37:
528:
this happening were grim. Abu Bakr made a bet with Ubay ibn Khalaf for ten camels that the prophecy would come true within three years, the bet was later revised from ten to a hundred camels and duration from three to nine years i.e. if the Romans defeated the
Persians in under nine years Ubayy bin Kahlad would pay Abu Bakr a hundred camels and vice versa. Eventually, the Byzantines did defeat the Persians nine years later during
483:
The victory at
Antioch ensured the Persians would maintain control of its recently overrun Byzantine territory. It was a major psychological blow to the Byzantines, and blocked the land routes from Anatolia to Palestine, Syria, and Egypt. Furthermore, the defeated army of Heraclius and Nicetas was
535:
However, there is some dispute if this battle is truly the one referenced by Quran, with some scholars noting that different interpretations are given by medieval Muslim sources. For example, according to Muslim historian al-Tabari, it refers to the battle of Adhri'at in 614, while
527:
mentions that "The Romans have been defeated. In a land close by; but they will soon be victorious-Within a few years. Allah's is the command before and after; and on that day the believers shall rejoice." The
Polytheists of Mecca made fun of the Muslims because of this Prophecy as the chances of
455:
In response to the sudden loss of territory on the
Eastern frontier, Heraclius organized a capable-sized army and marched to Antioch. However, his counter-attack was decisively defeated in 613 outside Antioch. In the set battle, the Roman positions completely collapsed and a general rout of the
440:. The Byzantine Empire could not offer much resistance to the invading Persians, with Heraclius himself needing time to implement a number of internal initiatives to ensure he could raise the necessary funds and troops for a renewed war against
233:
532:, fulfilling the prophecy made in the Quran and hence Abu Bakr won, but by that time betting had been forbidden in Islam so he had to give up his gains as charity. This incident is referred by Muslims as another miracle of the Quran.
226:
779:
219:
712:
Bilād al-Shām fī ṣadr al-Islām: 24-30 Jumādá al-Ākhirah 1405 H/16-22 Ādhār 1985 : al-nadwah al-thānīyah min aʻmāl al-Muʼtamar al-Dawlī al-Rābiʻ li-Tārīkh Bilād al-Shām
784:
789:
540:
in the same year of 614. Others noted that an alternative range (i.e. the outset of seventh year, or three to five years) for the word "a few years" also exists.
700:
El-Awaisi, Khalid "The
Quranic Prophecy Of The Defeat And Victory of Byzantines" Mardin Artuklu University; Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies, 2015, p. 1-32
484:
also split in two: Heraclius and
Theodore retreated north, and Nicetas retreated south. The former part unsuccessfully attempted to hold a defense line at the
118:
65:
476:
its inhabitants, and slew its
Patriarch. Among the wounded in the battle was Tychicus, Byzantine soldier and the future educator of the Armenian polymath
385:
243:
28:
567:
452:. Ostensibly, the Persian army could not travel much further into Byzantine territory without confronting a centrally-assembled Eastern Roman army.
282:
799:
610:
814:
794:
635:
444:, the Sassanid king. In the next year, continuing their success, the Persian force overran Syria and eastern Anatolia, capturing
272:
733:
Wilde, Claire "The Qur'anic Rum: A Late
Antique Perspective; Late Antique Responses to the Arab Conquests" Brill, 2021, p. 45-50
267:
143:
492:'s advance into Palestine and Syria either. In the coming decade, Sassanid forces penetrated deeper into Byzantine territory.
329:
277:
529:
319:
292:
148:
809:
302:
691:
Tafheem-ul-Quran Volume 3, Introduction to Sura Room (Rome)ie
Chapter#30 and the explanation of the first four verses
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804:
537:
36:
257:
774:
334:
98:
324:
724:
Kaegi, Walter E. "Byzantium and the Early
Islamic Conquests" Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 119
421:
377:
164:
497:
631:
606:
477:
307:
660:
312:
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to try and defend the city but they arrived too late so they returned to their mountains.
297:
123:
102:
742:
El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria "Byzantines; Encyclopedia of the Qur'an Vol I" Brill, 2001, p. 267
556:
519:
refers to this battle in the 30th chapter which was revealed shortly after the battle,
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359:
355:
94:
763:
367:
769:
520:
211:
199:
751:
Silverstein, Adam J. "Q 30: 2-5 in Near Eastern Context" De Gruyter, 2020, p. 37.
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581:
473:
425:
568:
Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in ...
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504:, and the Persian expansion reached its pinnacle with the successful siege of
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fell to Shahrbaraz in 614, while Shahin made further inroads into central and
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445:
441:
417:
381:
159:
501:
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457:
433:
393:
363:
138:
651:
Foss, Clive (1975), "The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity",
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389:
81:
461:
372:
351:
61:
401:
69:
588:
The history of the Maronites and Eastern Christians through the ages
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Byzantine army led to an easy victory for Sharbaraz and Shahin. The
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516:
509:
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The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam
424:, the Persian army conquered Byzantine-controlled territories in
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215:
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in the Taurus Mountains, and Nicetas was not able to stop
570:"8. Decisive Persian victory near Antioch : 613"
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in the spring of 619, which led to the annexation of
396:territory. The victory paved the way for a further
392:were able to maintain a hold on the recently taken
780:Battles of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
710:Bakhīt, Muḥammad ʻAdnān; ʻAbbās, Iḥsān (1987).
21:
679:Causes of the Downfall of the Sassanian Empire
536:another interpretation commonly points to the
472:The Sasanians systematically looted the city,
227:
16:Part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
8:
605:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
234:
220:
212:
35:
18:
714:. al-Jāmiʻah al-Urdunīyah. p. 109.
583:تاريخ الموارنة ومسيحيي الشرق عبر العصور
549:
785:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire
790:Battles involving the Sasanian Empire
7:
601:Kaegi, Walter Emil (27 March 2003).
677:Mehta, Virasp (December 23, 2005),
14:
630:. Pen and Sword. pp. 41–43.
416:Beginning in 610, under Generals
386:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
29:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
603:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium
580:Abi Abdullah, Abdullah (1997).
590:]. دار ملفات. p. 161.
1:
653:The English Historical Review
800:610s in the Byzantine Empire
448:cities, such as Antioch and
815:Military history of Antakya
795:610s in the Sasanian Empire
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665:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721
530:Heraclius' campaign of 622
350:took place in 613 outside
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186:
173:
129:
112:
43:
34:
26:
681:, Palo Alto: vohuman.org
626:Crawford, Peter (2013).
325:Third Perso-Turkic War
130:Commanders and leaders
368:Persian Sassanid army
187:Casualties and losses
320:Constantinople (626)
198:Citizens of Antioch
810:Invasions of Syria
538:Jerusalem conquest
244:Byzantine–Sasanian
612:978-0-521-81459-1
478:Anania Shirakatsi
400:advance into the
388:. The victorious
348:Battle of Antioch
343:
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330:Tbilisi (627-628)
273:Caesarea Maritima
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22:Battle of Antioch
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659:(357): 721–747,
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370:under Generals (
293:Cappadocia (622)
283:Asia Minor (615)
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236:
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119:Byzantine Empire
99:Eastern Anatolia
66:Byzantine Empire
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19:
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384:as part of the
362:led by Emperor
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288:Egypt (618–621)
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124:Sassanid Empire
103:Sassanid Empire
101:annexed to the
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12:
11:
5:
828:
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557:Hatay Province
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486:Cilician Gates
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360:Byzantine army
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263:Antioch (613)
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521:Surat al-Rum
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347:
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262:
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113:Belligerents
27:Part of the
496:and all of
426:Mesopotamia
89:Territorial
764:Categories
544:References
506:Alexandria
490:Shahrbaraz
460:came from
442:Khosrow II
436:) and the
418:Shahrbaraz
382:Shahrbaraz
358:between a
160:Shahrbaraz
523:. In it,
498:Palestine
494:Jerusalem
468:Aftermath
458:Maronites
446:Christian
434:Kurdistan
394:Byzantine
364:Heraclius
278:Jerusalem
139:Heraclius
474:deported
450:Damascus
438:Caucasus
406:Anatolia
398:Sasanian
390:Persians
303:Caucasus
258:Caesarea
200:deported
174:Strength
144:Theodore
82:Sasanian
68:(modern
60:Outside
56:Location
462:Lebanon
412:History
373:spahbed
352:Antioch
308:Archesh
206:Minimal
149:Nicetas
91:changes
84:victory
62:Antioch
634:
609:
422:Shahin
402:Levant
378:Shahin
366:and a
356:Turkey
313:Ganzak
182:40,000
179:68,000
165:Shahin
78:Result
70:Turkey
586:[
525:Allah
517:Quran
510:Egypt
298:Sarus
193:Heavy
95:Syria
632:ISBN
607:ISBN
515:The
432:and
430:Iraq
420:and
404:and
380:and
346:The
97:and
48:Date
770:613
661:doi
51:613
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657:90
655:,
512:.
480:.
408:.
376:)
354:,
64:,
663::
640:.
615:.
235:e
228:t
221:v
72:)
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