History of Spain (1808–1874)

284: 2785:'s rule was restored, the new American states were cautious of abandoning their independence, and an alliance between local elites, merchant interests, nationalists rose up against the Spanish in the New World. Although Ferdinand was committed to the reconquest of the colonies, along with many of the Continental European powers, the British government was opposed to the move which would hinder her new commercial interests. Latin American resistance to Spanish reconquest of the colonies was compounded by uncertainty in Spain itself, over whether or not the colonies should be reconquered; Spanish liberals – including the majority of military officers – already disdainful of the monarchy's rejection of the constitution, were opposed to the restoration of an empire that they saw as an obsolete antique, as against the liberal revolutions in the New World with which they sympathized. 4239: 3727: 4429: 2577: 2789: 3013: 270: 807: 378: 3099: 751: 4341: 2059: 4171: 2956: 2677: 2426: 2142: 1815: 167: 2483: 653: 639: 614: 695: 737: 709: 667: 1895:, where he was currently situated. Ferdinand went, expecting Napoleon to affirm his status as king of Spain. Unbeknownst to Ferdinand, Napoleon also summoned Charles IV. Napoleon called on Ferdinand to abdicate in favor of his father, who had abdicated under pressure. Charles did not want to leave a path open for his detested son to be his heir, and abdicated in favor of Napoleon himself. Napoleon at this point designated his older brother, 3452: 681: 1975: 3642:, a practical man and a seasoned politician. Murillo carried the same authoritarian tendencies as Narváez but made serious efforts to advance Spanish industry and commerce. He surrounded himself with technocrats who attempted to take an active role in the advancement of the Spanish economy. An aggressive policy of financial reform was coupled with an equally aggressive policy of infrastructure improvement enabled by 2199: 723: 3199: 3572: 2762: 3884: 65: 1960: 3932:. Narváez's new government undid what little Baldomero Espartero had been able to accomplish while in office; the Constitution of 1845 was restored in its entirety and the legislation that Espartero had put forward was entirely reversed in a matter of months. Isabella grew weary of this, too, and a moderate conservative with a less offensive authoritarian character was found in 24: 1640: 1654: 2734: 2531:. The recent betrayal of the army demonstrated to the king that his own government and soldiers were untrustworthy, and the need for domestic stability proved to be more important than the reconquest of the Empire abroad. As a result, the destinies of Spain and her empire on the American mainland were to permanently take separate paths. 4510:

three-fourths of the people. Natural resources such as coal and iron existed but the transportation system was rudimentary, with few canals and navigable rivers. Road travel was slow and expensive. British railroad builders were pessimistic about the potential for freight and passenger traffic and did not invest. Eventually a small

3091:. Within a matter of months, Zumalacárregui reversed the fortunes of the Carlist cause and drove government forces out of most of Navarre, and launched a campaign into Aragon. By 1835, what was once a band of defeated guerrillas in Navarre had turned into an army of 30,000 in control of all of Spain north of the 2924:, calling for an independent Mexican monarchy, in response to the centralism and fears of the liberalism and anticlericalism in Spain. The liberal government of Spain showed less interest in the military reconquest of the colonies than Ferdinand, although it rejected the independence of Mexico in the failed 3870:

President of the Council of Ministers. He too proved unable to work with the government in any meaningful way; he attempted to compromise Espartero's constitution with the 1845 document by, in a bald assertion of power, declaring the 1845 constitution restored with certain specified exceptions, with

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immediately embarked on a campaign to undo the Constitution of 1837, provoking even greater ire from the liberal quarters of her government. Failing in the attempt to overthrow her own constitution, she attempted to undermine the rule of the municipalities in 1840; this proved to be her undoing. She

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had severe negative effects on Spain's economic development. The Peninsular war ravaged towns and countryside alike. There was a sharp decline in population in many areas, caused by casualties, outmigration, and disruption of family life. The demographic impact was the worst of any Spanish war. The

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Espartero was appointed as President of the Council of Ministers, this time by the very queen for whom he had been regent ten years before. Espartero, indebted to O'Donnell for restoring him to power but concerned about having to share power with another man, tried to get him installed to a post as

2527:. Although he refused to accept the loss of the American colonies, Ferdinand was prevented from taking any further action against the rebels in the Americas by the opposition of the United Kingdom and the United States, who voiced their support of the new Latin American republics in the form of the 1733:

Economic transformations throughout the century included the privatisation of communal municipal lands—not interrupted but actually intensified and legitimised during the Fernandine absolutist restorations —as well as the confiscation of Church properties. The early century saw the loss of the bulk

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were to be representatives of the provinces and colonies, but the Regency was unable to hold elections in much of Spain or the Americas. The Regency therefore tried to establish interim territorial representation in the assembly, which approved a decree that it represented the Spanish nation, with

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launched a major uprising against the government during O'Donnell's administration that prefigured future events; the rebellion was crushed brutally by O'Donnell, prompting the same sort of criticism that had toppled Espartero's government years earlier. The queen, listening to the opinion of the

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juntas declared their independence from the Bonapartist government in Spain and sent ambassadors to the United Kingdom. The British alliance with Spain had also moved most of the Latin American colonies out of the Spanish economic sphere and into the British sphere, with whom extensive trade

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rule. President Luis González Bravo was Isabella's first stable president during her effective kingdom, ruling for 6 straight months (from that moment on he would remain loyal to the queen until the end of her kingdom, acting as her very last president decades later at the outbreak of the

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The disruption of local and international trade, and the shortages of critical inputs, seriously hurt industry and services. The loss of a vast colonial empire reduced overall wealth. Spain by 1820 had become one of Europe's poorest and least-developed societies. Illiteracy characterized

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The revolutionary spirit that had just overthrown the Spanish government lacked direction; the coalition of liberals, moderates, and republicans were now faced with the incredible task of finding a government that would suit them better than Isabella. Control of the government passed to

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agitated for a campaign to take Madrid, Carlos ordered his commander to take a port on the coast. In the subsequent campaign, Zumalacárregui died after being shot in the calf. There was suspicion that Carlos, jealous of his general's successes and politics, conspired to have him killed.

4381:, a perennial rebel against the Isabelline governments, was named chief of the government in 1869 and remarked that "to find a democratic king in Europe is as hard as to find an atheist in Heaven!" The aged Espartero was brought up as an option, still having considerable sway among the 4254:

and the revolt of the sergeants at San Gil barracks, in Madrid, sent a signal to Spanish liberals and republicans that there was serious unrest with the state of affairs in Spain that could be harnessed if it were properly led. Liberals and republican exiles abroad made agreements at

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in 1867. These agreements laid the framework for a major uprising, this time not merely to replace the President of the Council of Ministers with a liberal, but to overthrow Isabella herself, whom Spanish liberals and republicans began to see as the source of Spain's ineffectuality.

4521:, especially on grain, which further slowed economic development. For example, eastern Spain was unable to import inexpensive Italian wheat, and had to rely on expensive homegrown products carted in over poor roads. The export market collapsed apart from some agricultural products. 2656:

for her daughter, who at that time was only three years of age. Carlos disputed the legitimacy of Maria Christina's regency and the accession of her daughter, and declared himself to be the rightful heir to the Spanish throne. A half-century of civil war and unrest would follow.

2573:. The end of the wars in the Americas improved the government's financial situation, and by the end of Ferdinand VII's rule the economic and fiscal situation in Spain was improving. A revolt in Catalonia was crushed in 1827, but at large the period saw an uneasy peace in Spain. 3842:, however, meant that most of his term was spent deadlocked; the coalition that Espartero relied on was built on both liberals and moderates, who disagreed fundamentally on the ideology of the new constitution and policies. Espartero's constitution included provisions for the 1988:

was the first national assembly to claim sovereignty in Spain and the Spanish Empire. It represented the abolition of the old kingdoms and the recognition of overseas components of the Spanish Empire for representation. The opening session was held on 24 September 1810.

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to that post in May 1841. Although a noted commander, Espartero was inexperienced with politics and his regency was markedly authoritarian; it was arguably Spain's first experience with military rule. The government wrangled with Espartero over the choice of

3536:. With its finances more in order, the government was able to rebuild the military and, in the 1850s and 1860s, embark on successful infrastructure improvements and campaigns in Africa that are often cited as the most productive aspects of Isabella's reign. 3409:. Olózaga was accused of obtaining the order of dissolution by forcing Queen Isabella to sign against her will. Olózaga had to resign, having only been president of the Council of Ministers for an ephemeral fifteen days. Olózaga, a liberal, was succeeded by 3422:). Isabella's kingdom was to include unstable administration, policies, and governments, due to the various opposition parties that continuously wanted to take over her government – in 1847, for instance, she went through five presidents of the Government. 3345:

delivered his famous "Dios salve al país, Dios salve a la reina!" (God save the country, God save the queen!) speech that led to a strong moderate-liberal coalition that opposed Espartero. This coalition sponsored a third and final uprising led by generals

3072:. The insurrection seemed, at first, a catastrophic failure for the Carlists, who were quickly driven out of most of Aragon and Catalonia, and forced to cling to the uplands of Navarre by the end of 1833. At this crucial moment, however, Carlos named the 3992:, all of whom were exhausted from partisan bickering. Leopoldo O'Donnell's ministry was successful enough in restoring stability at home that they were able to project power abroad, which also helped to pull popular and political attention away from the 3259:

After Luchana, Espartero's government forces successfully drove the Carlists back northward. Knowing that much of the support for the Carlist cause came from supporters of regional autonomy, Espartero convinced the Queen-Regent to compromise with the

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on his accession to the throne in 1814 came as little surprise to most Spaniards; the king had signed on to agreements with the clergy, the church, and with the nobility in his country to return to the earlier state of affairs even before the fall of

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far away from Madrid as possible – in this case, in Cuba. The attempt failed and only alienated Baldomero Espartero's colleague; instead, O'Donnell was given a seat in Espartero's cabinet as war minister, though his influence was greater than his

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was of age. Isabella, now inundated with the competing interests of courtiers espousing an array of ideologies and interests, vacillated as her mother did between them, and served to aggravate those genuinely interested in progress and reform.

339: 340: 338: 337: 2615:. Though surely not a liberal, Ferdinand VII was fearful of Carlos's extremism. War had broken out in neighboring Portugal in 1828 as a result of just such a conflict between reactionary and moderate forces in the royal family – the 3563:

threatened to break the alliance between Britain and France, which had come to a different agreement over the marriage. France and Britain nearly went to war over the issue before it was resolved; the affair contributed to the

2114:. Joseph I had promised radical reform, particularly the centralization of the state, which would cost the local authorities in the American empire their autonomy from Madrid. The Spanish Americans, however, did not support 3723:– was notorious for falsifying election results in favor of his co-conspirators and himself. His appointment as President of the Council of Ministers drew violent agitation from the liberal wing of the Spanish government. 2401:

in April 1823. The Spanish army, fraught by internal divisions, offered little resistance to the well organised French force, who seized Madrid and reinstalled Ferdinand as absolute monarch. The liberals' hopes for a new

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initially rejected the notion of a republic; Serrano was named regent while a search was launched for a suitable monarch to lead the country. A truly liberal constitution was written and successfully promulgated by the

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However, Amadeo had no experience as king, and what experience his father as King of Italy could offer was nothing compared to the extraordinary instability of Spanish politics. Amadeo was instantly confronted with a

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This government – the longest-lasting of all of Isabella's governments – lasted nearly five years before it was deposed in 1863. O'Donnell, reacting against the extremism that came from Espartero's government and the

1777:. Disaffection with Isabella's government from many quarters led to repeated military intervention in political affairs and to several revolutionary attempts against the government, including the 1854 revolution. The 2859:, and Central America still remained under Spanish control in 1820. King Ferdinand VII, however, was dissatisfied with the loss of so much of the Empire and resolved to retake it; a large expedition was assembled in 364: 3619:(January 1849) was inconclusive; Ramón Cabrera, however, was wounded and lost confidence. His departure from Spain caused the rebellion dissolve by May 1849. The Second Carlist War, though contemporaneous with the 3448:, a force merging police and military functions to retain order in the mountainous regions that had been the Carlists' base of support and strength, so as to defend Isabella's rightful kingdom from her enemies. 2329:

liberal government in 1823 further destabilized Spain. The army – whose liberal leanings had brought the government to power – began to waver when the Spanish economy failed to improve, and in 1823, a mutiny in

2634:, rather than to his brother Carlos. Carlos – who disputed the legality of Ferdinand's ability to change the fundamental law of succession in Spain – left the country for Portugal, where he became a guest of 2487: 3324:

attempted a coup in September 1841, attempting to seize the queen, only months after Espartero was named regent. The severity with which Espartero crushed the rebellion led to considerable unpopularity; the

5431: 2314:(Francophiles), who only six years before had been forced out of the country. More radical liberals attempted to revolt against the entire idea of a monarchy, constitutional or otherwise, in 1821; these 5189: 3532:, who embarked on an aggressive program to restore solvency to Spain's finances; in this he was remarkably successful, reforming the tax system which had been badly neglected since the reign of 5436: 2630:

that had the effect of fundamental law in Spain. As a result of the sanction, women were allowed to accede to the Spanish throne, and the succession would fall on Ferdinand's infant daughter,

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gathered support against his detested father. A mob supporting Ferdinand attacked Godoy at the palace of Aranjuez, arresting him. Charles IV under pressure abdicated in favor of his son, now

3461:(r. 1833–1868). Isabella's rule was a chaotic and troubled chapter in Spain's history, wracked by civil wars, coups, and scandal that ended with a successful revolution against the monarchy. 2912:

bands in the countryside. The coup in Spain did not change the centralized policies of the government of Trieno Liberal in Madrid and many Mexicans were disappointed. In 1821, Mexico led by

3936:, who took power in October 1857. Without Narváez's authoritarian touch, however, Peñaranda found that it was now as difficult for conservative policies to be successfully enacted by the 2548:, however, continued to exist as a political force, even if it was excluded from actual policy-making by Ferdinand's restored government. Riego himself was hanged, and he would become a 5441: 4287:

to unravel; many of its supporters, who had crossed party lines to create the party initially, joined the growing movement to overthrow Isabella in favor of a more effective regime.

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as a whole in favor of Murillo's office as President of the Council of Ministers, and the ability for the executive to legislate by decree in times of crisis. Twelve days later, the

1903:, Spain's first, which Joseph I signed. Although the constitution never came into full force, the fact that it provided for representation from regions of Spain and elsewhere in the 5118: 2050:, and established the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, and freedom of the press, and supported land reform and free enterprise. 843: 4385:; even after he rejected the notion of being named king, he still gained eight votes for his coronation in the final tally. Many proposed Isabella's young son Alfonso (the future 3121:

abounded in Madrid, compounding the danger of the Carlist army which was now within striking distance of the capital. Appeals for aid did not fall on deaf ears; France, which had

2083:. The decision to abrogate the Constitution was not welcomed by all, however. Liberals in Spain felt betrayed by the king whom they had decided to support, and many of the local 1391: 3252:) were in the hands of the church lying unused – the church was Spain's single largest landholder in Mendizábal's time. The Mendizábal government also passed a law guaranteeing 2587:

Ferdinand's chief concern after 1823 was how to solve the problem of his own succession. He was married four times in his life, and bore two daughters in all his marriages; the

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marauding armies seized farmers' crops; more important, farmers lost much of their livestock, their main capital asset. Severe poverty was widespread, reducing market demand.

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were similarly friendly, and organized volunteers and material aid for Spain. Still confident of his successes, however, Don Carlos joined his troops on the battlefield. While

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Having failed to take Madrid, and having lost their popular general, the Carlist armies began to weaken. Reinforced with British equipment and manpower, Isabella found in the

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lost confidence in the king's rule. The army, which had backed the pronouncements, had liberal leanings that made the king's position tenuous. Even so, agreements made at the

3817:", as it was called, attempted to forge a policy based on progress in industry, infrastructure, public works, and a national compromise on constitutional and social issues. 377: 5675: 4782: 4131:

Narváez's support for the queen by this time was lukewarm; he had been sacked and seen enough governments thrown out by the queen in his lifetime that he, and much of the

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The Spanish government was growing deeper in debt as the Carlist war dragged on, nearly to the point that it became insolvent. In 1836, the president of the government,

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invited him and his soldiers to the city. The viceroy fled into the interior of the country. From there he resisted successfully, and it was only with the arrival of

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The remainder of Ferdinand's reign was spent restoring domestic stability and the integrity of Spain's finances, which had been in ruins since the occupation of the

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hoping to gather support; garrisons across Spain declared their support for the would-be revolutionaries. Riego and his co-conspirators demanded that the liberal

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were defeated by General Serrano. Isabella then crossed into France and retired from Spanish politics to Paris, where she would remain until her death in 1904.

2381:" was sufficiently uneasy with Spain's liberal government and its surprising hardiness that they were prepared to intervene on Ferdinand's behalf. In 1822, the 2004:

but never captured. The Central Junta dissolved itself on 29 January 1810, and set up a five-person Regency. The five regents then convened the meeting of the "

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The arrival of Spanish forces in the American colonies began in 1814, and was briefly successful in restoring central control over large parts of the Empire.

336: 5589: 4013: 3850:, and, most importantly, a more liberal suffrage than the Constitution of 1845 allowed for. Even before the constitution had been passed, Espartero endorsed 3321: 2096: 4314:

denounced the government and much of the army defected to the revolutionary generals on their arrival in Spain. The queen made a brief show of force at the

2816:. In 1816, however, Bolívar found enough popular support that he was able to return to South America, and in a daring march from Venezuela to New Granada ( 1201: 1185: 4428: 3924:, the symbol of reaction, returned to politics and was named President of the Council of Ministers by Isabella II in 1856, who switched her favor to the 2239:

be restored. Before the coup became an outright revolution, King Ferdinand agreed to the demands of the revolutionaries and swore by the constitution. A

1686: 660: 3528:'s regency, and the difficulties of the Espartero government left the finances in a terrible situation. Narváez entrusted the finances to the minister 5732: 4773: 3726: 3670: 2576: 269: 3608: 3308:, a radical liberal politician, as the young queen's tutor. From Paris, Maria Cristina railed against the decision and attracted the support of the 2936:

tried to recapture Mexico from Cuba in 1829. With the king Ferdinand VII's death in 1833 Spain finally abandoned all plans of military re-conquest.

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himself and ruled by royal decree. He declared Spain to be in a state of siege and dismantled a number of institutions that had been set up by the

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after Murillo's flamboyance. The army, dissatisfied with Roncali a few months later, convinced the queen to oust him, replacing him with General

3380:, now exasperated by serial revolutions, coups, and counter-coups, decided not to name another regent, and instead declared that the 13-year-old 1554: 1262: 129: 3363: 1722:, who repealed the 1812 Constitution for the first time in 1814, only to be forced to swear over the constitution again in 1820 after a liberal 4982: 4654: 3032: 2580: 1541: 1478: 101: 4420:, Amadeo had less of the troublesome political baggage that a German or French claimant would bring, and his liberal credentials were strong. 3012: 335: 43: 5727: 4545: 3061: 2666: 1317: 383: 4471:

erupted, chiefly in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. In February 1873, Amadeo declared the people of Spain "ungovernable" and abdicated.

4028:. O'Donnell, even while President of the Council of Ministers, personally took command of the army in this campaign, for which he was named 2788: 4005: 3142: 1016: 5095: 4192: 3611:

as commander of the Carlist armies in Spain. A force of 10,000 men was raised by the Carlists; in response to fears of further escalation

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After their fall from grace in 1823 at the hands of a French invasion, Spanish liberals had pinned their hopes on Ferdinand VII's spouse

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after his restoration) were banned again by the radical government. For the duration of liberal rule, King Ferdinand (though technically

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Hamnett, Brian. "Spain and Portugal and the Loss of their Continental American Territories in the 1820s: An Examination of the Issues."

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in the provinces. The Electoral Law of 1846 limited the suffrage to the wealthy and established a property bar for voting. In spite of

5380: 4843: 4511: 3960:. Istúriz, though Isabella admired him, lacked any support from the conservative wing of the government, and was adamantly opposed by 3700: 3039:

in 1833, she made it clear to the court that she intended no such reforms. Even still, an alliance of convenience was formed with the

2595:, which still stood in Ferdinand's time, excluded women from the succession. By that law, Ferdinand's successor would be his brother, 2261: 1365: 530: 517: 4946:

Luengo, Jorge, and Pol Dalmau. "Writing Spanish history in the global age: connections and entanglements in the nineteenth century."

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Esdaile, Charles. "Enlightened absolutism versus theocracy in the Spanish restoration: 1814–50." in David Laven and Lucy Riall, eds.

3646:'s financial reforms in the preceding decade. A serious effort to build a rail network in Spain was begun by the Murillo government. 2796:, 9 December 1824. The defeat of the Spanish army at Ayacucho was the definitive end of Spain's empire on the South America mainland. 1891:. Napoleon had already invaded Portugal 1807, and had troops on the ground in Spain already. Napoleon called on Ferdinand to come to 5468: 4816: 4753: 4738: 4697: 4214: 3805:, who came into power with immense popularity, attempted to reconcile their differences and form a coalition party that crossed the 3565: 2999: 2720: 2469: 2185: 1858: 228: 210: 148: 115: 51: 3330: 3244:

was only justice. Mendizábal recognized, also, that immense amounts of Spanish land (much of it given as far back as the reigns of

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in the New World had largely supported the cause of Ferdinand VII over the Bonapartist pretender to the throne in the midst of the

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that regarded him as an outsider, even after it had elected him King; politicians conspired with and against him; and a 1872–1876

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Although there were a few Spaniards who supported Napoleon's seizure of power in Spain, many regional centers rose up and formed

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that turned the tide of the war. After years of vacillation on the issue of reform, events compelled Maria Cristina to accept a

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from the queen, but the queen within days withdrew her support for the plan, and cast her lot behind Olózaga's opponent in the

3138: 3044: 3016: 2596: 1525: 1357: 646: 97: 3489:, were anxious to centralize the administration. The law of 8 January 1845 did just that, stifling local autonomy in favor of 5836: 2247:(liberal) government was appointed, though the king expressed his disaffection with the new administration and constitution. 1679: 86: 5498: 5316: 5090: 4550: 4311: 3933: 3662: 3351: 3223: 3207: 3146: 3106: 3076: 2119: 1423: 1178: 1056: 730: 483: 5421: 5385: 5211: 4530: 3835: 3556: 3524:

had had some progress in improving Spain's financial situation through those programs. The Carlist War, the excesses of

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to all those involved in the 1820 coup and the liberal government that followed it, the original architect of the coup,

2075: 2035: 1978: 1964: 1954: 1920: 1786: 1711: 1111: 1095: 951: 619: 3921: 3720: 3612: 3470: 2897:, where the entire Spanish Army of Peru and the Viceroy were captured. The Battle of Ayacucho signified the end of the 2836:

declared its independence in 1816. Chile was retaken by Spain in 1814, but lost permanently in 1817 when an army under

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Allies Or Enemies: Political relations Between Spain and Great Britain during the reign of Ferdinand VII (1808–1833)

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Leandro Prados de la Escosura and Carlos Santiago-Caballero, "The Napoleonic Wars: A Watershed in Spanish History?"

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was again named President of the Council of Ministers in Madrid in October 1847. The biggest battle of the war, the

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line, which was inaugurated in 1848. Another railway—the Havana–Güines line—had been already opened in Cuba in 1837.

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in 1848. Fury raged in Spain over the queen's nonchalance with the national interest and worsened her public image.

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deposed Isabella and installed a provisional government, leading up to the election of a constituent assembly under

5348: 5045: 4975: 4393:, the former regent of neighboring Portugal, was sometimes raised as a possibility. A nomination offered to Prince 3866:, but also by the queen and General O'Donnell. Espartero's coalition with O'Donnell collapsed, and the queen named 3735: 3676:

Murillo, flush with economic and international successes, announced a series of policies on 2 December 1852 to the

3552: 3134: 2805: 2627: 1782: 1778: 1572: 1546: 1000: 4920: 4377:. The republicans were, on the whole, willing to accept a monarch if he was capable and abided by a constitution. 3831:

reform. Most of Espartero's tenure was absorbed into promulgating the new constitution he intended to replace the

3669:, the process of selling church lands. Murillo's negotiations with the Papacy were aided by Narváez's role in the 3292:, president of the government. Maria Cristina resigned the regency after Espartero attempted a program of reform. 75: 5742: 5522: 5448: 5194: 5138: 5133: 4518: 4057: 3544: 2905: 1743: 1672: 1608: 1593: 1486: 1431: 786: 744: 4196: 3623:, is rarely included as part of the same phenomenon, since the rebels in Spain were not fighting for liberal or 3098: 2981: 2702: 2451: 2167: 2118:

and wanted self-governance. The juntas in the Americas did not accept the governments of the Europeans, neither

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Simal, Juan Luis. "«Strange Means of Governing»: The Spanish Restoration in European Perspective (1813–1820)."

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policies prompted him to bombard the city, serving only to loosen his tenuous grip on power. On 20 May 1843,

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launched a guerilla campaign against government forces in the region and pronounced themselves in favor of

3175:. The constitution also established state responsibility for the upkeep of the church, and a resurgence of 5416: 5259: 5065: 5055: 4881:

Fehrenbach, Charles Wentz. "Moderados and Exaltados: The Liberal Opposition to Ferdinand VII, 1814–1823."

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sentiment, led to the disbandment of some religious orders which considerably reduced the strength of the

2496: 2217: 2115: 2084: 2071: 2063: 1926: 1794: 1719: 1559: 1286: 1254: 1087: 632: 456: 4905: 4668: 3771: 3750:, which had broken out in March of that year, had led to an increase in grain prices across Europe and a 2242: 5755: 5712: 5609: 5569: 5544: 5353: 5301: 4968: 3875:. The act led to O'Donnell's ousting; the "Constitution of 1855" was never successfully put into place. 3715:, to be named President of the Council of Ministers. Sartorius – who had gained power only by betraying 3616: 3445: 3265: 3236:, that involved the confiscation and sale of church, mainly monastic, property. Many liberals, who bore 3180: 2612: 2386: 2285: 1603: 1533: 1325: 289: 4280: 4104: 4061: 3887: 3867: 3767: 3712: 3501:

and Narváez's efforts to suppress the unrest in Spain, which included lingering Carlist sentiments and

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was liberated on 24 June 1821 when Bolívar destroyed the Spanish army on the fields of Carabobo on the

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as first minister. Many of Godoy's decisions were criticised and increasingly Charles's son and heir,

5642: 5574: 5564: 5411: 5370: 5358: 5025: 4535: 4389:), but many thought that he would invariably be dominated by his mother and would inherit her flaws. 4386: 4303: 4291: 4128:, again sacked O'Donnell, and replaced him with Narváez, who had just been sacked two years earlier. 4052: 3997: 3897: 3847: 3458: 3381: 3253: 3211: 2925: 2635: 2631: 2339: 2264:, and intended to reduce the regional autonomy that had been a hallmark of Spanish bureaucracy since 2236: 2070:

On 24 March 1814, six weeks after returning to Spain, Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution. King

1900: 1798: 1758: 1309: 1064: 912: 702: 4040:, while a general, had either allowed Jews back onto Spanish territory for the first time since the 3607:. The rebellion grew, and by 1848 it was relevant enough that Carlos sponsored it himself and named 3477:. A series of reforms promulgated by Narváez's government attempted to stabilize the situation. The 3451: 3117:

The position of the government was growing increasingly desperate. Rumors of a liberal coup to oust

3035:, who bore some marks as a liberal and a reformer. However, when she became regent for her daughter 5692: 5579: 5559: 5549: 5331: 5306: 5070: 4555: 4398: 4358: 4111:, who had already saved Spain's finances, proved ineffectual, Isabella turned to her old warhorse, 4080:

The coalition broke apart in 1863 when old factional lines broke O'Donnell's cabinet: the issue of

4025: 3843: 3820: 3783: 3620: 3533: 3474: 3469:

was written in 1845. It was backed by the new Narváez government begun in May 1844, led by General

3390: 3317: 3300: 3289: 3158: 3130: 2929: 2913: 2845: 2821: 2770: 2588: 2544: 2516: 2369:" as an instrument of international stability in Europe. While Ferdinand had been rebuffed by the " 2293: 1872: 1302: 892: 848: 4112: 3909: 3635: 3347: 2882: 2801: 5687: 5682: 5584: 5554: 5503: 5343: 5326: 5265: 5162: 5128: 5020: 4796: 3961: 3707:, which by then were unsatisfied with the army's intervening in government affairs, arranged for 3639: 3592: 3249: 3245: 3088: 2894: 2829: 2793: 2382: 2358: 2092: 2080: 1703: 1415: 1228: 1219: 1032: 920: 823: 304: 4769:"Monarquía absoluta y desamortización municipal: los traspasos a censo perpetuo de Fernando VII" 2301: 2198: 1993: 1985: 1968: 1950: 1210: 1103: 504: 3505:

supporters of the old Espartero government, Spain's situation remained uneasy. A revolt led by

3198: 5702: 5614: 5599: 5594: 5534: 5473: 5463: 5375: 5284: 5270: 5226: 5205: 5143: 4849: 4839: 4812: 4749: 4734: 4693: 4468: 4444: 4432: 4405: 3654: 3506: 3486: 3162: 3080: 2945: 2917: 2909: 2809: 2742: 2608: 2592: 2562: 2500: 2378: 2100: 2047: 2001: 1790: 1715: 1613: 1439: 1278: 1270: 1193: 4687: 3766:

dictatorship and the corruption of the Sartorius government broke out in revolution. General

2318:

were suppressed, though the incident served to illustrate the frail coalition that bound the

5796: 5789: 5634: 5493: 5399: 5321: 5231: 5199: 5113: 5003: 4995: 4786: 4448: 4299: 3892: 3814: 3790:

government collapsed before them and Espartero returned to politics at the head of an army.

3692: 3576: 3237: 3176: 3171: 3051: 2539: 2393:– was only too happy to put an end to Spain's liberal experiment, and a massive army – the " 2297: 2228: 2204: 2088: 1937:

was considered an illegitimate sovereign. Bloody warfare raged in Spain and Portugal in the

1934: 1896: 993: 836: 816: 795: 438: 405: 4267:

Her continual vacillation between liberal and conservative quarters had, by 1868, outraged

4032:. A new agreement was made with the Vatican in 1859 that reopened the possibility of legal 3354:, who finally overthrew Espartero in 1843, after which the deposed regent fled to England. 5662: 5657: 5453: 5148: 5080: 4502: 4119:, who were promptly rewarded for their agitation by another O'Donnell government. General 4041: 3596: 3188: 3122: 2933: 2890: 2863:

with the aim of reconquest. However the army was to create political problems of its own.

2841: 2570: 2528: 2366: 2362: 2277: 2252: 2209: 2131: 2111: 1880: 1727: 1502: 1463: 1153: 463: 415: 4435:, just landed in Spain, standing before the corpse of his main supporter in the country, 4323: 2024: 4115:, in 1864 to make certain that things did not get out of hand; this only infuriated the 3362: 2268:

in the 16th and 17th centuries. The opposition of the affected regions – in particular,

1974: 5805: 5722: 5697: 5624: 5539: 5123: 5050: 4409: 4243: 3810: 3731: 3658: 3084: 2921: 2898: 2415: 2265: 2107: 1938: 1916: 1904: 1793:

as constitutional monarch was followed after his abdication by the proclamation of the

1762: 1735: 1707: 1658: 1470: 1399: 1162: 1080: 1024: 568: 561: 349: 4869:

Response to Revolution: Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810–1840

5825: 5763: 5619: 4832: 4800: 4136: 4108: 4073: 3851: 3688:

successfully convinced the queen to sack Juan Bravo Murillo and find a new minister.

3653:

with the Vatican on the issue of religion in Spain; it was conclusively decided that

3643: 3529: 3455: 3393:'s fall. His commission to form a government was, however, highly unpopular with the 3192: 3110: 3073: 3024: 2782: 2641: 2508: 2370: 2347: 2343: 2315: 1930: 1888: 1884: 1494: 1135: 1040: 716: 585: 275: 2519:

were reinstated once more, and some autonomy was again devolved to the provinces of

2511:

embarked on a policy intended to restore old conservative values to government; the

5810: 5768: 5652: 5508: 3680:. Prominent among the reforms he suggested were the reduction of the powers of the 3673:, where he had led Spanish soldiers in the pope's defense against revolutionaries. 3571: 3437: 3285: 2761: 2754: 2616: 2512: 2351: 1766: 1644: 688: 4459:. Amadeo swore on the general's corpse that he would uphold Spain's constitution. 2377:

in his request for help against the liberal revolutionaries in 1820, by 1822 the "

2031:

consisted of 97 deputies, of whom 47 were Cadiz residents serving as alternates.

3161:

a man capable of suppressing the rebellion; in 1836, he won a key victory at the

362: 334: 5750: 5647: 5040: 4001: 3883: 3747: 3746:

broke out bringing together a wide coalition of outrages against the state. The

3743: 3126: 3036: 2645: 2600: 2390: 2310: 2043: 1876: 1008: 967: 477: 447: 321: 64: 4047: 3928:; Espartero, frustrated and bitter with political life, retired permanently to 3858:

against communal lands in Spain; the plan was strongly opposed not only by the

3169:

in 1837 that substantively increased the powers of the Spanish parliament, the

1714:, Spain was divided between the 1812 constitution's liberal principles and the 4915:

Paquette, Gabriel. "Romantic Liberalism In Spain And Portugal, c. 1825–1850."

4791: 4107:'s legislation but Spain's economic situation took a turn for the worse; when 3929: 3755: 3338: 3272:

and recognizing the defeat of the Carlists. Don Carlos again went into exile.

3092: 2844:

from Argentina to Chile, and went on to defeat Spanish royalist forces at the

1959: 959: 4853: 4139:

party had been growing in strength, roughly in step with the fortunes of the

3980:

governments that followed it, managed to pull some results from a functional

1933:. Spanish America also created juntas to rule in the name of the king, since 5604: 5311: 4860:

Bullen, Roger. "France and the Problem of Intervention in Spain 1834–1836."

4452: 4436: 4378: 4307: 4251: 4120: 4037: 3802: 3650: 3624: 3588: 3510: 3334: 3240:

sentiments, saw the clergy as having allied with the Carlists, and thus the

3065: 2870: 2833: 2825: 2524: 2503:

in 1823, took repressive measures against the liberal forces in his country.

2288:, and its attempts to bring about industrialization alienated ancient trade 2273: 2232: 1739: 428: 3580: 3264:

on the issue of regional autonomy and retain their loyalty. The subsequent

1996:. French forces took control of southern Spain and the Junta retreated to 1907:, namely Spanish America and the Philippines, set an important precedent. 5030: 4295: 4260: 3695:, governed briefly, and did well to maintain a civil atmosphere with the 2889:

in 1823 that the Spanish royalist forces were defeated at the battles of

2860: 2817: 2604: 2398: 2221: 1997: 879: 864: 580: 4135:

had great doubts about her ability. The consensus spread; since 1854, a

2733: 2507:

Immediately following the restoration of absolutist rule in Spain, King

2099:) starting a year later would cement international support for the old, 4886: 4689:

The Spanish Right and the Jews, 1898–1945: Antisemitism and Opportunism

4373:

The search for a suitable king proved to be quite problematic for the c

4069: 4065: 4021: 3494: 3441: 3102: 3020: 2856: 2750: 2738: 2535: 2374: 2335: 2002:

Cádiz was besieged by the French from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812

1892: 1770: 1349: 422: 2534:

Although in the interests of stability Ferdinand VII issued a general

4256: 3751: 3490: 3184: 3069: 3056: 2653: 2553: 2549: 2520: 2331: 2269: 2224: 928: 395: 4290:

The die was cast in September 1868, when naval forces under admiral

3786:, the man that O'Donnell had actively rebelled against in 1841. The 3587:

Partly as a result of this, a major rebellion broke out in northern

2603:

and an authoritarian who desired the restoration of the traditional

2231:, the conspirators seized their commander and led their army around 4895:(Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2015). 4746:

Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939

4024:

that earned Spain a favorable peace and new territories across the

3809:

lines that had dominated and restricted Spanish politics since the

3095:, with the exception of the fortified ports on the northern coast. 4991: 4427: 4413: 4339: 4237: 4046: 3882: 3725: 3665:

would be regulated by the state. In addition, the state renounced

3570: 3450: 3361: 3197: 3097: 3011: 2813: 2787: 2760: 2732: 2575: 2481: 2289: 2197: 2057: 1992:

In November 1809, the army of the Central Junta was routed at the

1973: 1958: 4960: 3948:

faction was now divided, with some favoring Leopoldo O'Donnell's

3043:

faction at court against the conservatives, who backed the rebel

2644:

died in 1833, at the age of 49. He was succeeded by his daughter

2583:, Queen Consort (1822–1833) and Queen Regent (1833–1840) of Spain 1910: 1875:

was characterized by his lack of interest in governing. His wife

4910:

The Krausist Movement and Ideological Change in Spain, 1854–1874

3389:

was named the first president of the Council of Ministers after

2908:, resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small 2878: 2874: 2852: 2552:

for the liberal cause in Spain and would be memorialized in the

2308:

government, summoning up accusations of being nothing more than

4964: 4876:

Napoleon’s Legacy: Problems of Government in Restoration Europe

3493:; the act contributed to the revolt of 1847 and the revival of 1765:(1823–1833). Civil wars broke out in the country—the so-called 4164: 3329:, increasingly rebellious against him, selected an old rival, 2949: 2670: 2419: 2276:– shared the king's antipathy for the liberal government. The 2135: 1808: 160: 58: 17: 4514:

radiating from Madrid, and bypassing the natural resources.

3113:, saved the Carlist cause from the brink of disaster in 1833. 1911:

Napoleon's 1808 invasion and Spanish resistance, (1808–1814)

4607:

King of the French: A Portrait of Louis Philippe, 1773–1850

4370:

in 1869 – the first such constitution in Spain since 1812.

4279:

and enabled, ironically, a front that crossed party lines.

4147:

had been in coalition with the Republicans at times in the

4096:

against him; his government collapsed on 27 February 1863.

3473:, one of the original architects of the revolution against 2648:

under the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction, and his spouse,

3952:

ideal. Isabella then sacked Peñaranda – to the ire of the

1702:

in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by

3627:

ideas, but rather conservative and even absolutist ones.

2808:, was briefly forced into exile in the British colony of 1761:

brought reforms repelling the extremes of the absolutist

3649:

Murillo, facing the issue of anti-clericalism, signed a

3509:

in 1845 included the support of key generals, including

3268:

in 1839 was a success, protecting the privileges of the

2638:, the absolutist pretender in that country's civil war. 1899:

as king of Spain. An assembly of Spaniards ratified the

4891:

Jakóbczyk-Adamczyk, Patrycja M., and Jacek Chelminiak.

3516:

Narváez ended the sale of church lands promoted by the

2607:

of the Spanish state, the elimination of any traces of

1769:—pitting the government forces against the reactionary 3968:

in any form; O'Donnell's faction was able to give the

3770:

took the lead in the revolution; after the indecisive

3397:; he allegedly received the authority to dissolve the 3195:– were again expelled by the wartime regency in 1835. 3050:

Carlos, who declared his support for the ancient, pre-

4609:(New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1957) pp. 146–160. 4084:, brought up again, antagonized the two wings of the 3661:

of Spain, but that the contribution of the church in

3481:, which had been uneasy with the settlement with the 3218:

by the state as a solution to Spain's financial woes.

4647:"El primer ferrocarril español se construyó en Cuba" 4574:

Naval flag, introduced as the national flag in 1843.

3137:

in 1830, was sympathetic to the Cristino cause. The

2304:

during the French occupation—was ended again by the

1941:, much of which was fought using guerrilla tactics. 5741: 5633: 5521: 5398: 5283: 5161: 5106: 5011: 5002: 3890:, Spanish general and statesman. O'Donnell led the 3778:that pronounced himself in favor of Spain's former 3444:insurrection in northern Spain, he established the 1944: 579: 554: 540: 527: 514: 501: 489: 474: 444: 434: 421: 411: 401: 391: 245: 89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4831: 4064:launched a series of successful campaigns against 3520:. This put him into a difficult situation, as the 2777:Spanish liberals opposed to the abrogation of the 1805:Abdications of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII (1808) 2904:Although Mexico had been in revolt in 1811 under 2342:in the 18th century, only to be rehabilitated by 2227:before they were shipped to the Americas. Led by 3691:The next President of the Council of Ministers, 1929:to rule in the name of the ousted Bourbon king, 1879:dominated him, and both husband and wife backed 4783:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 4004:, the allied expedition sent in support of the 3333:, as their chief minister. Another uprising in 2869:, who had already helped to liberate Chile and 2008:of Cádiz", operating as a government in exile. 3428:, leading the moderate faction, dissolved the 2212:(1820–1823), a period of liberal rule in Spain 1801:, bringing the Bourbon dynasty back to power. 1797:, which was replaced after a 1874 coup by the 4976: 4593: 3068:, which valued their ancient privileges from 2940:The Carlist War and the Regencies (1833–1843) 1680: 347: 319: 250: 8: 3908:elements that would alternate in power with 2023:opened its session in September 1810 on the 1706:from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive " 1945:Spain's first national assembly (1810–1814) 302: 52:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5527: 5404: 5289: 5167: 5008: 4983: 4969: 4961: 4306:'s father a half-century before. Generals 3603:, carrier of the Carlist cause and son of 3233:Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal 2824:in 1819, ending Spanish rule in Colombia. 1687: 1673: 780: 376: 242: 4790: 4357:, an architect of the revolution against 4215:Learn how and when to remove this message 3671:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 3060:, received considerable support from the 3000:Learn how and when to remove this message 2721:Learn how and when to remove this message 2661:Spanish American independence (1810–1833) 2470:Learn how and when to remove this message 2186:Learn how and when to remove this message 2097:Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador 1859:Learn how and when to remove this message 1773:, a legitimist movement in favour of the 229:Learn how and when to remove this message 211:Learn how and when to remove this message 149:Learn how and when to remove this message 4178:This section includes a list of general 2963:This section includes a list of general 2804:, the leader of revolutionary forces in 2684:This section includes a list of general 2433:This section includes a list of general 2149:This section includes a list of general 2087:that had pronounced against the rule of 2038:was established on 19 March 1812 by the 1822:This section includes a list of general 772:as President of the Council of Ministers 174:This article includes a list of general 4586: 4567: 4344:The Provisional Government in 1869, by 4036:of church property. The previous year, 3964:. Isabella was then disgusted with the 3543:to marry her cousin, a Bourbon prince, 3413:, a moderate, inaugurating a decade of 2624:Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 794: 783: 767: 661:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 473: 4774:Hispania. Revista Española de Historia 4767:Linares Luján, Antonio Manuel (2020). 4655:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes 3719:and following the fortunes of General 3033:Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 2581:Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 1416:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike 5254:Natural Sites of Community Importance 4635:(New York: Vintage Books, 1968) p. 7. 4546:Spanish American wars of independence 4044:in 1492, or he would do so in 1868. 3575:The builders of the first railway in 3371:President of the Council of Ministers 3017:Carlos María Isidro, Infante of Spain 2877:in 1820. In 1821, the inhabitants of 2820:), he defeated Spanish forces at the 2667:Spanish American wars of independence 2220:in the expedition being outfitted at 2016:sovereignty over Spain and Americas. 539: 526: 513: 500: 496: 443: 7: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4246:in Madrid during the 1868 Revolution 3984:coalition of centrist, conciliatory 3879:The end of the old order (1856–1868) 3465:A new constitution, authored by the 2622:In 1830, at the advice of his wife, 2611:, and a close relationship with the 2284:government led to friction with the 2216:A conspiracy of liberal mid-ranking 87:adding citations to reliable sources 5733:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 4883:Hispanic American Historical Review 4733:. London: Oxford University Press. 4669:"Spain Virtual Jewish History Tour" 4485:Following Amadeo's abdication, the 4455:was assassinated while leaving the 4416:, was selected. The younger son of 4404:In August 1870, an Italian prince, 4395:Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 2262:reorganized Spain into 52 provinces 2074:'s refusal to agree to the liberal 1742:in the 1810s and 1820s, except for 1565:Catalan declaration of independence 4955:Journal of Modern European History 4927:Spain, 1833–2002: People and State 4900:Spain's First Carlist War, 1833–40 4475:First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) 4451:on 27 November, the same day that 4336:Provisional Government (1868–1871) 4184:it lacks sufficient corresponding 3730:Episode of the 1854 revolution in 3631:Rule by Pronunciamento (1849–1856) 2969:it lacks sufficient corresponding 2690:it lacks sufficient corresponding 2439:it lacks sufficient corresponding 2296:—which had been abolished by both 2155:it lacks sufficient corresponding 1828:it lacks sufficient corresponding 531:1833 territorial division of Spain 518:1822 territorial division of Spain 180:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 4761:Britain and the First Carlist War 4447:on 3 November 1870. He landed in 3513:, who was imprisoned by Narváez. 2250:Three years of liberal rule (the 98:"History of Spain" 1808–1874 33:This article has multiple issues. 4838:. University of Missouri Press. 4834:Spain and the American Civil War 4633:1848: The Making of a Revolution 4443:Amadeo was duly elected King as 4169: 3295:In the absence of a regent, the 2954: 2675: 2424: 2410:The "Ominous Decade" (1823–1833) 2385:authorized France to intervene. 2140: 2095:(where Spain was represented by 1813: 1652: 1638: 805: 749: 735: 721: 707: 693: 679: 665: 651: 637: 612: 360: 332: 282: 268: 165: 63: 22: 5297:Autonomous communities of Spain 4155:Sexenio Democrático (1868–1874) 3871:or without the approval of the 3561:Affair of the Spanish Marriages 3551:was married to the French king 3275:Freed from the Carlist threat, 1358:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 647:United Provinces of New Granada 382:The Kingdom of Spain after the 74:needs additional citations for 41:or discuss these issues on the 5708:National and regional identity 4763:. Darby, PA: Norwood Editions. 4302:had launched his coup against 3827:government after ten years of 3754:in Galicia. Riots against the 3539:Isabella was convinced by the 2397:" – was dispatched across the 1: 4551:Contemporary history of Spain 4006:French intervention in Mexico 3133:with the liberal monarchy of 2566:, more than a century later. 1057:War of the Spanish Succession 4950:13.3 (2018): 425–445. online 4759:Gallardo, Alexander (1978). 4744:Esdaile, Charles S. (2000). 4673:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 4653:(9). Madrid: 75 – via 4531:History of Spain (1700-1808) 4283:'s death in 1867 caused the 4103:immediately took to undoing 3557:Antoine, Duke of Montpensier 2542:, was executed. The liberal 2076:Spanish Constitution of 1812 2036:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1955:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1921:Spain under Joseph Bonaparte 1712:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1017:Colonisation of the Americas 386:of its American territories. 5728:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 4645:Fernández Sanz, F. (2001). 4541:Mexican War of Independence 4418:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 4234:Glorious Revolution (Spain) 4014:expedition to Santo Domingo 3758:erupted in the cities, and 3601:Carlos, Conde de Montemolin 3331:José Ramón Rodil y Campillo 3023:cause and pretender to the 2769:over Spanish forces at the 2741:junta replaces the Spanish 2499:, after his restoration as 2404:Spanish War of Independence 2395:100,000 Sons of Saint Louis 2126:Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) 2042:of Cádiz. It abolished the 1718:personified by the rule of 769:as First Secretary of State 5853: 4941:European History Quarterly 4497:Economic and social impact 4478: 4333: 4250:The 1866 rebellion led by 4231: 4158: 4016:, and most importantly, a 3940:as it was for Espartero's 3934:Francisco Armero Peñaranda 3210:. Mendizábal proposed the 2943: 2901:on the American mainland. 2758:relations were developed. 2664: 2626:, Ferdinand VII decreed a 2413: 2373:" of Russia, Austria, and 2334:had to be suppressed. The 2129: 1965:first Spanish Constitution 1948: 1914: 1783:universal manhood suffrage 1726:, giving way to the brief 1555:2008–2014 financial crisis 731:Protectorate of San Martín 5783: 5530: 5407: 5292: 5170: 4948:Journal of global history 4792:10.3989/hispania.2020.004 4517:The government relied on 3823:attempted to rebuild the 3436:movement such as elected 3358:Moderado rule (1843–1849) 3212:sale of church property ( 2906:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 2599:. Carlos, however, was a 2488:The execution of Torrijos 1487:Spain during World War II 1318:Regency of María Cristina 1186:Regency of María Cristina 765: 745:Republic of Spanish Haiti 591: 550: 497: 375: 314: 298: 264: 259: 5386:Wars and armed conflicts 5026:Ancient History Timeline 4830:Bowen, Wayne H. (2011). 4620:France: A Modern History 4512:railway system was built 4391:Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg 3972:another chance in 1858. 3958:Francisco Javier Istúriz 3956:– and replaced him with 3838:. The resistance of the 3762:outraged at a decade of 3405:, the Minister of State 2338:(who had been banned by 1779:1868 Glorious revolution 1710:" ensued. Following the 1542:1981 coup d'état attempt 1342:Spain during World War I 921:Kingdom of the Visigoths 5832:Modern history of Spain 5086:Transition to democracy 5061:Reaction and revolution 4807:Pierson, Peter (1999). 4686:Rohr, Isabelle (2007). 4199:more precise citations. 3776:Manifesto of Manzanares 3736:Eugenio Lucas Velázquez 3605:Infante Carlos of Spain 3280:was forced to name the 3226:, offered a program of 3224:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal 3208:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal 3107:Tomás de Zumalacárregui 3077:Tomás de Zumalacárregui 3045:Infante Carlos of Spain 2984:more precise citations. 2765:The victory of General 2705:more precise citations. 2617:War of the Two Brothers 2558:Second Spanish Republic 2454:more precise citations. 2170:more precise citations. 1967:was established by the 1843:more precise citations. 1526:Transition to democracy 771: 768: 195:more precise citations. 5676:International Interest 5484:Science and technology 5180:Autonomous communities 4919:58.2 (2015): 481–511. 4729:Carr, Raymond (2000). 4651:Revista Hispano Cubana 4491:First Spanish Republic 4481:First Spanish Republic 4440: 4349: 4330:Provisional Government 4298:– the same place that 4247: 4077: 3996:; Spain supported the 3917: 3896:party in the court of 3739: 3584: 3566:fall of Louis-Philippe 3545:Francis, Duke of Cádiz 3462: 3373: 3219: 3187:– expelled during the 3114: 3028: 2932:resisted to 1825, and 2928:. The last bastion of 2797: 2774: 2746: 2584: 2504: 2350:) lived under virtual 2213: 2067: 2064:Ferdinand VII of Spain 1981: 1971: 1795:First Spanish Republic 1560:2017 Barcelona attacks 1392:Provisional Government 1263:Provisional Government 1136:Absolutist restoration 1088:Abdications of Bayonne 542:• Disestablished 348: 329:(1813–1822; 1823–1873) 320: 303: 251: 5837:19th century in Spain 5713:National Day of Spain 4957:15.2 (2017): 197–220. 4943:41.3 (2011): 397–412. 4912:(Cambridge UP, 1981). 4864:20.2 (1977): 363–393. 4811:. London: Greenwood. 4431: 4361:'s dictatorship. The 4343: 4275:, and members of the 4241: 4050: 3886: 3729: 3574: 3549:Maria Louisa Fernanda 3547:. Her younger sister 3454: 3365: 3266:Convention of Vergara 3201: 3101: 3015: 2887:Antonio José de Sucre 2791: 2764: 2736: 2613:Roman Catholic Church 2579: 2493:Antonio Gisbert Pérez 2485: 2387:Louis XVIII of France 2365:had inaugurated the " 2322:government together. 2286:Roman Catholic Church 2201: 2061: 2011:The delegates to the 1977: 1962: 1789:. The brief spell of 1547:Madrid train bombings 1424:1936 general election 1326:Reign of Alfonso XIII 1112:Constitution of Cádiz 402:Common languages 5317:Constitutional Court 4906:López-Morillas, Juan 4885:50.1 (1970): 52–69. 4809:The History of Spain 4536:Spanish confiscation 4387:Alfonso XII of Spain 4292:Juan Bautista Topete 4060:. The government of 4053:The battle of Tetuan 3848:freedom of the press 3836:constitution of 1845 3807:progresista-moderado 3459:Isabella II of Spain 3337:in 1842 against his 3254:freedom of the press 3109:. Zumalacárregui, a 3019:, the leader of the 2779:Constitution of 1812 2406:were not fulfilled. 2237:Constitution of 1812 2066:(r. 1808, 1814–1833) 2054:Reaction (1814–1820) 1979:Constitution of 1812 1901:Bayonne Constitution 1799:reign of Alfonso XII 1785:that elaborated the 1573:Coronavirus pandemic 1534:Current constitution 1519:Contemporary history 1334:Spanish–American War 1310:Reign of Alfonso XII 1202:Regency of Espartero 1179:Reign of Isabella II 1065:Nueva Planta Decrees 913:Kingdom of the Suebi 703:First Mexican Empire 484:Congress of Deputies 83:improve this article 5260:Plazas de soberanía 4867:Costeloe, Michael. 4556:Restoration (Spain) 4399:Franco-Prussian War 4359:Baldomero Espartero 4228:Glorious Revolution 4161:Sexenio Democrático 4026:Strait of Gibraltar 4018:successful campaign 3922:Ramón María Narváez 3844:freedom of religion 3821:Baldomero Espartero 3784:Baldomero Espartero 3772:Battle of Vicálvaro 3717:Luis González Bravo 3709:Luis José Sartorius 3621:revolutions of 1848 3426:Luis González Bravo 3411:Luis González Bravo 3407:Luis González Bravo 3318:Manuel de la Concha 3301:Baldomero Espartero 3159:Baldomero Espartero 2914:Agustin de Iturbide 2846:Battle of Chacabuco 2771:Battle of Chacabuco 2545:Partido Progresista 2517:Spanish Inquisition 1448:Nationalist victory 1369:of Dámaso Berenguer 1255:Sexenio Democrático 1238:Glorious Revolution 1144:Sexenio Absolutista 994:Early modern period 893:Diocese of Hispania 355:("Anthem of Riego") 5489:Telecommunications 5190:Biosphere Reserves 5091:Contemporary Spain 5081:Spain under Franco 5021:Prehistoric Iberia 4929:(Oxford UP, 2007). 4917:Historical Journal 4862:Historical Journal 4605:Agnes de Stoeckl, 4594:Linares Luján 2020 4441: 4397:would trigger the 4350: 4318:, where her loyal 4281:Leopoldo O'Donnell 4248: 4143:, and indeed, the 4105:Leopoldo O'Donnell 4078: 4076:in the early 1860s 4062:Leopoldo O'Donnell 4010:Emperor Maximilian 3962:Juan Bravo Murillo 3918: 3888:Leopoldo O'Donnell 3868:Leopoldo O'Donnell 3768:Leopoldo O'Donnell 3740: 3701:Francisco Lersundi 3640:Juan Bravo Murillo 3617:Battle of Pasteral 3593:Second Carlist War 3585: 3485:at the end of the 3463: 3440:. Fearing another 3387:Salustiano Olózaga 3374: 3367:Salustiano Olózaga 3343:Salustiano Olózaga 3220: 3191:and readmitted by 3143:Viscount Melbourne 3115: 3089:commander-in-chief 3054:privileges of the 3029: 2867:José de San Martín 2838:José de San Martín 2830:Battle of Carabobo 2798: 2794:Battle of Ayacucho 2775: 2773:, 12 February 1817 2767:José de San Martín 2747: 2628:Pragmatic Sanction 2585: 2505: 2389:– himself an arch- 2383:Congress of Verona 2359:Congress of Vienna 2325:The election of a 2214: 2093:Congress of Vienna 2089:Joseph I Bonaparte 2068: 1982: 1972: 1659:History portal 1229:Bienio progresista 1220:Second Carlist War 1120:Treaty of Valençay 978:Christian kingdoms 849:Carthaginian Spain 824:Prehistoric Iberia 310:("Further Beyond") 5819: 5818: 5779: 5778: 5703:Myths and legends 5671:National Interest 5517: 5516: 5469:Largest companies 5394: 5393: 5381:Political parties 5349:Foreign relations 5279: 5278: 5227:Iberian Peninsula 5175:Autonomous cities 5157: 5156: 4902:(Springer, 2014). 4469:Third Carlist War 4445:Amadeo I of Spain 4355:Francisco Serrano 4316:Battle of Alcolea 4312:Francisco Serrano 4225: 4224: 4217: 4034:desamortizaciones 3998:French expedition 3713:Count of San Luis 3655:Roman Catholicism 3638:was succeeded by 3487:First Carlist War 3352:Francisco Serrano 3316:. The war heroes 3306:Agustín Argüelles 3290:General Espartero 3163:Battle of Luchana 3010: 3009: 3002: 2946:First Carlist War 2926:Treaty of Córdoba 2918:Vincente Guerrero 2814:Republic of Haiti 2749:Already in 1810, 2743:Captaincy General 2731: 2730: 2723: 2609:constitutionalism 2593:Philip V of Spain 2563:El Himno de Riego 2480: 2479: 2472: 2379:Concert of Europe 2196: 2195: 2188: 2103:regime in Spain. 2048:absolute monarchy 1869: 1868: 1861: 1787:1869 constitution 1757:and the reign of 1697: 1696: 1614:Religious history 1303:Restoration Spain 1279:Third Carlist War 1271:Reign of Amadeo I 1194:First Carlist War 1001:Catholic Monarchs 906:Early Middle Ages 844:Pre-Roman peoples 779: 778: 761: 760: 757: 756: 625: 624: 368: 341: 239: 238: 231: 221: 220: 213: 159: 158: 151: 133: 56: 5844: 5799: 5792: 5528: 5459:Financial crisis 5449:Economic history 5405: 5322:Cortes Generales 5290: 5232:Peninsular Spain 5168: 5119:Pre-Roman Iberia 5114:General overview 5009: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4962: 4898:Lawrence, Mark. 4857: 4837: 4804: 4794: 4731:Spain: A History 4718: 4715: 4704: 4703: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4642: 4636: 4631:Georges Duveau, 4629: 4623: 4618:Albert Guèrard, 4616: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4575: 4572: 4300:Rafael del Riego 4220: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4195:this section by 4186:inline citations 4173: 4172: 4165: 3774:, he issued the 3742:In July 1854, a 3693:Federico Roncali 3595:. Rebels led by 3579:, the Barcelona– 3577:Peninsular Spain 3167:new constitution 3005: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2980:this section by 2971:inline citations 2958: 2957: 2950: 2930:San Juan de Ulúa 2822:Battle of Boyacá 2726: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2701:this section by 2692:inline citations 2679: 2678: 2671: 2540:Rafael del Riego 2501:absolute monarch 2475: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2450:this section by 2441:inline citations 2428: 2427: 2420: 2298:Joseph Bonaparte 2280:policies of the 2256:) followed. The 2229:Rafael del Riego 2191: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2166:this section by 2157:inline citations 2144: 2143: 2136: 1897:Joseph Bonaparte 1864: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1839:this section by 1830:inline citations 1817: 1816: 1809: 1736:Spanish colonies 1689: 1682: 1675: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1645:Spain portal 1643: 1642: 1641: 1609:Military history 1594:Economic history 1577: 1569: 1551: 1538: 1530: 1507: 1499: 1491: 1483: 1479:Republican exile 1475: 1452: 1444: 1436: 1432:1936 coup d'état 1428: 1420: 1412: 1404: 1396: 1373: 1362: 1354: 1346: 1338: 1330: 1322: 1314: 1291: 1283: 1275: 1267: 1242: 1234: 1224: 1216: 1206: 1198: 1190: 1167: 1159: 1149: 1124: 1116: 1108: 1100: 1096:Napoleonic Spain 1092: 1069: 1061: 1053: 1045: 1037: 1029: 1021: 1013: 1005: 982: 974: 964: 956: 933: 929:Byzantine Spania 925: 917: 884: 883:(218 BCE–472 CE) 876: 853: 809: 799: 781: 753: 752: 739: 738: 725: 724: 711: 710: 697: 696: 683: 682: 669: 668: 655: 654: 641: 640: 633:Spanish Republic 629: 628: 620:Napoleonic Spain 616: 615: 609: 608: 593: 592: 439:Cortes Generales 380: 370: 369: 353: 343: 342: 325: 308: 286: 272: 254: 243: 234: 227: 216: 209: 205: 202: 196: 191:this article by 182:inline citations 169: 168: 161: 154: 147: 143: 140: 134: 132: 91: 67: 59: 48: 26: 25: 18: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5775: 5770:Toro de Osborne 5737: 5718:Public holidays 5629: 5590:Life expectancy 5513: 5479:Property bubble 5390: 5275: 5153: 5149:Spanish miracle 5102: 5076:Second Republic 4998: 4989: 4936: 4925:Vincent, Mary. 4846: 4829: 4826: 4824:Further reading 4781:(264). Madrid: 4766: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4707: 4700: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4630: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4527: 4503:Napoleonic Wars 4499: 4489:proclaimed the 4483: 4477: 4426: 4424:Reign of Amadeo 4338: 4332: 4322:generals under 4236: 4230: 4221: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4191:Please help to 4190: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4082:desamortización 4058:Mariano Fortuny 4042:Alhambra Decree 4030:Duque de Tetuán 3881: 3856:desamortización 3744:major rebellion 3667:desamortización 3633: 3597:Rafael Tristany 3420:1868 Revolution 3360: 3242:desamortización 3228:desamortización 3214:desamortización 3189:Trienio Liberal 3141:governments of 3006: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2976:Please help to 2975: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2934:Isidro Barradas 2842:Andes Mountains 2745:, 19 April 1810 2727: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2697:Please help to 2696: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2650:Maria Christina 2571:Napoleonic Wars 2529:Monroe Doctrine 2523:, Navarre, and 2476: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2446:Please help to 2445: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2412: 2367:Congress system 2363:Napoleonic Wars 2302:Cortes of Cádiz 2272:, Navarre, and 2253:Trienio Liberal 2210:Trienio Liberal 2192: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2162:Please help to 2161: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2132:Trienio Liberal 2128: 2112:Napoleonic Wars 2056: 1994:Battle of Ocaña 1986:Cortes of Cádiz 1969:Cortes of Cádiz 1957: 1951:Cortes of Cádiz 1949:Main articles: 1947: 1923: 1915:Main articles: 1913: 1881:Manuel de Godoy 1865: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1835:Please help to 1834: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1791:Amadeo of Savoy 1755:Maria Christina 1753:The regency of 1728:Trienio Liberal 1724:pronunciamiento 1693: 1664: 1653: 1651: 1639: 1637: 1619: 1618: 1599:Law enforcement 1589: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1567: 1549: 1536: 1528: 1521: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1503:Basque conflict 1497: 1489: 1481: 1473: 1466: 1464:Francoist Spain 1456: 1455: 1450: 1442: 1434: 1426: 1418: 1410: 1408:Second Biennium 1402: 1394: 1387: 1385:Second Republic 1377: 1376: 1371: 1360: 1352: 1344: 1336: 1328: 1320: 1312: 1305: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1281: 1273: 1265: 1258: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1232: 1222: 1214: 1211:Década moderada 1204: 1196: 1188: 1181: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1157: 1154:Trienio Liberal 1147: 1138: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1114: 1106: 1104:Cortes of Cádiz 1098: 1090: 1083: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1059: 1051: 1043: 1035: 1027: 1019: 1011: 1003: 996: 986: 985: 980: 972: 962: 954: 952:Muslim conquest 947: 937: 936: 931: 923: 915: 908: 898: 897: 882: 874: 867: 857: 856: 851: 839: 829: 828: 819: 797: 790: 775: 750: 736: 722: 708: 694: 680: 666: 652: 638: 613: 575: 571: 564: 543: 533: 520: 507: 505:Cortes of Cádiz 480: 470: 466: 459: 450: 387: 371: 361: 358: 356: 354: 346: 345: 344: 333: 330: 328: 327:("Royal March") 326: 309: 294: 293: 292: 287: 279: 278: 273: 255: 248: 235: 224: 223: 222: 217: 206: 200: 197: 187:Please help to 186: 170: 166: 155: 144: 138: 135: 92: 90: 80: 68: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 5850: 5848: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5824: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5760:Cultural icons 5758: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5337:Prime Minister 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5249:National parks 5246: 5244:Municipalities 5241: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5224: 5219: 5217:Extreme points 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5124:Spanish Empire 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066:First Republic 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5036:Medieval Spain 5033: 5031:Roman Hispania 5028: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4935: 4934:Historiography 4932: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4913: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4879: 4878:(2000): 65–82. 4872: 4865: 4858: 4845:978-0826219381 4844: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4805: 4764: 4757: 4742: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4705: 4698: 4678: 4660: 4637: 4624: 4611: 4598: 4596:, p. 109. 4585: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4523: 4498: 4495: 4479:Main article: 4476: 4473: 4425: 4422: 4410:House of Savoy 4334:Main article: 4331: 4328: 4244:Puerta del Sol 4232:Main article: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4177: 4175: 4168: 4159:Main article: 4156: 4153: 4086:Unión Liberal. 4072:, Mexico, and 3944:policies; the 3900:, a fusion of 3880: 3877: 3811:Peninsular War 3732:Puerta del Sol 3659:state religion 3632: 3629: 3553:Louis-Philippe 3526:Maria Cristina 3507:Martín Zurbano 3359: 3356: 3277:Maria Cristina 3183:in Spain. The 3147:Zumalacárregui 3135:Louis-Philippe 3119:Maria Cristina 3085:Peninsular War 3064:, Aragon, and 3062:Basque country 3025:Spanish throne 3008: 3007: 2962: 2960: 2953: 2944:Main article: 2941: 2938: 2922:Plan de Iguala 2920:presented the 2899:Spanish Empire 2840:, crossed the 2812:, then to the 2729: 2728: 2683: 2681: 2674: 2665:Main article: 2662: 2659: 2478: 2477: 2432: 2430: 2423: 2416:Ominous Decade 2414:Main article: 2411: 2408: 2194: 2193: 2148: 2146: 2139: 2130:Main article: 2127: 2124: 2122:or Spaniards. 2108:Spanish Empire 2055: 2052: 1946: 1943: 1939:Peninsular War 1917:Peninsular War 1912: 1909: 1905:Spanish Empire 1867: 1866: 1821: 1819: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1763:Ominous Decade 1708:liberation war 1695: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1677: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1648: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1576:(2020–present) 1570: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1544: 1539: 1531: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1500: 1492: 1484: 1476: 1471:Spanish Maquis 1467: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1437: 1429: 1421: 1413: 1405: 1400:First Biennium 1397: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1363: 1355: 1347: 1339: 1331: 1323: 1315: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1287:First Republic 1284: 1276: 1268: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1225: 1217: 1207: 1199: 1191: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1163:Ominous Decade 1160: 1150: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1109: 1101: 1093: 1084: 1081:Peninsular War 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1054: 1046: 1038: 1030: 1022: 1014: 1006: 997: 992: 991: 988: 987: 984: 983: 975: 965: 957: 948: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 926: 918: 909: 904: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 890: 885: 877: 872:Roman Conquest 868: 865:Roman Hispania 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 846: 840: 835: 834: 831: 830: 827: 826: 820: 815: 814: 811: 810: 802: 801: 792: 791: 784: 777: 776: 774: 773: 770: 766: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 747: 741: 740: 733: 727: 726: 719: 713: 712: 705: 699: 698: 691: 685: 684: 677: 671: 670: 663: 657: 656: 649: 643: 642: 635: 626: 623: 622: 617: 605: 604: 599: 589: 588: 583: 577: 576: 574: 573: 569:Spanish peseta 566: 562:Spanish dollar 558: 556: 552: 551: 548: 547: 544: 541: 538: 537: 534: 528: 525: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511: 508: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 487: 486: 481: 475: 472: 471: 469: 468: 461: 457:House of Peers 453: 451: 445: 442: 441: 436: 432: 431: 425: 419: 418: 413: 409: 408: 403: 399: 398: 393: 389: 388: 381: 373: 372: 359: 350:Himno de Riego 331: 312: 311: 296: 295: 288: 281: 280: 274: 267: 266: 265: 262: 261: 257: 256: 249: 246: 237: 236: 219: 218: 173: 171: 164: 157: 156: 71: 69: 62: 57: 31: 30: 28: 21: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5849: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5442:median income 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5312:Head of State 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5056:Enlightenment 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4817:0-313-30272-3 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4754:0-631-14988-0 4751: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4739:0-19-820619-4 4736: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4699:9781845191818 4695: 4691: 4690: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4571: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4285:Unión Liberal 4282: 4278: 4277:Unión Liberal 4274: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4216: 4208: 4205:November 2023 4198: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141:Unión Liberal 4138: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113:Ramón Narváez 4110: 4109:Alejandro Mon 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4074:Santo Domingo 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982:Unión Liberal 3979: 3973: 3971: 3970:Unión Liberal 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950:Unión Liberal 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3910:Ramón Narváez 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3893:Unión Liberal 3889: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852:Pascual Madoz 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3815:Unión Liberal 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3657:remained the 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3644:Alejandro Mon 3641: 3637: 3636:Ramón Narváez 3630: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609:Ramón Cabrera 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591:in 1846, the 3590: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3530:Alejandro Mon 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471:Ramón Narváez 3468: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3446:Guardia Civil 3443: 3439: 3438:city councils 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3348:Ramón Narváez 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3322:Diego de León 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3238:anti-clerical 3235: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3193:Ferdinand VII 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177:anti-clerical 3174: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3001: 2993: 2990:November 2023 2983: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:Simón Bolívar 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:Simón Bolívar 2795: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2783:Ferdinand VII 2780: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2725: 2722: 2714: 2711:November 2023 2704: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:Ferdinand VII 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509:Ferdinand VII 2502: 2498: 2497:Ferdinand VII 2494: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2474: 2471: 2463: 2460:November 2023 2453: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:Holy Alliance 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2348:head of state 2345: 2344:Ferdinand VII 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2266:Habsburg rule 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2190: 2187: 2179: 2176:November 2023 2169: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2072:Ferdinand VII 2065: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:Ferdinand VII 1928: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:Ferdinand VII 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1871:The reign of 1863: 1860: 1852: 1849:November 2023 1842: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:ancien régime 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1730:(1820–1823). 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Ferdinand VII 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1495:Blue Division 1493: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1164: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1041:Iberian Union 1039: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1002: 999: 998: 995: 990: 989: 979: 976: 971: 970: 966: 961: 958: 953: 950: 949: 946: 941: 940: 930: 927: 922: 919: 914: 911: 910: 907: 902: 901: 894: 891: 889: 886: 881: 878: 873: 870: 869: 866: 861: 860: 852:(575–206 BCE) 850: 847: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837:Early history 833: 832: 825: 822: 821: 818: 813: 812: 808: 804: 803: 800: 793: 788: 782: 764: 748: 746: 743: 742: 734: 732: 729: 728: 720: 718: 717:Gran Colombia 715: 714: 706: 704: 701: 700: 692: 690: 687: 686: 678: 676: 673: 672: 664: 662: 659: 658: 650: 648: 645: 644: 636: 634: 631: 630: 627: 621: 618: 611: 610: 607: 606: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 590: 587: 584: 582: 581:ISO 3166 code 578: 570: 567: 563: 560: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 535: 532: 522: 519: 509: 506: 492: 488: 485: 482: 479: 465: 462: 458: 455: 454: 452: 449: 440: 437: 433: 430: 426: 424: 420: 417: 414: 410: 407: 404: 400: 397: 394: 390: 385: 379: 374: 352: 351: 324: 323: 317: 313: 307: 306: 301: 297: 291: 285: 277: 271: 263: 258: 253: 244: 241: 233: 230: 215: 212: 204: 201:November 2023 194: 190: 184: 183: 177: 172: 163: 162: 153: 150: 142: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: – 99: 95: 94:Find sources: 88: 84: 78: 77: 72:This article 70: 66: 61: 60: 55: 53: 46: 45: 40: 39: 34: 29: 20: 19: 16: 5769: 5756:Coat of arms 5653:Bullfighting 5643:Architecture 5610:Prostitution 5570:Homelessness 5545:Demographics 5499:Trade unions 5437:unemployment 5422:Car industry 5354:Human rights 5302:Constitution 5258: 5204: 5184:ranked lists 5096:1975–present 5060: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4926: 4916: 4909: 4899: 4892: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4833: 4808: 4778: 4772: 4760: 4745: 4730: 4724:Bibliography 4688: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4650: 4640: 4632: 4627: 4619: 4614: 4606: 4601: 4589: 4570: 4519:high tariffs 4516: 4508: 4500: 4486: 4484: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4442: 4403: 4383:progresistas 4382: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4351: 4324:Manuel Pavía 4319: 4294:mutinied in 4289: 4284: 4276: 4273:progresistas 4272: 4268: 4266: 4259:in 1866 and 4249: 4211: 4202: 4183: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4117:progresistas 4116: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4051: 4033: 4029: 3993: 3990:progresistas 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3912:'s hardline 3905: 3901: 3891: 3872: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3806: 3800: 3792: 3787: 3779: 3763: 3760:progresistas 3759: 3741: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3666: 3648: 3634: 3586: 3540: 3538: 3522:progresistas 3521: 3518:progresistas 3517: 3515: 3503:progressista 3502: 3482: 3478: 3466: 3464: 3434:progressista 3433: 3429: 3424: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3377: 3375: 3326: 3313: 3309: 3296: 3294: 3284:hero of the 3282:progressista 3281: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3258: 3241: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3213: 3203: 3170: 3155:progressista 3154: 3152: 3129:monarchy of 3116: 3087:, to be his 3079:, a veteran 3055: 3049: 3040: 3030: 2996: 2987: 2968: 2903: 2865: 2850: 2799: 2776: 2755:Buenos Aires 2748: 2717: 2708: 2689: 2640: 2621: 2586: 2568: 2561: 2543: 2533: 2513:Jesuit Order 2506: 2486: 2466: 2457: 2438: 2356: 2352:house arrest 2324: 2319: 2311:afrancesados 2309: 2305: 2281: 2278:anticlerical 2257: 2251: 2249: 2240: 2215: 2203: 2182: 2173: 2154: 2105: 2069: 2039: 2033: 2028: 2025:Isle of Leon 2020: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2005: 1991: 1983: 1924: 1870: 1855: 1846: 1827: 1774: 1767:Carlist Wars 1752: 1732: 1723: 1699: 1698: 1650: 1636: 1624: 1604:LGBT history 1366: 1253: 1227: 1209: 1152: 1142: 968: 888:Romanization 875:(206–27 BCE) 602:Succeeded by 601: 596: 315: 300:Motto: 299: 290:Coat of arms 240: 225: 207: 198: 179: 145: 136: 126: 119: 112: 105: 93: 81:Please help 76:verification 73: 49: 42: 36: 35:Please help 32: 15: 5575:Immigration 5565:Health care 5427:Communities 5412:Agriculture 5212:Earthquakes 5071:Restoration 5041:Reconquista 4785:: 109–137. 4197:introducing 4002:Cochinchina 3942:progresista 3902:progresista 3898:Isabella II 3825:progresista 3780:progresista 3748:Crimean War 3382:Isabella II 3286:Carlist War 3204:progresista 3127:reactionary 3041:progresista 2982:introducing 2806:New Granada 2703:introducing 2601:reactionary 2452:introducing 2391:reactionary 2361:ending the 2354:in Madrid. 2340:Charles III 2320:Progresista 2316:republicans 2306:Progresista 2294:Inquisition 2282:Progresista 2260:government 2258:Progresista 2243:Progresista 2168:introducing 2044:Inquisition 1877:Maria Luisa 1841:introducing 1759:Isabella II 1748:Puerto Rico 1529:(1975–1978) 1506:(1959–2011) 1498:(1941–1944) 1490:(1939–1945) 1482:(1939–1977) 1474:(1939–1965) 1443:(1936–1939) 1411:(1933–1936) 1403:(1931–1933) 1372:(1930–1931) 1367:Dictablanda 1361:(1923–1930) 1345:(1914–1918) 1329:(1886–1931) 1321:(1885–1902) 1313:(1874–1885) 1290:(1873–1874) 1282:(1872–1876) 1274:(1870–1873) 1266:(1868–1871) 1233:(1854–1856) 1223:(1846–1849) 1215:(1844–1854) 1205:(1840–1843) 1197:(1833–1840) 1189:(1833–1840) 1166:(1823–1833) 1158:(1820–1823) 1148:(1814–1820) 1107:(1810–1814) 1099:(1808–1813) 1068:(1707–1716) 1060:(1701–1714) 1052:(1700–1808) 1044:(1580–1640) 1036:(1556–1659) 1028:(1516–1700) 1020:(1492–1898) 1012:(1482–1492) 1009:Granada War 1004:(1479–1516) 969:Reconquista 945:Middle Ages 796:History of 597:Preceded by 572:(1869–1873) 565:(1813–1869) 510:1 July 1813 478:Lower house 467:(from 1836) 460:(1834–1836) 448:Upper house 435:Legislature 416:Catholicism 357:(1822–1823) 322:Marcha Real 193:introducing 5826:Categories 5693:Mass media 5688:Literature 5580:Irreligion 5560:Euthanasia 5550:Disability 5332:Government 5307:Corruption 5129:Golden Age 4562:References 4412:, Duke of 4346:J. Laurent 4180:references 4137:Republican 3782:dictator, 3756:power loom 3534:Charles IV 3339:free trade 3206:statesman 3093:Ebro River 2965:references 2873:, entered 2686:references 2636:Dom Miguel 2589:succession 2435:references 2151:references 2120:the French 2116:absolutism 2101:absolutist 1873:Charles IV 1824:references 1716:absolutism 1033:Golden Age 981:(718–1479) 973:(711–1492) 963:(711–1492) 960:Al-Andalus 817:Prehistory 423:Demonym(s) 305:Plus Ultra 176:references 109:newspapers 38:improve it 5683:Languages 5585:Languages 5555:Education 5504:Transport 5344:Elections 5327:Judiciary 5266:Provinces 5163:Geography 5144:Civil War 5051:Expansion 4854:711050963 4801:219450130 4622:, p. 286. 4582:Citations 4453:Juan Prim 4449:Cartagena 4437:Juan Prim 4379:Juan Prim 4308:Juan Prim 4269:moderados 4252:Juan Prim 4121:Juan Prim 4101:moderados 4090:moderados 4038:Juan Prim 3986:moderados 3966:moderados 3954:moderados 3926:moderados 3860:moderados 3803:caudillos 3796:portfolio 3663:education 3651:concordat 3625:socialist 3589:Catalonia 3511:Juan Prim 3475:Espartero 3467:moderados 3391:Espartero 3335:Barcelona 3310:moderados 3250:Philip IV 3246:Philip II 3131:Charles X 3081:guerrilla 3066:Catalonia 2910:guerrilla 2871:Argentina 2848:in 1817. 2834:Argentina 2826:Venezuela 2652:, became 2525:Catalonia 2274:Catalonia 2233:Andalusia 1885:Ferdinand 1740:New World 1440:Civil War 1025:Habsburgs 955:(711–716) 932:(552–624) 924:(418–721) 916:(409–585) 427:Spanish, 412:Religion 260:1813–1873 139:June 2023 44:talk page 5806:Category 5667:Fiestas 5615:Religion 5600:Pensions 5595:Naturism 5535:Abortion 5474:Taxation 5464:Forestry 5376:Monarchy 5371:Military 5364:Intersex 5285:Politics 5271:Wildlife 5206:Comarcas 5139:Military 5134:Economic 5107:By topic 5013:Timeline 4996:articles 4525:See also 4320:moderado 4304:Isabella 4261:Brussels 3978:moderado 3946:moderado 3916:faction. 3914:moderado 3906:moderado 3833:moderado 3829:moderado 3801:The two 3788:moderado 3764:moderado 3415:moderado 3202:Spanish 3157:general 3123:replaced 3105:General 3037:Isabella 2895:Ayacucho 2851:Mexico, 2818:Colombia 2646:Isabella 2632:Isabella 2605:moralism 2515:and the 2399:Pyrenees 2300:and the 2225:mutinied 2218:officers 2081:Napoleon 1935:Joseph I 1771:Carlists 1704:Napoleon 1626:Timeline 1049:Bourbons 880:Hispania 787:a series 785:Part of 675:Paraguay 555:Currency 429:Spaniard 5790:Outline 5743:Symbols 5663:Cuisine 5635:Culture 5523:Society 5494:Tourism 5400:Economy 5239:Islands 5222:Forests 5200:Climate 5195:Borders 5004:History 4408:of the 4193:improve 4070:Vietnam 4066:Morocco 4022:Morocco 3930:Logroño 3920:Again, 3862:in the 3813:. 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