Battle of Corunna - Knowledge (XXG)

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content with placing outposts there to slow the approach of the French. The left flank was covered by the river Mero and the left and centre of the ridge was quite defensible. The western and lower end of this ridge was more vulnerable and could be swept by guns on the rocky heights of the loftier range opposite, and the ground further west consisted of more open terrain extending as far as Corunna which might provide the means of turning the whole position. Moore held two divisions back in reserve a little north and westwards in order to guard the right flank and to prevent a turning movement.

1572:, writes: "In military terms, Moore's decision to retreat was therefore probably sensible enough but in other respects it was a disaster ... Having failed to appear in time ... then allowed Madrid to fall without a shot, the British now seemed to be abandoning Spain altogether." Also, "Even worse than the physical losses suffered by the allies was the immense damage done to Anglo-Spanish relations. ... de la Romana ... openly accusing Moore of betrayal and bad faith." Finally, "... the occupation (by the French) of the most heavily populated region in the whole of Spain". 1954:"This was an historic occasion; news of it spread like wildfire throughout Spain and then all Europe. It was the first time since 1801 that a sizable French force had laid down its arms, and the legend of French invincibility underwent a severe shaking. Everywhere anti-French elements drew fresh inspiration from the tidings. The Pope published an open denunciation of Napoleon; Prussian patriots were heartened; and, most significantly of all, the Austrian war party began to secure the support of the Emperor Francis for a renewed challenge to the French Empire." ( 1191: 57: 272: 261: 250: 232: 213: 1494:"faithfully" held the citadel until the fleet was well out to sea before surrendering. The city of Corunna was taken by the French, two Spanish regiments surrendering along with 500 horses and considerable military stores captured including numerous cannon, 20,000 muskets, hundreds of thousands of cartridges and tons of gunpowder. A week later Soult's forces captured Ferrol, an even greater arsenal and a major Spanish naval base across the bay, taking eight 676: 625: 1361: 1161:

Portugal. Moore had already planned that he would have to be ready to make a run for the coast. On 28 November Moore had ordered his Corunna contingent under Baird to embark from Vigo while the main British army was to fall back on Portugal but by 28 December he had decided to embark the whole army at Vigo. Abandoning Astorga on 30 December, he would manage to keep ahead of the pursuing French and avoid a major battle. Moore ordered Crawford and two

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cavalrymen and gunners. There was no intention by the British of garrisoning and holding on to Corunna as a future base with its extensive stores and certain support from the sea. The British then destroyed a portion of the enormous amount of military stores originally intended for the Spanish: nearly 12,000 barrels of powder, 300,000 cartridges in two magazines outside the town and 50 fortress guns and 20 mortars.

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only by the flesh and muscles above the armpit". He remained conscious, and composed, throughout the several hours of his dying. The second advance again drove the French back through Elviña. Mermet now threw in his last reserves with one of Merle's brigade attacking the east side of the village. This was countered by an advance by Manningham's brigade and a long fire-fight broke out between two British: the 3/

1602:: "... it is also a dramatic justification of Moore's strategy that he had drawn a hostile force so formidable into a hilly corner of Spain, thus staying its southward rush". Napier similarly speculates: "The second sweep that was preparing to make when Sir John Moore's march called off his attention from the south would undoubtedly have put him in possession of the remaining great cities of the Peninsula". 1576: 1377: 1502:

lost around 1,000 men killed, wounded or captured. The most notable casualty was Lieutenant-General Moore, who survived long enough to learn of his success. Sir David Baird, Moore's second in command, was seriously wounded earlier in the battle and had to retire from the field. In addition two of Mermet's three brigadiers were also casualties: Gaulois was shot dead and Lefebvre badly hurt.

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centre with Mermet on the left. The light field guns of the French were distributed across the front of their position, however the broken ground, sunken roads and walls limited them to long range support. The French cavalry was deployed to the east of the line. For the British, Baird's division formed on the right and Hope's the left, each deploying a brigade

1595:: " ... privately condemned Moore's failed campaign in increasingly stronger terms," while in public he " ... in the great British tradition of characterizing defeat as victory, insisted that although Moore's army had been pushed out of Spain his triumph at the battle of Corunna had left 'fresh laurels blooming upon our brows'". 1314:, a small number of transport and hospital ships to which the many wounded were embarked. There was also a large quantity of badly needed military stores: 5,000 new muskets were issued to the troops, a vast amount of cartridges for re-equipping, numerous Spanish artillery pieces and plenty of food, shoes and other supplies. 1521:

stores so that, with half a million cartridges and 3,000 artillery rounds carried on mules (the roads not being suitable for wheeled transport), and with his stragglers now closed up on the main body, he was able to begin his march on Portugal on 1 February with a strength of 19,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 58 guns.

3170:"Moore welcomed the approach of battle with joy : he had every confidence in his men and his position, and saw that a victory won ere his departure would silence the greater part of the inevitable criticism for timidity and want of enterprise, to which he would be exposed on his return to England." ( 2870:"The enemy was not even discouraged by two fatal events: General Baird was shot in the arm with a bullet, and the commander-in-chief Moore was mortally wounded. General John Hope replaced him as commander and the enemy continued to maintain their position throughout the line." (translation from French 1400:

calling up the reserve under Paget to meet it. The British advance carried beyond the village but some confusion among the British allowed Mermet's reserves to drive into and through Elviña again chasing the 50th and 42nd back up the slope. Moore called up his divisional reserve, some 800 men from two

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states: "It was all very well to talk of the courage and endurance of the troops but of what use were these virtues alone when pitted against the genius of Napoleon? 35,000 men had crossed the Spanish frontier against him; 8000 had not returned. We were unworthy of our great past". The British of the

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The fiercest fighting took place in and around Elviña as the possession of this village would change hands several times, and the British suffered particularly from the fire of the heavy artillery on the heights opposite. As the French attack broke through Elviña and came up the hill behind it, Moore

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Soult's plan was to move against the strongly placed British infantry of the left and centre in order to contain it while the infantry division of Mermet attacked the more vulnerable British right above the village of Elviña. The cavalry was deployed further west near the more open country leading to

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was repulsed with heavy loss. Soult sited his 11 heavy guns upon the rocky outcrop from where they would be able to fire upon the British right. The task was very difficult and it was night before the guns had been dragged into position. Delaborde's division was posted on the right and Merle's in the

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The British embarked nearly all their cannon and artillerists and, as the terrain was unsuitable for cavalry, all their cavalry troopers and a few healthy horses, but killed some 2,000 of the cavalry's horses. Moore now actually had the advantage in numbers in infantry, 15,000 to 12,000 and, with the

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and that the French were unaware of the British army's position. On 15 December, he seized this opportunity to advance on the French near Madrid, hoping that to defeat Soult and possibly divert Napoleon's forces. A junction with Baird on 20 December, advancing from Corunna, raised Moore's strength to

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John Lawrence Tone has questioned this assessment of the Spanish juntas on the grounds that it relies too much on the accounts of British officers and elites; these sources being patently unfair to the revolutionaries, "whom they despised for being Jacobins, Catholics, and Spaniards, not necessarily

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As a result of the battle the British suffered around 900 men dead or wounded. Unable to embark the many horses in the army, most of the nearly 2,000 cavalry horses and as many as 4,000 more horses of the artillery and train were slaughtered to prevent them from falling into French hands. The French

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The British commander had just rallied the 42nd that had fallen back from Elviña and had ordered the Guards to advance on the village when he was struck by a cannonball. He fell mortally wounded, struck "on the left shoulder, carrying it away with part of the collar-bone, and leaving the arm hanging

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held the right flank of the British line. The ground around the village was broken up by numerous stone walls and hollow roads. Moore remained in this area to direct the battle, ordering the 4th Foot to fire down upon the flank of the second French column that was attempting the turning movement and

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At daybreak on 17 January the picquets were withdrawn behind the rearguard and went aboard ship; by morning most of the army had embarked. When Soult perceived that the British had left the ridge, he posted six guns on the heights above the southern end of the bay and by midday the French were able

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of the British reserves. Franceschi's cavalry moved to flank the extreme right of the British attempting to cut them off at the gates of Corunna but were countered again by the terrain and Fraser's division drawn up on the Santa Margarita ridge which covered the neck of the peninsula and the gates.

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Moore had deployed his army to cover the evacuation by placing the main part of it on a ridge astride the road to Corunna, a mile and a half south of the harbour. A stronger position lay to the south but the British commander considered that he lacked the numbers to defend it properly and had to be

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Rain storms and confusion caused the British main body to partially lose order and break up with thousands straggling. Some 500 British were captured by the pursuing French dragoons, with hundreds more stragglers captured by Franceschi's cavalry on the 10th and several hundred more on the 11th. The

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Napoleon had attempted to speedily catch the British and force them to fight. He led the French army 200 miles (320 km) over 10 days by forced marches and in spite of winter blizzard conditions reached Astorga on 1 January with 80,000 men. Napoleon manoeuvred to cut Moore off from a retreat to

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The British army had been sent into Spain to aid in expelling the French, but they had been forced into a humiliating retreat in terrible winter conditions that wrought havoc with health and morale and resulted in the army degenerating into a rabble. In his authoritative account of the battle, the

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The French army began to arrive the next day, building up strength as they arrived from the march. Soult's artillery arrived on 14 January. The long-awaited transport ships also arrived on the 14th and that evening the British evacuated their sick, some horses and most of the remaining field guns,

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70 miles (110 km) to the east near Madrid with all Moore's cavalry and artillery. The main army, under Moore, had advanced to Salamanca and were joined by Hope's detachment on 3 December when Moore received news that the Spanish forces had suffered several defeats. He considered that to avoid

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However, no attack came. The Spanish social fabric, shaken by the shock of rebellion, gave way to crippling social and political tensions; the patriots stood divided on every question and their nascent war effort suffered accordingly. With the fall of the monarchy, constitutional power devolved to

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in Spain, a few days ahead of the French, they found their transport ships had not arrived. The fleet arrived after a couple of days and the British were in the midst of embarking when the French forces launched an attack. They forced the British to fight another battle before being able to depart

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in northwest Spain, where they had hoped to find the fleet to take them back to England. They found Betanzos Bay empty and only 26 transports and two warships at Corunna. The rest of the 245 ships had been delayed by contrary winds only arriving at Vigo on the 8th and would not depart for Corunna

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which, with more resolution, could have been defended against the French for many months. Ney and his corps reinforced with two cavalry regiments took on the task of occupying Galicia. Soult was able to refit his corps, which had been on the march and fighting since 9 November, with the captured

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As day broke on 16 January the French were in position on the heights, and all through the morning both armies observed each across the valley between them. Moore planned to continue with the embarkation later that day if Soult did not attack. By afternoon Moore considered an attack unlikely and

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Nevertheless, back in England the reaction to news of the Battle of Corunna and the safe evacuation of the army was a storm of criticism over Moore's handling of the campaign, while back in Corunna his adversary Marshal Soult took care of Moore's grave and ordered a monument to be raised in his

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Once Moore made his presence known Napoleon responded with customary swiftness and decisiveness. The Spanish were defeated and no longer an organized threat. His army was generally concentrated while the enemy was dispersed. With the initiative firmly in his grasp, Napoleon seized the chance to

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Months of inaction had passed at the front, the revolution having "temporarily crippled Patriot Spain at the very moment when decisive action could have changed the whole course of the war". While the allies inched forward, a vast consolidation of bodies and bayonets from the far reaches of the

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The French had also suffered severe fatigue and deprivation during their pursuit having to travel over ground already crossed by the British. The British rear guard had held off the pursuing French, allowing the rest of the British army to continue to withdraw, however the French cavalry had

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destroy Britain's only field army. When Moore realized he was in serious danger of being trapped he called off his advance and went into headlong retreat. This epic dash and chase would cover more than 250 miles (400 km), during which the British cavalry and the infantry of the

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My vanguard is near Astorga; the English are running away as fast as they can ... they are abhorred by everybody; they have carried off everything, and then maltreated and beaten the inhabitants. There could not have been a better sedative for Spain than to send an English army.

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contends that Marshal Soult's attack at Corunna provided Moore and his men with the opportunity to redeem their honour and reputation through their defensive victory, by which means the army was saved though at the cost of the British general's life. This view was echoed by the

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brigades attacking Baird front and flank, and the third French brigade pushing up the valley on the British right in an attempt to turn their flank with Lahoussaye's dragoons moving with difficulty over the broken ground and walls trying to cover the left of the French advance.

1668:, in a letter on 10 December 1808, and Moore in a dispatch on 28 December, indicate that both sides were aware that the allies were defeated and that the British were prepared to retreat. Berthier wrote "...everything inclines us to think that they are in full retreat..." ( 1213:. Similar incidents took place including one in which French pursuit was so close there was not time enough for Paget, commander of the British rear guard, to complete the hanging of three British soldiers, as an example, for the pillaging a Spanish town. The French cavalry 1002:. They did not know if even these two footholds could be maintained in the face of a Spanish attack. By October French strength in Spain, including garrisons, was about 75,000 soldiers. They were facing 86,000 Spanish troops with Spain's 35,000 British allies en route. 1448:

Further west the French cavalry pushed forward as part of the flank attack and made a few charges but they were impeded by the rough terrain. Lahoussaye dismounted some his Dragoons which fought as skirmishers but they were eventually driven back by the advance of the

3054:, p. 582). The remainder that he puts at 2,000 were killed, but may only be the rest of the cavalry's horses and not included the rest of the transport horses etc. since he gives the cavalry initial strength as 3,078 with 2,800 troopers embarking at Corunna ( 862:

Doggedly pursued by the French under Soult, the British made a retreat across northern Spain while their rearguard fought off repeated French attacks. Both armies suffered extremely from the harsh winter conditions. Much of the British army, excluding the elite

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In the resulting action, the British held off French attacks until nightfall, when both armies disengaged. British forces resumed their embarkation overnight; the last transports left in the morning under French cannon fire. But the port cities of Corunna and

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who decided to continue the embarkation rather than to attempt to hold their ground or attack Soult. At around 9:00 pm the British began to silently withdraw from their lines, leaving behind strong picquets who maintained watch-fires throughout the night.

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The retreat of the British, closely followed by their French pursuers, took them through mountainous terrain in dreadful conditions of cold and snow and was marked by exhausting marches, privation, and suffering. Moore was joined at Astorga by General

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Sir John Moore's last sentence in his last letter to Lord Castlereigh, 13 January 1809, "If I succeed in embarking the army, I shall send it to England – it is quite unfit for further service, until it has been refitted, which can best be done there"

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leading the remnants of Blake's Spanish forces and Romana proposed they make a stand. However, with Napoleon closing in, Moore declined and continued his retreat north while Romana went west towards Portugal. On the march between Astorga and

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in support and took the bulk of the army, some 45,000 men, back to Madrid. Napoleon decided to leave Spain to attend to other pressing matters; the Austrians were about to declare war on France, and would soon invade Italy and Bavaria.

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Hugo gives an inventory of 200 cannon, 20,000 muskets, 200,000 pounds of powder, 600,000 cartridges captured when the city is taken (Hugo 1838, p. 111). Oman, "The town was, in fact, crammed with munitions of all sorts" (Oman 1902, p.

888:, as well as northern Spain, were captured and occupied by the French. During the battle, Sir John Moore, the British commander, was mortally wounded, dying after learning that his men had successfully repelled the French attacks. 1586:

Chandler states, the British army had been "... compelled to conduct a precipitate retreat and evacuate by sea." Also, "Madrid and the Northern half of Spain were under occupation by French troops". Fremont-Barnes, in

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were used to cover the movements of Moore's army after their retreat began on 25 December. This saw them engage the French in small rearguard clashes, including defeating a French cavalry force and capturing General

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horses and destroying artillery caissons and food stores. Now realizing he could not get to Vigo and fearing his army would disintegrate on the way, he ordered the transports to Betanzos Bay between Corunna and

1498:, three with 112 guns, two with 80, one 74, two 64s, three frigates and numerous corvettes, as well as a large arsenal with over 1,000 cannon, 20,000 new muskets from England and military stores of all kinds. 1561:, a contemporary of Moore's and author of the classic Spanish history of the war. Moore was buried wrapped in a military cloak in the ramparts of the town. The funeral is commemorated in a well-known poem by 1487:

to fire upon the outlying ships. This caused panic amongst some of the transports, four of which ran aground and were then burned to prevent their capture. Fire from the warships then silenced the battery.

2161:, 31 December 1808) "I have made the movement against Soult; as a diversion it has answered completely, but as there is nothing to take advantage of it, I have risked the loss of my army for no purpose" ( 424: 971:, entered Corunna Harbour on 13 October. By November 1808 the British army, led by Moore, advanced into Spain with orders to assist the Spanish armies in their struggle against the invading forces of 1368:

Mermet's infantry advanced quickly and soon pushed the British picquets back, carrying the town of Elviña and attacking the heights beyond. The first French column divided into two with Gaulois' and

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Night brought an end to the fighting by which time the French attacks had been repulsed and they returned to their original positions; both sides holding much the same ground as before the fight.

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on 2 January, hundreds of British soldiers got so inebriated on wine, and not for the first or last time, that they had to be abandoned and were captured or cut to pieces by the pursuing French

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rough ground much broken up by sunken roads and walls, Soult's cavalry would be of little use. The British were rearmed, well rested and well fed, in marked contrast to the oncoming French.

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ordered the first divisions to make their way to the port; the rest of the army would follow at dusk, but shortly afterwards, at 2:00 pm, he learned that the French were attacking.

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from Villa Franca del Bierzo but Ney sent few troops. By the 8th Soult was prepared for battle, but Moore, imagining Ney was outflanking him, slipped away that night, shooting 500

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Oman criticizes Alcedo for not putting up more of a fight for the town which the British themselves, having destroyed much of its defences, had just abandoned to its fate (

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by the British cavalry. Soult's infantry had also had trouble keeping up and was badly strung out and most were well behind the cavalry which included the divisions of

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loss of troops between Lugo and Betanzos was greater than all of that of the preceding retreat. Eventually, on 11 January, the British main body reached the port of

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took command as Baird was also seriously wounded. This hampered attempts at a counterattack in the crucial sector of Elviña, but the fighting continued unabated.

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on 6 January and offered battle but, initially, Soult's forces were too strung out. Over two days Soult concentrated his troops and tried to get Ney to send a

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I see that everybody has lost their head since the infamous capitulation of Bailén. I realise that I must go there myself to get the machine working again.

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on 21 December. However, Moore failed to follow up against a surprised Soult. Moore halted for two days and allowed Soult to concentrate his corps.

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Corunna. If the attacks succeeded they could seize the western end of the British lines and push on to cut off the bulk of the army from Corunna.

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On 15 January French troops pushed back the British outposts on the higher range and gradually took up position there. A counterattack by British

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Napier suggests that both Corunna and Ferrol could have been held by their Spanish garrisons for months after the departure of the British (

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of 278,670 men drawn up on the Ebro, facing a scant 80,000 raw, disorganized Spanish troops, the Emperor announced to the Spanish deputies:

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and the loss of Portugal, Napoleon was convinced of the peril he faced in Spain. Deeply disturbed by news of Sintra, the Emperor remarked,

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Esdaile notes that the Junta of Seville declared itself the supreme government of Spain and tried to annex neighbouring juntas by force. (

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and two French regiments: the 2nd Légere and 36th Ligne of Reynaud's brigade. The 81st was forced out of the fight and relieved by the 2/

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Chandler notes that "the particular interests of the provincial delegates made even the pretense of centralised government a travesty" (

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Hugo gives an inventory of 200 cannon, 20,000 muskets, 200,000 pounds of powder, 600,000 cartridges captured when the city is taken (

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Fitchett suggests that only Moore's death prevented the total destruction of Soult, and that Hope "forbore" to press the French, (

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On the morning of the battle 4,035 British were listed sick, a few hundred of these were too sick to embark and were left behind.(

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When it was clear that he could not bring Moore to battle, Napoleon left the pursuit of the British to Soult's corps with

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Moore, before retreating, received intelligence of Soult's 16,000-man corps' scattered and isolated position at

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of the Spanish lines. The attack began in November and has been described as "an avalanche of fire and steel".

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Oman states "... arguments for attempting a defence of Galicia were more weighty than has been allowed.".

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Several times the discipline of the British broke down, on 28 December British troops pillaged and looted

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Moore, Richard. "Plunket's Shot: A reconstruction of a famous exploit in the history of the 95th Rifles"

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Robson, Catherine (February 2009), Eberle-Sinatra, Michael; Felluga, Dino Franco; Flint, Kate (eds.),

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History of the war in the Peninsula and the south of France, from the year 1807 to the year 1814

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Within ten days the French had captured two fortresses containing an immense amount of military

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For a time the British army was dangerously dispersed, with Baird's newly arrived contingent at

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Neale, Adam; Hopetoun, John Hope (4th earl); Malcolm, John; Rocca, Albert Jean Michel (1828),

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23,500 infantry, 2,400 cavalry and 60 guns and he opened his attack with a successful raid by

1054:

Starting in October 1808 Napoleon led the French on a brilliant offensive involving a massive

1023: 958: 607: 470: 455: 240: 3714:

Howard, M. R. (May 1991), "Medical aspects of Sir John Moore's Corunna Campaign, 1808–1809",

3439:

Naval Power and Expeditionary Warfare: Peripheral Campaigns and New Theatres of Naval Warfare

2668:, p. 120); Oman indicates "The town was, in fact, crammed with munitions of all sorts" ( 6236: 6120: 6010: 5920: 5759: 5658: 5643: 5492: 5441: 5361: 5270: 5225: 5174: 5088: 4973: 4882: 4872: 4766: 4705: 4467: 4006: 3731: 3723: 2158: 1170: 1157:

the British army lost 3,000 men with 500 more left in hospitals at Astorga and Villafranca.

719: 480: 221: 1672:, Appendix—XXXV p. 100), and Moore that "I had no time to lose to secure my retreat" ( 6115: 6050: 6035: 5925: 5809: 5799: 5774: 5749: 5577: 5411: 4933: 4741: 4665: 4640: 4462: 4392: 4280: 4204: 4165: 2116:

Chandler quotes from Moore's diary: "I have determined to give this thing up and retire" (

1250: 1233:

after driving off the British 15th Hussars. Losses were about the same for the two units.

1043: 922: 885: 876: 868: 852: 641: 140: 94: 6382: 3855: 3326: 2693:, p. 111); Oman gives 2,000 horses and draft cattle killed and thrown into the sea ( 1741:

Napier states and Fortescue indicates that there were 12—eight British and four Spanish (

1019: 3869: 3837: 3512: 945:, Sir John Moore took command of the 30,000-man British force in Portugal. In addition, 6394: 6306: 6296: 5829: 5668: 5532: 5331: 5083: 4427: 4407: 4397: 4357: 4230: 3736: 3306:

Journaux des sièges faits ou soutenus par les Français dans la péninsule de 1807 à 1814

1592: 1529: 1267: 1226: 1124: 1062: 1039: 897: 864: 848: 544: 435: 48: 4082:

Tone, John Lawrence — of The Georgia Institute of Technology (March 2004), "Review of

3753: 6418: 5870: 4574: 4432: 4362: 4114: 4043: 3887: 3794: 3492: 3474: 3365: 1635: 953:

consisting of 150 transports carrying between 12,000 and 13,000 men, convoyed by HMS

3533: 2977:, p. 111). Oman, "The town was, in fact, crammed with munitions of all sorts" ( 1490:

On 18 January, the British rearguard embarked as the Spanish garrison under General

1438:

and the fighting petered out here late in the day with the French finally retiring.

4422: 4258: 3851: 3551: 1865:, p. 155). Fortescue states the casualties for both sides were "about equal" ( 1575: 1553: 1509:, p. 582) Two more transports were lost with about 300 troops mostly from the 265: 3755:

France militaire. histoire des armées françaises de terre et de mer de 1792 à 1837

3437:

Duffy, Michael (2011), "Chapter 3", in Elleman, Bruce A.; Paine, S. C. M. (eds.),

1533:

Moore's monolith in the old battlefield, now a campus of the University of Corunna

3966: 3916: 3805: 3351: 3275: 1549:, "The fact must not be disguised... that we have suffered a shameful disaster". 6210: 6180: 6168: 6125: 5880: 3999:"Memorization and Memorialization: 'The Burial of Sir John Moore after Corunna'" 2350:, pp. 175–176. See Esdaile for Spanish reaction to British behaviour etc. ( 1580: 1517: 1450: 1376: 1310:

The British army arrived in Corunna on 11 January and there were found only the

1258: 1230: 872: 90: 17: 3727: 3427: 5895: 3839:

Letters from Portugal and Spain: An Account of the Operations of the Armies...

3514:

How England Saved Europe: The story of the Great War: The war in the Peninsula

1808:

Haythornthwaite, Philip (2001), Corunna 1809, Campaign 83, Osprey Publishing,

1625: 1294:, and his artillery would arrive at Corunna piecemeal over the next few days. 1183: 4099: 4020: 3698: 3543: 3522: 3318: 3298:

The Online Books Page: Campaign de l'empereur Napoléon en Espagne (1808–1809)

2664:, p. 66. Napier, indicates a magazine and a storehouse outside Corunna ( 119: 106: 3926: 3640: 2845:, p. 588 citing a letter by his aide-de-camp Hardinge in James Moore's 1545: 1454: 1435: 1431: 1401: 1388: 1222: 1066: 1011: 999: 990:

The French, all but masters of Spain in June, stood with their backs to the

3879: 3815: 3042:, p.110) and 2,500 soldiers killed or wounded with many wounded abandoned,( 2189:, p. 385. Neale, et al. gives: 28,900 men (2450 cavalry) and 50 guns ( 777: 4131: 3976: 3745: 3664:, London: H. Hurst, 27, King William Street, Charing Cross. OCLC 22331925. 1404:

of the Guards, and together with the 42nd they halted the French advance.

5860: 2927:, p. 94). Oman offers a more realistic appraisal of Hope's chances ( 1427: 1415: 1396: 1330: 1206: 1154: 991: 972: 856: 386:

8 Spanish ships of the line 3 frigates and "numerous" corvettes abandoned

1014:

problems and bogged down in administrative disputes, and did not budge.

2706:

Fortescue states the British had 15,000 infantry to the French 12,000 (

1210: 1162: 995: 1861:

Esdaile, gives a total of 2,000 casualties for both sides altogether (

4442: 4011: 3350:

Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de; Phipps, Ramsay Weston (1892),

3034:

Hugo gives 6,000 horses dead from fatigue, or killed by the British,(

2124:, Major General Sir J.F. Maurice, ed. (London:1904), Vol II, p. 358. 4173: 1574: 1528: 1406: 1375: 1359: 1301: 1189: 1109: 911: 830: 98: 3183: 1833:

Hugo 1838, p. 111; Also, Belmas 1836, p. 55; Napier 1873, p. 165.

929:

In early October 1808, following the scandal in Britain over the

3407:

A History of the English-speaking Peoples: The age of revolution

1237: 1166: 4177: 1462:

As Lahoussaye retired, Franceschi conformed with his movement.

406: 3857:

A history of England: Division 3 – From A.D. 1688 to A.D. 1885

1914: 1912: 3218: 3216: 2941: 2939: 2937: 1565:(1791–1823), "The Burial of Sir John Moore after Corunna". 1441:

For a time the British were without a leader until General

4048:

History of the War in Spain and Portugal from 1807 to 1814

3154: 3152: 2689:, p. 86); Hugo mentions 1,200 "cadavers de chevaux" ( 3936:

Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolución de España

3115: 3113: 2559: 2347: 2312: 2310: 2190: 1136:

before entering the mountains of Galicia, and another at

4119:(in French). Paris: Bureau central du magasin universel. 3613:

The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History

3046:, p. 111). Fortescue says 1,000 horses were saved ( 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 3632:

The Origin and History of the First Or Grenadier Guards

3517:, vol. III, London: New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1792: 1790: 1788: 1598:

A more charitable view is offered by W. H. Fitchett in

1543:

day similarly viewed Corunna as a defeat: according to

1074:

disaster he must give up and retreat back to Portugal.

3933:

Queipo de Llano (Count of Toreno), José María (1835),

3277:

Campaign de l'empereur Napoléon en Espagne (1808–1809)

2906: 2904: 2814: 2812: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2100: 2098: 2574:, pp. 372–374. Oman gives more than 1,000 lost, 1414:, derived from an engraving by Thomas Sutherland and 949:

in command of an expedition of reinforcements out of

1716: 1714: 1165:

as well as the troop transport ships to the port of

6335: 6219: 6134: 5969: 5849: 5842: 5722: 5601: 5465: 5294: 5208: 5162: 4911: 4805: 4729: 4623: 4537: 4489: 4480: 4376: 4277: 4268: 3572:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War 1770:, p. 380 citing Balagny vol. iv, p. 248–250). 3889:A History of the Peninsular War: Jan. – Sep. 1809 3707:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914 3553:The Napoleonic Wars: The Peninsular War 1807–1814 3538:, vol. VI 1807–1809, MacMillan and Company, 1698:, p. 596). Napier makes a similar criticism. 1591:, writes that the then British Foreign Secretary 1589:The Napoleonic Wars: The Peninsular War 1807–1814 1282:. Soult's three infantry divisions, commanded by 1266:continually pressed them and prevented effective 3874:, vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford, Clarendon Press, 3325:Blakeney, Robert (1905), Rouse, W. H. D. (ed.), 3071:Chandler and Oman give 1,500 (Chandler p. 656; ( 2395: 1412:Death of Sir John Moore at the Battle of Corunna 1338:with Paget as the reserve at the village Airis. 1236:Moore made a stand before the old Roman town of 6373:England expects that every man will do his duty 3944:Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales 3104: 2685:Fitchett states 290 horses from the KGL alone ( 2661: 2649: 2301: 2226: 2174: 2089: 1175: 1032: 984: 925:. Moore commanded the British forces at Corunna 855:. It was a result of a French campaign, led by 829:, took place on 16 January 1809, when a French 41: 3860:, London and New York: Edward Arnold, p. 3234: 3058:, p. 646). Soult estimates 4,000 horses ( 2419: 2145: 1382:The British are in red and the French in blue. 1022:into Spain, led in person by Napoleon and his 1018:French Empire brought 100,000 veterans of the 978:After the surrender of a French army corps at 30:For the battles in the Spanish Civil War, see 4189: 4036:Ground warfare: An International Encyclopedia 3131: 1034:I am here with the soldiers who conquered at 418: 8: 3827:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5846: 4486: 4274: 4196: 4182: 4174: 4073:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3988:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3902:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3871:A History of the Peninsular War: 1807–1809 3781:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3758:(in French), vol. 4, Paris, pp. 3662:Recollections of Rifleman Harris, Old 95th 3652:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3602:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3460:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3426:Dunn-Pattison, Richard Phillipson (1909), 3341:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3290:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1918: 1664:Neale shows that correspondence from both 1478:Command of the British army had passed to 425: 411: 403: 38: 4010: 3918:Journal of a Soldier of the 71st Regiment 3735: 3409:, vol. 3, Dodd, Mead, pp. 257, 3076: 3047: 2961: 2707: 2613: 2571: 2511: 2463: 2451: 2403: 2133: 2077: 1866: 1767: 1746: 1721: 241: 6475:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe 4142: 3716:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 3419:A History of England and Greater Britain 3222: 2924: 2686: 2523: 2475: 2431: 2407: 2391: 2363: 2316: 2278: 2258: 2230: 2214: 2186: 2117: 2065: 2029: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1967: 1955: 1779: 1729: 1380:The positions of the armies at Corunna. 4003:Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net 3274:Balagny, Dominique Eugène Paul (1906), 3207: 3184:Queipo de Llano (Count of Toreno) (1835 3158: 3080: 3059: 2945: 2435: 2351: 2262: 1862: 1710: 1643: 4519:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 4066: 3981: 3968:A dictionary of Napoleon and his times 3895: 3820: 3774: 3645: 3595: 3556:, Essential Histories, No 17, Osprey, 3453: 3334: 3283: 3246: 3195: 3143: 3119: 3022: 3018: 2957: 2911: 2830: 2731: 2665: 2587: 2535: 2266: 2053: 1903: 1891: 1796: 1762:Oman put the number at "over 20,000" ( 1742: 1395:to stop the French infantry while the 1280:Jean Baptiste Marie Franceschi-Delonne 1169:. Napoleon would write to his brother 6201:Spanish American wars of independence 3391:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2755: 2601: 2387: 2375: 2335: 2246: 2202: 2162: 2041: 1750: 1673: 1669: 1579:Moore's tomb in San Carlos Garden at 1306:French Infantry by Hippolyte Bellangé 62:Combat of la Corogne, 16 January 1809 7: 6460:Battles involving the United Kingdom 3842:, London: Richard Philips, pp. 3629:Hamilton, Frederick William (1874), 3615:, Penguin Classic Military History, 3258: 3171: 3092: 3072: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3035: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2974: 2928: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2858: 2842: 2818: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2743: 2719: 2694: 2690: 2673: 2669: 2637: 2625: 2575: 2547: 2499: 2487: 2439: 2399: 2234: 2104: 1979: 1942: 1763: 1725: 1695: 1652: 1506: 1298:Arrival of the armies before Corunna 1225:by a long-range rifle shot fired by 6465:Military history of Galicia (Spain) 6186:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 2120:, p. 645 cites: Sir J. Moore, 1930: 847:. The battle took place amidst the 3675:, Campaign 83, Osprey Publishing, 3370:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1144:was killed by a British rifleman. 25: 4084:The Peninsular War: A New History 3965:Richardson, Hubert N. B. (1920), 3494:The Peninsular War: A New History 1570:The Peninsular War: A New History 1348:Battle of Corunna order of battle 27:1809 Battle of the Peninsular War 6061:Frederick William III of Prussia 6041:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 4130: 3946:(published 2008), archived from 3836:Neale, Adam (1809), "Appendix", 3550:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2002), 3511:Fitchett, William Henry (1900), 3497:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1628: 851:, which was a part of the wider 769: 752: 735: 718: 691: 674: 657: 640: 623: 606: 589: 565: 558: 551: 337: 326: 315: 304: 293: 282: 270: 259: 248: 230: 211: 190: 175: 55: 6181:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 6111:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 4116:Histoire de L'Empereur Napoleon 4061:Revolutionary Europe, 1789–1815 3799:, New York: D. & J. Sadlier 933:and the recall of the generals 799: Wellington not in command 6096:Prince Regent John of Portugal 6006:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 5951:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 5946:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 4059:Stephens, Henry Morse (1900), 3769:The Popular History of England 3705:Hodge, Carl Cavanaugh (2007), 3309:, vol. 1, Paris, p. 2157:Neale quotes Moore (letter to 1676:, Appendix—XXXVI p. 102). 1616:Timeline of the Peninsular War 840:attacked a British army under 439:Napoleon's campaign, 1808–1809 357:15,000 infantry 1,000 cavalry 1: 6435:Battles of the Peninsular War 6121:Prince Charles John of Sweden 3689:Hibbert, Christopher (1961), 3535:A History of the British Army 3432:, Boston: Brown & Company 3353:Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 1288:Julien Augustin Joseph Mermet 388:2 Spanish regiments captured 311:Julien Augustin Joseph Mermet 139:British forces withdraw from 2396:Bourrienne & Phipps 1892 1284:Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle 1272:Armand Lebrun de La Houssaye 1217:, was killed while in close 1130:Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes 322:Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle 300:Armand Lebrun de La Houssaye 3709:, Greenwood, p. lxxiii 3469:Esdaile, Charles (2003a) , 3417:Cross, Arthur Lyon (1914), 3405:Churchill, Winston (1958), 1276:Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge 1253:and he headed for Corunna. 793: Wellington in command 344:Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge 6491: 5956:Frederick I of Württemberg 4326:Confederation of the Rhine 3810:, vol. I, Edinburgh, 3752:Hugo, Par A., ed. (1838), 3728:10.1177/014107689108400517 1345: 918:Portrait of Sir John Moore 395:600 to 700 dead or wounded 277:Alexander Mackenzie Fraser 32:Battle of the Corunna Road 29: 6116:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 6106:William, Prince of Orange 5916:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 4245:French Invasion of Russia 4211: 4050:, Henry Colburn, p. 4034:Sandler, Stanley (2002), 3807:Memorials of the Late War 3660:Harris, Benjamin (1848). 3611:Glover, Michael (2001) , 3491:Esdaile, Charles (2003), 3389:The Campaigns of Napoleon 3367:The Campaigns of Napoleon 2604:, Appendix, p. 108). 2354:, pp. 151, 197–198). 2165:, Appendix, p. 104). 1219:pursuit across the bridge 1142:General Colbert-Chabanais 1089:'s cavalry on the French 875:on the northern coast of 446: 372: 349: 204: 167: 73: 54: 46: 6450:Battles involving France 6026:Archduke John of Austria 6021:Prince von Schwarzenberg 5866:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 3911:Pococke, Thomas (1819), 3767:Knight, Charles (1861), 3635:, vol. II, London, 3421:, Macmillan, p. 854 3040:Entrée de Français à Lug 1824:Pococke 1819, pp. 94–96. 1728:, p. 582); 14,500 ( 1724:, p. 381); 14,800 ( 1600:How England Saved Europe 1364:French Artillerymen 1809 1292:Henri François Delaborde 471:Battle of Burgos/Gamonal 333:Henri François Delaborde 6455:Battles involving Spain 5961:Frederick VI of Denmark 5911:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 4701:Greater Poland uprising 4524:Duc d'Enghien Execution 4038:, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO 3669:Haythornthwaite, Philip 1474:End of Corunna campaign 1065:to the north, Moore at 6081:Ferdinand VII of Spain 4529:Coronation of Napoleon 4150:Battle of Uclés (1809) 3886:Oman, Charles (1903), 3868:Oman, Charles (1902), 3588:Gay, Susan E. (1903), 3570:Gates, David (2002) , 3328:The retreat to Corunna 1583: 1534: 1422: 1383: 1365: 1307: 1198: 1180: 1119: 1118:, the French commander 1052: 988: 926: 205:Commanders and leaders 6368:Conference of Dresden 6277:Paris (February 1812) 6206:Swedish–Norwegian War 6031:Alexander I of Russia 4086:by Charles Esdaile", 4063:, London, p. 271 3892:, vol. 2, Oxford 3771:, London, p. 506 3592:, London, p. 231 3280:, vol. IV, Paris 3017:, p. 111; Also, 2233:, pp. 645, 657; 1749:, p. 377). Also 1578: 1532: 1410: 1379: 1363: 1305: 1193: 1113: 915: 835:Marshal of the Empire 825:), in Spain known as 390:Heavy material losses 373:Casualties and losses 6445:King's German Legion 6322:Fontainebleau (1814) 5876:Louis-Nicolas Davout 4797:Invasion of Portugal 4139:at Wikimedia Commons 3693:, London: Batsford, 3105:Haythornthwaite 2001 2770:, pp. 584, 588. 2676:, pp. 110–111). 2662:Haythornthwaite 2001 2650:Haythornthwaite 2001 2302:Haythornthwaite 2001 2237:, pp. 503, 601. 2227:Haythornthwaite 2001 2175:Haythornthwaite 2001 2090:Haythornthwaite 2001 1852:Howard 1991, p. 300. 1568:Charles Esdaile, in 1511:King's German Legion 1046:. Who can withstand 931:Convention of Sintra 787: current battle 397:200 to 300 prisoners 120:43.33250°N 8.41250°W 6470:January 1809 events 6440:History of A Coruña 6348:Bourbon Restoration 6091:Maria I of Portugal 6076:Prince of Hohenlohe 6066:Gebhard von Blücher 5009:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 4316:Swiss Confederation 4113:Hugo, Abel (1836). 3429:Napoleon's Marshals 3303:Belmas, J. (1836), 3235:Fremont-Barnes 2002 3210:, pp. 151–156. 2993:, pp. 172–175. 2782:, pp. 586–587. 2734:, pp. 121–122. 2562:, pp. 214–215. 2514:, pp. 367–368. 2454:, pp. 364–365. 2442:, pp. 577–578. 2420:Fremont-Barnes 2002 2146:Fremont-Barnes 2002 2136:, pp. 326–327. 2032:, pp. 304–305) 1906:, pp. 122–123. 1540:Christopher Hibbert 1194:French Dragoons by 378:900 dead or wounded 116: / 6363:Continental System 6358:Congress of Erfurt 6282:Paris (March 1812) 6056:Peter Wittgenstein 5981:Duke of Wellington 5936:Prince Poniatowski 5901:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 5886:Auguste de Marmont 5281:Arroyo dos Molinos 5129:Walcheren Campaign 5119:Armistice of Znaim 5014:Dalmatian Campaign 4939:Tyrolean Rebellion 4159:Battle of Corunna 3471:The Peninsular War 3385:Chandler, David G. 3362:Chandler, David G. 3186:, pp. 433–4). 3132:Dunn-Pattison 1909 1584: 1538:English historian 1535: 1423: 1393:42nd (Black Watch) 1384: 1366: 1308: 1221:at the village of 1199: 1196:Hippolyte Bellangé 1120: 1116:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 1106:Retreat to Corunna 1084:Lieutenant-General 1056:double envelopment 927: 902:Battle of Cardedeu 842:Lieutenant-General 838:Jean de Dieu Soult 380:300 sick abandoned 289:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 125:43.33250; -8.41250 67:Hippolyte Bellangé 6425:Conflicts in 1809 6412: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6400:Types of military 6196:Russo-Turkish War 6191:Russo-Persian War 6159:Anglo-Turkish War 6154:Anglo-Swedish War 6149:Anglo-Spanish War 6144:Anglo-Russian War 6071:Duke of Brunswick 5974:political leaders 5854:political leaders 5838: 5837: 4843:Medina de Rioseco 4565:Haslach-Jungingen 4499:French Revolution 4476: 4475: 4259:Seventh Coalition 4172: 4171: 4162:Succeeded by 4137:Battle of Corunna 4135:Media related to 3448:978-0-203-83321-6 3237:, pp. 79–80. 2948:, pp. 94–96. 2560:Neale et al. 1828 2366:, pp. 76–77. 2348:Neale et al. 1828 2191:Neale et al. 1828 1651:in that order." ( 1496:ships of the line 1312:ships of the line 900:started with the 807:Battle of Corunna 539: 538: 496:1st Molins de Rei 401: 400: 384:6 transports lost 163: 162: 152:Fall of Northern 42:Battle of Corunna 16:(Redirected from 6482: 6176:Dano-Swedish War 6164:Anglo-Danish War 6016:Archduke Charles 5931:Jérôme Bonaparte 5847: 5780:Castel di Sangro 5689:Fère-Champenoise 5342:García Hernández 5256:Fuentes de Oñoro 4772:Guttstadt-Deppen 4509:Second Coalition 4487: 4468:French Royalists 4275: 4224:Fourth Coalition 4198: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4146:Preceded by 4143: 4134: 4120: 4102: 4078: 4072: 4064: 4055: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4014: 4012:10.7202/029901ar 3993: 3987: 3979: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3941: 3929: 3907: 3901: 3893: 3882: 3864: 3847: 3832: 3826: 3818: 3800: 3786: 3780: 3772: 3763: 3748: 3739: 3710: 3701: 3685: 3657: 3651: 3643: 3625: 3607: 3601: 3593: 3584: 3566: 3546: 3525: 3507: 3487: 3465: 3459: 3451: 3433: 3422: 3413: 3401: 3380: 3357: 3346: 3340: 3332: 3321: 3295: 3289: 3281: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3032: 3026: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2971: 2965: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2932: 2921: 2915: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2683: 2677: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2398:, p. xlix; 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2159:Lord Castlereigh 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1870: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1760: 1754: 1739: 1733: 1718: 1699: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1662: 1656: 1648: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1262:until the 13th. 1173:on 31 December: 898:Corunna campaign 827:Battle of Elviña 798: 792: 786: 779: 773: 766: 761: 756: 749: 744: 739: 732: 727: 722: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 688: 683: 678: 671: 666: 661: 654: 649: 644: 637: 632: 627: 620: 615: 610: 603: 598: 593: 586: 581: 576: 569: 568: 562: 555: 441: 440: 427: 420: 413: 404: 392:5,000–6,000 sick 342: 341: 331: 330: 320: 319: 309: 308: 298: 297: 287: 286: 275: 274: 264: 263: 253: 252: 243: 235: 234: 226: 216: 215: 200: 196: 194: 193: 185: 181: 179: 178: 131: 130: 128: 127: 126: 121: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 75: 74: 59: 39: 21: 18:Battle of Coruña 6490: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6404: 6331: 6215: 6136: 6130: 6086:Miguel de Álava 6051:Pyotr Bagration 6046:Count Bennigsen 6036:Mikhail Kutuzov 6001:Thomas Cochrane 5973: 5971: 5965: 5926:Louis Bonaparte 5853: 5851: 5850:French and ally 5834: 5718: 5634:Château-Thierry 5597: 5461: 5432:Maloyaroslavets 5290: 5204: 5158: 4949:Yevenes/Yébenes 4907: 4823:Rosily Squadron 4801: 4725: 4691:Waren-Nossentin 4619: 4550:Cape Finisterre 4533: 4504:First Coalition 4482: 4472: 4379: 4372: 4283: 4279: 4270: 4264: 4252:Sixth Coalition 4238:Fifth Coalition 4217:Third Coalition 4207: 4205:Napoleonic Wars 4202: 4166:Battle of Valls 4163: 4158: 4156:Napoleonic Wars 4147: 4127: 4112: 4109: 4107:Further reading 4094:(30): 109–111, 4088:H-France Review 4081: 4065: 4058: 4042: 4033: 4025: 4023: 3996: 3980: 3964: 3956: 3954: 3953:on 4 April 2018 3950: 3939: 3932: 3910: 3894: 3885: 3867: 3850: 3835: 3819: 3803: 3791:Napier, William 3789: 3773: 3766: 3751: 3713: 3704: 3688: 3683: 3667: 3644: 3628: 3623: 3610: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3569: 3564: 3549: 3530:Fortescue, John 3528: 3510: 3505: 3490: 3485: 3468: 3452: 3449: 3436: 3425: 3416: 3404: 3399: 3383: 3378: 3360: 3349: 3333: 3324: 3302: 3282: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3083:, p. 155). 3079:, p. 388; 3070: 3066: 3062:, p. 345). 3033: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2981:, p. 582). 2972: 2968: 2960:, p. 165; 2956: 2952: 2944: 2935: 2931:, p. 592). 2922: 2918: 2914:, p. 165). 2909: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2874:, p. 110). 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2710:, p. 381). 2705: 2701: 2697:, p. 582). 2684: 2680: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438:, p. 151; 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406:, p. 362; 2402:, p. 616; 2394:, p. 271; 2390:, p. 854; 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2323: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2269:, p. 129). 2261:, p. 394; 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2193:, p. 171). 2185: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1995:, p. 625). 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1919:Richardson 1920 1917: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1873: 1869:, p. 388). 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1761: 1757: 1745:, p. 121; 1740: 1736: 1732:, p. 392). 1719: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1663: 1659: 1655:, p. 110). 1649: 1645: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1612: 1559:Count of Toreno 1527: 1476: 1471: 1381: 1350: 1344: 1300: 1215:General Colbert 1108: 1103: 1028:Armée d'Espagne 994:, clutching at 947:Sir David Baird 923:Thomas Lawrence 910: 894: 869:Robert Craufurd 853:Napoleonic Wars 803: 802: 801: 800: 796: 794: 790: 788: 784: 781: 780: 776: 774: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 570: 566: 563: 556: 548: 540: 535: 442: 438: 434: 433: 431: 396: 391: 389: 387: 385: 383: 381: 379: 367: 365: 364:12,000 infantry 363: 358: 356: 336: 335: 325: 324: 314: 313: 303: 302: 292: 291: 281: 269: 268: 258: 257: 247: 246: 229: 228: 222: 210: 191: 189: 188: 176: 174: 173: 148: 124: 122: 118: 115: 110: 107: 105: 103: 102: 101: 81:16 January 1809 64: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6488: 6486: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6417: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6395:Longwood House 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6101:Count of Feira 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5996:Horatio Nelson 5993: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5906:Marshal Victor 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5684:Arcis-sur-Aube 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5427:Venta del Pozo 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5302:Ciudad Rodrigo 5298: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5180:Ciudad Rodrigo 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5154:Alba de Tormes 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5054:Aspern-Essling 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4656:Jena–Auerstedt 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4428:Ottoman Empire 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388:United Kingdom 4384: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4358:Ottoman Empire 4355: 4353:Denmark–Norway 4350: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4296:Polish Legions 4293: 4287: 4285: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4231:Peninsular War 4227: 4220: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4169: 4160: 4153: 4141: 4140: 4126: 4125:External links 4123: 4122: 4121: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4079: 4056: 4044:Sarrazin, Jean 4040: 4031: 3994: 3962: 3930: 3908: 3883: 3865: 3848: 3833: 3801: 3787: 3764: 3749: 3711: 3702: 3686: 3681: 3665: 3658: 3626: 3621: 3608: 3585: 3580: 3567: 3562: 3547: 3526: 3508: 3503: 3488: 3483: 3466: 3447: 3434: 3423: 3414: 3402: 3397: 3381: 3376: 3358: 3356:, p. xlix 3347: 3322: 3300: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3261:, p. 595. 3251: 3249:, p. 124. 3239: 3227: 3225:, p. 658. 3212: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3174:, p. 597) 3163: 3161:, p. 188. 3148: 3146:, p. 166. 3136: 3134:, p. 101. 3124: 3122:, p. 165. 3109: 3097: 3095:, p. 594. 3085: 3077:Fortescue 1910 3064: 3048:Fortescue 1910 3027: 3025:, p. 165. 3021:, p. 55; 3007: 2995: 2983: 2966: 2962:Fortescue 1910 2950: 2933: 2916: 2900: 2898:, p. 592. 2888: 2886:, p. 590. 2876: 2863: 2861:, p. 591. 2851: 2835: 2833:, p. 506. 2823: 2821:, p. 588. 2808: 2806:, p. 587. 2796: 2794:, p. 586. 2784: 2772: 2760: 2758:, p. 112. 2748: 2746:, p. 583. 2736: 2724: 2722:, p. 582. 2712: 2708:Fortescue 1910 2699: 2678: 2654: 2642: 2640:, p. 584. 2630: 2628:, p. 581. 2618: 2616:, p. 375. 2614:Fortescue 1910 2606: 2592: 2590:, p. 120. 2580: 2578:, p. 580. 2572:Fortescue 1910 2564: 2552: 2550:, p. 576. 2540: 2538:, p. 119. 2528: 2526:, p. 655. 2516: 2512:Fortescue 1910 2504: 2502:, p. 569. 2492: 2490:, p. 568. 2480: 2468: 2466:, p. 366. 2464:Fortescue 1910 2456: 2452:Fortescue 1910 2444: 2434:, p. 78; 2424: 2412: 2404:Fortescue 1910 2380: 2378:, p. 111. 2368: 2356: 2340: 2321: 2306: 2294: 2283: 2271: 2251: 2249:, p. 110. 2239: 2229:, p. 28; 2219: 2217:, p. 648. 2207: 2205:, p. 108. 2195: 2179: 2167: 2150: 2138: 2134:Fortescue 1910 2126: 2109: 2107:, p. 598. 2094: 2082: 2080:, p. 260. 2078:Churchill 1958 2070: 2068:, p. 631. 2058: 2046: 2044:, p. 487. 2034: 2021: 2019:, p. 628. 2009: 2007:, p. 621. 1997: 1984: 1982:, p. 648. 1972: 1970:, p. 620. 1960: 1958:, p. 617) 1947: 1945:, p. 492. 1935: 1933:, p. 231. 1923: 1921:, p. 343. 1908: 1896: 1894:, p. 121. 1871: 1867:Fortescue 1910 1854: 1845: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1801: 1799:, p. 300. 1784: 1782:, p. 656. 1772: 1768:Fortescue 1910 1755: 1753:, p. 112. 1747:Fortescue 1910 1734: 1722:Fortescue 1910 1709: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1687: 1678: 1657: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1552:The historian 1526: 1523: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1343: 1340: 1299: 1296: 1268:reconnaissance 1227:Thomas Plunket 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 909: 906: 893: 890: 849:Peninsular War 845:Sir John Moore 795: 789: 783: 782: 775: 768: 763: 758: 751: 746: 741: 734: 729: 724: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 690: 685: 680: 673: 668: 663: 656: 651: 646: 639: 634: 629: 622: 617: 612: 605: 600: 595: 588: 583: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 549: 545:Peninsular war 543: 542: 541: 537: 536: 534: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 447: 444: 443: 436:Peninsular War 432: 430: 429: 422: 415: 407: 399: 398: 393: 375: 374: 370: 369: 360: 352: 351: 347: 346: 279: 207: 206: 202: 201: 186: 183:United Kingdom 170: 169: 165: 164: 161: 160: 150: 144: 143: 137: 133: 132: 89: 87: 83: 82: 79: 71: 70: 52: 51: 49:Peninsular War 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6487: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430:1809 in Spain 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336:Miscellaneous 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6011:Manuel Lapeña 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5941:Prince Eugène 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891:André Masséna 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Joachim Murat 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5815:Rocheserviere 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5503:San Sebastián 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5064:Sankt Michael 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4979:Teugen-Hausen 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4281:client states 4276: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4168: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3921:, Edinburgh, 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3852:Oman, Charles 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3682:1-85532-968-9 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3622:0-14-139041-7 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3581:0-7126-9730-6 3577: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3484:0-14-027370-0 3480: 3476: 3475:Penguin Books 3472: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3398:0-297-74830-0 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3377:0-02-523660-1 3373: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3223:Chandler 1995 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3107:, p. 87. 3106: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3008: 3005:, p. 81. 3004: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2964:, p. 393 2963: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925:Fitchett 1900 2920: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687:Fitchett 1900 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2655: 2652:, p. 66. 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2524:Chandler 1996 2520: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2478:, p. 59. 2477: 2476:Blakeney 1905 2472: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432:Fitchett 1900 2428: 2425: 2422:, p. 38. 2421: 2416: 2413: 2410:, p. 654 2409: 2408:Chandler 1996 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392:Stephens 1900 2389: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2364:Fitchett 1900 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2338:, p. 18. 2337: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2319:, p. 76. 2318: 2317:Fitchett 1900 2313: 2311: 2307: 2304:, p. 52. 2303: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2279:Fitchett 1900 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259:Hamilton 1874 2255: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231:Chandler 1996 2228: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2215:Chandler 1996 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187:Hamilton 1874 2183: 2180: 2177:, p. 45. 2176: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2148:, p. 35. 2147: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118:Chandler 1996 2113: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2092:, p. 27. 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2066:Chandler 1995 2062: 2059: 2056:, p. 55. 2055: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030:Esdaile 2003a 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017:Chandler 1996 2013: 2010: 2006: 2005:Chandler 1995 2001: 1998: 1994: 1993:Chandler 1995 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1968:Chandler 1995 1964: 1961: 1957: 1956:Chandler 1995 1951: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1814:1-85532-968-9 1811: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Chandler 1995 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1730:Hamilton 1874 1727: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1644: 1637: 1636:France portal 1626: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1563:Charles Wolfe 1560: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1420:William Heath 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1304: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1125:Light Brigade 1117: 1112: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 987: 983: 981: 976: 974: 970: 969: 963: 962: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 924: 920: 919: 914: 907: 905: 903: 899: 891: 889: 887: 881: 880:for England. 878: 874: 870: 866: 865:Light Brigade 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 843: 839: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 778: 772: 755: 738: 721: 694: 677: 660: 643: 626: 609: 592: 561: 554: 546: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 445: 437: 428: 423: 421: 416: 414: 409: 408: 405: 394: 377: 376: 371: 366:3,200 cavalry 361: 354: 353: 348: 345: 340: 334: 329: 323: 318: 312: 307: 301: 296: 290: 285: 280: 278: 273: 267: 262: 256: 251: 244: 238: 233: 227: 225: 219: 214: 209: 208: 203: 199: 187: 184: 172: 171: 166: 159: 158:French Empire 155: 151: 146: 145: 142: 138: 135: 134: 129: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 84: 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 63: 58: 53: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6383:Grande Armée 6343:Bibliography 6327:Paris (1815) 6287:Paris (1814) 6272:Paris (1810) 6252:Finckenstein 6227:Campo Formio 5986:Rowland Hill 5972:military and 5852:military and 5825:Rocquencourt 5694:Saint-Dizier 5664:Bar-sur-Aube 5619:Mincio River 5114:Schöngrabern 4928: 4893:2nd Zaragoza 4833:1st Zaragoza 4787:Stralsund II 4636:Campo Tenese 4610:Schöngrabern 4595:Cape Ortegal 4545:Diamond Rock 4423:Papal States 4257: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4164: 4155: 4148: 4115: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4060: 4047: 4035: 4024:, retrieved 4002: 3971:, New York, 3967: 3955:, retrieved 3948:the original 3935: 3917: 3913:Howell, John 3888: 3870: 3856: 3838: 3806: 3795: 3768: 3754: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3690: 3673:Corunna 1809 3672: 3661: 3631: 3612: 3590:Old Falmouth 3589: 3571: 3552: 3534: 3513: 3493: 3470: 3441:, New York, 3438: 3428: 3418: 3406: 3388: 3366: 3352: 3327: 3305: 3276: 3268:Bibliography 3254: 3242: 3230: 3208:Esdaile 2003 3203: 3191: 3179: 3166: 3159:Hibbert 1961 3139: 3127: 3100: 3088: 3081:Esdaile 2003 3067: 3060:Balagny 1906 3039: 3030: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2969: 2953: 2946:Pococke 1819 2919: 2891: 2879: 2866: 2854: 2846: 2838: 2826: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2702: 2681: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2595: 2583: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2436:Esdaile 2003 2427: 2415: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2352:Esdaile 2003 2343: 2297: 2286: 2281:, p. 74 2274: 2263:Balagny 1906 2254: 2242: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2182: 2170: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2121: 2112: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2049: 2037: 2024: 2012: 2000: 1987: 1975: 1963: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1899: 1863:Esdaile 2003 1857: 1848: 1838: 1829: 1820: 1804: 1775: 1758: 1737: 1690: 1681: 1660: 1646: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1588: 1585: 1569: 1567: 1554:Charles Oman 1551: 1544: 1536: 1515: 1504: 1500: 1489: 1485: 1480:General Hope 1477: 1464: 1447: 1440: 1424: 1411: 1387:sent in the 1385: 1367: 1355: 1351: 1335: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1264: 1255: 1235: 1200: 1181: 1176: 1159: 1146: 1121: 1076: 1060: 1053: 1047: 1033: 1027: 1020:Grande Armée 1016: 1004: 989: 985: 977: 967: 960: 954: 928: 916: 895: 882: 861: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 804: 530: 511:2nd Zaragoza 359:9 to 12 guns 266:Edward Paget 223: 168:Belligerents 61: 47:Part of the 36: 6211:War of 1812 6169:Gunboat War 6126:Louis XVIII 5881:Jean Lannes 5795:Quatre Bras 5785:San Germano 5735:Occhiobello 5624:Champaubert 5614:La Rothière 5538:San Marcial 5422:2nd Polotsk 5387:1st Polotsk 5372:Majadahonda 5312:Villagarcia 5241:Campo Maior 5029:Piave River 4954:Ciudad Real 4944:Villafranca 4813:Dos de Mayo 4762:Stralsund I 4514:18 Brumaire 4448:Netherlands 4346:Württemberg 4026:26 November 3574:, Pimlico, 3247:Napier 1873 3196:Robson 2009 3144:Napier 1873 3120:Napier 1873 3023:Napier 1873 3019:Belmas 1836 2958:Napier 1873 2912:Napier 1873 2831:Knight 1861 2732:Napier 1873 2666:Napier 1873 2588:Napier 1873 2536:Napier 1873 2267:Napier 1873 2054:Glover 2001 1904:Napier 1873 1892:Napier 1873 1797:Howard 1991 1743:Napier 1873 1451:95th Rifles 1231:95th Rifles 1184:Marshal Ney 1026:. With his 614:Tordesillas 382:300 missing 237:David Baird 147:Territorial 123: / 6419:Categories 6353:Casualties 6267:Schönbrunn 6242:Artlenburg 5991:John Moore 5896:Michel Ney 5765:Scapezzano 5755:Cesenatico 5699:Montmartre 5629:Montmirail 5563:Wartenburg 5518:Großbeeren 5377:Gorodechno 5367:Klyastitsy 5347:Saltanovka 5236:Casal Novo 5109:Hollabrunn 5094:Korneuburg 4888:Somosierra 4792:Copenhagen 4615:Austerlitz 4605:Dürenstein 4341:Westphalia 4284:and allies 3957:30 January 3722:(5): 300, 3563:1841763705 3504:1403962316 2756:Gates 2002 2602:Neale 1809 2388:Cross 1914 2376:Gates 2002 2336:Duffy 2011 2247:Gates 2002 2203:Gates 2002 2163:Neale 1809 2042:Gates 2002 1751:Gates 2002 1706:References 1674:Neale 1809 1670:Neale 1809 1430:and the 2/ 1402:battalions 1346:See also: 1336:en potence 1036:Austerlitz 1012:logistical 892:Background 823:La Corogne 815:La Corunna 486:Somosierra 218:John Moore 111:08°24′45″W 108:43°19′57″N 6317:Casalanza 6292:Tauroggen 6247:Pressburg 6232:Lunéville 6137:conflicts 5970:Coalition 5820:La Suffel 5770:Tolentino 5654:Montereau 5639:Vauchamps 5588:Bornhöved 5543:Dennewitz 5488:Tarragona 5437:Chashniki 5337:Salamanca 5261:Tarragona 5185:Barquilla 5139:Almonacid 5099:Stockerau 5069:Stralsund 5039:2nd Porto 5019:Ebelsberg 4989:Abensberg 4959:1st Porto 4919:Castellón 4903:Benavente 4868:Valmaseda 4782:Friedland 4777:Heilsberg 4747:Ostrołęka 4737:Mohrungen 4671:Magdeburg 4600:Amstetten 4585:Trafalgar 4570:Elchingen 4555:Wertingen 4453:Brunswick 4378:Coalition 4100:1553-9172 4021:1916-1441 3699:602870980 3544:312880647 3523:220800886 3319:493456886 3259:Oman 1902 3172:Oman 1902 3093:Oman 1902 3073:Oman 1902 3056:Oman 1902 3052:Oman 1902 3044:Hugo 1838 3036:Hugo 1838 3015:Hugo 1838 3003:Oman 1902 2991:Oman 1903 2979:Oman 1902 2975:Hugo 1838 2929:Oman 1902 2896:Oman 1902 2884:Oman 1902 2872:Hugo 1838 2859:Oman 1902 2843:Oman 1902 2819:Oman 1902 2804:Oman 1902 2792:Oman 1902 2780:Oman 1902 2768:Oman 1902 2744:Oman 1902 2720:Oman 1902 2695:Oman 1902 2691:Hugo 1838 2674:Hugo 1838 2670:Oman 1902 2638:Oman 1902 2626:Oman 1902 2576:Oman 1902 2548:Oman 1902 2500:Oman 1902 2488:Oman 1902 2440:Oman 1902 2400:Oman 1899 2235:Oman 1902 2105:Oman 1902 1980:Oman 1902 1943:Oman 1902 1764:Oman 1902 1726:Oman 1902 1696:Oman 1902 1653:Tone 2004 1546:The Times 1507:Oman 1902 1469:Aftermath 1459:91st Foot 1455:28th Foot 1443:John Hope 1389:50th Foot 1246:foundered 1223:Cacabelos 1203:Benavente 1138:Cacabelos 1134:Benavente 1067:Salamanca 1000:Catalonia 943:Wellesley 935:Dalrymple 819:La Coruña 648:Salamanca 526:Cacabelos 516:Castellón 506:Benavente 461:Valmaseda 451:Barcelona 255:John Hope 6388:Uniforms 6302:Chaumont 6220:Treaties 5921:Joseph I 5861:Napoleon 5805:Waterloo 5745:Casaglia 5709:Toulouse 5593:Sehested 5568:Bidassoa 5548:2nd Kulm 5533:1st Kulm 5523:Katzbach 5513:Sorauren 5508:Pyrenees 5473:Castalla 5457:Berezina 5447:Smoliani 5417:Tarutino 5402:Borodino 5392:Valutino 5382:Smolensk 5352:Ostrovno 5322:Maguilla 5286:Valencia 5276:Saguntum 5124:Talavera 5004:Ratisbon 4994:Landshut 4969:Bergisel 4964:Medellín 4878:Espinosa 4838:Valencia 4711:Czarnowo 4681:Pasewalk 4676:Prenzlau 4651:Saalfeld 4590:Caldiero 4560:Günzburg 4438:Sardinia 4413:Portugal 4069:citation 4046:(1815), 3984:citation 3927:16295400 3898:citation 3854:(1899), 3823:citation 3793:(1873), 3777:citation 3671:(2001), 3648:citation 3641:59415892 3598:citation 3532:(1910), 3456:citation 3387:(1996), 3364:(1995), 3337:citation 3331:, London 3286:citation 1931:Gay 1903 1720:15,000 ( 1666:Berthier 1610:See also 1606:memory. 1581:A Coruña 1525:Analysis 1518:matériel 1416:aquatint 1397:4th Foot 1391:and the 1370:Jardon's 1331:5th Foot 1242:division 1211:dragoons 1207:Bembibre 1163:brigades 1155:Betanzos 1114:Marshal 1091:picquets 1024:Marshals 992:Pyrenees 973:Napoleon 968:Champion 951:Falmouth 857:Napoleon 811:A Coruña 743:Valencia 682:Talavera 580:Toulouse 575:125miles 521:Mansilla 491:Cardedeu 476:Espinosa 350:Strength 86:Location 6135:Related 5714:Bayonne 5679:Craonne 5649:Mormant 5609:Brienne 5583:Nivelle 5573:Leipzig 5528:Dresden 5498:Vitoria 5483:Bautzen 5452:Krasnoi 5397:Mesoten 5357:Vitebsk 5317:Almaraz 5307:Badajoz 5266:Albuera 5251:Almeida 5246:Sabugal 5231:Redinha 5221:Barrosa 5200:Bussaco 5195:Almeida 5175:Astorga 5144:Tamames 5104:Gefrees 5059:Alcañiz 4999:Eckmühl 4929:Corunna 4898:Sahagún 4863:Zornoza 4858:Vimeiro 4828:Cabezón 4752:Kolberg 4721:Pułtusk 4716:Golymin 4706:Hamelin 4686:Stettin 4646:Schleiz 4491:Prelude 4483:battles 4458:Hanover 4403:Prussia 4393:Austria 4331:Bavaria 4311:Etruria 4306:Holland 4278:France, 4271:gerents 3915:(ed.), 3880:1539767 3816:9981233 3746:2041010 3737:1293231 3691:Corunna 2849:p. 220. 2122:Diaries 1593:Canning 1259:Corunna 1229:of the 1101:Prelude 1095:Sahagún 1079:Carrión 1063:Astorga 996:Navarre 939:Burrard 908:Prelude 877:Galicia 873:Corunna 699:Corunna 597:Vitoria 547:: Spain 531:Corunna 501:Sahagún 456:Zornoza 368:20 guns 362:15,200: 355:16,000: 239: ( 224:† 156:to the 149:changes 141:Galicia 95:Galicia 91:Corunna 6312:Mantua 6262:Cintra 6257:Tilsit 6237:Amiens 5775:Ancona 5760:Pesaro 5730:Panaro 5659:Orthez 5644:Garris 5558:Roßlau 5553:Göhrde 5493:Luckau 5478:Lützen 5442:Vyazma 5412:Burgos 5407:Moscow 5362:Kobryn 5271:Usagre 5226:Pombal 5216:Gebora 5089:Wagram 5049:Tarvis 5024:Girona 4984:Raszyn 4974:Sacile 4883:Tudela 4873:Burgos 4853:Roliça 4848:Bailén 4767:Mileto 4757:Danzig 4696:Lübeck 4661:Erfurt 4580:Verona 4463:Nassau 4443:Sweden 4433:Persia 4418:Sicily 4398:Russia 4380:forces 4363:Persia 4336:Saxony 4321:Naples 4291:France 4269:Belli- 4098: 4019: 4005:(53), 3977:154001 3975: 3925: 3878: 3814: 3744: 3734: 3697: 3679: 3639: 3619: 3578: 3560: 3542: 3521: 3501: 3481: 3445: 3395: 3374: 3317: 1812: 1492:Alcedo 1342:Battle 1251:Ferrol 1171:Joseph 1150:Romana 1140:where 1008:juntas 1006:local 980:Bailén 961:Amelia 886:Ferrol 867:under 833:under 797: 791: 785: 760:Madrid 726:Bailén 709:Tudela 665:Ciudad 631:Burgos 481:Tudela 220: 198:France 195: 180: 136:Result 69:(1843) 6378:Films 5810:Wavre 5800:Ligny 5790:Gaeta 5750:Ronco 5740:Carpi 5704:Paris 5674:Reims 5578:Hanau 5170:Cádiz 5149:Ocaña 5134:Ölper 5079:María 5044:Wörgl 5034:Grijó 4934:Valls 4924:Uclés 4818:Bruch 4742:Eylau 4666:Halle 4641:Maida 4631:Gaeta 4481:Major 4408:Spain 4368:Spain 4301:Italy 3951:(PDF) 3940:(PDF) 3846:, 102 1843:582). 1622:Notes 1205:, at 1087:Paget 1044:Eylau 1042:, at 1038:, at 955:Louie 831:corps 573:200km 466:Roses 154:Spain 99:Spain 6307:Kiel 6297:Ried 5843:Info 5830:Issy 5723:1815 5669:Laon 5602:1814 5466:1813 5332:Ekau 5295:1812 5209:1811 5163:1810 5084:Graz 5074:Raab 4912:1809 4806:1808 4730:1807 4624:1806 4538:1805 4096:ISSN 4075:link 4054:–359 4028:2014 4017:ISSN 3990:link 3973:OCLC 3959:2019 3923:OCLC 3904:link 3876:OCLC 3829:link 3812:OCLC 3783:link 3762:–111 3742:PMID 3695:OCLC 3677:ISBN 3654:link 3637:OCLC 3617:ISBN 3604:link 3576:ISBN 3558:ISBN 3540:OCLC 3519:OCLC 3499:ISBN 3479:ISBN 3462:link 3443:ISBN 3393:ISBN 3372:ISBN 3343:link 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