765:. The second and largest section, led by Englebert of Cleves and Antoine de Bessey, consisted of 3000 infantry, 300 dismounted archers and 200 crossbowman. The final section, about 1,750 men, was led by Jean de Foix. There was in addition a large infantry force of spearmen. The French artillery was arranged in front of the first line, as well as on the side of the Taro, protecting the second line. The League's right wing was commanded by Count Caiazzo with 400 Milanes men-at-arms and 2000 infantry, with 180 Bolognese men-at-arms in reserve. The central division consisted of 492 men-at-arms and 600 mounted crossbowmen under the command of Francesco Gonzaga, while keeping a large contingent of cavalry in reserve. The left wing, commanded by Fortebraccio di Montone, had 352 Venetian men-at-arms supported by cavalry. Also in the center were 4,000 Venetian foot and 1,000 Mantuan infantry, with a contingent of 600
744:, Charles' strongest ally in Italy, wrote to him and informed him that the Senate had not yet decided on an action. But Charles was anxious, seeing the enemy numbers growing, while he himself had no hope of reinforcements for the time being. When an effort to sway the undecided forces of Parma was thwarted by the Venetians, Charles instead sent a messenger to request free passage to return to France, but the Venetians replied that he would have to restore all his conquests before such could be considered. The messenger, having scouted the troops, reported back to Charles. The 40 soldiers Charles subsequently sent to reconnoiter were attacked and quickly routed by the
256:
803:'s judgement was to award the palm of victory to the French. Privately, Gonzaga confessed to his wife that the battle was a near run thing and that if the French had turned on them, the League's forces would have been destroyed. A week later, Bernardino Fortebraccio spoke to the Venetian senate, stating the League's army could have defeated the French if their troops would have stayed in the battle and left the baggage train alone.
674:
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battle if they were victorious, igniting their combat ardor. Francesco
Gonzaga divided his forces into nine lines. His battle plan was to distract the first and middle groups of the French with two lines while outflanking the rear. Once the French groups were disorganized, the rest of the Italian troops would attack. The League's overall goal was the complete destruction of the French army.
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Charles bequeathed a meagre legacy: he left France in debt and in disarray as a result of an ambition most charitably characterized as unrealistic, and having lost several important provinces that it would take centuries to recover. On a more positive side, his expedition did broaden contacts between
819:
appeared before Naples with a
Spanish fleet; he re-entered and occupied Naples the following day. He was welcomed with rejoicing by the citizens, as the French had made themselves hated through their behaviour. Pope Alexander VI denounced the French as having committed worse crimes in Italy than had
772:
The French opened with an artillery bombardment, intending to kill as many of their opponents as possible. Then they charged with their heavy cavalry, destroying and scattering the disordered
Italian ranks in just minutes. The fight was perhaps more memorable for the ineffectiveness of artillery on
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to gather an army and expel the French from Italy. Upon hearing the news of the coalition assembled against him, Charles VIII left behind a garrisoning force in Naples and marched north with the remainder of his army, his artillery train and the considerable booty seized in the campaign thus far in
858:
However, for Italy the consequences were catastrophic. Europe knew now, from
Charles' expedition, of an enormously rich land, divided into easily conquerable principalities, and defended only by mercenary armies that refused to fight with the slightest disadvantage. Italy was to be the scene of a
550:
was the youthful King of France, the most powerful state in medieval Europe. A dreamer who saw himself as the saviour of
Christian Europe, he believed he could roll-back the ever-spreading tide of Ottoman Turkish conquest. As a base for his crusade, he was determined to seize Southern Italy. His
751:
Two days later, on July 6, Charles decided to offer battle because the French were short of provisions. South of Milan, the path of his army of some 10,000 French and Swiss was blocked by 20,000 Venetians and
Mantuans under Gonzaga. Melchiorre Trevisan promised the League soldiers the spoils of
827:
Charles left Italy abandoning all his conquests. He attempted in the next few years to rebuild his army, but was hampered by the serious debts incurred by the previous one, and he never succeeded in recouping anything substantive. He died two-and-a-half years after his retreat, of an accident,
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upon hearing the news of the grand coalition assembled against him. Despite the numerical advantage of their opponents, the French won the engagement and
Charles was able to march his army out of Italy. It was nonetheless devoid of any strategic result as all of their conquests in the
784:
Both parties strove to present themselves as the victors in the battle. The battle was reported in Venice as a victory, and was recorded and celebrated as such, which included the capture of
Mathieu de Bourbon. Regardless of the self-proclamations of victory by League commanders,
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was not unanimous on fighting the French. Some members wanted to attack the rear guard of the French to try to seize their loot, while others cautioned that Italy was risking too much in this battle as this was just one French army and others could potentially be called upon.
824:. Already under threat of excommunication, Charles VIII was ordered to lay down his arms and promote the peace of Christendom by the pope. Alexander also wrote to the Venetians to congratulate them on winning "immortal fame" by their liberation of Italy.
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The League army took position on the right side of the Taro river and the French decided to keep to the left bank. Charles organized his army in battle groups. The first section consisted of about 2,500 men and was led by
Marshal Gie and
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The French had won their battle, fighting off superior numbers and proceeding on their march to Asti. The League took much higher casualties and could not prevent the French army from crossing
Italian lands on its way back to France.
1402:
Birtachas, Stathis (2018). "Stradioti, Cappelletti, Compagnie or Milizie Greche: 'Greek' Mounted and Foot Troops in the Venetian State (Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)". In Theotokis, Georgios; Yıldız, Aysel (eds.).
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622:, to sweep through Italy, his mobile field artillery train smashing into dust the tall towers of Italy's medieval castles. He was granted free passage through Milan, but was vigorously opposed by
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either side, other than the psychological effect achieved by the French guns. Of the French and Italian casualties, one eyewitness estimated that fewer than 10 men were killed by cannon fire.
641:, entered Naples almost without opposition. The speed and violence of the campaign left the Italians stunned. Realization struck them, especially the Venetians and the new Duke of Milan,
586:. This handing out of territory could be regarded as a total lack of foresight on Charles' behalf but he was willing to take such steps to establish his Neapolitan base for his crusade.
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was proclaimed. The signatories were the Republic of Venice, the Duke of Milan, the Pope, the monarchs of Castile and Aragon, the King of England and the Holy Roman Emperor.
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The battle of Fornovo, by which Charles forced his way past the enemy who stood in his path, was not an indecisive action but a definite victory for France.
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If officially Italians celebrated the Battle of Fornovo as a victory – to the surprise of the French – privately, many were not so sure.
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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618:. At the end of August 1494, in a lightning campaign, he used France's powerful modern army, reinforced by a large contingent of
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Luzio, Alessandro; Renier, Rodolfo (1890). "Francesco Gonzaga alla Battaglia di Fornovo (1495) Secondo I Documenti Mantovani".
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would survive as independent nations after the end of the Italian Wars, losing however their original power and stability.
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states 4,000 casualties for the League and 1,000 for the French, which Santosuosso believes is more accurate.
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Santosuosso states the French had won the battle, both strategically and tactically, but not decisively.
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Santosuosso, Antonio (1994). "Anatomy of Defeat in Renaissance Italy: The Battle of Fornovo in 1495".
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striking his head while passing through a doorway, he succumbed to a sudden coma several hours later.
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After the battle, Charles then marched on into Lombardy and returned to France.
1645:. Cambridge library collection. European History. Cambridge University Press.
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Malipiero mentions the League's failure to stop the French from reaching Asti.
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1514:. Praeger illustrated military history series. Westport Connecticut: Osprey.
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1464:. Cambridge studies in early modern history. Cambridge University Press.
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recognized that the League failed to stop the French from reaching Asti.
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The Military Organisation of a Renaissance State: Venice c. 1400 to 1617
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century
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Charles VIII was on good terms with the two powers in northern Italy,
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The French guns stopped firing due to the rain making the powder wet.
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1662:. History of Warfare (118) (e-book ed.). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
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The 100 Most Influential Painters & Sculptors of the Renaissance
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The Art of War in Italy 1494–1529: Prince Consort Prize Essay 1920
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were abandoned. Fornovo was the first major pitched battle of the
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verdict was that ‘general consent awarded the palm to the French’
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On 27 June the Venetians and their allies established camp near
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On 22 February 1495 Charles VIII and his chief commander,
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The Problem of Ireland in Tudor Foreign Policy, 1485–1603
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Charles proved to be the last of the elder branch of the
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took place 30 km (19 miles) southwest of the city of
1624:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
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A History of The Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
1455:(179). Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki s.r.l.: 205–246.
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claimed victory and the ordered the portrait of the
836:, energizing French art and letters in the latter
1658:Theotokis, Georgios; Yıldız, Aysel, eds. (2018).
748:, mostly Albanian mercenaries from the Balkans.
1483:. Modern Wars in Perspective. Harlow: Pearson.
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1512:Fornovo 1495: France's Bloody Fighting Retreat
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1479:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012).
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1460:Mallett, M. E.; Hale, J. R. (1984).
1442:. Britannica Educational Publishing.
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670:in Piedmont in north-western Italy.
27:1495 battle of the First Italian War
1581:Historical Atlas of The Renaissance
666:order to join a smaller army under
57:Bataille de Fornoue, 6 juillet 1495
1768:Military history of Emilia-Romagna
555:through his paternal grandmother,
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1561:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
1449:Archivio Storico Italiano Serie V
517:on 6 July 1495. It was fought as
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1639:Taylor, Frederick Lewis (1921).
1600:The International History Review
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1438:Kuiper, Kathleen, ed. (2009).
799:, while the Italian historian
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1753:Battles of the Italian Wars
1677:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010).
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1481:The Italian Wars 1494–1559
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1683:. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO.
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1583:. Thalamus Publishing.
1510:Nicolle, David (2005).
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1026:Mallett & Shaw 2012
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659:Francesco II of Gonzaga
281:Fornovo di Taro, now a
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1529:Nolan, Cathal (2006).
1505:(in Italian). Firenze.
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63:, 1837) depicts king
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1499:Malipiero, Domenico
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1616:Setton, Kenneth M.
1552:. Stackpole Books.
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977:In his work,
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546:In the year 1495,
241:3,350-4,000 killed
166:Republic of Venice
59:(oil on canvas by
1738:Conflicts in 1495
1712:Battle of Fornovo
1710:Media related to
1690:978-1-85109-672-5
1669:978-90-04-36204-8
1590:978-0-8160-5731-3
1568:978-0-85115-562-3
1540:978-0-313-33733-8
1521:978-0-275-98850-0
1490:978-0-582-05758-6
1471:978-0-521-24842-6
1430:978-0-06-270056-8
1218:, pp. 56–57.
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395:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
340:
339:
330:
328:
327:
320:
313:
305:
297:
296:
280:
275:
274:
268:
267:
260:
259:
253:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
236:
233:
232:100–200 killed
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
209:
208:
203:
200:
199:
198:Units involved
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
177:
176:
170:Duchy of Milan
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:French victory
139:
135:
134:
127:44.683; 10.100
91:
89:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1785:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1631:0-87169-127-2
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1421:HarperCollins
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:, p. 14.
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1319:, p. 84.
1318:
1313:
1310:
1307:, p. 83.
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1235:, p. 57.
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1194:, p. 52.
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1128:, p. 19.
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:, p. 31.
1027:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:, p. 56.
1002:
997:
994:
988:
980:
974:
971:
965:
962:
956:
953:
949:
943:
940:
936:
931:
928:
922:
919:
913:
910:
904:
901:
894:
890:
887:
886:
882:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
829:
825:
823:
818:
810:
808:
804:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
779:
777:
774:
770:
768:
764:
755:
753:
749:
747:
743:
739:
738:Ercole d'Este
734:
731:
727:
721:
692:
684:
680:
675:
671:
669:
664:
660:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:King of Spain
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
587:
585:
584:Franche-Comté
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
551:claim on the
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
499:
498:
492:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
434:
426:
421:
419:
414:
412:
407:
406:
403:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
341:
336:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
306:
303:
290:
286:
285:
278:
257:
248:
243:
240:
239:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
223:
219:
216:
215:
210:
207:
204:
202:
201:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
183:
178:
175:
171:
167:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
148:
140:
137:
136:
131:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
86:
82:
79:
78:
74:
71:on the right.
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
1679:
1659:
1641:
1620:
1599:
1580:
1558:
1549:
1530:
1511:
1502:
1480:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1416:
1404:
1381:
1369:
1317:Nicolle 2005
1312:
1305:Nicolle 2005
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1233:Nicolle 2005
1216:Nicolle 2005
1211:
1199:
1192:Nicolle 2005
1172:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1114:Nicolle 2005
1109:
996:
978:
973:
964:
955:
942:
935:Paolo Giovio
930:
921:
912:
903:
869:Papal States
857:
842:
830:
826:
817:Ferdinand II
814:
811:Consequences
805:
794:
783:
775:
771:
759:
750:
735:
688:
656:
636:
593:
561:
548:Charles VIII
545:
536:Italian Wars
510:
508:
496:
433:Italian Wars
375:
282:
187:Charles VIII
150:Belligerents
65:Charles VIII
56:
42:Part of the
29:
1374:Setton 1978
1362:Setton 1978
1332:Taylor 1921
1293:Kuiper 2009
1126:Palmer 1994
1049:Tucker 2010
838:Renaissance
736:On July 4,
715: /
647:Holy League
542:Antecedents
366:2nd Rapallo
346:1st Rapallo
235:200 wounded
125: /
83:6 July 1495
1722:Categories
1245:Nolan 2006
1102:Nolan 2006
1083:Dupuy 1993
1064:Nolan 2006
989:References
578:was given
572:Roussillon
570:was given
1651:967401725
1204:Oman 1987
834:humanists
767:Stradioti
746:Stradioti
485:1551–1559
480:1542–1546
475:1536–1538
465:1521–1526
450:1499–1504
445:1494–1498
356:Fivizzano
206:Stradioti
1618:(1978).
1579:(2004).
1501:(1843).
1415:(1993).
883:See also
624:Florence
590:Campaign
371:Seminara
212:Strength
88:Location
1395:Sources
877:Tuscany
703:10°06′E
700:44°41′N
653:Retreat
376:Fornovo
351:Mordano
113:10°06′E
110:44°41′N
93:Fornovo
1687:
1666:
1649:
1628:
1587:
1565:
1537:
1518:
1487:
1468:
1427:
875:, and
867:, the
861:Venice
780:Result
756:Battle
632:Naples
630:, and
600:Venice
580:Artois
527:Naples
523:France
460:Urbino
386:Atella
381:Novara
361:Naples
284:comune
156:France
138:Result
97:Emilia
69:Bayard
895:Notes
873:Savoy
865:Genoa
822:Goths
726:Parma
596:Milan
525:left
515:Parma
391:Ostia
185:King
101:Italy
1685:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1647:OCLC
1626:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1425:ISBN
820:the
598:and
582:and
574:and
509:The
80:Date
1604:doi
521:of
1724::
1423:.
1419:.
1354:^
1339:^
1324:^
1223:^
1184:^
1157:^
1090:^
1071:^
1056:^
1033:^
1008:^
871:,
863:,
855:.
840:.
740:,
661:,
634:.
626:,
614:,
538:.
99:,
95:,
1693:.
1672:.
1634:.
1610:.
1606::
1593:.
1571:.
1543:.
1524:.
1493:.
1474:.
1453:6
1433:.
1407:.
1116:.
693:(
685:)
681:(
424:e
417:t
410:v
324:e
317:t
310:v
163::
20:)
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