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633:(WUL) managed to seize control of the VDWWA's executive a decade later and transformed it into a militant union, which then began working towards strike action. A strike, more accurately a lock-out, finally commenced on 27 May 1935. That was several months after an agreement had been reached between the union and the
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of waterfront-based companies and the main employer on the docks, unfairly discriminated against workers. Especially targeted were those considered sympathetic to an independent union or simply disliked by the despatcher, making the allocation of work a punitive mechanism and the job itself insecure.
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The strike of 1935 failed. It, however, helped the future founding of a union for the dockers of
British Columbia that was completely independent of the employers' association. The ILWU participated in numerous disputes in the following years, and in the 1940s, it was integral in winning many strikes
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The strike can be traced back to 1912 when the
International Longshoremen's Association (ILA), began organizing the waterfront workers in Canada, alongside the Lumber Handlers' Union in Vancouver. Going head to head with the employers association, the Shipping Federation, several strikes resulting in
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That continued for three hours and spread throughout the nearby residential district. Several people, both police and protesters, were hospitalized as a result of the riot, and one bystander was shot in the back of his legs by a police shotgun. Offices of communist organizers and the longshoremen's
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Dragging on until
December, the strike lost much of its militant character after the fighting at Ballantyne Pier. The struggle to form a union completely independent of the Shipping Federation continued for another two years, when, in 1937, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) was
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The strike soon snowballed to bring other dockers across the region into the fold. Following a refusal to unload ships coming from Powell River, 900 workers were met with a lockout in
Vancouver. Dockers across the border in Seattle also refused to unload ships coming from Vancouver and Powell River
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The 1923 strike destroyed the ILA, and it was soon replaced by a new organization, the
Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association (VDWWA). Set up originally by the bosses as a company union, the VDWWA soon began to take a confrontational stance towards the Shipping Federation. By 1935,
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Historians agree that both strikes were driven by legitimate grievances: abysmal conditions in the relief camps and despatching and other workplace issues on the waterfront. Nevertheless, a massive mobilization that included all three levels of police, with specials attached to each police force,
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Aided by
Mounties who had been posted nearby, the police continued to attack the strikers. The VDWWA union hall was attacked, with tear gas being used against members of the women's auxiliary who had set up a first aid station inside. The battle continued for three hours, and ended with several
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On June 18, several weeks after the original lockout, between 900-1100 dockers and their supporters marched through
Vancouver towards Ballantyne Pier where non-union workers were unloading ships. The strikers were met at the pier by several hundred armed policemen. Attempting to force their way
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that same year. Although machine guns were not used in the riot, another First World War technology was introduced in
Vancouver policing that day: tear gas. Another major clash between the unemployed and the police took place in 1938. Relief camp workers returned to the city and were violently
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The Battle of
Ballantyne was the bloody climax of a very volatile year in Vancouver, but fell far short of the insurrection anticipated by the police and anticommunists. It was also a turning point in the waterfront strike, which, although it dragged on until December, lost its optimistic and
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A strike broke out in
October 1923 which saw 1400 men joining picket lines at the Vancouver waterfront. However, provisions had been made by the Shipping Federation. The dockers were immediately met by 350 men armed with shotguns who had been housed on a nearby ship. This intimidation of the
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engaged with demonstrators. The police chased the dispersing crowd, continuing to club people even as they fled and fired tear gas. Many protesters fought back, throwing rocks and other projectiles at the police, and others who were attacked were simply trying to flee the scene.
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In late May, union membership voted to take over the despatching of work gangs on the harbour to load and unload ships as required. Despatching was a key issue for longshoremen, and prior to the 1923 strike had been carried out by the union. Longshoremen claimed that the
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nearly every port in British Columbia had been organised by the VDWWA. Following the pretext to the destruction of the ILA, the Shipping Federation provoked another major strike in the spring of 1935, locking out 50 dockers at the port at Powell River.
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union were also raided, with tear gas shot through the windows to drive out any occupants before the police entered. Strike supporters set up a makeshift hospital at the Ukrainian Hall, and the police did the same for their wounded at the
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Meanwhile, nearly 2000 relief camp workers flooded into Vancouver on 4 April 1935. These were unemployed men protesting the conditions of the federal relief camps that were set up as a stop-gap solution to the unemployment crisis by the
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through, the dockers soon found themselves under attack from the police lines. Many marchers were clubbed as they tried to run to safety, while many others tried hopelessly to fight back, using whatever weapons they could find.
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On 18 June 1935, about 1000 protesters, consisting of striking longshoremen and their supporters, marched towards the Heatley Street entrance to Ballantyne Pier, where strikebreakers were unloading ships in the harbour.
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militant character after the battle. Longshoremen, however, would continue to fight for the right to organize an independent union and to control dispatching, and finally succeeded a decade later when they formed the
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were also ready to be called to action on short notice. The Point Grey militia, however, consisted of inmates of a specially-designated relief camp, and many of them eventually joined the relief camp strikers.
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wage increases were won by workers in the coming years. Victories on the waterfront increased over the next decade, and by 1923, the Shipping Federation became determined to break the power of the ILA.
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in an effort to take their grievance to the nation's capital. Nevertheless, the authorities persisted in conflating the waterfront strike with revolution, perhaps because they were alarmed by the
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When the union unilaterally took over despatching, the Federation claimed that it was a violation of their agreement and locked out the longshoremen. Replacement workers, known pejoratively as "
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strategy, which entailed the creation of the Workers' Unity League and similar militant trade union organizations in other countries with the goal of building a radical labour movement
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and were co-ordinated by a group called the Citizens' League of British Columbia, a vigilante organization funded by the Shipping Federation. Militia units based in the
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While far more localized than the On-to-Ottawa Trek, the Battle of Ballantyne Pier was part of the fierce, and perhaps paranoid, anticommunist reaction provoked by the
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strikers, coupled with the fact that ships were still being loaded and unloaded by numerous non-union workers, forced the strike to collapse two months later.
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Unlike earlier waterfront strikes, longshoremen were prevented from picketing the docks to discourage strikebreaking and claimed that they were going to go
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the previous year that had shut down most shipping operations along the American coast and culminated in a bloody general strike in
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Andrew Parnaby, "On the Hook: Welfare Capitalism on the Vancouver Waterfront, 1919-1939," PhD thesis, Memorial University, 2001.
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One contingent of police specials recruited to police the 1935 longshoremen's strike, posing outside the court house, now the
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declared that striking longshoremen would no longer be eligible for relief payments for themselves or their families.
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because of its mishandling of depression-era unrest in such events, which paved the way for Bennett's defeat in the
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on Cordova Street. In total, 28 out of the 60 injured were hospitalized and 24 men were arrested. Mayor
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Fighting Heritage: Highlights of the 1930s Struggle for Jobs and Militant Unionism in British Columbia.
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Mounted police chasing protestors through Vancouver's East End during the Battle of Ballantyne Pier.
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hospitalizations, including that of a fleeing striker who had been shot in the back of his legs.
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flag, to great symbolic effect. At the entrance to the pier, they were met by Chief Constable
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It was also the last of WUL militancy that Vancouver would witness. That same year, the
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and the militant workers' movement they led. Public attitudes shifted away from the
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Police guarding the Heatley Street entrance to the pier, shortly before the riot.
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R. C. McCandless, "Vancouver's 'Red Menace' of 1935: The Waterfront Situation,"
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took place in anticipation of an attempted revolution. Specials trained at the
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965:"'Our Mickey': The Story of Private James O'Rourke, VC.MM (CEF), 1879-1957,"
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671:. Camp inmates were also organized under the Workers' Unity League into the
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675:. Communist leaders were attempting to merge the two strikes and spark a
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strategy, Communists joined established unions and helped to build the
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Fred Wilson, "The Bloody Road to Ballantyne," in Sean Griffin, ed.,
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Within minutes, more police joined in the fight. In addition to the
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When Freedom was Lost: The Unemployed, the Agitator, and the State
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following a defeated longshoremen's strike in 1923, replacing the
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that lead to better pay and conditions for waterfront workers.
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Never Say Die!: The Life and Times of a Pioneer Labour Lawyer
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by means of tear gas bombs and police clubs (primarily the
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failed except for a one-day demonstration commemorating
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Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique
637:, but the terms were unfavourable to the longshoremen.
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Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association
654:" by strikers, were mobilized along with hundreds of
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from mainstream labour organizations. Under the new
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The communist plan to merge the strikes and spark a
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767:to talk to the non-union workers. They were led by
1001:Mayor Gerry: The Remarkable Gerald Grattan McGeer
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1923:1987 Metro Toronto elementary teachers' strike
1750:1912–1914 Vancouver Island Coal Miners' Strike
979:, BC Labour Heritage Centre booklet and plaque
798:, who had been hiding behind boxcars, and the
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325:
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8:
1826:1938 Vancouver unemployed workers' protests
1732:Strikes and other labour disputes in Canada
1010:Vancouver: Tribune Publishing, 1985, 65–74.
826:International Longshore and Warehouse Union
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1003:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1986.
658:, who were recruited to break the strike.
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996:. Vancouver, Steel Rail Publishing, 1987.
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1464:British Columbia Institute of Technology
977:New Westminster Waterfront Strike - 1935
627:International Longshoremen's Association
16:1935 labor conflict in Vancouver, Canada
2033:2021 New Brunswick public sector strike
1570:Places of worship in the Lower Mainland
1541:Filming locations in the Lower Mainland
1469:Emily Carr University of Art and Design
643:Shipping Federation of British Columbia
635:Shipping Federation of British Columbia
585:that were manned by non-union workers.
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103:
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1872:1958–1959 Newfoundland loggers' strike
737:waterfront strike in the United States
2121:Political history of British Columbia
1755:1914 Saint John street railway strike
7:
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1745:1903 Consolidated Lake Superior riot
859:candidates, while others joined the
853:Congress of Industrial Organizations
2116:Labour disputes in British Columbia
2043:2023 Canadian federal worker strike
1958:Toronto Transit Commission strikes
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960:. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987.
857:Cooperative Commonwealth Federation
2131:Riots and civil disorder in Canada
1988:2009 municipal employees' strikes
1372:Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services
1362:British Columbia Ambulance Service
951:"1935: Battle of Ballantyne Pier,"
796:British Columbia Provincial Police
715:neighbourhood of Vancouver and in
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1877:1962 Saskatchewan doctors' strike
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1867:1957 Murdochville miners' strike
1760:1916 Hamilton machinists' strike
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629:. Communist organizers with the
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2136:1935 labor disputes and strikes
1659:Vancouver Fraser Port Authority
1608:Vancouver International Airport
1603:Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre
516:Patco (air traffic controllers)
1842:1945 Ford auto workers' strike
1821:1935 Vancouver dockers' strike
1598:Airports in the Lower Mainland
1479:University of British Columbia
779:veterans and marched behind a
1:
2151:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1938:1997 Ontario teachers' strike
1804:1933 Stratford general strike
1778:1918 Vancouver general strike
1129:1918 Vancouver general strike
928:1918 Vancouver general strike
900:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
800:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
621:(VDWWA) was established as a
274:Timeline of Vancouver history
2023:2020 Port of Montreal strike
1918:1981 Cape Breton coal strike
1908:1976 Canadian general strike
1860:Royal Canadian Navy mutinies
1847:1946 Montreal Cottons strike
1783:1919 Winnipeg general strike
1526:City of Vancouver Book Award
1448:School District 39 Vancouver
861:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion
561:during a docker's strike in
2048:2024 Canada railway dispute
2028:2021 Kitimat smelter strike
1898:1969 Montreal police strike
1799:1931 Estevan miners' strike
1489:Vancouver Community College
1394:Vancouver Police Department
1339:Municipal political parties
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2101:Great Depression in Canada
2004:2009–2010 Vale Inco strike
1903:1972 Québec general strike
1625:British Columbia Highway 1
1420:Vancouver Academy of Music
1215:University Endowment Lands
717:Victoria, British Columbia
673:Relief Camp Workers' Union
2171:Labour disputes in Canada
2111:Protest marches in Canada
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1893:1963 Reesor Siding strike
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1415:Great Northern Way Campus
1134:Battle of Ballantyne Pier
555:Battle of Ballantyne Pier
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190:Battle of Ballantyne Pier
2156:1935 in British Columbia
1973:York University strikes
1389:Vancouver Public Library
1367:Vancouver Coastal Health
1304:Vancouver Stock Exchange
999:David Ricardo Williams,
953:Libcom.org (Sep 16 2007)
703:under Brigadier-General
701:Beatty Street Drill Hall
418:Illinois Central shopmen
32:This article includes a
1770:1918–1925 Labour Revolt
1474:Simon Fraser University
920:Organized labour portal
794:, contingents from the
260:Second Stanley Cup riot
61:more precise citations.
1809:1935 On-to-Ottawa Trek
1124:Komagata Maru incident
963:Michael Kevin Dooley,
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695:
647:employers' association
614:
473:NYC teamsters truckers
387:New Orleans waterfront
240:First Stanley Cup riot
1563:Songs about Vancouver
1425:Vancouver Film School
1159:2011 Stanley Cup riot
1149:1994 Stanley Cup riot
1086:Notable Vancouverites
758:
692:Vancouver Art Gallery
689:
669:Department of Defence
662:Anticommunist context
631:Workers' Unity League
612:
540:Montreal longshoremen
467:Minneapolis teamsters
461:West Coast waterfront
424:West Coast waterfront
357:Great Railroad Strike
92:Part of the series on
2126:History of Vancouver
1792:Great Depression era
1410:CityStudio Vancouver
1384:Vancouver Park Board
1154:2010 Winter Olympics
1119:Great Vancouver Fire
1104:Vancouver Expedition
785:Colonel W. W. Foster
775:and a contingent of
479:Vancouver waterfront
157:Great Vancouver Fire
98:History of Vancouver
2106:Communism in Canada
2009:2012–13 NHL lockout
1954:2004–05 NHL lockout
1933:1994–95 NHL lockout
1282:West Georgia Street
902:in that instance).
828:(ILWU), Local 500.
709:Colonel C.E. Edgett
522:SEPTA Regional Rail
485:Gulf Coast maritime
442:Portland waterfront
2038:2021 Olymel strike
2014:2016–2017 Halifax
1652:West Coast Express
1277:Financial District
1164:Heritage buildings
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436:Seattle waterfront
34:list of references
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1886:Late 20th century
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1514:Tallest buildings
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1434:Primary/secondary
1323:Vancouver Charter
1252:Strait of Georgia
986:22 (1974): 56–70.
972:47 (Spring 2001).
969:Labour/Le Travail
938:On-to-Ottawa Trek
872:Spanish Civil War
733:On-to-Ottawa Trek
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412:New Orleans Levee
406:Chicago teamsters
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341:Transport strikes
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