603:), believing that Murong Chui had died, plotted a coup to have Murong Lin made emperor. Muyu's plot was discovered, and he was put to death, but this brought suspicions between Murong Bao and Murong Lin. As the armies stalemated into winter, Murong Bao decided to withdraw, and he burned the boats that he had built and began the withdrawal on November 23, 395. At that time, there were blocks of ice on the Yellow River, but it was not fully frozen, and therefore Murong Bao did not believe that Northern Wei forces could cross easily.
628:) warned Murong Bao that Northern Wei forces must be approaching, but Murong Bao, believing that he was pulling away from Northern Wei forces, gave no heed. Only also at the urging of Murong De did Murong Bao send Murong Lin, with 30,000 soldiers, to branch out and serve as rear guard. Murong Lin, however, did not believe Zhitanmeng, and therefore had his soldiers hunt without paying heed to Northern Wei advances.
37:
393:
355:) to offer tributes to Murong Chui. Murong Chui's sons and brothers had Tuoba Gu detained and ordered Tuoba Gui to offer good horses in exchange for Tuoba Gu's freedom. Tuoba Gui refused and further broke relations with Later Yan, entering into an alliance with Later Yan's rival for legitimate succession to Former Yan,
772:
also contained indications that in addition to the troops directly under Tuoba Gui, Tuoba Qian had 50,000 cavalry soldiers, Tuoba Yi had 100,000, and Tuoba Zun had 70,000, but this appears to contradict the portrayal of the battle as one in which Tuoba Gui defeated an overwhelmingly larger Later Yan
327:
the Prince of
Fanyang was overly ambitious, which should cause internal problems for Later Yan upon Murong Chui's death. He opined that while Tuoba Gui should not attack Later Yan at that time, once Murong Chui died, there would be opportunity to do so. Despite his planning, however, he continued
696:
However, when his army arrived at Canhe Slope, he offered sacrifices to the deceased soldiers—and his own soldiers, many of whom had relatives who died, cried bitterly. He became ashamed and fell seriously ill. He thus returned to
Zhongshan, and died soon thereafter. Murong Bao succeeded him (as
631:
Tuoba Gui arrived west of Canhe Slope at dusk on
December 7, with Later Yan forces east of Canhe Slope and not realizing Northern Wei forces had arrived. Tuoba Gui kept his army in full silence and, in the night, set up positions on the hills around the Later Yan encampment. On December 8, at
641:) the Duke of Lüeyang. 40,000 to 50,000 Later Yan soldiers, in a panic, surrendered. Only several thousand escaped, including Murong Bao and other key generals with him. Murong Shao was killed in the battle, and among Later Yan nobles who were captured were Murong Chui's son Murong Wonu (
222:(Emperor Wucheng) died in 396 and Murong Bao (Emperor Huimin) succeeded to the throne, the Northern Wei would launch a debilitating campaign of conquest against the Later Yan, and by 398 had captured most of the Later Yan's territory, reducing the Later Yan to a small regional state.
366:
Tuoba Gu, meanwhile, was kept under detention by Later Yan, albeit treated as an honored guest otherwise. In 394, when Murong Chui led a campaign against
Western Yan that eventually led to Western Yan's destruction, Tuoba Gui sent a relief force, commanded by his cousin Tuoba Qian
790:
indicated that the total Later Yan strength was 98,000, and indicated that only several thousands escaped. However, it also indicated that just before the battle, Murong Bao had sent Murong Lin away with 30,000 soldiers, so those soldiers would not have been involved in the
214:
Tuoba Gui then gave chase and crushed the Later Yan forces at Canhe Slope (Canhebei, 参合陂). He captured a large number of the Later Yan forces, but in fear that releasing them would allow a future Later Yan campaign against the
Northern Wei, slaughtered them.
692:
At the urging of Murong Bao and Murong De, both of whom believed that
Northern Wei would pose a future threat, Murong Chui personally commanded another campaign against Northern Wei in 396. He scored major victories against Northern Wei, killing Tuoba Qian.
704:), and he would be killed in an internal revolt in 398. Northern Wei took over most of Later Yan's territory, save for a small northern area still controlled by Later Yan and a small southern strip, where Murong De declared himself emperor and established
588:) by lying in wait for Later Yan messengers and capturing them. He then had the captured Later Yan messengers publicly announce that Murong Chui was dead, causing apprehension in Murong Bao's own army as to whether this was true.
282:
Early in his reign, Tuoba Gui had often met opposition from powerful individuals within his own state, and had to rely on Later Yan's aid to quell the rebellions. For example, in 386, when Tuoba Gui faced a rebellion led by the
900:
726:
937:
911:
521:) suggested to Tuoba Gui that he intentionally display weakness to draw Later Yan forces in. Tuoba Gui agreed, and he sent his troops and livestock far to the west away from his capital Shengle (盛樂, in modern
315:
Murong Chui, displeased that Tuoba Gui did not personally come to pay tribute, interrogated Tuoba Yi, but allowed him to depart. Tuoba Yi reported to Tuoba Gui that, in his opinion, Murong Chui was old, his
700:
Tuoba Gui almost immediately launched a major attack, and in 397, Murong Bao was forced to abandon
Zhongshan and retreat back to the old Former Yan capital Longcheng (龍城, a.k.a. Liaodong, in modern
635:
In a panic, Later Yan soldiers died by the thousands by trampling each other or drowning by jumping into a nearby river. Their flight was also cut off by Tuoba Gui's cousin Tuoba Zun (
674:) -- on his staff. He was initially intending to release the Later Yan captives to gain a good reputation among the Later Yan people. His general and brother-in-law Kepin Jian (
312:) the Duke of Jiuyuan to offer tributes to Murong Chui for him in 388, he asked Tuoba Yi to carefully examine the situation at the Later Yan court to observe any weaknesses.
848:
There are questions of history as to whether Tuoba Gui was Tuoba
Shiyijian's son or grandson, but the official history indicates that he was Tuoba Shiyijian's grandson. See
580:
The armies stalemated across the Yellow River, but Tuoba Gui managed to cut off communications between Later Yan forces and the Later Yan capital
Zhongshan (中山, in modern
606:
However, on
December 1, there was a sudden storm, and the lower temperature caused the Yellow River to freeze. Tuoba Gui took 20,000 cavalry soldiers and gave chase.
498:), decided to launch a punitive campaign against Northern Wei, putting Murong Bao in command of 80,000 soldiers, assisted by his other sons Murong Lin and
303:
the Prince of Zhao, helped Tuoba Gui to put down the rebellion. A 387 joint operation between Northern Wei and Later Yan finally crushed Liu Xian's power.
680:), however, suggested that releasing the Later Yan soldiers would merely allow Later Yan to relaunch their attack later. Therefore, the captives were all
597:), serving Murong Bao, claimed to foresee disaster and suggested an immediate retreat. Murong Bao refused. Meanwhile, Murong Lin's subordinate Muyu Song (
1047:
773:
force. Further, it would appear unlikely that had there been such massive Northern Wei manpower advantage, that Northern Wei would seek aid from
410:
994:
1057:
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However, later in 391, an incident would occur that would cause the states to break relations. Tuoba Gui sent his brother Tuoba Gu (
960:
476:
457:
272:, as emperor (Emperor Wucheng), took over Former Yan's old territory and people; and Northern Wei, with Tuoba Shiyijian's grandson
429:
279:
After the establishment of Later Yan and Northern Wei, the lord/vassal relationship resumed between Later Yan and Northern Wei.
506:, to attack Northern Wei, and putting 18,000 other soldiers under the command of his brother Murong De and nephew Murong Shao (
489:
By 395, Tuoba Gui was not only no longer submissive to Later Yan, but was openly pillaging other tribal vassals of Later Yan.
1052:
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and enjoyed some initial successes, but after being frustrated by the containment strategy of the Northern Wei ruler
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193:, then ruling over northern and central China, had launched a punitive campaign against its former vassal, the
234:
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The battle reversed the power relations between the Later Yan and Northern Wei. After Later Yan's emperor
1042:
257:
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Tuoba Gui kept a number of talented Chinese officials of Later Yan whom he captured such as Jia Run (
264:
in 383 in a failed bid to unite China, it began to disintegrate, and, among others, Later Yan, with
450:
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1037:
981:
701:
993:
Historical descriptions of the battle refer to Kepin as Wang Jian (王建), because the clan later
306:
However, Tuoba Gui was having designs against Later Yan and, when he sent his cousin Tuoba Yi (
956:
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60:
681:
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28:
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joint operations with Later Yan, and in 390 and 391, he and Murong Lin defeated the Helan (
250:
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sunrise, Northern Wei forces launched their attack, surprising Later Yan forces.
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923:
800:
581:
417: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
284:
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541:
522:
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577:). (Yang, however, did not arrive in time for further battles.)
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Murong Chui, despite contrary counsel from his advisor Gao Hu (
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launched a relief force commanded by the general Yang Fosong (
540:
Meanwhile, Later Yan forces advanced to Wuyuan (五原, in modern
386:
557:
Tuoba Gui, at the same time, also sent his official Xu Qian (
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as prince, took over Dai's former territory and people.
949:
Mair, Victor H.; Chen, Sanping; Wood, Frances (2013).
647:), the Prince of Luyang, and nephew Murong Daocheng (
614:
When Later Yan forces reached Canhe Slope (in modern
383:
Later Yan campaign prior to the Battle of Canhe Slope
293:) and Tuoba Shiyijian's youngest son Tuoba Quduo (
952:Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization
256:After Former Qin suffered a major defeat against
955:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 70–71.
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512:) the Prince of Chenliu as a secondary army.
373:) the Duke of Chenliu and the general Yu Yue (
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323:was weak, and that Murong Chui's brother
268:, the uncle of Former Yan's last emperor
716:
379:), but was unable to save Western Yan.
805:Outlines of the History of the Chinese
226:Prior Later Yan–Northern Wei relations
7:
1001:Grand Dictionary of Chinese Surnames
682:buried, presumably while still alive
415:adding citations to reliable sources
567:to seek aid. The Later Qin emperor
14:
200:Later Yan forces were led by its
1048:Battles involving Imperial China
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245:, before both were destroyed by
237:had previously been a vassal to
515:Tuoba Gui's advisor Zhang Gun (
402:needs additional citations for
159:Unclear, but appeared to be low
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197:, also of Xianbei extraction.
178:
1:
926:Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian
807:(中國人史綱), vol. 1, pp. 414-416.
662:), Jia Run's cousin Jia Yi (
211:(Emperor Daowu), withdrew.
1084:
1058:Military history of Hebei
997:from Kepin to Wang. See
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101:Commanders and leaders
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591:The sorcerer Jin An (
241:'s predecessor state
233:'s predecessor state
167:Battle of Canhe Slope
151:Casualties and losses
22:Battle of Canhe Slope
1063:4th century in China
712:Notes and references
411:improve this article
195:Northern Wei dynasty
169:, alternatively the
75:Northern Wei victory
850:Tuoba Gui's article
668:), and Chao Chong (
346:) tribes together.
262:Battle of Fei River
16:395 battle in China
702:Chaoyang, Liaoning
697:Emperor Huimin).
171:Battle of Canhebei
51:December 8, 395 AD
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467:December 2013
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400:This section
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404:verification
401:
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95:Northern Wei
84:Belligerents
977:Book of Wei
928:, vol. 27 .
500:Murong Nong
361:Murong Yong
359:'s emperor
357:Western Yan
266:Murong Chui
220:Murong Chui
122:Murong Shao
111:Murong Nong
1032:Categories
616:Liangcheng
437:newspapers
321:Murong Bao
301:Murong Lin
270:Murong Wei
247:Former Qin
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205:Murong Bao
129:Tuoba Qian
115:Murong Lin
107:Murong Bao
1038:Later Yan
775:Later Qin
688:Aftermath
565:Later Qin
533:into the
325:Murong De
274:Tuoba Gui
239:Later Yan
209:Tuoba Gui
133:Tuoba Zun
126:Tuoba Gui
119:Murong De
90:Later Yan
1018:vol. 109
938:兩千年中西曆轉換
912:兩千年中西曆轉換
901:兩千年中西曆轉換
889:vol. 107
866:vol. 106
837:vol. 101
757:vol. 108
727:兩千年中西曆轉換
569:Yao Xing
138:Strength
131:Tuoba Yi
56:Location
27:Part of
982:vol. 30
924:Bo Yang
821:vol. 97
801:Bo Yang
791:battle.
582:Baoding
451:scholar
285:Xiongnu
187:Xianbei
175:Chinese
156:~60,000
959:
610:Battle
542:Baotou
523:Hohhot
504:Liaoxi
453:
446:
439:
432:
424:
177::
143:98,000
72:Result
586:Hebei
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458:JSTOR
444:books
189:-led
179:參合陂之戰
957:ISBN
786:The
768:The
650:慕容道成
644:慕容倭奴
430:news
296:拓拔屈咄
165:The
48:Date
1068:395
677:可頻建
638:拓拔遵
625:支曇猛
600:慕輿嵩
574:楊佛嵩
537:.
509:慕容紹
413:by
370:拓拔虔
363:.
352:拓拔觚
337:紇突鄰
309:拓拔儀
258:Jin
235:Dai
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594:靳安
584:,
560:許謙
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544:,
525:,
518:張袞
495:高湖
376:庾岳
343:紇奚
331:賀蘭
290:劉顯
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