715:. Shahrbaraz stationed his forces across the river from the Byzantines. A bridge spanned the river, and the Byzantines immediately charged across. Shahrbaraz feigned retreat to lead the Byzantines into an ambush, and the vanguard of Heraclius' army was destroyed within minutes. The Sasanians, however, had neglected to cover the bridge, and Heraclius charged across with the rearguard, unafraid of the arrows that the Sasanians fired, turning the tide of battle against the Sasanians. Shahrbaraz expressed his admiration at Heraclius to a renegade Greek: "See your Emperor! He fears these arrows and spears no more than would an anvil!" The
561:
929:
778:
793:, while the main Avar host attacked the land walls. Patrician Bonus' galleys rammed and destroyed the Slavic boats; the Avar land assault from 6 to 7 August also failed. With the news that Theodore had decisively triumphed over Shahin (supposedly leading Shahin to die from depression), the Avars retreated to the
854:
One year later, the feudal families of the
Sasanian Empire, who were tired of war against the Byzantines and Khosrow's oppressive policies, freed Khosrow's son Sheroe, who had been imprisoned by his own father. The feudal families included: Shahrbaraz himself, who represented the Mihran family; the
820:
Shahrbaraz then moved his army to northern Syria, where he could easily decide to support either
Khosrow or Heraclius at a moment's notice. Still, with the neutralization of Khosrow's most skilled general, Heraclius deprived his enemy of some of his best and most experienced troops, while securing
671:
and routed the forces of
Shahraplakan and Shahin one after the other. After this victory, Heraclius crossed the Araxes and camped in the plains on the other side. Shahin, with the remnants of both his and Shahraplakan's armies joined Shahrbaraz in the pursuit of Heraclius, but marshes slowed them
816:
who in turn gave it to
Heraclius. After reading the letter, he offered to show the letter to Shahrbaraz in a meeting at Constantinople. Shahrbaraz accepted his proposal and met Heraclius at Constantinople, where he read the letter and switched over to Heraclius' side. Shahrbaraz then changed the
707:. Heraclius then carried on towards the Euphrates, pursued by Shahrbaraz. According to Arab sources, he was stopped at the Satidama or Batman Su River and defeated; Byzantine sources, however, do not mention this incident. Another minor skirmish between Heraclius and Shahrbaraz took place at the
676:, Shahrbaraz split his forces, sending some 6,000 troops to ambush Heraclius while the remainder of the troops stayed at Aliovit. Heraclius launched a surprise night attack on the Sasanian main camp in February 625, destroying it. Shahrbaraz only barely escaped, naked and alone, having lost his
40:
1015:
deposed Boran and became king of the
Sasanian Empire. His reign, however, did not last long, and he was shortly deposed by the Sasanian nobles. During the same period, Niketas entered in the service of the Byzantines, and would later appear as one of the Byzantine generals at the
666:
were later sent by the orders of
Khosrow II to trap the forces of Heraclius. Shahin managed to rout the Byzantine army. Due to jealousy between the Sasanian commanders, Shahrbaraz hurried with his army to take part in the glory of the victory. Heraclius met them at
903:
to execute his father. With the agreement of the nobles of the
Sasanian empire, Kavad II then made peace with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius; under the terms of this peace, the Byzantines regained all their lost territories, their captured soldiers, a
911:
Following the loss of territory required for the peace treaty, the embittered aristocracy started forming independent states within the
Sasanian Empire. This divided the resources of the country. Furthermore, dams and canals became derelict, and
761:
so as to launch a coordinated attack on
Constantinople from both European and Asiatic sides. The army of Shahrbaraz stationed themselves at Chalcedon, while the Avars placed themselves on the European side of Constantinople and destroyed the
770:'s control of the Bosphorus strait, however, the Sasanians could not send troops to the European side to aid their ally. This reduced the effectiveness of the siege, because the Sasanians were experts in siege warfare. Furthermore, the
991:. The reason of this execution was reportedly because the latter had insulted Shahrbaraz during the reign of Khosrow II. Forty days later, 9 June 630, during a ceremony, Shahrbaraz was killed by a javelin thrown by
1190:
948:
Now that the
Iranian king is dead, the throne and the kingdom has come to you. I bestow it on you, and on your offspring after you. If an army is necessary, I shall send to your assistance as many as you may
2888:
983:, as his heir. An Iranian Christian as the heir of the Sasanian Empire opened the chances of the Christianization of Iran. After some time, Shahrbaraz had Shamta, the son of the former financial minister
248:
is actually a title, literally meaning "the Boar of the Empire", attesting to his dexterity in military command and his warlike personality, as the boar was the animal associated with the Zoroastrian
1027:
A detailed saga of heroism and romance evolved around Shahrbaraz later. In the Islamic period, it was transferred into the legend of Umar ibn al-Numan and his sons which became included in the
797:
hinterland within two days, never to threaten Constantinople seriously again. Even though the army of Shahrbaraz was still encamped at Chalcedon, the threat to Constantinople was over.
962:(Persian) faction, and the previous minister of the Empire during the reign of Ardashir's father, Kavad II. He also made an alliance with Namdar Gushnasp, who had succeeded him as the
966:
of Nēmrōz in 626. Shahrbaraz, with the aid of these two powerful figures, captured Ctesiphon, and executed Ardashir III along with many Sasanian nobles, including Ardashir's minister
2107:
1011:, and the events that occurred after the war; his mutiny against Khosrow II caused the Sasanian Empire to fall into a civil war. After the death of Shahrbaraz, his son
525:. After reconquering lost territory, Khosrow II withdrew from the battlefield and handed military operations to his best generals. Shahrbaraz was one of them. In 610,
2893:
476:
1191:"Destruction of the ādur gušnasp temple in ādurbādagān as a revenge for abduction of the Holy Cross from Jerusalem in the context of the letters of Heraclius"
817:
contents of the letter, making it state that Khosrow II wanted 400 officers killed, ensuring that Kardarigan and the rest of the army remained loyal to him.
887:, captured Ctesiphon and imprisoned Khosrow II. Sheroe then proclaimed himself as king of the Sasanian Empire on 25 February, assuming the regnal name of
1008:
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230:
47:
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and Avars had difficulties communicating across the guarded Bosphorus—though undoubtedly, there was some communication between the two forces.
2096:
2031:
839:
In 627, Khosrow sent Shahrbaraz a letter, which said that he should send his army to Ctesiphon. Shahrbaraz, however, disobeyed, and moved to
2347:
2848:
958:
with a force of 6,000 men. He was, however, unable to capture the city, and then made an alliance with Piruz Khosrow, the leader of the
813:
600:
and captured it along with a large number of Byzantine troops as prisoners. Furthermore, Shahrbaraz also defeated a Byzantine army near
804:, who was the second-in-command of the Sasanian army. The letter said that Kardarigan should kill Shahrbaraz and take his army back to
2883:
2284:
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30:
834:
2178:
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2006:
1987:
1963:
1942:
1918:
1894:
1873:
1173:
1113:
2116:
1077:
Gyselen, Rika (2001). "Lorsque l'archéologie rencontre la tradition littéraire. Les titres des chefs d'armée de l'Iran sassanide".
2196:
560:
785:
On 7 August, a fleet of Sasanian rafts ferrying troops across the Bosphorus was surrounded and destroyed by Byzantine ships. The
2868:
585:
2913:
2331:
1134:
976:(king) of the Sasanian Empire, and killed Kardarigan, who opposed Shahrbaraz after his usurpation of the Sasanian throne.
736:
589:
522:
896:
506:
2898:
1029:
988:
2863:
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916:
erupted in the western provinces of Iran, killing half of the population along with Kavad II, who was succeeded by
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2324:
955:
928:
871:
801:
1021:
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to negotiate with him. However, Farrukhzad made a secret conspiracy against Khosrow and joined Shahrbaraz.
741:
Shahrbaraz, along with a smaller army, later managed to slip through Heraclius' flanks and bee-lined for
2023:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
1904:
412:
260:
700:
2197:"The Letters of Shahrbarāz and Middle Persian Historiography on the Last Great War of Late Antiquity"
856:
687:. In 625, his forces attempted to push back towards the Euphrates. In a mere seven days, he bypassed
668:
659:
462:
2157:
635:
After the fall of Alexandria, Shahrbaraz and his forces extended Sasanian rule southwards along the
2838:
2716:
1973:
1012:
980:
521:
before Khosrow II gave them most of Sasanian Armenia, parts of Mesopotamia and western half of the
488:
484:
142:
137:
509:, which lasted 26 years. Khosrow II, along with Shahrbaraz and his other best generals, conquered
219:, and was killed by Iranian nobles after forty days. Before usurping the Sasanian throne he was a
2219:
967:
647:
was appointed as its governor. In 622, Heraclius counter-attacked against the Sasanian Empire in
510:
604:. One of the most important events during his career was when he led the Sasanian army towards
2918:
2174:
2142:
2092:
2068:
2027:
1983:
1959:
1938:
1914:
1890:
1869:
1687:
1683:
1668:
1581:
1503:
1429:
1358:
1169:
1109:
1017:
867:
655:
554:
542:
129:
39:
2170:
A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity
2168:
2136:
1910:
East Rome, Sasanian Persia and the End of Antiquity: Historiographical and Historical Studies
1163:
2307:
2211:
1086:
913:
844:
629:
605:
445:
96:
553:
on the Byzantine army and then captured the city, giving the Sasanians naval access to the
505:
Shahrbaraz is first mentioned when Khosrow II started the last and most devastating of the
2736:
2351:
2316:
2259:
1034:
992:
933:
863:
763:
758:
716:
534:
530:
458:
420:
212:
160:
51:
2042:
777:
2082:
1999:
The Politics of Usurpation in the Seventh Century: Rhetoric and Revolution in Byzantium
884:
767:
750:
651:. Shahrbaraz was sent over there to deal with him, but was eventually defeated by him.
640:
573:
376:. Ferdowsi has split Shahrbaraz's character into two: Farayin who was the usurper, and
270:
178:
895:, he executed all his brothers and half-brothers, including Khosrow II's favorite son
800:
Disappointed by Shahrbaraz's failure, Khosrow II sent a messenger bearing a letter to
465:; he was the son of a certain Ardashir. During Shahrbaraz's later life, he joined the
2832:
2776:
2636:
2223:
905:
892:
644:
466:
381:
377:
620:
was carried away in triumph. In 618, Shahrbaraz was ordered by Khosrow II to invade
541:
and killed him, crowning himself as Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. After becoming
2676:
2536:
2277:
2232:
1928:
917:
900:
708:
688:
663:
613:
353:
216:
69:
2086:
2062:
2021:
2010:
1977:
1953:
1932:
1908:
1884:
1863:
908:, along with the True Cross and other relics that were lost in Jerusalem in 614.
2726:
2696:
2546:
2496:
2466:
2446:
2303:
936:
790:
720:
692:
577:
292:
252:
198:
92:
229:(590–628). He is furthermore noted for his important role during the climactic
2796:
2756:
2746:
2646:
2626:
2616:
2476:
2436:
2416:
2366:
848:
625:
617:
480:
226:
2215:
2109:
Persian Occupation of Egypt 619–629: Politics and Administration of Sasanians
2786:
2606:
2506:
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2406:
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888:
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805:
771:
746:
742:
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609:
526:
440:
335:
86:
1079:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
723:
magnified. In the aftermath of the battle, the Byzantine army wintered at
2666:
2526:
2396:
2376:
880:
876:
684:
648:
597:
569:
372:
367:
314:
943:
After the death of Kavad II, Heraclius sent Shahrbaraz a letter saying:
2806:
2656:
2596:
2576:
2556:
809:
724:
673:
546:
471:
221:
155:
1139:. London : Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Co.Ltd. 1912. p. 50
584:
After the Byzantine defeat outside Antioch, Heraclius and his brother
517:
in 604, and in the north, the Byzantines were driven back to the old,
2586:
2566:
2426:
1886:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)
1883:
Dodgeon, Michael H.; Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002b).
1862:
Dodgeon, Michael H.; Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002a).
984:
794:
754:
704:
538:
514:
249:
1955:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire – Volume III, AD 527–641
1865:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part I, 226–363 AD)
545:, he prepared a major counter-attack against the Sasanians outside
2766:
2706:
2294:
996:
927:
789:
under the Avars attempted to attack the sea walls from across the
786:
712:
677:
621:
601:
593:
565:
559:
82:
2138:
The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam
812:
by Byzantine soldiers, who gave the letter to the future emperor
972:
822:
636:
208:
2320:
596:, but were defeated by Shahrbaraz and his forces who besieged
300:
215:
from 27 April 630 to 9 June 630. He usurped the throne from
2156:
Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1990). "Byzantine-Iranian relations".
1952:
Martindale, John R.; Jones, A. H. M.; Morris, John (1992).
1053:
Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".
781:
Map of the environs of Constantinople in Byzantine times.
1721:
1719:
1158:
1156:
1154:
979:
Heraclius also acknowledged Shahrbaraz's Christian son
549:
in 613, but was decisively defeated by Shahrbaraz, who
2204:
Journal of Late Antique, Islamic and Byzantine Studies
469:, where he rose to high offices, and was appointed as
1833:
1749:
1270:
1242:
1240:
1616:
1541:
1408:
1330:
1306:
1165:
Documents and the History of the Early Islamic World
999:, the daughter of Khosrow II, to ascend the throne.
870:
and Farrukhzad; the Armenian faction represented by
808:, but the bearers of the letter were intercepted in
479:. He was married to the sister of the Sasanian king
264:
683:Heraclius spent the rest of winter to the north of
174:
166:
154:
128:
120:
110:
106:
75:
65:
57:
46:
23:
491:, who may be from the same woman or from another.
483:, Mirhran, with whom Shahrbaraz had one boy named
327:, literally "boar"), which is from Middle Persian
719:was a successful retreat for the Byzantines that
1033:, itself influencing the late Byzantine epic of
537:descent, revolted against the Byzantine Emperor
2889:People of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
1318:
1246:
1007:Shahrbaraz had played an important role in the
945:
1104:I. (Constantinopolitanus), Nicephorus (1990).
643:was securely in Sasanian hands, and a certain
2332:
654:After Heraclius' victory, he marched towards
361:
322:
286:
242:
202:
8:
2173:. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–320.
2064:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1821:
1797:
1737:
1725:
1710:
1698:
1652:
1640:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1219:
1207:
1189:Iwona, Maksymiuk Katarzyna (26 April 2017).
343:
1525:
1523:
1454:
1452:
1439:
1437:
1392:
1390:
658:and wintered there. Shahrbaraz, along with
307:
233:, and the events that followed afterwards.
2339:
2325:
2317:
2250:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1342:
1129:
1127:
1125:
38:
20:
1499:
1231:
1197:(9): 109–125 – via cyberleninka.ru.
1072:
1070:
281:meaning "boar". This word is rendered as
1845:
1168:. BRILL. 2014. p. 30, footnote 18.
776:
487:. Shahrbaraz also had another son named
2159:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6
1592:
1487:
1470:
1066:
1046:
2894:Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire
1809:
1773:
616:. After his conquest of Jerusalem the
2237:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
2047:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
1785:
1761:
1679:
1628:
1604:
1565:
1553:
1529:
1514:
1458:
1443:
1396:
1381:
1369:
1354:
1294:
1282:
564:Campaign map from 611 to 624 through
7:
2026:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1664:
1577:
1425:
821:his flanks prior to his invasion of
703:, important fortresses on the upper
608:, and after a bloody siege captured
387:Armenian sources also use the title
265:
1834:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992
1750:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992
1271:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992
424:
362:
344:
323:
287:
203:
2285:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
1617:Dodgeon, Greatrex & Lieu 2002b
1542:Dodgeon, Greatrex & Lieu 2002b
1409:Dodgeon, Greatrex & Lieu 2002b
1331:Dodgeon, Greatrex & Lieu 2002a
1307:Dodgeon, Greatrex & Lieu 2002a
1258:
883:. In February, Sheroe, along with
753:. Khosrow II coordinated with the
403:). The title is also mentioned as
31:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
16:Shah of the Sasanian Empire in 630
14:
2141:. Pen and Sword. pp. 1–240.
1009:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
970:. Shahrbaraz then became the new
501:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
231:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
2904:Governors of the Sasanian Empire
495:War against the Byzantine Empire
2231:Howard-Johnston, James (2010).
2195:Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2022).
2020:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
1934:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium
899:. Three days later, he ordered
745:, the Sasanian base across the
2844:7th century in Byzantine Egypt
2088:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest
1997:Olster, David Michael (1993).
1958:. Cambridge University Press.
1937:. Cambridge University Press.
1108:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 65.
1:
2859:7th-century Sasanian monarchs
2854:7th-century murdered monarchs
2067:. Stanford University Press.
2061:Treadgold, Warren T. (1997).
835:Sasanian civil war of 628–632
737:Siege of Constantinople (626)
2041:Shapur Shahbazi, A. (2005).
1979:A Short History of Byzantium
954:On 27 April 630, Shahrbaraz
843:, where he set up a camp in
691:and the 200 miles along the
348:). The name is corrupted as
317:has used the shortened form
2821:usurpers or rival claimants
1136:The Shahnama Of Firdausi VI
1030:One Thousand and One Nights
987:, crucified on a church in
592:, combined their armies in
457:Shahrbaraz belonged to the
2937:
2849:7th-century Iranian people
2289:27 April 630 – 9 June 630
2167:Payne, Richard E. (2015).
2115:. Sasanika. Archived from
2106:Jalalipour, Saeid (2014).
832:
734:
498:
301:
255:, the epitome of victory.
2884:Murdered Persian monarchs
2819:
2361:
2291:
2282:
2274:
2253:
2012:Europe, 476–918, Volume 1
1856:General and cited sources
632:, was in Sasanian hands.
243:
61:27 April 630 – 9 June 630
37:
28:
2216:10.3366/jlaibs.2022.0005
2135:Crawford, Peter (2013).
872:Varaztirots II Bagratuni
313:) in Byzantine sources.
1764:, pp. 188–189, 206
1091:10.3406/crai.2001.16274
829:Overthrow of Khosrow II
731:Siege of Constantinople
612:, a city sacred to the
507:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
2869:Generals of Khosrow II
1913:. Ashgate Publishing.
1905:Howard-Johnston, James
952:
940:
782:
581:
551:inflicted heavy losses
427:, reading uncertain),
308:
277:meaning "country" and
2091:. Gorgias Press LLC.
931:
780:
563:
261:Inscriptional Pahlavi
2914:Shahnameh characters
1974:Norwich, John Julius
1319:Howard-Johnston 2006
1249:, "Sasanian Dynasty"
1247:Shapur Shahbazi 2005
939:and its surroundings
914:a devastating plague
857:House of Ispahbudhan
847:. Khosrow then sent
680:, baggage, and men.
463:Seven Parthian clans
338:, his real name was
2717:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
2162:. pp. 588–599.
1848:, pp. 588–599.
1824:, pp. 204, 205
1740:, pp. 181, 183
1309:, pp. 196, 235
1195:Метаморфозы истории
1022:Arab–Byzantine wars
1013:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
924:Usurping the throne
489:Niketas the Persian
485:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
143:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
2899:Governors of Egypt
2083:Morony, Michael G.
2043:"Sasanian Dynasty"
1929:Kaegi, Walter Emil
1544:, pp. 179–181
995:, who then helped
968:Mah-Adhur Gushnasp
956:besieged Ctesiphon
941:
891:. With the aid of
874:; and finally the
783:
764:Aqueduct of Valens
582:
2864:Deaths by javelin
2826:
2825:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2781:
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2741:
2731:
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2701:
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2441:
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2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2356:
2315:
2314:
2292:Succeeded by
2098:978-1-59333-315-7
2033:978-1-84511-645-3
1982:. Vintage Books.
1822:Pourshariati 2008
1798:Pourshariati 2008
1738:Pourshariati 2008
1726:Pourshariati 2008
1711:Pourshariati 2008
1699:Pourshariati 2008
1653:Pourshariati 2008
1641:Pourshariati 2008
1321:, pp. 10, 90
1297:, pp. 75–77.
1285:, pp. 70–71.
1220:Pourshariati 2008
1208:Pourshariati 2008
1018:Battle of Yarmouk
868:Rostam Farrokhzad
866:and his two sons
766:. Because of the
656:Caucasian Albania
628:, the capital of
555:Mediterranean Sea
543:Byzantine Emperor
523:Kingdom of Iberia
184:
183:
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2572:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2354:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2275:Preceded by
2270:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2227:
2201:
2184:
2163:
2152:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2102:
2078:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2037:
2016:
2002:
1993:
1969:
1948:
1924:
1900:
1879:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1160:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1131:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1054:
1051:
845:Ardashir Khurrah
519:pre-591 frontier
426:
365:
364:
347:
346:
326:
325:
311:
304:
303:
290:
289:
268:
267:
246:
245:
225:(general) under
206:
205:
42:
21:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2879:Medieval rebels
2874:House of Mihran
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2737:Farrukh Hormizd
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2357:
2352:Sasanian Empire
2345:
2311:
2302:
2288:
2280:
2264:
2263:
2260:House of Mihran
2256:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2189:Further reading
2181:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2081:
2075:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2019:
2005:
2001:. A.M. Hakkert.
1996:
1990:
1972:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1927:
1921:
1903:
1897:
1882:
1876:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1435:
1424:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1343:Jalalipour 2014
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1035:Digenes Akritas
1005:
993:Farrukh Hormizd
926:
864:Farrukh Hormizd
859:represented by
837:
831:
814:Constantine III
739:
733:
717:Battle of Sarus
630:Byzantine Egypt
590:General Nicetas
503:
497:
459:House of Mihran
455:
239:
213:Sasanian Empire
161:House of Mihran
150:
115:
102:
52:Sasanian Empire
17:
12:
11:
5:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Sasanian Egypt
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2753:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2293:
2290:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2210:(1–2): 65–93.
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2164:
2153:
2148:978-1473828650
2147:
2132:
2122:on 26 May 2015
2103:
2097:
2079:
2073:
2058:
2038:
2032:
2017:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1970:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1925:
1919:
1901:
1895:
1880:
1874:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1788:, p. 176.
1778:
1776:, p. 188.
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1672:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1519:
1507:
1500:Treadgold 1997
1492:
1475:
1463:
1448:
1433:
1413:
1401:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1273:, p. 1278
1263:
1251:
1236:
1232:Treadgold 1997
1224:
1212:
1200:
1181:
1174:
1150:
1121:
1114:
1096:
1085:(1): 447–459.
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1004:
1001:
925:
922:
885:Aspad Gushnasp
830:
827:
768:Byzantine navy
751:Constantinople
735:Main article:
732:
729:
693:Arsanias River
639:. By 621, the
624:, and by 619,
496:
493:
454:
451:
391:(also spelled
384:'s rebellion.
380:who supported
271:Middle Persian
269:štlwlʾc) is a
266:𐭱𐭲𐭫𐭥𐭫𐭠𐭰
238:
235:
211:(king) of the
189:(also spelled
182:
181:
179:Zoroastrianism
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
149:
148:
145:
140:
134:
132:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
90:
79:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2932:
2931:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2818:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2777:Yazdegerd III
2774:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2180:9780520961531
2176:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:0-8047-2630-2
2070:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:Oman, Charles
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1989:0-679-77269-3
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:0-521-20160-8
1961:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1944:0-521-81459-6
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:0-86078-992-6
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1896:0-415-00342-3
1892:
1889:. Routledge.
1888:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1875:0-415-00342-3
1871:
1868:. Routledge.
1867:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1846:Shahbazi 1990
1842:
1839:
1836:, p. 943
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1812:, p. 92.
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:, p. 184
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1752:, p. 271
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1728:, p. 180
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1713:, p. 182
1712:
1707:
1704:
1701:, p. 177
1700:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1655:, p. 173
1654:
1649:
1646:
1643:, p. 147
1642:
1637:
1634:
1631:, p. 151
1630:
1625:
1622:
1619:, p. 205
1618:
1613:
1610:
1607:, p. 148
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1568:, p. 137
1567:
1562:
1559:
1556:, p. 134
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1532:, p. 140
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1517:, p. 133
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1461:, p. 132
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:, p. 131
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:, p. 204
1410:
1405:
1402:
1399:, p. 130
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:, p. 129
1383:
1378:
1375:
1372:, p. 128
1371:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1333:, p. 196
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:, p. 287
1233:
1228:
1225:
1222:, p. 205
1221:
1216:
1213:
1210:, p. 181
1209:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1175:9789004284340
1171:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:9780884021841
1111:
1107:
1106:Short History
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
951:
950:
944:
938:
935:
930:
923:
921:
919:
915:
909:
907:
906:war indemnity
902:
898:
894:
893:Piruz Khosrow
890:
886:
882:
879:
878:
873:
869:
865:
862:
858:
852:
850:
846:
842:
836:
828:
826:
824:
818:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
779:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
738:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
670:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
645:Sahralanyozan
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:, along with
587:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
502:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
467:Sasanian army
464:
461:, one of the
460:
452:
450:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
382:Bahram Chobin
379:
378:Shahran-Guraz
375:
374:
369:
359:
355:
351:
341:
337:
334:According to
332:
330:
320:
316:
312:
310:
298:
294:
284:
280:
276:
272:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
210:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
153:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
109:
105:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
33:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2686:
2677:Ardashir III
2537:Yazdegerd II
2283:
2278:Ardashir III
2266:
2258:
2240:. Retrieved
2236:
2207:
2203:
2169:
2158:
2137:
2124:. Retrieved
2117:the original
2108:
2087:
2063:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:
2022:
2015:. Macmillan.
2011:
1998:
1978:
1954:
1933:
1909:
1885:
1864:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1706:
1694:
1675:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1595:, p. 93
1593:Norwich 1997
1588:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1510:
1495:
1490:, p. 92
1488:Norwich 1997
1473:, p. 91
1471:Norwich 1997
1466:
1404:
1377:
1365:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1194:
1184:
1164:
1141:. Retrieved
1135:
1105:
1099:
1082:
1078:
1049:
1028:
1026:
1006:
978:
971:
963:
959:
953:
947:
946:
942:
918:Ardashir III
910:
901:Mihr Hormozd
875:
860:
853:
838:
819:
799:
784:
740:
701:Martyropolis
689:Mount Ararat
682:
664:Shahraplakan
653:
634:
583:
533:of probable
504:
470:
456:
444:
436:
432:
428:
416:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
386:
371:
357:
356:sources and
349:
339:
333:
328:
318:
306:
296:
282:
278:
274:
256:
241:
240:
220:
217:Ardashir III
194:
190:
186:
185:
70:Ardashir III
29:
18:
2810:(pretender)
2800:(pretender)
2790:(pretender)
2727:Azarmidokht
2697:Khosrow III
2600:(498/9–531)
2590:(496–498/9)
2547:Hormizd III
2497:Yazdegerd I
2467:Ardashir II
2447:Adur Narseh
2304:Khosrow III
2255:Shahrbaraz
2242:23 February
2233:"Ḵosrow II"
1810:Morony 2005
1774:Morony 2005
1682:, pp.
1259:Olster 1993
1020:during the
937:Mesopotamia
791:Golden Horn
721:panegyrists
709:Sarus river
695:to capture
669:Tigranakert
578:Mesopotamia
293:New Persian
273:word, with
199:New Persian
93:Khosrow III
66:Predecessor
2839:630 deaths
2833:Categories
2797:Bahram VII
2757:Khosrow IV
2747:Hormizd VI
2687:Shahrbaraz
2647:Khosrow II
2627:Khosrow II
2617:Hormizd IV
2477:Shapur III
2437:Hormizd II
2417:Bahram III
2367:Ardashir I
2126:11 January
1786:Kaegi 2003
1762:Kaegi 2003
1680:Kaegi 2003
1667:, p.
1629:Kaegi 2003
1605:Kaegi 2003
1580:, p.
1566:Kaegi 2003
1554:Kaegi 2003
1530:Kaegi 2003
1515:Kaegi 2003
1502:, p.
1459:Kaegi 2003
1444:Kaegi 2003
1428:, p.
1397:Kaegi 2003
1382:Kaegi 2003
1370:Kaegi 2003
1357:, p.
1355:Kaegi 2003
1295:Kaegi 2003
1283:Kaegi 2003
897:Mardanshah
849:Farrukhzad
833:See also:
802:Kardarigan
626:Alexandria
618:Holy Cross
614:Christians
606:Palaestina
499:See also:
481:Khosrow II
453:Early life
405:Rasmiozdan
401:Razmayuzan
397:Erazmiozan
283:Shahrbarāz
257:Shahrwarāz
244:Shahrbaraz
227:Khosrow II
195:Shahrwaraz
191:Shahrvaraz
187:Shahrbaraz
114:9 June 630
48:Shahanshah
24:Shahrbaraz
2787:Peroz III
2780:(632–651)
2770:(631–632)
2760:(630–636)
2750:(630–632)
2740:(630–631)
2730:(630–631)
2680:(628–630)
2660:(591–596)
2650:(591–628)
2640:(590–591)
2620:(579–590)
2610:(531–579)
2607:Khosrow I
2580:(488–496)
2570:(484–488)
2560:(459–484)
2550:(457–459)
2540:(438–457)
2530:(420–438)
2507:Shapur IV
2500:(399–420)
2490:(388–399)
2487:Bahram IV
2480:(383–388)
2470:(379–383)
2460:(309–379)
2457:Shapur II
2440:(303–309)
2430:(293–303)
2410:(274–293)
2407:Bahram II
2400:(271–274)
2390:(270–271)
2387:Hormizd I
2380:(240–270)
2370:(224–242)
2355:(224–651)
2299:Ctesiphon
2224:263274105
2085:(2005) .
2052:4 January
1665:Oman 1893
1578:Oman 1893
1426:Oman 1893
1261:, p. 133.
1143:16 August
1061:Citations
1041:Footnotes
889:Kavadh II
841:Asuristan
806:Ctesiphon
772:Sasanians
747:Bosphorus
743:Chalcedon
725:Trebizond
672:down. At
610:Jerusalem
527:Heraclius
441:al-Tabari
409:Rasmiozan
393:Razmiozan
389:Razmyozan
340:Farrukhān
336:al-Tabari
305:; Latin:
116:Ctesiphon
87:Ctesiphon
76:Successor
2919:Spahbeds
2667:Kavad II
2527:Bahram V
2397:Bahram I
2377:Shapur I
2308:Khorasan
2269:June 630
2009:(1893).
1976:(1997).
1931:(2003).
1907:(2006).
934:Sasanian
881:Kanadbak
877:kanarang
685:Lake Van
649:Anatolia
641:province
602:Adhri'at
598:Damascus
586:Theodore
570:Anatolia
531:Armenian
437:Rumbūzān
413:Georgian
373:Shahnama
368:Ferdowsi
354:Armenian
315:Ferdowsi
309:Sarbarus
302:Σαρβάρος
299:(Greek:
297:Sarvaros
175:Religion
170:Ardashir
97:Khorasan
2807:Narsieh
2657:Vistahm
2597:Kavad I
2577:Kavad I
2557:Peroz I
2517:Khosrow
2350:of the
1688:189–190
981:Niketas
964:spahbed
932:Map of
861:spahbed
810:Galatia
757:of the
674:Aliovit
574:Armenia
547:Antioch
535:Arsacid
472:spahbed
433:Rūmīzān
429:Rōmēzān
358:Farāyīn
350:Khoream
295:and as
288:شهربراز
222:spahbed
207:), was
204:شهربراز
138:Niketas
124:Mirhran
50:of the
2587:Jamasp
2567:Balash
2427:Narseh
2348:Rulers
2265:
2222:
2177:
2145:
2095:
2071:
2030:
1986:
1962:
1941:
1917:
1893:
1872:
1172:
1112:
1003:Legacy
989:Margha
985:Yazdin
960:Parsig
795:Balkan
755:Khagan
705:Tigris
660:Shahin
576:, and
539:Phocas
515:Edessa
477:Nēmrōz
446:Tarikh
425:رسميسة
421:Arabic
417:rsmysa
366:) in
363:فرایین
253:Vahram
167:Father
121:Spouse
2767:Boran
2720:(630)
2710:(630)
2707:Boran
2700:(630)
2690:(630)
2670:(628)
2630:(590)
2520:(420)
2510:(420)
2450:(309)
2420:(293)
2295:Boran
2267:Died:
2220:S2CID
2200:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2113:(PDF)
997:Boran
949:need.
787:Slavs
759:Avars
749:from
713:Adana
711:near
697:Amida
678:harem
622:Egypt
594:Syria
566:Syria
529:, an
345:فرخان
329:warāz
319:Gurāz
291:) in
279:warāz
275:shahr
156:House
130:Issue
83:Boran
58:Reign
2306:(in
2297:(in
2244:2013
2175:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2128:2015
2093:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2054:2014
2028:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1145:2019
1110:ISBN
973:shah
823:Iran
699:and
662:and
637:Nile
513:and
511:Dara
324:گراز
250:Izad
237:Name
209:shah
147:Nike
111:Died
95:(in
85:(in
2212:doi
1684:178
1669:212
1582:211
1504:297
1430:210
1359:114
1087:doi
1083:145
475:of
449:).
415:),
370:'s
352:in
193:or
2835::
2235:.
2218:.
2206:.
2202:.
2045:.
1718:^
1686:,
1522:^
1478:^
1451:^
1436:^
1416:^
1389:^
1239:^
1193:.
1153:^
1124:^
1081:.
1069:^
1037:.
1024:.
920:.
825:.
727:.
572:,
568:,
557:.
443:,
435:,
431:,
423::
407:,
399:,
395:,
331:.
263::
201::
197:;
2340:e
2333:t
2326:v
2310:)
2301:)
2246:.
2226:.
2214::
2208:1
2183:.
2151:.
2130:.
2101:.
2077:.
2056:.
2036:.
1992:.
1968:.
1947:.
1923:.
1899:.
1878:.
1345:.
1178:.
1147:.
1118:.
1093:.
1089::
580:.
439:(
419:(
411:(
360:(
342:(
321:(
285:(
259:(
99:)
89:)
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