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Quijorna, while the eastern force took some ground east of the
Guadarrama. The Republican troops defended their position stubbornly. The fighting west of Quijorna was particularly fierce. There Republican units made several countercharges, trying to recapture the hills which they had lost. The fighting in the air was also unusually heavy, as both sides threw large number of aircraft into the struggle: at one time around 80 Nationalist aircraft were involved in a massive dogfight with some 60 opponents. (On this day the British poet
120:
92:
105:
1334:, was killed by bomb fragments the day after.) At this moment, the Republicans held Brunete and had cut the Extremadura road. And the offensive had indeed relieved the Nationalist pressure on the Basque country, and it had proved to friend and foe that the Republican forces were rapidly increasing in both strength and capacity. At the same time the Nationalists had prevented their forces besieging Madrid from being cut off and with reinforcements having arrived were able to prepare to counterattack.
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of the city. A counterattack supported by tanks had no success. On the afternoon the attackers entered
Brunete, while the remnants of LĂster's 11th Division retreated to positions just north of the city, clustering around the cemetery. At the same time the Nationalist east group managed to widen their breach on the Guadarrama. Miaja rushed reinforcements from Madrid, and the Republican 14th Division commanded by
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demonstrated by
Republican formation commanders, along with problems involving all-arms coordination (particularly Republican air support), would, however, cause significant issues. The offensive was meant as a surprise attack, and the Nationalists were indeed caught unaware – despite the fact that "it had been discussed in the cafés of the Republic for three months".
37:
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Division. Colonel Jurado made plans for an assault on the village on July 11, but he became ill and was replaced with
Colonel Casado. Citing poor morale and fatigue, Casado requested to cancel the attack, but General Miaja ordered for the attack to proceed as planned. (On this day the African American communist
1398:
On July 24 the
Nationalists started attacking from the south towards Brunete in earnest. They had managed to concentrate some 65 artillery batteries at this part of the front, against a mere 22 Republican. With this support plus bombing from the air the Nationalist breached the Republican lines south
1389:
towards the south-east. While the see-saw battle raged on the eastern flank of the salient, the
Republican forces on the west side held their ground, despite heavy attacks concentrated mainly on the terrain around Quijorna. However, on July 23 the eastern forces finally made a major breakthrough, and
1353:
The nationalist commander general Varela planned to retake the terrain lost to the
Republicans with a three-pronged attack. The main force consisted of some 20.000 men, that would attack from the west of the salient towards Quijorna. At the same time another force of some 10.000 men would strike from
1248:
The
Republican insistence on reducing pockets of resistance, rather than bypassing them, gave the Nationalists time to bring up fresh reserves. On the afternoon Nationalist aircraft shifted from the Northern Front started to arrive, and they immediately went into action. Varela was also told that all
1202:
The
Nationalists placed overall command of the battle in General Varela. During the morning all available manpower was rushed into the faltering front line, these included personnel from local staffs, field hospitals and supply units, and by noon the 12th, 13th and 150th Divisions along with parts of
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In order to stabilize the situation on the eastern side of the pocket Miaja ordered a counterattack along the
Guadarrama, which led to several days of bitter fighting in the stifling heat. The terrain initially taken by the Nationalists on July 20 switched hands several times. At the same time three
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46th Division. The original intent of the 35th Division was for it to be used in support of LĂster's attack through the center. Without the 35th Division, LĂster's 11th Division would be unable to advance any further. On the morning of July 9, two Republican brigades attacked at Quijorna, and, after
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As large Nationalist ground and air reinforcements had arrived to the threatened front, and as the planned pincer movement from the Carabanchel area south of Madrid had failed to make any impression, the Republican offensive was clearly grinding to a halt. Some minor diversionary attacks were still
1312:
The Republicans were able to trap the Nationalist garrison in Villafranca del Castillo, forcing General Varela to send the 5th Brigade of Navarre to relieve the pressure. The arrival of the Navarrese tipped the balance in favor of the Nationalists as the Republicans were forced from their positions
1210:
Later that day the Republican attacks by the 34th and the 46th Divisions on the flanks of LĂster's 11th Division stalled upon meeting fierce resistance by the Nationalists and forced LĂster to halt his advance south of Brunete. Attempts by the Republican forces to widen the gap by attacking towards
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The Republican forces had suffered big losses, not only from the actual fighting, but also due to the extreme heat, which, combined with lack of water, had incapacitated many soldiers. Many brigades had lost between 40–60% of their numbers – killed, wounded, sick and missing – and one brigade (the
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The offensive had been preceded both by major reorganizations of the government's forces as well as an influx of modern war material, mainly from the Soviet Union. Nine new brigades had been set up, and the number of heavy machine guns in the units had been increased. The command control expertise
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demands and to prove to the Russians that the Spanish possessed military initiative. In fact, Russian advisors had been pressing for an attack on Brunete since the spring of 1937. Furthermore, assistance from the Soviet Union had decreased due to the successful blockade of Republican ports by the
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The site of the offensive was well chosen. Initially facing the Republican attack was not a continuous Nationalist line of defense but (as in many parts of Spain in the initial phase of the war) a series of outposts in villages, defended by small detachments able to take the terrain between the
1300:
On July 10 Villanueva del Pardillo was taken by the XIIth International Brigade of Durán's 69th Division, supported by tanks. Some 500 defenders with weapons, ammunition and material were captured. Villafranca del Castillo was slowly being surrounded by Enciso's 10th Division and Kléber's 45th
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Thus far the offensive had almost exclusively been carried out by the V Army Corps. The Republican command seems to have been surprised by their initial success, and there was obviously some confusion which meant that the deployment of XVIII Army Corps was delayed. (This confusion was probably
978:
The Brunette offensive followed two previous Republican offensives, one at Huesca in Aragon, a second in the area of Segovia, northwest of Madrid, both of which had failed. Despite these setbacks, the Brunette offensive was the subject of significant planning by Soviet officials supporting the
1403:
made yet another counterattack, but it failed, and on July 25 the defenders from the 11th Division around and on the cemetery – which included the division commander LĂster himself – withdrew from their positions. After this there were no more large-scale attacks in the battle – save for some
1362:
The counteroffensive started early that morning with a lengthy artillery barrage over the Republican front lines, together with heavy aerial attacks by Nationalist air units. However the Nationalists made only small gains this day: the western group managed to capture some hills northwest of
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Republican military; in addition, it received significant combat resources, the Republicans deploying some 50,000 troops, including five of the International Brigades. Whether logistic planning for the attack matched planned combat operations remains a matter of historical contention.
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initially made progress, but even though the assaulting units were well supported by tanks, armoured cars and aircraft their losses were so high that the attacks stranded. The fighting continued though, especially on and around the so-called Mosquito ridge in front of the village.
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quickly eliminated the gains made by the Republicans. Meanwhile, the nationalist position at the village of Quijorna on the Republican right flank continued to hold out. The attack south of Madrid was renewed, but failed once again. Nothing more came of this part of the plan.
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To allow Gal's 15th Division to continue towards Boadilla on the Republican left flank, the 10th Division under Enciso attacked Asensio's 12th Division defending the Mocha Ridge. The Nationalist troops there were driven back and they fell back to the hills near Boadilla.
1261:. It was performed in the morning hours. After crossing the river the 15th Division assaulted the newly fortified positions held by the 12th Division for two days. All of the attacks were repulsed and when an attack did succeed in evicting the Nationalist defenders, a
1419:
During the final days of the battle there were clear signs of the morale cracking on the Republican side, due to both exhaustion and the often terrible losses. Even among the volunteer International Brigades there were grumbling, insubordination and outright desertion.
1193:
the Nationalist positions using artillery and air power, plus targets in the rear, including the local Nationalist HQ at Navalcarnero. Immediately after the bombardment, the Republican 11th Division commanded by LĂster advanced 8 kilometres (5 mi) and
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The three pronged attack by the Nationalists failed to achieve any substantial gains on July 19, but the next day the eastern forces, heavily supported by aerial units, managed to make some gains on the east side of the salient, close to the Guadarrama.
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The activity in the air was very high, as more and more Nationalist air units were committed to the fight. It was not uncommon to see aircraft in groups of thirty or more appear over the battlefield, and clash with equally big squadrons of opponents.
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outposts under flanking fire. This part of the front was part of the Nationalist Army of the Center, under the command of General Andrés Saliquet Zumeta. However, pretty soon after the battle had started the overall command was shifted to General
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The terrain where the battle was to be fought is pretty hilly, with many ridges and small creeks, but for the most part open, and thus accessible to the Republicans new Soviet tanks, which they now intended to put to their first full use.
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Brunete. The Nationalist forces there were completely taken by surprise, and it wasn't until the morning attacks started that they realised the full extent of the Republican operation. Brunete fell to the Republicans by noon.
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Madrid, defeat here perhaps even forcing the Nationalsts to withdraw. Once Brunete had been taken, and after some reorganization, the plan was that the offensive would then in a second phase continue in the direction of
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The losses of men and equipment in the battle were much heavier for the Republicans than the Nationalists. Indeed, the Republican army lost much of its indispensable equipment and so many of their best soldiers in the
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The first attacks started already during the night of July 5/6, with Republican forces in the cover of darkness penetrating deep into the thinly held Nationalist lines. At daybreak on July 6, the Republicans
244:
947:, a move that would eventually cut off the Nationalist forces outside Madrid. At the same times as the offensive on Brunete started an enveloping attack would be launched from the
436:
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compounded by the fact that many non-communists and regular army officers were reported to be sceptical towards the whole enterprise, which probably made them over-cautious.)
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Outside Brunete the day was spent in inconclusive and incoherent fights. The bombardments in the dry landscape, that was parched by the heat, resulted in many wildfires.
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to divert Nationalist forces from the north and allow the fleeing Republicans time to reorganize. In addition, Brunete was also chosen because it was situated on the
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Politically, the communists suffered a loss of prestige because the offensive failed to stop the Nationalist troops from completing the conquest of the north.
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the east from Boadilla del Monte towards and over the Guadarrama river. Finally some 8.000 men would also attack from the south, towards Brunete itself.
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was very active, attacking both ground targets and rebel-held airfields. But the Republican planes were slow and obsolete, which would assure the German
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and the British Battalion of the XVth Brigade managed to clear the village of Nationalists by 7 am on July 7. The Nationalists in the nearby villages of
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1215:. The assault on Quijorna was then reinforced by tanks and given the support of both artillery and air assets, but the attackers were again repulsed.
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During the night of the 7/8 July general Miaja committed his reserve, the XVIII Army Corps, in an attack towards the east, in the direction of the
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The planned east-wing of the enveloping attack, from Carabanchel south of Madrid, never broke the enemy line, despite heavy artillery bombardment.
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was fatally wounded when the car she was riding in was hit by a Republican tank more or less out of control due to a Nationalist air attack.)
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taking heavy casualties, they were able to finally clear the village of Nationalist defenders. On the Republican left flank attacks towards
822:
1928:
1507:
Richard K. Smith & R. Carghill Hall: "Five Down No Glory – Frank G. Tinker, Mercenary Ace of the Spanish Civil War". Annapolis 2011.
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ordered them to halt so that troops could be moved north for the start of the offensive against the strategically important port of
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With the Republican attack on the right flank of LĂster remaining held up at Quijorna, Modesto ordered the 35th Division to assist
975:. It was expected by the Republicans that a show of force at Brunete would persuade France to open its border for arms shipments.
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failed to cut the Extremadura road, but they still held Villanueva de la Cañada, Quijorna and Villanueva del Pardillo from the
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ineffectual Republican attempts to counterattacks – and the fighting petered out. Varela wanted to continue his attacks but
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managed to fight their way across the Guadarrama, close to the place where the small Aulencia flows into the larger river.
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and fled back across the Guadarrama River. A Nationalist attempt to recapture Villanueva del Pardillo on July 11 failed.
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The exhausted Republicans dug in and waited for the Nationalist counterattack that they knew probably would come.
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Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Penguin Books. London. 2006. p. 275
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status to Germany and acquiesced in sending raw materials to Germany as repayment for the debt incurred.
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was killed by bomb fragments, whilst driving an ambulance for a volunteer British Medical Unit.)
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1309:, was killed whilst leading an attack on the Mosquito Ridge on the Boadilla del Monte sector.)
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attacks up north had been suspended, to allow ground units to be rushed to the Brunete sector.
1709:
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that the Spanish Republic was still capable of military action after the disastrous losses of
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with some 22,000 soldiers (among them five of the International Brigades) and 100 tanks:
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performed, but on July 15 general Miaja finally ordered an end to the offensive. (Major
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after Nationalist counterattacks, and suffered devastating casualties from the battle.
1912:
1839:
1498:
Jose Manuel Martinez Bande: "La ofensiva sobre Segovia y la batalla de Brunete". 1972
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71st Division, led by Colonel Ricardo Serrador Santés. It was composed chiefly of
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The Republican Colonel Jurado diverted the 15th Division to end the stalemate at
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1096:'s 69th Division. The reserve forces consisted of some 25,000 men and 40 tanks.
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From a political standpoint, the offensive was chosen for Brunete to satisfy
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to acquire favorable trade concessions because of the effectiveness of the
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626:
1484:
List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
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911:
62:
1501:
Manuel Aznar: "Historia Militar de la Guerra de Espana", 3 vols. 1969.
1479:
List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
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by the Nationalists on June 19, the Republicans devised the attack on
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The frenetic conditions at Brunete for the Nationalists enabled the
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1436:. From this point of view, both sides were able to claim victory.
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The VII Army Corps commanded by General José Varela consisted of:
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road and its capture would make it harder for the Nationalists to
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1385:
Republican Brigades supported by 20 tanks made a small push from
1444:
that the battle can be seen as a strategic Nationalist victory.
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Transferred to the front were the 150th Division led by General
906:. Although initially successful, the Republicans were forced to
1342:) is said to have lost 80% of their manpower during this week.
226:
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almost total control of the air as the battle would unfold.
886:(6–25 July 1937), fought 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of
1504:
Jesus Salas Larrazabal: "Air War over Spain". London 1974.
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11th Division, led by General José Iruretagoyena Solchaga.
1129:
The I Army Corps commanded during the battle by Colonel
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The Battle for Spain; the Spanish Civil War: 1936–1939.
1664:
The Battle for Spain; the Spanish Civil War: 1936–1939.
1625:
The Battle for Spain; the Spanish Civil War: 1936–1939.
1586:
The Battle for Spain; the Spanish Civil War: 1936–1939.
1547:
The Battle for Spain; the Spanish Civil War: 1936–1939.
1465:
Later the battle was commemorated in the name given to
1825:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939.
188:
Beevor: 50 bombers, 90 fighters (only 50 serviceable)
1495:
Hugh Thomas: "The Spanish Civil War". New York 1961.
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and Villafranca del Castillo continued to hold out.
1614:
Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1967. p. 394
1601:
Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1967. p. 394
1562:
Princeton University Press. Princeton. 1967. p. 394
1612:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War,1931–1939.
1599:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War,1931–1939.
1560:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War,1931–1939.
894:attempt to alleviate the pressure exerted by the
1153:14th Division, led by Colonel Juan YagĂĽe Blanco.
1109:. The units that fought during the battle were:
1049:XVIII Army Corps commanded initially by Colonel
1207:were on their way to help bolster the defense.
21:
1693:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 68.
1060:10th Division, led by Major José Maria Enciso.
1167:led by Colonel Juan Bautista Sánchez and the
238:
8:
1862:Spanish short film on the Battle on YouTube
1708:. London: Butler and Tanner. p. 278.
1412:. (On July 25 the German war photographer
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231:
223:
18:
1840:Spartacus Educational – Battle of Brunete
1827:Penguin Books. London. 2006. pp. 284–285
437:Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza
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1211:the west was also stopped, in front of
963:needed to convince the French Premier
7:
1867:Gerda Taro and the Battle of Brunete
16:1937 battle of the Spanish Civil War
1679:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p. 284
1666:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p. 284
1653:Penguin books. London. 2006. p. 694
1640:Penguin books. London. 2006. p. 689
1627:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p. 278
1588:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p. 278
1575:Penguin books. London. 2006. p. 689
1549:Penguin Books. London. 2006. p. 278
1536:Penguin books. London. 2006. p. 689
14:
1845:www.international-brigades.org.uk
1523:Antony Beevor (2006), pp. 284–285
1467:Armoured Division No. 1 "Brunete"
1924:Battles of the Spanish Civil War
1428:At the close of the battle, the
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103:
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41:Map of the Battle of the Brunete
35:
1330:, a battalion commander in the
1146:13th Division, led by General
1139:12th Division, led by General
1070:34th Division, led by Colonel
1063:15th Division, led by Colonel
1:
1770:Beevor, op. cit., pp. 278-279
210:10,000–15,000 dead or wounded
1284:Spanish Republican Air Force
1107:José Enrique Varela Iglesias
1469:, formed in the mid-1940s.
1458:. The Nationalists granted
951:area just south of Madrid.
1960:
1929:Military history of Madrid
1305:, acting commander of the
1011:V Army Corps commanded by
961:Prime Minister Juan NegrĂn
898:on the capital and on the
1349:Nationalist counterattack
1141:Carlos Asensio Cabanillas
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82:
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1689:Puzzo, Dante A. (1969).
1332:XV International Brigade
1282:In the first attack the
1120:and approximately 1,000
1003:initially commanded two
184:Jackson: 50,000 infantry
1704:Beevor, Antony (2006).
1307:Abraham Lincoln Brigade
1236:Villanueva del Pardillo
1232:Villanueva de la Cañada
1148:Fernando BarrĂłn y Ortiz
1005:Spanish Republican Army
1872:Spanish Civil War blog
1779:Beevor, op.cit., p.279
1752:Beevor, op.cit., p.278
1651:The Spanish Civil War.
1638:The Spanish Civil War.
1573:The Spanish Civil War.
1534:The Spanish Civil War.
1442:International Brigades
1169:5th Brigade of Navarre
1165:4th Brigade of Navarre
1057:with some 20,000 men:
1038:46th Division, led by
823:Sant Vicenç de Calders
190:Jackson: 100 aircraft
153:Commanders and leaders
110:International Brigades
1857:spanish-civil-war.org
1812:The Spanish Civil War
1792:, London 1974, p. 588
1790:The Spanish Civil War
1691:The Spanish Civil War
922:After the capture of
373:Convoy de la Victoria
315:Cuartel de la Montaña
215:7,000 dead or wounded
205:Casualties and losses
1814:London. 1974. p. 588
1761:Puzzo, op.cit., p.68
1706:The Battle for Spain
1179:Republican offensive
1013:Colonel Juan Modesto
945:Talavera de la Reina
469:Ciudad Universitaria
186:Thomas: 300 aircraft
1891: /
1743:Puzo, op.cit., p.67
1460:most favored nation
344:German intervention
1895:40.4000°N 3.9833°W
1850:2014-02-02 at the
1597:Jackson, Gabriel.
1558:Jackson, Gabriel.
1276:Boadilla del Monte
1084:'s 14th Division,
1065:Janos "Gal" Galicz
285:July 1936 uprising
163:Vicente Rojo Lluch
1934:Conflicts in 1937
1131:Juan YagĂĽe Blanco
1055:Segismundo Casado
965:Camille Chautemps
904:Spanish Civil War
884:Battle of Brunete
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330:Cuartel de Loyola
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1259:Guadarrama River
1161:Sáenz de Buruaga
1080:In reserve were
565:War in the North
523:3rd Corunna Road
509:2nd Corunna Road
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870:Final offensive
547:Cape Machichaco
277:List of battles
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1434:Nationalists
1427:
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1397:
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1100:Nationalists
1079:
1041:El Campesino
1039:
999:
985:
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896:Nationalists
883:
881:
868:
836:
811:
798:
774:Los Blázquez
761:
732:2nd Belchite
724:
693:
674:1st Belchite
666:
660:
659:
633:
625:
604:
575:
563:
551:
539:
493:
492:
486:
461:
452:Cape Spartel
427:Monte Pelado
412:
378:Almendralejo
365:
348:
307:
295:
275:
268:
200:105 aircraft
179:
116:
88:
83:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1898: /
1430:Republicans
1365:Julian Bell
1173:Alonso Vega
996:Republicans
949:Carabanchel
932:Extremadura
902:during the
844:Valsequillo
806:2nd Gandesa
752:1st Gandesa
634:Deutschland
553:Guadalajara
367:Extremadura
217:23 aircraft
168:José Varela
1913:Categories
1883:40°24′00″N
1490:References
1414:Gerda Taro
1303:Oliver Law
1133:included:
1118:Falangists
991:Combatants
892:Republican
854:La Garriga
794:2nd MĂ©rida
784:Granollers
747:2nd LĂ©rida
720:Cape Palos
710:Valladolid
689:1st LĂ©rida
684:Sabiñánigo
655:AlbarracĂn
559:Pozoblanco
481:Villarreal
388:1st MĂ©rida
350:Guadarrama
289:Revolution
270:Background
195:~130 tanks
159:José Miaja
74:Indecisive
1886:3°59′00″W
1610:Gabriel.
1424:Aftermath
1410:Santander
1387:Las Rozas
1196:encircled
1191:bombarded
1122:Moroccans
1031:, led by
1021:, led by
956:communist
940:besieging
864:Cartagena
838:Catalonia
812:Cantabria
612:El Mazuco
600:Santander
356:Andalusia
193:100 tanks
1848:Archived
1729:Beevor.
1473:See also
1213:Quijorna
936:resupply
890:, was a
779:Alicante
769:Balaguer
715:Alfambra
668:Zaragoza
606:Asturias
588:Guernica
495:Aceituna
432:Talavera
414:Gipuzkoa
383:SigĂĽenza
174:Strength
58:Location
1452:Germans
1358:July 18
1007:corps.
928:Brunete
918:Prelude
912:Brunete
908:retreat
859:Minorca
763:Levante
661:Brunete
645:Segovia
640:AlmerĂa
583:Durango
408:CĂłrdoba
398:Majorca
393:Badajoz
361:Alcázar
303:Seville
297:Melilla
138:Germany
65:, Spain
63:Brunete
1712:
1406:Franco
1226:July 7
1184:July 6
1163:, the
1092:, and
973:Bilbao
969:Málaga
924:Bilbao
888:Madrid
849:XĂ tiva
789:Bielsa
726:Aragon
695:Teruel
650:Huesca
593:Bilbao
577:Biscay
541:Jarama
528:Málaga
502:Lopera
487:Ursula
463:Madrid
457:Seseña
442:Guinea
325:Oviedo
135:
71:Result
1512:Notes
1340:XIVth
910:from
900:north
818:Cabra
757:Segre
742:Caspe
320:GijĂłn
1731:ibid
1710:ISBN
1203:the
971:and
882:The
830:1939
800:Ebro
703:1938
621:Jaén
516:1937
420:IrĂşn
337:1936
50:Date
1088:'s
1915::
1175:.
287:/
1718:.
1150:.
1143:.
1124:.
1074:.
1067:.
1044:.
1035:.
1025:.
246:e
239:t
232:v
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