Battle of Long Island - Knowledge (XXG)

1655:. He may also have been giving Washington an opportunity to conclude that his position was hopeless and surrender, in the European gentleman-officer tradition. Howe told Parliament in 1779 that his essential duty was to avoid excessive British casualties for insufficient purpose, and capturing Brooklyn Heights would likely not have meant capturing the entire American army. "The most essential duty I had to observe was, not wantonly to commit his majesty's troops, where the object was inadequate. I knew well that any considerable loss sustained by the army could not speedily, nor easily, be repaired. . . . The loss of 1,000, or perhaps 1,500 British troops, in carrying those lines, would have been but ill repaid by double that number of the enemy, could it have been supposed they would have suffered in that proportion." 1623:(known today as the "Old Stone House"). After the last assault, the remaining troops retreated across the Gowanus Creek. Some of the men who tried to cross the marsh were bogged down in the mud and under musket fire, and others who could not swim were captured. Stirling was surrounded and, unwilling to surrender to the British, broke through their lines to von Heister's Hessians and surrendered to them. Two hundred fifty six Maryland troops were killed in the assaults in front of the Old Stone House, and fewer than a dozen made it back to the American lines. Washington watched from a redoubt on nearby Cobble Hill (intersection of today's Court Street and Atlantic Avenue) and reportedly said, "Good God, what brave fellows I must this day lose." 1504: 352: 341: 330: 319: 308: 297: 200: 1664: 285: 274: 263: 252: 241: 230: 219: 175: 1543:

Americans and the British, and men on both sides fled out of fear. Sullivan attempted to calm his men and tried to lead a retreat. By this point, the Hessians had overrun the advance guard on the heights and the American left had completely collapsed. Hand-to-hand fighting followed, with the Americans swinging their muskets and rifles like clubs to save their own lives. It was later claimed, Americans who surrendered were bayoneted by the Hessians. Sullivan, despite the chaos, managed to evacuate most of his men to Brooklyn Heights though he himself was captured.

1023: 1675: 440: 1269: 407: 1880: 998: 1338: 1557: 975: 959: 1927: 1803: 1695: 1209:'s Pennsylvanian riflemen had been stationed on the shore, but they did not oppose the landings and fell back, killing cattle and burning farmhouses on the way. By noon, 15,000 troops had landed on shore along with 40 pieces of artillery, as hundreds of Loyalists came to greet the British troops. Cornwallis pushed on with the advance guard, advancing six miles onto the island and establishing a camp at the village of 1178: 1607:

reinforced by 2,000 marines, and he hit Stirling's center by 11:00, and Stirling was attacked on his left by the Hessians. Stirling pulled back, but British troops were coming at him from the rear, from the south up the Gowanus Road. The only escape route left was across Brouwer's millpond on the Gowanus Creek which was 80 yards wide, where the American defenses on Brooklyn Heights lay on the other side.

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other side, General, and can't serve you against our duty." General Howe replied, "That is alright; stick to your country, or stick to your principles, but Howard, you are my prisoner and must guide my men over the hill." My father made some further objection, but was silenced by the general, who said, "You have no alternative. If you refuse I shall shoot you through the head.

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Island, but Washington felt that a British attack on Long Island might be a diversion for the main attack on Manhattan. He broke his army in half, stationing half of it on Manhattan, and the other half on Long Island; the army on Long Island was commanded by Greene. On August 20, Greene became ill and was forced to move to a house in Manhattan where he rested to recover.

1140:. Washington asked his officers whether it should be received or not, as it did not recognize his rank as general, and they unanimously said no. Reed told Brown that there was no one in the army with that address. On July 16, Howe tried again, this time with the address "George Washington, Esq., etc., etc.", but it was again declined. The next day, Howe sent Captain 799:(Lord Stirling). Troops were in limited supply, so Washington found the defenses incomplete, but Lee had concluded that in any case, it would be impossible to hold the city with the British commanding the sea. He reasoned that the defenses should be located with the ability to inflict heavy casualties upon the British if any move was made to take and hold ground. 447: 414: 1790:, who was leading the troops, tried to explain what had happened, but Mifflin arrived shortly. Washington exclaimed "Good God. General Mifflin, I am afraid you have ruined us." Mifflin explained that he had been told that it was his turn to evacuate by Scammell; Washington told him it had been a mistake. Mifflin then led his troops back to the outer defenses. 1539:. The Hessian brigades did not attack, as they were waiting for the pre-arranged signal from the British, who were in the process of outflanking the American lines at that time. The Americans were still under the assumption that Grant's attack up the Gowanus Road was the main thrust, and Sullivan sent four hundred of his men to reinforce Stirling. 1329:

British were through the pass and stopped so that the troops could rest. At 09:00, they fired two heavy cannons to signal the Hessian troops below Battle Pass to begin their frontal assault against Sullivan's men deployed on the two hills flanking the pass, while Clinton's troops simultaneously flanked the American positions from the east.

1471:" (Dutch for cube or block hill). At the base of this hill, the Gowanus Road crossed a small bridge over a ditch which drained a marshy area. When the British advanced up the Gowanus Road, the American troops fired upon them from positions on the north side of the ditch. To their left was Colonel Peter Kachline's Pennsylvania regiment. 1619:", although they numbered about 260–270 men. Stirling and Gist led the troops in a rear-guard action against the overwhelming numbers of British troops, which surpassed 2,000 supported by two cannons. Stirling and Gist led the Marylanders in two attacks against the British, who were in fixed positions inside and in front of the 1487:

dislodge them in fierce fighting. Battle Hill was the site of especially brutal fighting, with the Americans inflicting the highest number of casualties against the British troops during the entire Battle of Long Island. Among those killed was British Colonel James Grant, which led the Americans to believe that they had killed

2012:, Brooklyn, Battle Pass: along the eastern side of East Drive is a large granite boulder with a brass plaque affixed, and another marker lies near the road for the Dongan Oak, a very large and old tree felled to block the pass from the British advance. In addition, in the park resides the Line of Defense marker erected by the 1746:, who commanded the Pennsylvania troops after arriving, volunteered to inspect the outer defenses and report back to Washington. In these outer defenses, small skirmishes were still taking place. On the afternoon of August 28, rain began to fall, and Washington had his cannons bombard the British well into the night. 740:. The British dug in for a siege, but on the night of August 29–30, Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of supplies or a single life. The Continental Army was driven out of Manhattan entirely after several more defeats and was forced to retreat through New Jersey to Pennsylvania. 1941:

The most significant legacy of the Battle of Long Island was that it showed there would be no easy victory, and that the war would be long and bloody. The British took control of the strategically vital harbor and put New York City under military occupation until the treaty ending the war was signed.

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As more troops were evacuated, more were ordered to withdraw from the lines and march to the ferry landing. Wagon wheels were muffled, and men were forbidden to talk. Mifflin's rear guard was tending campfires to deceive the British. At 04:00, on August 30, Mifflin was informed that it was his unit's

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came to reinforce their position. At 16:00, on August 29, Washington held a meeting with his generals. Mifflin advised Washington to retreat to Manhattan while Mifflin and his Pennsylvania regiments made up the rear guard, holding the line until the rest of the army had withdrawn. The generals agreed

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to their backs. As the day went on, the British began to dig trenches, slowly coming closer to the American defenses. By doing this, the British would not have to cross over open ground to assault the American defenses as they did in Boston the year before. Despite this perilous situation, Washington

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The column had yet to run into any American troops when they reached Howard's Tavern (also known as "Howard's Half-Way House"), just a few hundred yards from the Jamaica Pass. Tavern keeper William Howard and his son William Jr. were forced to act as guides to show the British the way to the Rockaway

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is included, over 40,000 men took part in the battle. Howe reported his losses as 59 killed, 268 wounded and 31 missing. The Hessian casualties were 5 killed and 26 wounded. The Americans suffered much heavier losses. About 300 had been killed and over 1,000 captured. As few as half of the prisoners

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Artillery, supplies, and troops were all being evacuated across the river at this time but it was not going as fast as Washington had anticipated and daybreak soon came. A fog settled in and concealed the evacuation from the British. British patrols noticed that there did not seem to be any American

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At 09:00, Washington arrived from Manhattan. He realized that he had been wrong about a feint on Long Island and he ordered more troops to Brooklyn from Manhattan. His location on the battlefield is not known because accounts differ, but most likely he was at Brooklyn Heights where he could view the

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by the cemetery's boundary of 23rd Street and 7th Avenue. The British attempted to outflank the American positions by taking this hill. The Americans tried to prevent the British move, sending troops under Parsons and Atlee to take the hill. The British got there first but the Americans were able to

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in early May, and there were several thousand of them there in a short time. Three more forts were under construction on the eastern side of the East River to support Fort Stirling, which stood to the west of the hamlet of Brooklyn Heights. These new fortifications were Fort Putnam, Fort Greene, and

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It was about two in the morning of August 27 that I was awakened by seeing a soldier at the side of my bed. I got up and dressed and went down to the barroom, where I saw my father standing in one corner with three British soldiers before him with muskets and bayonets fixed. The army was then lying

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who commanded the troops on Long Island. Putnam arrived on Long Island the next day along with six battalions. Also that day, the British troops on Long Island received 5,000 Hessian reinforcements, bringing their total to 20,000. There was little fighting on the days immediately after the landing,

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Stirling still held the line against Grant on the American right, to the west. He held on for four hours, still unaware of the British flanking maneuver, and some of his own troops thought that they were winning the day because the British had been unable to take their position. However, Grant was

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cloak over his regimentals. After asking for a glass of liquor from the bar, which was given him, he entered into familiar conversation with my father, and among other things said, "I must have some one of you to show me over the Rockaway Path around the pass." My father replied, "We belong to the

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slightly farther to the east, in the center of the American line where it was expected that the British would attack, and the Bedford Pass even further to the east. Stirling was responsible for defending the Gowanus Road with 500 men, and Sullivan was to defend the Flatbush and Bedford roads where

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Washington received word of the landings the same day but was informed that the number was 8,000 to 9,000 troops. This convinced him that it was the feint that he had predicted and therefore he only sent 1,500 more troops to Brooklyn, bringing the total number of troops on Long Island to 6,000. On

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Howe fired his signal guns at 09:00 and the Hessians began to attack up Battle Pass, while the main army came at Sullivan from the rear. Sullivan left his advance guard to hold off the Hessians while he turned the rest of his force around to fight the British. Heavy casualties mounted between the

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with six battalions, more artillery, and baggage. The column consisted of 10,000 men who stretched out over two miles. Three Loyalist farmers led the column toward the Jamaica Pass. The British had left their campfires burning to deceive the Americans into thinking that nothing was happening. The

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The American plan was for Putnam to direct the defenses from Brooklyn Heights, while Sullivan and Stirling and their troops would be stationed forward on the Guan Heights. The Guan (hills) were up to 150 feet high and blocked the most direct route to Brooklyn Heights. Washington believed that, by

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The troops were told that they were to gather up all their ammunition and baggage and prepare for a night attack. By 21:00, the sick and wounded began to move to the Brooklyn Ferry in preparation for evacuation. At 23:00, Glover and his Massachusetts men, who were sailors and fishermen, began to

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The 256 dead troops of the Maryland 400 were buried by the British in a mass grave on a hillock on farmer Adrian Van Brunt's land on the outskirts of the marsh. It was from this battle that Maryland gained its nickname the "Old Line State". This mass grave is believed to be around the southwest

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Five minutes after leaving the tavern, the five American militia officers stationed at the pass were captured without a shot fired, as they thought that the British were Americans. Clinton interrogated the men and they informed him that they were the only troops guarding the pass. By dawn, the

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to propose to Howe. Clinton's plan had the main army making a night march and going through the Jamaica Pass to turn the American flank, while other troops would keep the Americans busy in front. On August 26, Clinton received word from Howe that the plan would be used, and that Clinton was to

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had arrived. At this point, the British fleet numbered over 400 ships, including 73 warships, and 32,000 troops were camped on Staten Island. Faced with this large force, Washington was unsure as to where the British would attack. Both Greene and Reed thought that the British would attack Long

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Washington's defeat, in the opinions of some, revealed his deficiencies as a military strategist. Splitting his forces resulted in his largely inexperienced generals misunderstanding the state of the battle, and his raw troops fled in disorder at the first shots. However, Washington and the

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face to face, and a meeting was scheduled for July 20. Howe's adjutant was Colonel James Patterson. Patterson told Washington that Howe had come with powers to grant pardons, but Washington said, "Those who have committed no fault want no pardon." Patterson departed soon after. Washington's

1638:. Howe then ordered all of his troops to halt the attack, despite the protests of many officers in his command who believed that they should push on to Brooklyn Heights. Howe had decided against a direct frontal assault on the entrenched American positions, choosing instead to begin a 1466:

Stirling took up positions with the Delaware and Maryland regiments just to the north of Atlee's men on the slopes of a rise of land between 18th and 20th streets. Some of the Maryland troops were positioned on a small hill near today's 23rd Street, which the local Dutch called

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in command of the First Regiment of Pennsylvania Musketry. Putnam had been awakened by a guard at 03:00 and told that the British were attacking through the Gowanus Pass. He lit signals to Washington, who was on Manhattan, and then rode south to warn Stirling of the attack.

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Fort Box (named for Major Daniel Box). They lay from north to south, with Fort Putnam farthest to the north, Greene slightly to the southwest, and Box slightly farther southwest. Each of these defensive structures was surrounded by a large ditch, all connected by a line of

1121:, the widest part of the Hudson. The goals of the British ships were to cut off American supplies from New England and the north and to encourage Loyalist support. The only casualties of the day were six Americans who were killed when their own cannon blew up. 1786:, that he must be mistaken, but Scammell insisted that he was not and Mifflin ordered his troops to move out. When Mifflin's troops were within a half mile of the ferry landing, Washington rode up and demanded to know why they were not at their defenses. 1834:

Continental Army's daring retreat later that night has been seen by some historians as one of General Washington's greatest military accomplishments. Other historians concentrate on the failure of British naval forces to prevent the withdrawal.

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stationing men on the heights, heavy casualties could be inflicted on the British before the troops fell back to the main defenses at Brooklyn Heights. There were three main passes through the heights; the Gowanus Road farthest to the west, the

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pickets and thus began to search the area. While they were doing this, Washington, the last man left, stepped onto the last boat. At 07:00, the last American troops landed in Manhattan. All 9,000 troops had been evacuated with no loss of life.

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soon after. The Americans panicked, resulting in twenty percent losses through casualties and capture, although a stand by 400 Maryland and Delaware troops prevented greater losses. The remainder of the army retreated to the main defenses on

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duty in Manhattan. Following close behind was Parson's Connecticut regiment with 251 men. Stirling led this combined force to reinforce Parsons and Atlee and stop the British advance. Stirling had a total of 1,600 troops at his command.

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had been in command, but he was captured along with a lieutenant and 15 privates. This first engagement was fought in the vicinity of 38th and 39th streets between 2nd and 3rd avenues near a swamp located adjacent to the Gowanus Road.

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James Grant. He was alleged to have been shot by a Pennsylvanian rifleman who had been sniping at the British from up in a tree. Among the American dead was Pennsylvania Colonel Caleb Parry, who was killed while rallying his troops.

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around the American positions. He believed the Americans to be essentially trapped, with his troops blocking escape by land and the Royal Navy in control of the East River, which they would have to cross to reach Manhattan Island.

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Gunpowder smoke from cannons and muskets mark where Stirling and the Maryland troops attack the British, while the rest of the American troops in the foreground escape across Brouwer's mill pond. The building pictured is the mill.

1255:'s British troops along with some Hessians, a total of 4,000 men, were to attack the Americans in front to distract them from the main army coming on their flank. Howe told Clinton to be ready to move out that night, August 26. 1388:

Around 01:00 on August 27, the British approached the vicinity of the Red Lion with 200–300 troops. The American troops fired upon the British; after approximately two fusillades, they fled up the Gowanus Road toward the

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from the cemetery to the Statue of Liberty in the harbor. The annual Battle of Long Island commemoration begins inside the main Gothic arch entrance to Green-Wood Cemetery and marches up Battle Hill to ceremonies at the

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With the British military command in residence the city became the focal point for espionage and intelligence gathering. The area surrounding the city and the harbor remained in a near-constant state of conflict as a

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Howe's failure to press the attack and the reasons for it have been disputed. He may have wished to avoid the casualties that his army suffered when attacking the Continentals under similar circumstances at the

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At 05:10 on August 22, an advance guard of 4,000 British troops left Staten Island under the command of Clinton and Cornwallis to land on Long Island. At 08:00, all 4,000 troops landed unopposed on the shore of

482: 1082:. In their fury, the crowd cut off the statue's head, severed the nose, mounted what remained of the head on a spike outside a tavern, and the rest of the statue was dragged to Connecticut and melted down into 900:

Washington had been authorized by Congress to recruit an army of up to 28,501 troops, but he had only 19,000 when he reached New York. Military discipline was inadequate; routine orders were not carried out,

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Stirling placed Atlee's men in an apple orchard owned by Wynant Bennett on the south side of the Gowanus Road near present-day 3rd Avenue and 18th Street. Upon the approach of the British, the Americans:

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over the next month and a half, bringing their total force to 32,000 troops. Washington knew the difficulty in holding the city with the British fleet in control of the entrance to the harbor at

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readiness was lax. Petty internal conflict was common under the strain of a large number of people from different regional cultures and temperaments living in relatively close proximity.

6278: 3912: 1886:, depicted circa 1830, was a British Army prison that housed some of Washington's soldiers that were captured during their retreat in the battle; the site today is the location of 6031: 5346: 1117:, but the British returned fire into the city. The ships sailed along the New Jersey shore and continued up the Hudson, sailing past Fort Washington and arriving by nightfall at 578: 5696: 4376: 749: 3905: 6163: 5106: 5096: 1456:

he drew up and received the enemy's fire and gave them a well-directed fire from his regiment, which did great execution, and then retreated to the hill. – General Parsons

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fell in the battle, about two-thirds of the regiment. It is known that they were buried in a mass-grave, but the grave's exact location has been a mystery for 240 years.

1822:'s fortifications. When news of the battle reached London, it led to many celebratory festivities. Bells were rung across the city, candles were lit in windows, and King 6243: 5111: 1239:

there were 1,000 and 800 men respectively. Six-thousand troops were to remain behind at Brooklyn Heights. There was one lesser-known path through the heights called the

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The next day, July 13, Howe attempted to open negotiations with the Americans. He sent a letter to Washington delivered by Lieutenant Philip Brown, who arrived under a

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On July 6, news reached New York that Congress had voted for independence four days earlier. On Tuesday, July 9, at 18:00, Washington had several brigades march onto

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Stirling ordered all of his troops to cross the creek, except a contingent of Maryland troops under the command of Gist. This group became known to history as the "

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The Americans were still unaware that this was not the main British attack, in part due to the ferocity of the fighting and the number of British troops engaged.

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The British were stunned to find that Washington and the Continental Army had escaped. Later that day, on August 30, British troops occupied Washington and the

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learned that the British fleet had set sail from Halifax on June 9 and was heading toward New York. On June 29, signals were sent from men stationed on

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and Colonel Atlee were stationed farther north on the Gowanus Road. Parsons was a lawyer from Connecticut who had recently secured a commission in the

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made two attacks against over two thousand British troops in a rear-guard action that allowed a majority of Stirling's 1,600-strong command to escape.

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On the British side, General Clinton learned of the almost undefended Jamaica Pass from local Loyalists. He drew up a plan and gave it to

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command the advance guard of the main army of 10,000 men on the march through the Jamaica Pass. While they made the night march, General

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persuaded Washington to transfer 400 to 500 soldiers, who lacked muskets or guns, to crew the artillery. In early June, Knox and General

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took possession of a hill about two miles from camp, and detached Colonel Atlee to meet them further on the road; in about sixty

1358: 1247: 768:, which he believed the British would attack next because of the port's strategic importance. He had sent his second-in-command, 499: 256: 3447: 1681:, a 175th anniversary issue, published in 1951 and depicting Fulton Ferry House (on right) and flat-bottomed ferry boats in the 6348: 5655: 5645: 5635: 4432: 3625: 2013: 966: 689: 650: 223: 1663: 6248: 5336: 5300: 5037: 4561: 4167: 4162: 4025: 1478:

were a few hills; amongst them was a hill which is the highest point in King's County at 220 feet which came to be known as "

843:. The main defensive works were a series of forts and entrenchments located in the northwest of King's County, in and around 820: 528: 1973:

in New York Harbor. In 2006, the Minerva statue was invoked in a successful defense to prevent a building from blocking the

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Calderhead, William L. (July 1976), "British Naval Failure at Long Island: A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution",

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The Hessians, in the center under the command of General von Heister, began to bombard the American lines stationed at

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in front, followed by Cornwallis who had eight battalions and 14 artillery pieces. Cornwallis was followed by Howe and

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Howard's Tavern, depicted in 1776 and demolished sometime after 1900, was located near the present-day intersection of

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switched over to the British side. Less than a week later, there were 130 ships off Staten Island under the command of

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Cut Off: Colonel Jedediah Huntington's 17th Continental (Conn.) Regiment at the Battle of Long Island August 27, 1776

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in the field in front of the house... General Howe and another officer were in the barroom. General Howe wore a

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Whittimore, Henry "The Heroes of the American Revolution and their Descendants; The Battle of Long Island" 1897

2009: 1935: 1846: 1512: 1385:'s Pennsylvania regiment fired upon two British soldiers who were foraging in a watermelon patch near the inn. 1284:

At 21:00, the British moved out. No one except the commanders knew of the plan. Clinton led a crack brigade of

1273: 1129: 1110: 874: 653:, which they held for the rest of the war. It was the first major battle to take place after the United States 538: 180: 4556: 1879: 997: 3688: 6439: 6303: 5863: 5417: 5160: 4755: 4652: 4484: 4121: 4030: 1838: 1536: 1520: 1378: 1268: 1227: 1166: 533: 356: 1911:, they were starved and denied medical attention. In their weakened condition, many succumbed to smallpox. 6353: 6082: 5650: 5449: 5412: 4875: 4845: 4417: 4218: 4182: 4060: 3644: 3424: 1969:

and unveiled in 1920. The statue stands in the northwest corner of the cemetery and gazes directly at the

1962: 1850: 1532: 1508: 1479: 1342: 1235: 704:, and accordingly moved the bulk of his forces to Manhattan, believing that it would be the first target. 563: 553: 1049:, indicating that the British fleet had appeared. Within a few hours, 45 British ships dropped anchor in 6318: 6103: 5813: 5625: 5320: 5275: 5240: 5155: 5091: 4840: 4780: 4657: 4291: 4198: 4101: 3968: 3620: 1771: 1735: 1652: 1426: 1410: 1402: 1370: 1350: 1337: 1106: 897:

were sunk at strategic locations to deter the British from entering the East River and other waterways.

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Denyse's Ferry, the first place at which the Hessians and British landed on Long Island August 22, 1776

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crossings to Manhattan. After five days of waiting, the British attacked the American defenses on the

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This article is about the American Revolutionary War battle. For the Hofstra–Stony Brook rivalry, see

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Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 181st Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 354–355.

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Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 175th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1982, pp. 343–345.

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was also being constructed at this time, located farther southwest, past Fort Box, near present-day

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of uncertain origin destroyed a quarter of New York City. In the immediate aftermath of the fire,

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At about 23:00 on August 26, the first shots were fired in the Battle of Long Island, near the

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a portrait by A. Brown depicting the American artillery position at the high point overlooking

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According to Lord Howe report 31 (1 officer and 30 Grenadiers of the Marines) were captured

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Meanwhile, British ships continued to arrive. On August 1, 45 ships arrived with generals

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and, near the eastern edge of Long Meadow, the Maryland Monument & Maryland Memorial

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Howe remained inactive for the next half month, not attacking until September 15 when he

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troops who were not killed or captured escaped behind the fortified American position at

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units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial and revolutionary eras

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monument: The battle is commemorated with a monument, which includes a bronze statue of

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those who died while kept prisoner on the British ships just off the shore of Brooklyn

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turn to evacuate. Mifflin told the man who had been sent to order him to leave, Major

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Historians believe that as many as 256 soldiers of the First Maryland Regiment under

1750: 1639: 1571: 1567: 1430: 1421:'s 1st Delaware Regiment under the immediate command of Major Thomas Macdonough, and 1218: 1202: 1193: 1160:, along with 3,000 troops. By August 12, 3,000 more British troops and another 8,000 1125: 1046: 1015: 765: 708: 693: 673: 312: 147: 1965:, the highest point of Brooklyn, in Green-Wood Cemetery. The statue was sculpted by 1523:

and his troops were outflanked by the British, who attacked from the rear while the

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At the time, it was by far the largest battle ever fought in North America. If the

1758: 1731: 1616: 1240: 1058: 1037:, loyal to the British, are in the two boats (in blue uniforms and partly visible). 937: 658: 1842: 1580: 819:, facing the city. Lee had also seen to it that the immediate area was cleared of 65: 17: 3827: 3807: 3787: 727:. Unknown to the Americans, however, Howe had brought his main army around their 5964: 5919: 5823: 5743: 5630: 5530: 5030: 5025: 4152: 4045: 1862: 1787: 1418: 1394: 1206: 1185: 1030: 894: 716: 701: 634: 151: 2049:. The 'Battle of Long Island' placed in overall sequence and strategic context. 1078:

with ropes and bars, where they tore down the gilded lead equestrian statue of

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crossing, known then as the Brooklyn Ferry, as it appeared in the mid-1700s.

1702: 906: 800: 2306:"Forts :: New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center" 1132:, who had hurried to the waterfront on Washington's orders, accompanied by 3877: 1297:

column headed northeast until it reached what later became the village of

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inspected the land at the north end of Manhattan and decided to establish

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American strategy called for the first line of defense to be based on the

764:, to await reinforcements. Washington then began to transfer regiments to 5934: 4591: 3789:

The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution

3483:"Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company" 2088:

corner of what is today Third Avenue, between Seventh and Eighth streets.

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performance during the meeting was praised in many parts of the country.

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from Staten Island and more than a dozen miles south of the established

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facing Bowling Green on Manhattan, and more cannons were placed at the

881:. In addition to these new forts, a mounted battery was established on 808: 804: 1309:

trail that skirted the Jamaica Pass to the west (located today in the

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was placed in command until Greene was well enough to resume command.

1774:

was the best option and Washington had orders go out by the evening.

1381:(near present-day 39th Street and 4th Avenue). American pickets from 1320: 1306: 1083: 3561: 3472:

Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 101st Engineer Battalion

1749:

As the rain continued, Washington sent a letter instructing General

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Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 198th Signal Battalion.

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sailed up the harbor toward the mouth of the Hudson. The American

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The Wild Geese Today – Honoring Those Who Saved Washington's Army

3397: 692:, landed a few miles across the harbor on the sparsely populated 1188:, which was bombarded by the British prior to the invasion. The 6141: 6066: 5565: 4901: 4396: 4358: 3901: 1985:: A freestanding Doric column in Fort Greene memorializing all 471: 2047:

American Revolutionary War §British New York counter-offensive

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in mid-September, Howe defeated Washington in battle again at

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although some small skirmishes did take place with American

3615:, Brooklyn: The Long Island Historical Society, p. 600 1029:

in the type of flat-bottomed boat used for the invasion of

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fought on August 27, 1776, at and near the western edge of

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Howe's defense of his actions to Parliament in spring 1779

795:; construction of the city's defenses was left to General 4786:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

37:"Battle of Brooklyn" redirects here. For other uses, see 3450:. NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from 1713:

Washington and the Continental Army were surrounded on

3754:, New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback, p. 12, 1074:

read. After the end of the reading, a mob ran down to

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and were forced to abandon it on March 17, sailing to

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U.S. Army – Artillery Retreat from Long Island 1776

787:Lee remained in New York City until March when the 3713:, New York: Random House Paperbacks, p. 522, 3095:"The narrative of Lieutenant General William Howe" 707:On August 21, the British landed on the shores of 3690:The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn 807:were established in and around the city, and the 668:on March 17, Continental Army commander-in-chief 649:and gained access to the strategically important 3731:, Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, p. 190, 3693:, Long Island Historical Society, p. 556, 1511:, also known as "Flatbush Pass" in present-day 50: 6234:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 3396:. Fort Greene Park Conservancy. Archived from 1699:The Foot of Wall Street And Ferry House – 1746 1230:picking off British troops from time to time. 936:, was planned opposite Fort Washington on the 672:relocated his army to defend the port city of 4370: 3913: 3528:"1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery Regiment" 2367: 2365: 1313:). William Howard Jr. describes meeting Howe: 1217:August 24, Washington replaced Sullivan with 1213:. He was given orders to advance no further. 483: 446: 413: 8: 1907:, then transferred to locations such as the 1144:to ask if Washington would meet with Howe's 993:Order of battle of the Battle of Long Island 5347:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 3118:"Foot Of Wall Street And Ferry-House, 1746" 1875:Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War 6224:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 6153: 6138: 6063: 5991: 5723: 5580: 5573: 5562: 5437: 4935: 4928: 4898: 4478:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 4407: 4393: 4377: 4363: 4355: 3920: 3906: 3898: 3423:. 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Five Army National Guard units ( 1332: 932:. Fort Constitution, later renamed 748:In the first stage of the war, the 664:After defeating the British in the 39:Battle of Brooklyn (disambiguation) 5000:European allies of King George III 4856:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 4791:Committee of Secret Correspondence 4453:No taxation without representation 1903:survived. Kept on prison ships in 1761:between Manhattan and what is now 1002:The British fleet in the lower bay 25: 6435:Military history of New York City 6366:Museum of the American Revolution 3809:A History of the City of Brooklyn 3792:, United Kingdom: Jonathan Cape, 3772:, Virginia: Wyvern Publications, 3770:Infantry Regiments of the US Army 680:. Washington understood that the 676:, located at the southern end of 395:2,179 killed, wounded or captured 6425:Battles of the New York Campaign 6254:Continental Currency dollar coin 6239:Women in the American Revolution 4006:New York and New Jersey campaign 3878:Website on Battle of Long Island 2064:New York and New Jersey campaign 2024:There are currently 30 existing 1579: 1555: 973: 957: 501:New York and New Jersey campaign 454:Battle of Long Island (New York) 445: 438: 412: 405: 350: 339: 328: 317: 306: 295: 283: 272: 261: 250: 239: 228: 217: 198: 186: 173: 6410:Battles involving Great Britain 6349:Sons of the American Revolution 3687:Johnston, Henry Phelps (1878), 3663:Hays, Elizabeth (May 7, 2008), 3394:"Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument" 2014:Sons of the American Revolution 1429:under the immediate command of 1089:On July 12, the British ships 1061:, the brother of General Howe. 893:, which sat on the East River. 6415:Battles involving Hesse-Kassel 6249:Continental currency banknotes 5337:Staten Island Peace Conference 4026:Staten Island Peace Conference 3893:New York Guard 1/9th Battalion 3550:The American Historical Review 3392:Fort Greene Park Conservancy. 2160:Diary of the Revolution p. 304 1770:unanimously with Mifflin that 855:based on his 1766–1767 survey. 529:Staten Island Peace Conference 1: 5043:German supporters of Congress 4741:Massachusetts Circular Letter 4173:Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga 3609:Field, Thomas Warren (1869), 1983:Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument 1409:; Atlee was a veteran of the 426:Location within New York City 4724:Committees of correspondence 3883:"The Old Stone House" museum 1722:ordered 1,200 more men from 6361:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 5392:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 5377:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 5151:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 4806:Declaration of Independence 4771:Second Continental Congress 4016:New York Prison Ships begin 3985:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 3948:First Liberty poles erected 3646:The Battle of Brooklyn 1776 3643:Gallagher, John J. (1995), 3589:Ellis, Edward Robb (2005), 2059:Long Island order of battle 1701:, a portrait depicting the 1507:A circa 1866 lithograph of 1333:Grant's diversionary attack 1080:George III of Great Britain 1071:Declaration of Independence 920:Commander of the artillery 871:and a total of 36 cannons. 6456: 6244:Financial costs of the war 4751:First Continental Congress 4602:Royal Proclamation of 1763 4547:Second Rockingham ministry 4386:American Revolutionary War 4153:Setauket Spy Ring launched 3768:Sawicki, James A. (1981), 3727:Lewis, Charles H. (2009), 1872: 1798:Conclusion of the campaign 1679:Washington evacuating Army 1562:The front of the original 1417:Stirling led two units of 1311:Cemetery of the Evergreens 990: 851:, depicted in this map by 756:in the peninsular city of 631:American Revolutionary War 627:Battle of Brooklyn Heights 58:American Revolutionary War 36: 29: 6400:1776 in the United States 6152: 6137: 6098:Constitutional Convention 6078:Society of the Cincinnati 6073: 6062: 5572: 5561: 5367:Carlisle Peace Commission 5201:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 4927: 4897: 4866:Hutchinson letters affair 4816:Articles of Confederation 4663:Proclamation of Rebellion 4527:First Rockingham ministry 4471:All men are created equal 4406: 4392: 4339:British evacuate New York 4262:Battle of Fort St. George 4092:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 4066:Battle of Fort Washington 3786:Schecter, Barnet (2003), 3710:General George Washington 3612:The Battle of Long Island 3592:The Epic of New York City 1955:Altar to Liberty: Minerva 1916:Colonel William Smallwood 1865:was executed for spying. 1740:Marblehead, Massachusetts 1474:Just to the southeast of 1423:Colonel William Smallwood 885:, cannons were placed at 655:declared its independence 511: 429:Show map of New York City 399: 382: 369: 210: 165: 77: 71:The Battle of Long Island 63: 55: 6405:18th century in Brooklyn 6395:1776 in New York (state) 5362:Entry of France into war 4977:Kingdom of Great Britain 4051:Battle of Valcour Island 4046:Execution of Nathan Hale 4036:Battle of Harlem Heights 1642:and setting up lines of 1527:attacked up Battle Pass. 6093:Ratification Day (1784) 5418:Second Anglo-Mysore War 5102:Northern after Saratoga 5082:New York and New Jersey 4756:Continental Association 4653:Conciliatory Resolution 4512:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 4485:Consent of the governed 4282:runs aground at Montauk 4257:Battle of Klock's Field 4235:Battle of Young's House 4168:Attack on German Flatts 4122:Battle of Staten Island 3707:Lengel, Edward (2005), 1930:Dongan Oak memorial in 1345:, the highest point in 1192:landed farther east at 1173:Invasion of Long Island 1066:the commons of the city 862:began moving troops to 629:, was an action of the 6354:Sons of the Revolution 6083:Treaty of Paris (1783) 5413:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 5408:Cherokee–American wars 5021:Franco-American Treaty 4876:Philadelphia Tea Party 4846:Treaty of Paris (1763) 4825:Confederation Congress 4418:American Enlightenment 4219:Boyd and Parker ambush 4183:Cherry Valley massacre 4163:West Point established 4061:Battle of White Plains 4056:Battle of Pell's Point 4041:Great Fire of New York 3826:Syrett, David (2005), 3806:Stiles, Henry (2012), 3621:Fischer, David Hackett 3546:Adams, Charles Francis 1938: 1895: 1815: 1730:on August 28, and two 1710: 1686: 1671: 1621:Vechte–Cortelyou House 1564:Vechte–Cortelyou House 1547:Vechte–Cortelyou House 1528: 1458: 1391:Vechte–Cortelyou House 1374: 1349:, looking west toward 1326: 1281: 1197: 1038: 1019: 856: 211:Commanders and leaders 6299:Washington's Birthday 6104:The Federalist Papers 6088:Evacuation Day (1783) 5141:Lexington and Concord 4841:French and Indian War 4781:Olive Branch Petition 4292:Battle of Fort Slongo 4199:Battle of Stony Point 4102:Siege of Fort Stanwix 4011:Battle of Long Island 3969:Battle of Golden Hill 3626:Washington's Crossing 3489:on December 18, 2014. 1996:Soldiers' Monument – 1929: 1882: 1873:Further information: 1805: 1778:evacuate the troops. 1697: 1677: 1666: 1653:Battle of Bunker Hill 1589:Battle of Long Island 1537:General John Sullivan 1535:under the command of 1506: 1450: 1427:1st Maryland Infantry 1411:French and Indian War 1403:Samuel Holden Parsons 1361:confronted about 300 1351:Upper New York Harbor 1340: 1316: 1271: 1180: 1025: 1018:in the summer of 1776 1000: 991:Further information: 834: 619:Battle of Long Island 383:Casualties and losses 51:Battle of Long Island 6304:Jefferson's Birthday 6294:Pulaski Memorial Day 5301:Guilford Court House 4952:Continental Congress 4729:Committees of safety 4704:Daughters of Liberty 4699:Virginia Association 4448:Rights of Englishmen 4158:Battle of Cobleskill 4112:Battle of Bennington 4031:Landing at Kip's Bay 1998:Milford, Connecticut 1814:following the battle 1690:Retreat to Manhattan 1482:," in what is today 905:were fired in camp, 789:Continental Congress 762:Halifax, Nova Scotia 657:on July 4, 1776, in 621:, also known as the 457:Show map of New York 423:class=notpageimage| 146:The British capture 5432:colony or location) 5387:Newburgh Conspiracy 5246:Sullivan Expedition 4766:Provincial Congress 4557:Fox–North coalition 4496:Settler colonialism 4443:Freedom of religion 4400:American Revolution 4334:Newburgh Conspiracy 4297:Battle of Johnstown 4209:Sullivan Expedition 4097:Battle of Fort Anne 3812:, Applewood Books, 2932:, pp. 169–172. 2920:, pp. 169–171. 2884:, pp. 161–164. 2004:The Old Stone House 1967:Frederick Ruckstull 1909:Middle Dutch Church 1736:Colonel John Glover 1431:Major Mordecai Gist 1419:Colonel John Haslet 1014:fleet amassing off 1010:in 1876, depicts a 951:Opposing commanders 731:and attacked their 113: / 6334:Semiquincentennial 6259:Libertas Americana 4689:Stamp Act Congress 4579:Acts of Parliament 4552:Shelburne ministry 4522:Grenville ministry 4252:conspiracy exposed 4240:First Purple Heart 4204:Battle of Minisink 4117:Battle of Setauket 4107:Battle of Oriskany 3990:Invasion of Canada 3953:Stamp Act Congress 3871:March 8, 2015, at 2310:museum.dmna.ny.gov 1939: 1896: 1853:and then again at 1816: 1784:Alexander Scammell 1711: 1687: 1672: 1670:, an 1899 portrait 1529: 1484:Greenwood Cemetery 1401:Brigadier General 1375: 1305:Foot Path, an old 1282: 1198: 1158:Charles Cornwallis 1051:Lower New York Bay 1043:General Washington 1039: 1020: 857: 698:Lower New York Bay 623:Battle of Brooklyn 235:Charles Cornwallis 18:Battle of Brooklyn 6430:Conflicts in 1776 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6133: 6132: 6120:Shays's Rebellion 6058: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 5983: 5982: 5950:Richard Henry Lee 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5581: 5574: 5563: 5438: 5433: 5261:Cape St. Vincent 4936: 4929: 4899: 4871:Boston Tea Party 4796:Halifax Resolves 4746:Suffolk Resolves 4537:Grafton ministry 4532:Chatham ministry 4428:Colonial history 4408: 4394: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4356: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3899: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3822: 3802: 3782: 3764: 3741: 3723: 3703: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3659: 3639: 3616: 3605: 3585: 3578:New York History 3572: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3485:. Archived from 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3454:on March 3, 2009 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3251: 3245: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3207: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3070: 3064: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3024: 3018: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2788: 2782: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2720: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2507: 2501: 2492: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2438: 2432: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2360: 2354: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2302: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2228: 2222: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2089: 2085: 1961:near the top of 1820:Continental Army 1715:Brooklyn Heights 1636:Brooklyn Heights 1632:Continental Army 1583: 1559: 1521:General Sullivan 1407:Continental Army 1363:Continental Army 1115:Governors Island 977: 961: 926:Nathanael Greene 883:Governors Island 817:Brooklyn Heights 738:Brooklyn Heights 678:Manhattan Island 651:Port of New York 647:Continental Army 506: 502: 492: 485: 478: 469: 458: 449: 448: 442: 430: 416: 415: 409: 363: 355: 354: 353: 344: 343: 342: 333: 332: 331: 322: 321: 320: 311: 310: 309: 300: 299: 298: 288: 287: 286: 277: 276: 275: 266: 265: 264: 255: 254: 253: 244: 243: 242: 233: 232: 231: 222: 221: 220: 203: 202: 201: 191: 190: 189: 183: 179: 177: 176: 156:Continental Army 128: 127: 125: 124: 123: 118: 114: 111: 110: 109: 106: 79: 78: 68: 48: 21: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6370: 6309:Von Steuben Day 6207: 6176: 6148: 6129: 6069: 6046: 5988:Colonial allies 5979: 5878: 5711: 5672:King George III 5660: 5568: 5545: 5514: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5422: 5396: 5325: 5306:Lochry's Defeat 5191:Assunpink Creek 5181:Fort Washington 5126: 5060: 5058: 5047: 5038:Hortalez et Cie 5009:Colonial allies 5004: 4971: 4940:United Colonies 4923: 4885: 4851:Boston Massacre 4829: 4820:Perpetual Union 4776:United Colonies 4709:Sons of Liberty 4672: 4580: 4578: 4577:Related British 4571: 4500: 4402: 4398:Origins of the 4388: 4383: 4353: 4348: 4322: 4318:Newburgh letter 4301: 4266: 4223: 4187: 4178:Carleton's Raid 4141: 4070: 3994: 3973: 3957: 3943:Sons of Liberty 3931: 3926: 3857: 3852: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3820: 3805: 3800: 3785: 3780: 3767: 3762: 3744: 3739: 3726: 3721: 3706: 3701: 3686: 3678: 3676: 3662: 3657: 3642: 3637: 3619: 3608: 3603: 3588: 3575: 3562:10.2307/1833753 3544: 3540: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3448:"Prospect Park" 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3355: 3349:McCullough 2006 3347: 3343: 3337:McCullough 2006 3335: 3331: 3325:McCullough 2006 3323: 3319: 3313:Calderhead 1976 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3289:McCullough 2006 3287: 3283: 3277:McCullough 2006 3275: 3271: 3265:McCullough 2006 3263: 3254: 3248:McCullough 2006 3246: 3237: 3231:McCullough 2006 3229: 3225: 3219:McCullough 2006 3217: 3210: 3204:McCullough 2006 3202: 3195: 3189:McCullough 2006 3187: 3180: 3174:McCullough 2006 3172: 3168: 3162:McCullough 2006 3160: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3135:McCullough 2006 3133: 3126: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3073: 3067:McCullough 2006 3065: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3038:McCullough 2006 3036: 3027: 3021:McCullough 2006 3019: 3010: 3004:McCullough 2006 3002: 2995: 2987: 2980: 2974:McCullough 2006 2972: 2965: 2959:McCullough 2006 2957: 2948: 2942:McCullough 2006 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2894:McCullough 2006 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2831:McCullough 2006 2829: 2820: 2814:McCullough 2006 2812: 2808: 2802:McCullough 2006 2800: 2791: 2785:McCullough 2006 2783: 2774: 2768:McCullough 2006 2766: 2762: 2756:McCullough 2006 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2723: 2717:McCullough 2006 2715: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2688:McCullough 2006 2686: 2682: 2676:McCullough 2006 2674: 2670: 2664:McCullough 2006 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2640:McCullough 2006 2638: 2631: 2625:McCullough 2006 2623: 2619: 2613:McCullough 2006 2611: 2607: 2601:McCullough 2006 2599: 2592: 2586:McCullough 2006 2584: 2580: 2574:McCullough 2006 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2550:McCullough 2006 2548: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2519:McCullough 2006 2517: 2510: 2504:McCullough 2006 2502: 2495: 2489:McCullough 2006 2487: 2480: 2474:McCullough 2006 2472: 2468: 2462:McCullough 2006 2460: 2456: 2448: 2441: 2435:McCullough 2006 2433: 2426: 2420:McCullough 2006 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2372:McCullough 2006 2370: 2363: 2357:McCullough 2006 2355: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2326:McCullough 2006 2324: 2317: 2304: 2303: 2294: 2288:McCullough 2006 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2252:McCullough 2006 2250: 2246: 2240:McCullough 2006 2238: 2231: 2223: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2198:McCullough 2006 2196: 2192: 2186:McCullough 2006 2184: 2180: 2174:McCullough 2006 2172: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2147:McCullough 2006 2145: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2038: 1924: 1877: 1871: 1855:Fort Washington 1812:New York Harbor 1800: 1692: 1685:(in background) 1661: 1644:circumvallation 1629: 1613: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1560: 1549: 1501: 1371:General Parsons 1335: 1314: 1266: 1261: 1248:William Erskine 1175: 1004:, published in 995: 989: 988: 987: 986: 985: 981: 978: 970: 969: 965: 962: 953: 952: 946: 944:British arrival 930:Fort Washington 849:Old Stone House 837:Heights of Guan 829: 746: 666:siege of Boston 637:in present-day 615: 614: 613: 608: 589:Assunpink Creek 574:Iron Works Hill 559:Fort Washington 507: 504: 500: 498: 496: 462: 461: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 450: 433: 432: 431: 428: 427: 425: 419: 418: 417: 391: 389: 351: 349: 348: 340: 338: 337: 329: 327: 326: 318: 316: 315: 307: 305: 304: 296: 294: 284: 282: 281: 279:Charles Mawhood 273: 271: 270: 262: 260: 259: 257:William Erskine 251: 249: 248: 240: 238: 237: 229: 227: 226: 218: 216: 199: 197: 187: 185: 184: 174: 172: 171: 142: 136:British victory 122:40.666; -73.966 121: 119: 115: 112: 107: 104: 102: 100: 99: 98: 85:August 27, 1776 69: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6453: 6451: 6443: 6442: 6440:South Brooklyn 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6387: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6314:Minor holidays 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6145:Related topics 6142: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6115:Bill of Rights 6112: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5519:Loyal colonies 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5505:South Carolina 5502: 5497: 5492: 5490:North Carolina 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5442:Rebel colonies 5435: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5382:Sint Eustatius 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5342:"First Salute" 5339: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5286:Kings Mountain 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5176:Harlem Heights 5173: 5168: 5166:Valcour Island 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4933: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4801:Lee Resolution 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4719:Black Patriots 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4567:Black Loyalist 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4542:North ministry 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4404: 4403: 4397: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3863: 3856: 3855:External links 3853: 3851: 3850: 3838: 3823: 3818: 3803: 3798: 3783: 3778: 3765: 3760: 3742: 3737: 3724: 3719: 3704: 3699: 3684: 3660: 3655: 3640: 3635: 3617: 3606: 3601: 3586: 3573: 3556:(4): 650–670, 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3474: 3465: 3438: 3411: 3384: 3372: 3370:, p. 190. 3353: 3351:, p. 262. 3341: 3339:, p. 244. 3329: 3327:, p. 209. 3317: 3305: 3293: 3291:, p. 196. 3281: 3279:, p. 195. 3269: 3267:, p. 191. 3252: 3250:, p. 190. 3235: 3233:, p. 189. 3223: 3221:, p. 188. 3208: 3206:, p. 186. 3193: 3191:, p. 185. 3178: 3176:, p. 184. 3166: 3164:, p. 183. 3154: 3152:, p. 148. 3139: 3137:, p. 182. 3124: 3109: 3086: 3071: 3069:, p. 178. 3054: 3052:, p. 146. 3042: 3040:, p. 177. 3025: 3023:, p. 176. 3008: 3006:, p. 175. 2993: 2991:, p. 145. 2978: 2976:, p. 174. 2963: 2961:, p. 173. 2946: 2944:, p. 172. 2934: 2922: 2910: 2908:, p. 143. 2898: 2896:, p. 171. 2886: 2874: 2870:Gallagher 1995 2862: 2850: 2835: 2833:, p. 170. 2818: 2816:, p. 169. 2806: 2804:, p. 168. 2789: 2787:, p. 166. 2772: 2770:, p. 165. 2760: 2758:, p. 163. 2748: 2746:, p. 142. 2736: 2734:, p. 141. 2721: 2719:, p. 162. 2704: 2702:, p. 152. 2692: 2690:, p. 161. 2680: 2678:, p. 160. 2668: 2666:, p. 158. 2656: 2654:, p. 141. 2644: 2642:, p. 157. 2629: 2627:, p. 156. 2617: 2615:, p. 153. 2605: 2603:, p. 152. 2590: 2588:, p. 148. 2578: 2576:, p. 146. 2566: 2564:, p. 138. 2554: 2552:, p. 145. 2535: 2523: 2521:, p. 144. 2508: 2506:, p. 139. 2493: 2491:, p. 138. 2478: 2476:, p. 137. 2466: 2464:, p. 135. 2454: 2452:, p. 135. 2439: 2424: 2422:, p. 133. 2412: 2410:, p. 159. 2400: 2398:, p. 133. 2388: 2386:, p. 132. 2376: 2361: 2359:, p. 129. 2342: 2340:, p. 144. 2330: 2328:, p. 128. 2315: 2292: 2290:, p. 127. 2280: 2268: 2266:, p. 131. 2256: 2254:, p. 122. 2244: 2242:, p. 121. 2229: 2227:, p. 129. 2214: 2212:, p. 128. 2202: 2200:, p. 112. 2190: 2188:, p. 101. 2178: 2176:, p. 180. 2163: 2151: 2149:, p. 179. 2136: 2124: 2122:, p. 139. 2112: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2037: 2034: 2022: 2021: 2007: 2001: 1994: 1979: 1923: 1920: 1870: 1867: 1847:Harlem Heights 1839:landed a force 1799: 1796: 1744:Thomas Mifflin 1734:regiments and 1691: 1688: 1660: 1657: 1628: 1625: 1612: 1609: 1593:Alonzo Chappel 1585: 1578: 1577: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1500: 1497: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1435:courts-martial 1334: 1331: 1290:fixed bayonets 1286:light infantry 1278:Jamaica Avenue 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1174: 1171: 1142:Nisbet Balfour 1027:British troops 979: 972: 971: 963: 956: 955: 954: 950: 949: 948: 947: 945: 942: 891:Whitehall Dock 853:Bernard Ratzer 828: 825: 793:South Carolina 745: 742: 610: 609: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 539:Harlem Heights 536: 531: 526: 518: 512: 509: 508: 497: 495: 494: 487: 480: 472: 464: 463: 453: 444: 443: 437: 436: 435: 434: 421: 420: 411: 410: 404: 403: 402: 401: 400: 397: 396: 393: 385: 384: 380: 379: 376: 372: 371: 367: 366: 335:Thomas Mifflin 292: 213: 212: 208: 207: 195: 168: 167: 163: 162: 159: 158: 144: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 93: 91: 87: 86: 83: 75: 74: 61: 60: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6452: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289:Patriots' Day 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6264:Commemoration 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6203:Yankee Doodle 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6065: 6061: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6032:de Rochambeau 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5560: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:New Hampshire 5473: 5471: 5470:Massachusetts 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5122:Naval battles 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5057:Campaigns and 5054: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861:Gaspee affair 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4517:Bute ministry 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4465:Spirit of '76 4463: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4438:Republicanism 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3911: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3873:archive.today 3870: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3761:0-7432-2672-0 3757: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3720:0-8129-6950-2 3716: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3700:0-548-34227-X 3696: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3674: 3670: 3669:NY Daily News 3666: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3602:0-7867-1436-0 3598: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3084:, p. 99. 3083: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2930:Johnston 1878 2926: 2923: 2919: 2918:Johnston 1878 2914: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2882:Johnston 1878 2878: 2875: 2872:, p. 33. 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2846:Johnston 1878 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:Johnston 1878 2696: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652:Johnston 1878 2648: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2533:, p. 97. 2532: 2531:Johnston 1878 2527: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2437:, p. 134 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2278:, p. 47. 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2110:, p. 61. 2109: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2084: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053:Dr. John Hart 2051: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:Prospect Park 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1991:Wallabout Bay 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:line of sight 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1937: 1936:Prospect Park 1933: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1905:Wallabout Bay 1901: 1893: 1890:, a 60-floor 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753:, who was at 1752: 1751:William Heath 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627:Disengagement 1626: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1573: 1572:Mordecai Gist 1569: 1568:Lord Stirling 1565: 1558: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:Prospect Park 1510: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1367:Colonel Atlee 1365:troops under 1364: 1360: 1359:Lord Stirling 1356: 1352: 1348: 1347:King's County 1344: 1339: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1274:Fulton Street 1270: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1236:Flatbush Road 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1219:Israel Putnam 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:Gravesend Bay 1195: 1194:Gravesend Bay 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1167:John Sullivan 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154:Henry Clinton 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126:flag of truce 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Fort Defiance 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:Bowling Green 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047:Staten Island 1044: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1016:Staten Island 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 994: 984: 976: 968: 960: 943: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 909:were ruined, 908: 904: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 875:Fort Defiance 872: 870: 869:entrenchments 865: 861: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:King's County 838: 833: 826: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 782:Bowling Green 779: 775: 771: 767: 766:New York City 763: 759: 755: 751: 743: 741: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 711:in southwest 710: 709:Gravesend Bay 705: 703: 699: 695: 694:Staten Island 691: 687: 683: 682:city's harbor 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 645:defeated the 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 524: 519: 517: 514: 513: 510: 503: 493: 488: 486: 481: 479: 474: 473: 470: 441: 424: 408: 398: 394: 387: 386: 381: 377: 374: 373: 368: 364: 358: 357:John Sullivan 347: 336: 325: 314: 313:Israel Putnam 303: 293: 291: 290:Francis Smith 280: 269: 258: 247: 246:Henry Clinton 236: 225: 215: 214: 209: 206: 205:United States 196: 194: 182: 181:Great Britain 170: 169: 164: 157: 153: 149: 148:New York City 145: 140: 139: 135: 132: 131: 126: 96: 92: 89: 88: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 67: 62: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6329:Bicentennial 6212:Other topics 6198:Liberty Tree 6170: 6110:Constitution 6102: 6007:Beaumarchais 5895:Samuel Adams 5646:William Howe 5641:Richard Howe 5541:West Florida 5526:East Florida 5500:Rhode Island 5495:Pennsylvania 5428:Involvement 5372:Gordon Riots 5357:Valley Forge 5352:Conway Cabal 5330:Other events 5170: 5092:Philadelphia 4990:British Army 4881:Powder Alarm 4811:Model Treaty 4733: 4491:Expansionism 4459:Common Sense 4457: 4279: 4010: 3843:, retrieved 3828: 3808: 3788: 3769: 3750: 3728: 3709: 3689: 3677:, retrieved 3668: 3645: 3624: 3611: 3591: 3584:(3): 321–338 3581: 3577: 3553: 3549: 3538:Bibliography 3522: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3487:the original 3477: 3468: 3456:. Retrieved 3452:the original 3441: 3429:. Retrieved 3414: 3402:. Retrieved 3398:the original 3387: 3375: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3226: 3169: 3157: 3112: 3099:. Retrieved 3089: 3082:Fischer 2006 3045: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2809: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2620: 2608: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2526: 2469: 2457: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2379: 2333: 2309: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2154: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2083: 2030:101st Eng Bn 2023: 1954: 1948: 1940: 1913: 1897: 1883: 1851:White Plains 1836: 1832: 1817: 1792: 1780: 1776: 1759:Harlem River 1755:Kings Bridge 1748: 1732:Pennsylvania 1712: 1705:side of the 1698: 1678: 1667: 1649: 1630: 1617:Maryland 400 1614: 1611:Maryland 400 1605: 1601: 1588: 1541: 1530: 1494: 1488: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1451: 1440: 1416: 1400: 1387: 1379:Red Lion Inn 1376: 1341:A view from 1327: 1317: 1303: 1283: 1245: 1241:Jamaica Pass 1232: 1215: 1199: 1181: 1151: 1123: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1084:musket balls 1069: 1068:to hear the 1063: 1059:Richard Howe 1041:On June 28, 1040: 1005: 1001: 967:William Howe 938:Hudson River 919: 899: 873: 858: 791:sent him to 786: 750:British Army 747: 725:Guan Heights 713:Kings County 706: 690:William Howe 663: 659:Philadelphia 626: 622: 618: 616: 569:Geary Ambush 554:White Plains 544:Pell's Point 522: 515: 390:293 wounded 224:William Howe 193:Hesse-Kassel 166:Belligerents 70: 56:Part of the 43: 5975:Witherspoon 5859:von Steuben 5814:Charles Lee 5531:Nova Scotia 5450:Connecticut 5321:The Saintes 5276:Springfield 5241:Stony Point 5171:Long Island 5156:Bunker Hill 5077:Nova Scotia 4668:Prohibitory 4658:Restraining 4648:Intolerable 4628:Declaratory 3845:December 3, 3679:February 2, 3458:February 2, 3431:February 2, 3404:February 2, 3150:Lengel 2005 3050:Lengel 2005 2989:Lengel 2005 2906:Lengel 2005 2858:Stiles 2012 2744:Lengel 2005 2732:Lengel 2005 2562:Lengel 2005 2450:Lengel 2005 2396:Lengel 2005 2384:Lengel 2005 2264:Lengel 2005 2225:Lengel 2005 2210:Lengel 2005 2132:Lengel 2005 2120:Lengel 2005 2108:Syrett 2005 1963:Battle Hill 1894:skyscraper. 1863:Nathan Hale 1788:Edward Hand 1533:Battle Pass 1509:Battle Pass 1499:Battle Pass 1480:Battle Hill 1476:Blokje Berg 1469:Blokje Berg 1395:Edward Burd 1343:Battle Hill 1264:Night march 1253:James Grant 1226:armed with 1207:Edward Hand 1186:the Narrows 1138:Samuel Webb 1130:Joseph Reed 1107:Fort George 1031:Long Island 887:Fort George 770:Charles Lee 717:the Narrows 702:the Narrows 635:Long Island 516:Long Island 268:James Grant 152:Long Island 141:Territorial 120: / 6389:Categories 6319:Centennial 6274:television 6125:Jay Treaty 6022:de Guichen 5930:Huntington 5890:John Adams 5829:Montgomery 5734:Washington 5697:Rockingham 5682:Barrington 5651:Knyphausen 5621:Cornwallis 5480:New Jersey 5311:Chesapeake 5266:Charleston 5221:Germantown 5216:Brandywine 5206:Bennington 4995:Royal Navy 4985:Parliament 4932:Combatants 4905:Combatants 4684:Loyal Nine 4617:Quartering 4587:Navigation 4433:Liberalism 4423:John Locke 4411:Philosophy 4082:Meigs Raid 3368:Lewis 2009 3301:Adams 1896 2408:Ellis 2005 2338:Field 1869 2276:Field 1869 2070:References 1944:forage-war 1900:Royal Navy 1869:Casualties 1824:George III 1767:New Jersey 1719:East River 1707:East River 1683:East River 1355:New Jersey 1294:Hugh Percy 1205:. Colonel 1190:Royal Navy 1134:Henry Knox 1012:Royal Navy 922:Henry Knox 860:Washington 813:East River 801:Barricades 721:East River 686:Royal Navy 599:Forage War 549:Mamaroneck 392:31 missing 388:64 killed 346:Henry Knox 108:73°57′58″W 105:40°39′58″N 97:, New York 6193:Diplomacy 6181:Political 6164:Prisoners 6068:Aftermath 6042:Vergennes 6017:de Grasse 6012:d'Estaing 6002:Louis XVI 5940:Jefferson 5905:Dickinson 5849:St. Clair 5834:Nicholson 5809:Lafayette 5769:Duportail 5739:Alexander 5707:Shelburne 5591:Arbuthnot 5430:(by 5296:Pensacola 5256:Gibraltar 5231:St. Lucia 5196:Princeton 4908:Campaigns 4761:Minutemen 4677:Colonials 4633:Townshend 4562:Loyalists 4505:Royalists 3380:Hays 2008 2096:Citations 1978:monument. 1892:Manhattan 1843:Kip's Bay 1810:fleet in 1763:The Bronx 1757:over the 1724:Manhattan 1717:with the 1703:Manhattan 1659:Aftermath 1119:Tarrytown 1103:batteries 821:Loyalists 715:, across 604:Millstone 594:Princeton 534:Kip's Bay 505:1776–1777 154:from the 6157:Military 5910:Franklin 5883:Civilian 5864:Sullivan 5854:Schuyler 5784:Hamilton 5759:Claghorn 5727:Military 5720:Colonial 5702:Sandwich 5665:Civilian 5611:Carleton 5606:Campbell 5601:Burgoyne 5584:Military 5510:Virginia 5485:New York 5465:Maryland 5455:Delaware 5316:Yorktown 5251:Savannah 5226:Monmouth 5211:Saratoga 5117:Yorktown 5107:Southern 5097:Northern 5087:Saratoga 5059:theaters 4920:Colonies 4911:Theaters 4714:Patriots 4624:up i.p.o 4612:Currency 4597:Molasses 4280:Culloden 3869:Archived 3748:(2006), 3673:archived 3623:(2006), 3425:Archived 3101:July 27, 2036:See also 1932:Brooklyn 1728:Brooklyn 1603:battle. 1525:Hessians 1517:Brooklyn 1393:. Major 1357:, where 1299:New Lots 1224:marksmen 1211:Flatbush 1162:Hessians 1146:adjutant 1035:Hessians 934:Fort Lee 911:bayonets 879:Red Hook 864:Brooklyn 845:Brooklyn 827:Strategy 805:redoubts 778:Broadway 674:New York 639:Brooklyn 625:and the 564:Fort Lee 370:Strength 95:Brooklyn 90:Location 6279:theater 6037:Suffren 6027:Luzerne 5945:Laurens 5915:Hancock 5900:Carroll 5819:Lincoln 5799:de Kalb 5789:Hopkins 5687:Germain 5677:Amherst 5616:Clinton 5577:British 5567:Leaders 5460:Georgia 5291:Cowpens 5236:Grenada 5186:Trenton 5133:battles 5112:Western 4967:Marines 4914:Battles 3570:1833753 1959:Minerva 1808:British 1772:retreat 1591:, 1858 1489:General 1092:Phoenix 1055:militia 980:General 964:General 915:firearm 903:muskets 809:bastion 780:facing 754:trapped 643:British 584:Trenton 359: ( 143:changes 6171:Turtle 5995:French 5965:Revere 5960:Morris 5955:McKean 5920:Hanson 5844:Rodney 5839:Putnam 5824:Mercer 5779:Greene 5749:Arnold 5656:Rodney 5636:Graves 5626:Fraser 5536:Quebec 5281:Camden 5161:Quebec 5146:Boston 5131:Major 5072:Quebec 5067:Boston 5016:France 4917:Events 4834:Events 4643:Quebec 4245:Arnold 3836: 3816: 3796: 3776: 3758: 3735: 3717: 3697: 3653: 3633: 3599: 3568: 3097:. 1781 1922:Legacy 1321:camlet 1307:Indian 1259:Battle 1228:rifles 1113:, and 907:flints 758:Boston 641:. The 523:Turtle 378:10,000 375:20,000 178: 133:Result 5925:Henry 5874:Wayne 5794:Jones 5774:Gates 5764:Clark 5754:Barry 5744:Allen 5692:North 5596:Brant 4622:Stamp 4607:Sugar 4249:André 3566:JSTOR 2075:Notes 1989:, in 1640:siege 1288:with 895:Hulks 733:flank 6269:film 6169:The 5970:Rush 5869:Ward 5804:Knox 5631:Gage 5031:Navy 5026:Army 4962:Navy 4957:Army 4818:and 4592:Iron 4327:1783 4306:1782 4278:HMS 4271:1781 4228:1780 4192:1779 4146:1778 4075:1777 3999:1776 3978:1775 3962:1770 3936:1765 3847:2012 3834:ISBN 3814:ISBN 3794:ISBN 3774:ISBN 3756:ISBN 3751:1776 3733:ISBN 3715:ISBN 3695:ISBN 3681:2009 3651:ISBN 3631:ISBN 3597:ISBN 3460:2009 3433:2009 3406:2009 3107:p 5. 3103:2012 1981:The 1953:The 1859:fire 1806:The 1570:and 1454:rods 1369:and 1353:and 1276:and 1156:and 1136:and 1098:Rose 1095:and 803:and 752:was 729:rear 617:The 521:The 150:and 82:Date 5935:Jay 4638:Tea 3558:doi 1934:'s 1841:at 1726:to 1515:in 1425:'s 815:in 776:on 362:POW 6391:: 3671:, 3667:, 3582:57 3580:, 3564:, 3552:, 3356:^ 3255:^ 3238:^ 3211:^ 3196:^ 3181:^ 3142:^ 3127:^ 3074:^ 3057:^ 3028:^ 3011:^ 2996:^ 2981:^ 2966:^ 2949:^ 2838:^ 2821:^ 2792:^ 2775:^ 2724:^ 2707:^ 2632:^ 2593:^ 2538:^ 2511:^ 2496:^ 2481:^ 2442:^ 2427:^ 2364:^ 2345:^ 2318:^ 2308:. 2295:^ 2232:^ 2217:^ 2166:^ 2139:^ 1830:. 1519:, 1109:, 1086:. 1033:. 823:. 784:. 4942:/ 4487:" 4483:" 4480:" 4476:" 4473:" 4469:" 4378:e 4371:t 4364:v 4247:– 3921:e 3914:t 3907:v 3560:: 3554:1 3530:. 3462:. 3435:. 3408:. 3382:. 3315:. 3303:. 3122:. 3120:. 3105:. 2860:. 2848:. 2374:. 2312:. 2020:. 1993:. 1595:) 1587:( 1467:" 1280:. 491:e 484:t 477:v 365:) 41:. 34:. 20:)

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