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populations decimated; the countryside (with its villages and food sources) was burnt; monasteries and churches were systematically razed to the ground. Of those who survived the fighting and reprisals, many thousands died of hunger and disease, and 60,000 survivors were enslaved and carried away by Timur's troops.
220:
troops. The
Jalayrids were about to surrender, due to a lack of water, when a sudden downpour filled the cisterns in the citadel, allowing the them to resist the siege. Timur gave Muhammad Miraka the order to start the final assault on the citadel, but Miraka was called back to Timur's camp after
315:
In retaliation, Tamerlane ravaged southern
Georgia and northern Armenia, killing, destroying, and enslaving people. This bloody campaign lasted for several months, with Timur's armies systematically moving from province to province. Virtually all major cities and towns were destroyed and their
263:, who was appointed to Azarbaijan in 1396, was given the command to besiege to Alinja. By 1398, Miran Shah's forces had built a wall around Alinja, effectively cutting off its communication with the outside world.
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besiegers. They rescued Tahir and freed some of those inside the castle, Miran Shah's general Seif ad-Din fled to Tabriz. Sidi Ahmad
Ogulsai and three Georgian nobles took Tahir's place inside the fortress.
288:
603:
613:
618:
191:, killing, destroying, and enslaving people. The fortress managed to withstand the intermittent siege, but faced with starvation, surrendered in 1401.
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arrived in Timur's camp towards the end of 1394, traveling from the
Alinjak region. All of the troops in the area were concentrated in
572:
526:
36:
337:
In the war against the conqueror Timur-e Lang, the fortress resisted a thirteen-year siege and only capitulated in 1401...
232:
In 1394, Timur sent
Muhammad Darvis from Mus with the goal of resuming the siege, along with reinforcements. Prince
608:
319:
The fortress of Alinja managed to withstand the continued siege, but faced with starvation, surrendered in 1401.
506:
Bedrosian, Robert (1997). "Armenian during the Seljuk and Mongol
Periods". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
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304:
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216:. The defenders locked themselves inside the citadel while the lower fortifications were captured by
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510:. Vol. I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press.
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While the
Georgian army was withdrawing, an army sent by Miran Shah under the command of his son
276:
105:
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in 1394 on the side of Ala-Tag, and it is possible that the siege was eased at this point.
307:. The Georgians attacked and the Timurid army was defeated. Abu Bakr retreated to Tabriz.
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attacked the
Timurids and released some of those who had been imprisoned. In retaliation,
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563:
Minorsky, Vladmir (1987). "Tiflis". In
Houtsma, M. Th.; van Donzel, E. (eds.).
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launched an offensive, which may have temporarily ended the siege.
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508:The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times
348:Vladimir Minorsky states the siege began in 1387
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251:During the lull in the sieges, Tahir, son of
240:as a result of a fresh offensive launched by
175:had resumed besieging the fortress. In 1399,
8:
558:(in French). Librairie Orientaliste: 41β112.
554:Minorsky, Vladimir (1930). "Transcaucasia".
549:] (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba.
547:History of the Georgian nation, volume III
43:
26:
453:
371:
604:Battles involving the Kingdom of Georgia
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477:
438:
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171:would interrupt the sieges, but by 1396
167:starting in 1388. Two offensives by the
361:
328:
405:
259:, arrived to strengthen the fortress.
7:
614:Sieges involving the Timurid Empire
159:occurred between the armies of the
619:Sieges involving Georgia (country)
25:
112:
98:
542:α₯αα ααααα αα αα‘ αα‘α’αα αα, α’ααα III
37:Timurid conquests and invasions
1:
635:
515:Baumer, Christoph (2023).
582:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
521:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
124:
87:
51:
42:
34:
518:History of the Caucasus
149:Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah
291:army and attacked the
125:Commanders and leaders
273:George VII of Georgia
177:George VII of Georgia
537:Javakhishvili, Ivane
257:Jalayirid Sultanate
161:Jalayirid Sultanate
94:Jalayirid Sultanate
466:Javakhishvili 1949
374:, p. 267-268.
305:a battle broke out
208:army besieged the
132:Sidi Ahmad Ogulsai
106:Kingdom of Georgia
609:Conflicts in 1398
586:. Reaktion Books.
556:Journal Asiatique
183:ravaged southern
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16:(Redirected from
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281:North Caucasians
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18:Battle of Alinja
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255:, the ruler of
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141:Muhammad Darvis
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139:Muhammad Miraka
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79:Timurid victory
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30:Siege of Alinja
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456:, p. 268.
454:Bedrosian 1997
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391:, p. 149.
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490:Rayfield 2012
486:
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478:Minorsky 1987
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441:, p. 95.
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439:Minorsky 1930
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223:Qara Mahammad
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204:In 1388, the
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246:Qara Qoyunlu
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227:Qara Qoyunlu
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169:Qara Qoyunlu
156:
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88:Belligerents
69:Alinja Tower
35:Part of the
406:Baumer 2023
147:Seif ad-Din
59:c.1388β1401
598:Categories
356:References
261:Miran Shah
242:Qara Yusuf
234:Miran-Shah
210:Jalayirids
173:Miran Shah
144:Miran Shah
135:George VII
567:. Brill.
311:1399-1401
271:In 1399,
200:1388β1398
539:(1949).
301:Abu Bakr
277:Georgian
64:Location
500:Sources
293:Timurid
287:), and
244:of the
225:of the
218:Timur's
206:Timurid
189:Armenia
185:Georgia
571:
525:
285:Simsim
238:Tabriz
214:Alinja
108:(1399)
103:
76:Result
545:[
323:Notes
289:Shaki
195:Siege
181:Timur
130:Tahir
569:ISBN
523:ISBN
267:1399
163:and
155:The
56:Date
212:at
600::
446:^
413:^
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379:^
364:^
279:,
577:.
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339:"
335:"
283:(
20:)
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