state did not extend to Algiers, Algeria's largest city. Abane Ramdane believed that such a campaign would be the "Algerian Dien Bien Phu" that would force the French out of Algeria. It was decided to deliberately target
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of course". Following interrogation the vast majority of suspects were sent to camps, while those deemed too dangerous were driven to a remote location outside of
Algiers where they were killed and buried. At the end of each night Aussaresses would write a report to Salan and Massu and Governor-General Lacoste.
1112:
Edward Behr estimated that 30-40% of the male population of the Casbah was arrested at some point during the battle. These arrests generally took place at night so that any names revealed under interrogation could be picked up before the curfew lifted in the morning. The suspects would then be handed
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across
Algeria commencing on Monday 28 January. The strike appeared to be a success with most native Algerian shops remaining shuttered, workers failed to turn up and children didn't attend school. However Massu soon deployed his troops and used armored cars to pull the steel shutters off shops while
1082:
While females had not previously been searched in
Algiers; following the Coq Hardi explosion one of the waiters identified the bomber as a woman. Accordingly, female suspects were subsequently searched by metal detectors or physically, limiting the ability of the FLN to continue the bombing campaign
1281:
sealed off Rue Caton and raided Yacef's hideout at No. 3. Yacef and Zohra Drif hid in a wall cavity, but this was soon located by the French troops. Yacef threw a grenade at the French troops but they were eager to take him alive and he and Zohra Drif eventually surrendered. Across the street at No
1248:
On 3 June Yacef's forces planted bombs in street lamps at bus stops in the centre of
Algiers, the explosions killed eight and wounded 90, a mix of French and Algerians. On 9 June a bomb exploded at the Casino on the outskirts of Algiers killing nine and injuring 85. Following the burial of the dead
1184:
On 23 March following a meeting between Massu, Trinquier, Fossy-Francois and
Aussaresses to discuss what was to be done with Ali Boumendjel, Aussaresses went to the prison where Boumendjel was being held and ordered that he be transferred to another building, in the process he was thrown from a 6th
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to run a special interrogation unit based at the Villa des
Tourelles in the Mustapha District of Algiers. High-value suspects and suspects with information relating to matters outside a para regiment's territorial sector would be passed over to Aussaresses' unit, where "torture was used as a matter
1231:
By late March 1957 the FLN organisation within
Algiers had been completely broken, with most of the FLN leadership killed or underground and no bombs went off in Algiers. The 10e DP were withdrawn from the city and redeployed to engage the FLN in the Kabylia. However Yacef set about rebuilding his
1218:
Aussaresses was unapologetic regarding the actions he had undertaken during the battle, he said that "The justice system would have been paralyzed had it not been for our initiative. Many terrorists would have been freed and given the opportunity of launching other attacks..The judicial system was
1028:
There were no written orders from the government of Guy Mollet to use torture or engage in extrajudicial executions, but numerous Army officers have stated that they received verbal permission to use whatever means necessary to break the FLN including the use of torture and extrajudicial killings.
1023:
institute zones where stay is regulated or forbidden; to place any person whose activity would prove dangerous to public security and order under house arrest, under surveillance or not; to regulate public meetings, shows, bars; to order declaration of weapons, ammunition and explosives, and order
1308:
The FLN losses are impossible to determine accurately. In addition to the publicised FLN deaths there were many who simply disappeared. Paul
Teitgen, general secretary of the Prefecture of Algiers who resigned in March 1957 (but was kept in his post by Governor-General Lacoste until October 1957)
1176:
On 25 February Trinqier's intelligence sources located Ben M'hidi who was captured in his pyjamas by Paras at Rue Claude-Debussy. On 6 March it was announced that Ben M'hidi had committed suicide by hanging himself with his shirt. Bigeard had spent several days meeting with Ben M'hidi after his
1285:
On the evening of 8 October the 1e REP surrounded Ali La Pointe's hideout at 5 Rue de s Abderames. The paratroops laid charges to blow away the false partition behind which Ali and his comrades were hiding, unfortunately the explosion detonated a store of bombs destroying the house and several
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Trinquier operated an intelligence gathering network throughout the city called the Dispositif de Protection Urbaine (DPU) which divided Algiers into sectors, sub-sectors, blocks and buildings each individually numbered. For each block a trusted Muslim French Army veteran was appointed as the
1349:
The battle of Algiers was produced in 1966 directed by Italian filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo and written by Franco Solinas as well as Gillo Pontecorvo. It's based on events by rebels during the Algerian War. It received critical acclaim worldwide, and was banned from being shown in France until
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On 26 August following intelligence gained by Godard's operatives, the 3e RPC raided a house in the Impasse Saint-Vincent where Yacef's new bomb-maker and deputy were believed to be hiding. After suffering several casualties trying to capture the two alive, both men were eventually killed.
792:'s government put an end to the policy of negotiations. Ben M'Hidi decided to extend terrorist actions to the European city as to touch more urban populations, Arab bourgeoisie in particular, and use Algiers to advertise his cause in metropolitan France and in the International community.
1049:
On the afternoon of Saturday 26 January, female FLN operatives again planted bombs in European Algiers, the targets were the Otomatic on Rue Michelet, the Cafeteria and the Coq-Hardi brasserie. The explosions killed 4 and wounded 50 and a native Algerian was killed by
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army trucks rounded up workers and schoolchildren and forced them to attend their jobs and studies. Within a few days the strike had been broken. The bombings however continued and in mid-February female FLN operatives planted bombs at the Municipal Stadium and the
643:(FLN) against the French authorities in Algiers, and by the French authorities, army, and French terrorist organizations against the FLN. Both sides targeted civilians throughout the battle. The conflict began with attacks by the FLN against the French forces and
1538:
The crux of the confrontation is centered on Algiers, in what is commonly called the "battle of Algiers" (expression used by the French army) or "the great repression of Algiers" (term taken up by the historian Gilbert Meynier who adopted the name of Algerian
1144:, was arrested by the Paras at Audin's apartment the following day he was told by Audin that he had been tortured. Audin was never seen again and it is believed that he either died while being interrogated or was summarily executed. Alleg was subjected to the
757:, who had assumed command in Algiers following Bitat's arrest, was ordered to "shoot down any European, from 18 to 54. No women, no children, no elder." A series of random attacks in the city followed with 49 civilians shot by the FLN between 21 and 24 June.
1024:
their surrendering or seek and confiscate them; the order and authorise perquisitions of homes by day or night; to decide on penalties imposed as reparations of damage to public and private property to anyone found to have helped the rebellion in any way.
1312:
As details of the use of torture and summary executions became public in the years following the battle and the end of the Algerian War, the French victory and the reputations of many of the commanders became tainted by the methods used in the battle.
803:
and Samia Lakhdari, carried out the first series of bomb attacks on three civilian targets in European Algiers. The bombs at the Milk Bar Café on Place Bugeaud and the Cafeteria on Rue Michelet killed 3 and injured 50, while the bomb at the
1235:
In April one of Yacef's collaborators, Djamila Bouhired was arrested by a French patrol, Yacef following her and disguised as a woman attempted to shoot her, but only succeeded in wounding her and Yacef fled back into the Casbah.
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and President of the Federation of Mayors of Algeria, outside his home. The following day, a bomb exploded in the cemetery where Froger was to be buried; enraged European civilians responded by carrying out random revenge attacks
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over the territory of the Algier department, responsibility for riot control is transferred, from the publication date of this decree, to the military authority that shall exercise police powers normally devoted to civilian
1041:
with each allotted to a Regimental command. The troops cordoned off each section, established checkpoints and conducted house-to-house searches throughout their areas of responsibility. A unit of the 11e Choc raided the
870:
citizens as a way of breaking French power as one FLN directive put it: "A bomb causing the death of ten people and wounding fifty others is the equivalent on the psychological level to the loss of a French battalion."
1309:
over the use of torture by French forces calculated that over 24,000 Algerians had been arrested during the battle and by subtracting those released or still in captivity estimated that as many as 3,000 were missing.
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to try to agree a deal whereby attacks on civilians would stop in return for the French ceasing to guillotine members of the FLN. During this period a number of FLN bombs were planted but with no civilian casualties.
1244:
In early May two paratroopers were shot in the street by the FLN, their comrades led by one of Trinquier's informers attacked a bath-house which was believed to be an FLN hideout, killing almost 80 Algerians.
401:
1995:
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Stadium in Algiers killing 10 and injuring 45. After visiting Algiers, a clearly shocked defense minister Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury told General Massu after the bombings: "We must finish these people off!"
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1215:, secretary general of the French police in Algiers in 1957, Bigeard put the victim's feet in a basin, poured quick-setting cement in and threw the person into the sea from a helicopter.
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Yacef Saâdi proceeded to establish an organisation based within the Casbah. On the evening of 30 September 1956, a trio of female FLN militants recruited by Yacef Saâdi,
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1985:
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La Question is a French film based on the atrocities that took place in Algeria, it follows a Newspaper editor who is sympathetic to the Algerian cause.
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During the battle the use of torture by the French security forces became institutionalised, the techniques ranging from beatings, electroshock (the
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that resulted in five Algerians dead and more than 50 injured. As a result of this upturn in violence the 10e DP was again deployed to Algiers.
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On 22 October 1956, a Moroccan DC-3 plane ferrying the foreign affairs personnel of the FLN from Rabat to Tunis for a conference with President
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1130:, sexual assault and rape. The use of torture was not restricted to native Algerians: some French FLN sympathisers were also subjected to it.
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The battle was the first clearly definable French victory of the war. The Paras and their commanders enjoyed immense popularity with the
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1962:
640:
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930:(chief of staff), all of whom were experienced in counter-insurgency and revolutionary warfare and determined to avoid another defeat.
691:
to take the political direction of the city in hand. In a short time, Ramdane managed to revive the FLN in Algiers. On 20 August 1955,
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1173:. After attempting suicide Boumendjel volunteered everything he knew, including his involvement in the murder of a European family.
1134:, a Communist university professor, was arrested by the Paras on 11 June on suspicion of harboring and aiding FLN operatives; after
1113:
over to the Détachement Operationnel de Protection (DOP) for interrogation after which they would either be released or passed to a
816:
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The capture of Yacef and the death of Ali la Pointe marked the defeat of the FLN in the city and the end of the Battle of Algiers.
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1181:(1e RCP) removed him from Bigeard's custody and drove him to a farm outside Algiers where they faked his suicide by hanging.
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On 23 September a courier for Yacef was arrested by Godard's men. At 5am on 24 September the 1e REP commanded by Colonel
655:", aided by the police. Reprisals followed and the violence escalated, leading the French Governor-General to deploy the
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who, operating outside legal frameworks between January and September 1957, eliminated the FLN from Algiers. The use of
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Map of Algiers showing: Muslim quarters (green), European quarters (orange) and attacks by the FLN and counterattacks
591:
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The 10e DP deployed into Algiers the following week. The city had been divided into squares under a system known as
903:(10e DP), and explained that, as the Algiers police force was incapable of dealing with the FLN and controlling the
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Lost Command is a war film based on the experiences of French paratroopers in French Indochina and French Algeria.
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702:. During the summer of 1956, secret negotiations between the French and Algerian separatists took place in
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neighbouring buildings, killing Ali, his two comrades and 17 other Algerians in neighbouring houses.
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headquarteres and took away all files on FLN suspects and then proceeded to conduct mass arrests.
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Meanwhile, Godard had been mapping out the operational structure of the FLN in Algiers with his
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1952:
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1946:
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block-warden responsible for reporting all suspicious activities in his block. Many of these
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2148:
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914:. An elite unit, it was officered by many veterans of the Indochina War, including Colonels
846:
was promoted to commander in chief of the army of Algeria. Salan was adept in the theory of
828:
796:
753:
at the Barberousse Prison. Abane Ramdane ordered immediate reprisals against the French and
331:
253:
237:
1202:
874:
On 28 December 1956, an FLN activist Ali la Pointe assassinated Amédé Froger, the Mayor of
774:
targeted at the FLN responsible for the June shootings, the explosion killed 73 residents.
54:
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4, Ali La Pointe escaped the French cordon and went to another safe-house in the Casbah.
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1223:
were therefore an inseparable part of the tasks associated with keeping law and order."
17:
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2920:
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2527:
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915:
907:, Massu was to be granted full responsibility for the maintenance of order in Algiers.
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699:
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1554:
Germaine Tillion, Lucie Aubrac, and the Politics of Memories of the French Resistance
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30 September 1956 – 24 September 1957 (11 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
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1154:, which detailed his final meeting with Audin and his own experience of torture.
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in Algiers to suppress the FLN. Civilian authorities gave full powers to General
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The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria 1955-1957
2219:
996:
805:
800:
789:
750:
2439:
2426:
2203:"The Illegitimate Legitimacy of the Battle of Algiers in French Film Culture"
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1990:
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and this sense of exuberance and strength would reach its zenith during the
812:
647:(European settlers) followed by a terrorist attack on Algerian civilians in
644:
2453:
3710:
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and illegal executions by the French later caused controversy in France.
2413:
British H-Bomb Fired As Debate On Atom Test Ban Rages, 1957/06/03 (1957)
1063:
688:
664:
648:
87:
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1101:, each arrest and interrogation revealed new organisational cells.
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1986:"Après deux ans de polémique, l'État "enterre" le général Bigeard"
1010:
signed a delegation of powers to General Massu, stipulating that:
707:
3160:
2457:
1169:(2e RCP) arrested a prominent young lawyer and FLN sympathiser
383:
379:
1646:
1644:
717:
began to organise themselves into a paramilitary group under
3254:
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and waterboarding; following his release, he wrote his book
1948:
Torture and the Twilight of Empire: From Algiers to Baghdad
1260:
In July informal negotiations took place between Yacef and
695:
around Philippeville, drastically escalating the conflict.
1518:
Zancarini-Fournel, Michelle; Delacroix, Christian (2010).
785:
and Yacef Saâdi were ordered to prepare for an offensive.
698:
In 1956, the "Algerian question" was to be debated at the
683:, head of the FLN in Algiers, was arrested by the French.
978:
two Intervention and Reconnaissance detachments (650 men)
858:, Colonel Goussault (psychological operations), General
781:, the FLN adopted a policy of indiscriminate terrorism.
3745:
List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830
910:
The 5,000 man strong 10e DP had just returned from the
2294:
La guerre d'Algérie, tome 1 (Les fils de la Toussaint)
2874:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
1075:
The Casbah fell under the control of Bigeard and his
760:
On the night of 10 August 1956, helped by members of
651:
by a group of settlers, part of the terrorist group "
1697:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 205–206.
933:
In addition to the 10e DP, Massu's forces included:
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2706:
2699:
2648:
2543:
2499:
2492:
749:On 19 June 1956 two FLN prisoners were executed by
2201:
808:terminus failed to explode due to a faulty timer.
1754:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 207.
1670:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 202.
1655:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 201.
1021:
1012:
770:, Achiary planted a bomb at Thèbes Road in the
39:
3172:
2469:
2208:International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
1557:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 69.
1192:on Algerians who were murdered on so-called "
395:
8:
1145:
1121:
1087:Intelligence, torture and summary executions
687:, recently freed from prison, was sent from
2115:
2099:
2097:
2016:
1932:
1920:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1704:
1619:
1617:
27:Urban guerilla campaign in the Algerian War
3179:
3165:
3157:
3007:
2948:
2703:
2540:
2496:
2476:
2462:
2454:
2368:Histoire de la Guerre d'Algérie, 1954-1962
1501:
1499:
1219:not suited for such drastic conditions...
402:
388:
380:
36:
3105:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
1984:Boitiaux, Charlotte (November 20, 2012).
1589:
1587:
1585:
883:), killing four Muslims and injuring 50.
854:as his lieutenants, most notably General
639:and terrorist attacks carried out by the
318:
30:For other battles in the same place, see
2313:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962
740:
3719:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition
3510:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871)
3454:Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830)
3430:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)
2260:, Éditions de Minuit (published 2008),
1596:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française
1441:
1393:
63:destroyed in the explosion that killed
3750:List of participants in Mokrani Revolt
2334:, Smithsonian Books (published 2006),
1463:Histoire intérieure du FLN (1954-1962)
3724:1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People
2991:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
2171:"The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time"
2127:
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1800:
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1524:France in the Present Time, 1945-2005
1520:La France du temps présent, 1945-2005
1505:
1448:
972:Regiment (350 armored cavalry troops)
7:
3478:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833)
3466:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832)
3353:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha
3195:Conflicts between France and Algeria
3141:
2391:French military images of the battle
2316:, New York Review (published 2006),
1965:from the original on 21 October 2022
986:Compagnies républicaines de sécurité
891:On 7 January 1957, Governor-General
1404:
1165:On 9 February, paratroopers of the
975:the 25th Dragoon Regiment (400 men)
895:summoned General Salan and General
631:) was a campaign fought during the
2274:Aussaresses, General Paul (2010),
1945:Marnia Lazreg (13 December 2016).
1109:would be assassinated by the FLN.
1057:In late January the FLN called an
25:
2687:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
1998:from the original on July 6, 2022
3188:
3140:
3130:
3129:
2415:is available for viewing at the
1752:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1695:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1668:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1653:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1526:] (in French). p. 270.
1374:Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
995:(1,500 men), mostly composed of
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307:
296:
285:
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263:
243:
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53:
3786:Torture during the Algerian War
2234:from the original on 2021-10-21
2181:from the original on 2015-11-04
1571:from the original on 2023-04-18
1493:, p. 156-157, Paris, Plon, 1958
1383:Torture during the Algerian War
1179:1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment
1167:2nd Parachute Chasseur Regiment
1093:Torture during the Algerian War
1077:3rd Colonial Parachute Regiment
3729:Declaration of 1 November 1954
3527:Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871)
3208:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2725:Declaration of 1 November 1954
1211:, after Bigeard. According to
1185:floor skybridge to his death.
965:Regiment (based in the Casbah)
951:(external intelligence agency)
944:(domestic intelligence agency)
815:and the Sultan of Morocco was
767:Union française nord-africaine
103:
59:The remains of a house in the
1:
3771:Battle of Algiers (1956–1957)
3246:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
3241:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
3236:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
3231:French-Algerian War 1681–1688
2847:Proposed partition of Algeria
1594:Robin, Marie-Monique (2008).
1232:organisation within Algiers.
369:1,000–3,000 killed or missing
2938:Effects in Algerian politics
1358:(1977) by Laurent Heynemann
1227:Interlude and reorganisation
1196:". The victims were called "
956:11th Parachute Choc Regiment
3284:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
2553:Algerian popular resistance
2348:Pellissier, Pierre (2002),
1117:for further interrogation.
850:; he chose veterans of the
788:Peace talks broke down and
629:great repression of Algiers
3807:
3388:Battle of Boudouaou (1840)
3365:First Battle of the Issers
3337:French conquest of Algeria
3268:French conquest of Algeria
3089:Organisation armée secrète
3030:Algerian National Movement
2752:Hijacking of the FLN plane
2511:French conquest of Algeria
1138:, the Communist editor of
1090:
721:, a former officer of the
29:
3359:First Battle of Boudouaou
3252:
3201:
3127:
3018:National Liberation Front
2960:1 November 1954 Stadiums
2799:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
2636:Sétif and Guelma massacre
2220:10.1080/13698010701618604
2200:Caillé, Patricia (2007).
1428:grande répression d’Alger
1376:, A similar event in the
862:, and Lieutenant-Colonel
641:National Liberation Front
419:
363:
348:
158:
113:
70:
52:
44:
3781:1957 in the Algerian War
3776:1956 in the Algerian War
3515:Battle of Naciria (1871)
3418:Second Assault of Dellys
3035:Algerian Communist Party
3023:National Liberation Army
2804:Charonne subway massacre
2661:Decolonisation of Africa
2402:on the Battle of Algiers
2398:, Video archives of the
2366:Stora, Benjamin (1993),
2310:Horne, Alistair (1977),
2292:Courrière, Yves (1969),
1598:(in French). p. 95.
1473:, p. 326, Fayard, 2002,
635:. It consisted of urban
18:Battle of Algiers (1957)
3539:Battle of Issers (1871)
3371:First Assault of Dellys
3084:Front Algérie Française
2737:Battle of Philippeville
2406:Pacification in Algeria
1033:Deployment and response
901:10th Parachute Division
3383:Battle Of Ammal (1840)
3301:Second Battle of Blida
3259:
3204:Ministry of Mujahideen
2669:Brazzaville Conference
1750:Evans, Martin (2012).
1693:Evans, Martin (2012).
1666:Evans, Martin (2012).
1651:Evans, Martin (2012).
1491:Les Rebelles algériens
1427:
1412:
1157:Massu appointed Major
1146:
1122:
1026:
1019:Massu was charged to:
1017:
958:(11e Choc) (1,000 men)
746:
159:Commanders and leaders
3694:De Lamoricière Treaty
3505:Battle of Alma (1871)
3424:Battle of Sidi Brahim
3325:Battle of Constantine
3307:Massacre of El Ouffia
3295:First Battle of Blida
3258:
2914:French Fifth Republic
2891:Algerian independence
2352:, Académique Perrin,
2256:Alleg, Henri (1958),
1340:The Battle of Algiers
1249:from the casino, the
1188:The French Army used
1091:Further information:
842:In December, General
744:
725:and under-prefect of
669:forced disappearances
364:Casualties and losses
3560:Capture of Touggourt
3406:Battle of Beni Mered
3377:Siege of Constantine
3226:Djidjelli expedition
2931:1962 Algerian crisis
2926:Aftermath in Algeria
2842:Manifesto of the 121
2826:Communauté française
2558:Algerian nationalism
2332:My Battle of Algiers
2330:Morgan, Ted (2005),
1551:Donald Reid (2009).
1115:centre d'hebergement
1071:Battle of the Casbah
1059:8-day general strike
993:Unités territoriales
817:re-routed to Algiers
777:In September at the
3553:Capture of Palestro
3412:Battle of the Smala
3278:Shipwreck of Dellys
3067:Commandos de Chasse
3061:French Armed Forces
2675:First Indochina War
2516:Invasion of Algiers
2436: /
2350:La Bataille d'Alger
1405:معركة مدينة الجزائر
1001:Jean-Robert Thomazo
999:and led by Colonel
970:Chasseurs d'Afrique
899:, commander of the
887:The Army takes over
852:First Indochina War
3682:De Bourmont Treaty
3400:Battle of Mazagran
3289:Battle of Staouéli
3260:
3217:Pre-1830 conflicts
2762:Week of barricades
2742:Soummam conference
2562:Attempted reforms
2440:36.7761°N 3.0600°E
2396:http://www.ina.fr/
2141:"Critics' top 100"
1815:, pp. 198–200
1489:Serge Bromberger,
1469:2024-05-22 at the
1317:In popular culture
1221:Summary executions
937:Police (1,100 men)
848:counter-insurgency
779:Soummam conference
747:
693:violence broke out
592:2nd Ouled Bouachra
522:1st Ouled Bouachra
3758:
3757:
3667:Desmichels Treaty
3435:Siege of Laghouat
3154:
3153:
3123:
3122:
3049:Anti-independence
2999:
2998:
2986:Martyrs' Memorial
2862:
2861:
2837:FLN football team
2757:Operation Corsica
2747:Battle of Algiers
2695:
2694:
2681:Malagasy Uprising
2644:
2643:
2370:, la Découverte,
2341:978-0-06-120576-7
2323:978-1-59017-218-6
2285:978-1-929631-30-8
2151:on 19 August 2012
2055:, pp. 209–11
1923:, pp. 134–44
1564:978-1-4438-0722-7
1533:978-2-7011-3386-7
1460:Gilbert Meynier,
1279:Pierre Jeanpierre
1198:crevettes Bigeard
1141:Alger républicain
637:guerrilla warfare
627:(also called the
625:Battle of Algiers
620:
619:
378:
377:
314:Pierre Jeanpierre
109:
108:
61:Casbah of Algiers
40:Battle of Algiers
32:Battle of Algiers
16:(Redirected from
3798:
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3690:
3627:Bab El Bekkouche
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3396:
3193:
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3011:Pro-independence
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2855:
2832:Constantine Plan
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2147:. Archived from
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2116:Aussaresses 2010
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2067:, pp. 212–6
2062:
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2043:, pp. 208–9
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2032:
2026:
2020:
2017:Aussaresses 2010
2014:
2008:
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2005:
2003:
1981:
1975:
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1936:
1935:, pp. 147–8
1933:Aussaresses 2010
1930:
1924:
1921:Aussaresses 2010
1918:
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1911:, pp. 194–5
1906:
1900:
1897:Aussaresses 2010
1894:
1888:
1887:, pp. 121–2
1885:Aussaresses 2010
1882:
1876:
1875:, pp. 120–1
1873:Aussaresses 2010
1870:
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1861:Aussaresses 2010
1858:
1852:
1851:, pp. 75–92
1849:Aussaresses 2010
1846:
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1262:Germaine Tillion
1206:
1159:Paul Aussaresses
1149:
1125:
1054:in retaliation.
837:Mostefa Lacheraf
829:Mohammed Boudiaf
821:Hocine Aït Ahmed
797:Djamila Bouhired
783:Larbi Ben M'Hidi
527:Ath Yahia Moussa
507:Bab El Bekkouche
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2583:Divide and rule
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924:Fossey-François
920:Roger Trinquier
889:
864:Roger Trinquier
839:were arrested.
825:Ahmed Ben Bella
739:
729:at the time of
679:In March 1955,
677:
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517:May 1958 crisis
427:Toussaint Rouge
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359:1,500 policemen
358:
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2921:Year of Africa
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2809:Paris massacre
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1951:. p. 53.
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409:
407:
406:
399:
392:
384:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
361:
360:
357:8,000 soldiers
355:
351:
350:
346:
345:
281:Marcel Bigeard
260:
161:
160:
156:
155:
154:
153:
146:
145:
131:
129:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
100:
96:
95:
92:French Algeria
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
50:
49:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3803:
3792:
3791:Urban warfare
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:Évian Accords
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:Philippeville
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:Battle of Sig
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3139: /
3138:
3137:
3126:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3076:La Main Rouge
3073:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:Monuments and
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:Évian Accords
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:of key events
2714:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:Other factors
2647:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:1920 petition
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2359:2-2620-1865-0
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2267:2-7073-0175-2
2263:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2118:, p. 166
2117:
2112:
2109:
2106:, p. 218
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:, p. 217
2090:
2085:
2082:
2079:, p. 212
2078:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2031:, p. 211
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:, p. 128
2018:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1994:(in French).
1993:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1958:9780691173481
1954:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1899:, p. 145
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1863:, p. 119
1862:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1803:, p. 199
1802:
1797:
1794:
1791:, p. 198
1790:
1785:
1782:
1779:, p. 194
1778:
1773:
1770:
1767:, p. 193
1766:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1728:, p. 192
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1713:, p. 190
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1683:, p. 187
1682:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:, p. 186
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:, p. 184
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:2-213-61377-X
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1451:, p. 571
1450:
1445:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1194:death flights
1191:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1132:Maurice Audin
1129:
1128:waterboarding
1124:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:Suez campaign
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
884:
882:
877:
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:Robert Allard
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
802:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
768:
763:
762:Robert Martel
758:
756:
752:
743:
736:
734:
732:
728:
727:Constantinois
724:
720:
719:André Achiary
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
685:Abane Ramdane
682:
674:
672:
670:
666:
662:
661:Jacques Massu
658:
654:
653:La Main Rouge
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
542:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Philippeville
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
418:
413:
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
385:
382:
371:
368:
367:
362:
356:
353:
352:
347:
344:
333:
321:
315:
304:
293:
282:
271:
270:Jacques Massu
261:
259:
257:
251:
250:Ali la Pointe
239:
234:
223:
212:
200:
195:
184:
183:Krim Belkacem
173:
172:Abane Ramdane
163:
162:
157:
152:
151:La Main Rouge
149:
148:
144:
133:
132:
130:
128:
118:
117:
112:
105:
101:
98:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
65:Ali la Pointe
62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3672:Tafna Treaty
3637:
3611:
3600:
3571:Algerian War
3569:
3494:
3335:
3266:
3215:
3145:
3134:
3098:Other groups
3074:
3065:
2825:
2785:human rights
2783:War crimes /
2746:
2729:
2628:
2615:Legal status
2607:
2603:French Union
2588:
2533:Deportations
2485:Algerian War
2421:
2411:A film clip
2367:
2349:
2331:
2312:
2293:
2275:
2257:
2250:Bibliography
2236:. Retrieved
2211:
2207:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:the original
2144:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1989:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1947:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1751:
1745:
1733:
1694:
1688:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1631:
1604:
1595:
1573:. Retrieved
1553:
1546:
1537:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1490:
1485:
1462:
1456:
1444:
1419:
1396:
1355:
1338:
1324:Lost Command
1322:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1269:FLN defeated
1259:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:Second phase
1234:
1230:
1217:
1213:Paul Teitgen
1208:
1190:cement shoes
1187:
1183:
1175:
1164:
1156:
1139:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:responsables
1106:
1103:
1099:organigramme
1098:
1096:
1081:
1074:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1015:authorities.
1013:
1005:
981:55 gendarmes
932:
909:
904:
890:
880:
873:
867:
841:
810:
794:
787:
776:
765:
759:
748:
714:
712:
697:
678:
633:Algerian War
628:
624:
622:
540:
539:
477:Sidi Semiane
461:
421:
412:Algerian War
255:
114:Belligerents
47:Algerian War
45:Part of the
3697: [
3685: [
3649:Bab El Oued
3542: [
3530: [
3518: [
3481: [
3469: [
3457: [
3446:Allegiances
3391: [
3339:: 1837-1870
3270:: 1830-1836
3040:Oujda Group
2850: [
2765: [
2711: [
2618: [
2596:Kabyle myth
2571:Jonnart Law
2503:colonialism
2487:(1954–1962)
2443: /
2258:La Question
1356:La Question
1329:Mark Robson
1201: [
1152:La Question
1136:Henri Alleg
1039:quadrillage
1008:Serge Baret
928:Yves Godard
856:André Dulac
844:Raoul Salan
755:Yacef Saâdi
737:First phase
681:Rabah Bitat
657:French Army
645:Pieds-Noirs
602:Ouled Sinan
597:Kef Lakhdar
557:Bab El Oued
536:(1959-1961)
492:El Menaouer
472:Oued Zeggar
467:Fellaoucene
374:900 wounded
292:Yves Godard
233:Yacef Saâdi
222:Saad Dahlab
3765:Categories
3617:Agounennda
3590:El Djorf I
2979:Tizi Ouzou
2900:Legacy and
2884:referendum
2787:violations
2708:Chronology
2521:Atrocities
2493:Background
2428:36°46′34″N
2377:270714293X
2303:2213611181
2296:, Fayard,
2238:2021-07-14
2145:bfi.org.uk
2128:Horne 1977
2104:Horne 1977
2089:Horne 1977
2077:Horne 1977
2065:Horne 1977
2053:Horne 1977
2041:Horne 1977
2029:Horne 1977
1969:21 October
1909:Horne 1977
1837:Horne 1977
1825:Horne 1977
1813:Horne 1977
1801:Horne 1977
1789:Horne 1977
1777:Horne 1977
1765:Horne 1977
1738:Horne 1977
1726:Horne 1977
1711:Horne 1977
1681:Horne 1977
1636:Horne 1977
1624:Horne 1977
1609:Horne 1977
1575:2023-04-16
1506:Horne 1977
1449:Horne 1977
1436:References
1343:(1966) by
1327:(1966) by
1299:Pied-noirs
1253:started a
1251:Pied-Noirs
1079:(3e RPC).
1052:Pied-Noirs
997:Pied-Noirs
905:Pied-noirs
806:Air France
801:Zohra Drif
790:Guy Mollet
751:guillotine
715:Pied-noirs
675:Background
482:Agounennda
442:El Djorf I
372:300 killed
3711:Documents
3601:Blue Bird
3585:Véronique
2902:aftermath
2818:Reactions
2683:(1947–49)
2677:(1946–54)
2630:Pied noir
2609:Indigénat
2585:policies
2431:3°03′36″E
2228:162359222
1991:France 24
1293:Aftermath
1255:ratonnade
988:(920 men)
881:ratonnade
868:pied-noir
813:Bourguiba
612:Kef Afoul
452:Blue Bird
437:Véronique
432:Boukerker
211:Benkhedda
104:aftermath
3659:Treaties
3638:Jumelles
3622:Bouzegza
3607:Palestro
3136:Category
2656:Cold War
2232:Archived
2185:14 March
2179:Archived
2155:14 March
2002:June 25,
1996:Archived
1963:Archived
1569:Archived
1467:Archived
1368:See also
1207:", lit.
1006:Prefect
968:the 5th
961:the 9th
876:Boufarik
704:Belgrade
607:Guergour
572:Bouk’hil
567:Boutaleb
532:Jumelles
502:Timimoun
487:Bouzegza
457:Palestro
349:Strength
83:Location
3612:Algiers
3147:Commons
2974:El Oued
2964:Algiers
2794:Torture
2501:Settler
1064:El-Biar
689:Kabylie
665:torture
649:Algiers
587:Flawcen
577:Nasinsa
512:Borders
462:Algiers
316: (
256:†
88:Algiers
3437:(1852)
3426:(1845)
3420:(1844)
3414:(1843)
3408:(1842)
3402:(1840)
3379:(1837)
3373:(1837)
3367:(1837)
3361:(1837)
3355:(1837)
3349:(1837)
3327:(1836)
3321:(1835)
3315:(1835)
3309:(1832)
3303:(1830)
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3056:France
3004:Groups
2671:(1944)
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2175:Empire
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1401:Arabic
1147:gegene
1123:gegene
1044:Sûreté
963:Zouave
772:Casbah
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541:1960s
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