334:
after obtaining information on the local topography, forcing the
Ottomans to flee. Manuel on the other hand indicates that Bayezid led an expedition across the Kızılırmak to raid the territories lying beyond the river, and then returned to Ankara after it was over. According to Elisabeth Zachariadou, "the Ottomans did not flee, but merely withdrew after the raid. The situation never became critical for them since, Manuel implies, they pillaged the regions beyond the Kızılırmak without meeting any serious resistance and then finally withdrew to Ankara."
59:
326:, from where he issued challenges to battle. The reinforcements he expected from the Turcoman tribes failed to materialize, and morale was low, but Burhan al-Din remained in place, and even defeated a detachment sent by Bayezid to win over the tribes. Although likely true, this victory may have been exaggerated by Ibn Ardashir, for Manuel reports that the Ottoman army continued its advance deep into the central Anatolian plateau, advancing beyond
378:, invaded Ottoman territories in the Balkans, and a series of isolated reports and documents suggest that Bayezid campaigned in Serbia during 1392. According to Zachariadou, this strongly suggests that Bayezid called off his Anatolian campaign of that year. In 1393, Bayezid himself visited Amasya, where he received the submission of the local Turcoman rulers: the Taşanoğlu of Merzifon, the Tacettinoğlu, and the ruler of
240:
289:
their dwellings for the forests and mountains, Manuel was horrified by the slaughter accompanying the expedition, not only by the Turks, but furthermore by
Bayezid's Serbian, Bulgarian, and Albanian vassals, who were eager to "avenge" their sufferings at the hands of the Ottomans on the Muslim population of Anatolia. The Ottoman army passed by
253:, written by Aziz ibn Ardashir Astarabadi, one of Burhan al-Din's courtiers. Manuel II's letters provide additional information, particularly pertaining to the chronology of the campaign; traditionally, historiography placed the campaign in 1392, but Manuel did not participate in a campaign in 1392, and the historian
211:. In the meantime, Bayezid's ally Süleyman Pasha had turned against him, fearing for his own fate, and concluded an alliance with Burhan al-Din. Bayezid quickly attacked and killed Süleyman Pasha, occupying Kastamonu shortly before 5 July 1391, while the eastern half of the Jandarid principality, around
297:
to its right, and faced great hardships as the autumn went into winter: already after mid-October Manuel writes of scarcity of food and disease striking the camp, while in his later letters he writes of "terrible famine and cold, the fording of rivers, the crossing of mountains too barren to sustain
369:
Bayezid planned to renew his expedition against Burhan al-Din in spring; Venetian informants reported that he planned to subdue Sinop, with Manuel II serving as the commander of the expedition's naval element. This moved the
Republic to mobilize its own fleet, and attempt to form a Christian league
333:
Ibn
Ardashir now has the Ottomans, after their earlier defeat, retreat to the mountains and remaining passive, whereupon Burhan al-Din moved to attack them. The two sides fought over three days before the narrow pass in which Bayezid and his army were encamped. Finally, Burhan al-Din broke through
288:
While Ibn
Ardashir maintains that Burhan al-Din marched to confront the Ottomans, Manuel II reports that the "once marvellous Scythians" retreated before the Ottoman advance; indeed, no enemy could be seen far and wide. The Ottomans ravaged the country at will. Although many inhabitants deserted
268:
Ibn
Ardashir writes that Burhan al-Din initially marched to Süleyman Pasha's aid, but was still under way when news of the fall of Kastamonu and Süleyman Pasha's death reached him. He nevertheless continued to march towards the Ottoman army, which had reached
273:. Ibn Ardashir maintains that Bayezid sent for negotiations, but Burhan al-Din insisted first on the Ottomans leaving Osmancık, which he claimed. Manuel II corroborates this, writing that Bayezid only intended to force the submission of a chieftain called
104:), began its expansion from northwestern Anatolia into the central and eastern parts of the peninsula. This expansion was, in the words of historian Dimitris Kastritsis, "generally justified through marriage alliances and other diplomatic means."
321:
ruler, Saydi Mahmud. Manuel does not report these events, perhaps because the operation to capture Kırkdilim was not especially difficult. Ibn
Ardashir in turn claims that Burhan al-Din took position on the plain of
219:, recognized Ottoman overlordship. This brought Bayezid in immediate contact with Burhan al-Din's domains. The ambitions of the two men now came into direct conflict: Bayezid now intended to march against
42:. The details of the battle are debated: Burhan al-Din's court poet Ibn Ardashir presents Bayezid's campaign being ended by a major victory for his master, which temporarily halted Ottoman expansion in
227:, while the latter had been preparing himself to capture the city by occupying various surrounding fortresses in the previous years. Amasya at the time was ruled by Ahmed, the son of the emir
207:. The Karamanids sent to Kadi Burhan al-Din for assistance, which induced Bayezid to abandon Konya and conclude a treaty leaving to the Karamanids the territories beyond the
181:—and launched a campaign to "unify Anatolia under Ottoman rule". Much of the information about Bayezid's campaigns in 1390–1391 comes from the letters written by the
2459:
50:, who accompanied Bayezid on his Anatolian campaigns, contain no indications of a major clash, and point to the expedition having been an Ottoman success overall.
2977:
2440:
1048:
390:; following Burhan al-Din's death, annexed his domains as well, and expanded across eastern Anatolia. Bayezid's conquests proved ephemeral, however: in the
2924:
1638:
203:, whose rulers were allowed to retire to estates, while Yakub II of Germiyan was thrown in prison. Bayezid then moved to besiege the Karamanid capital of
2135:
1039:
1573:
1554:
301:
According to Ibn
Ardashir, after capturing Osmancık Bayezid was joined by Ahmed Bey of Amasya, Mahmud Çelebi and Kilic Arslan, the heirs to the
2933:
1240:
2982:
1692:
862:
1934:
2987:
1718:
1144:
1929:
386:
in 1396, Bayezid turned once more to
Anatolia, where he defeated and annexed Karaman in autumn 1397. In the next year he took Samsun and
1353:
1254:
371:
2040:
330:. According to Manuel, Bayezid was satisfied with his progress, and with the Byzantines' contributions, promising to reward them.
2868:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2169:
1397:
1102:
947:
890:
812:
2213:
1953:
1778:
2784:
1137:
2267:
1965:
2878:
2846:
2435:
2291:
2202:
2197:
2192:
1032:
375:
2113:
2862:
2713:
2522:
2609:
290:
2688:
2532:
2225:
1402:
1918:
1827:
1745:
2972:
2758:
2047:
2034:
1859:
1771:
1738:
1697:
1339:
1061:
964:
907:
829:
2207:
1940:
1924:
1594:
1580:
1500:
1417:
1813:
1463:
294:
2883:
2588:
2378:
2298:
2285:
2158:
2147:
1663:
1387:
1025:
986:
943:
886:
808:
357:
and laid siege to Amasya. As a result Ahmed Bey surrendered the city to
Bayezid, who installed his younger son
58:
2718:
1985:
1841:
2856:
2840:
2800:
2794:
2751:
2563:
2527:
2430:
2414:
2396:
2383:
2338:
2333:
2304:
2219:
2071:
2058:
2012:
2000:
1980:
1959:
1905:
1899:
1435:
1382:
1310:
1304:
451:; Burhan al-Din ruled over a mixed Turcoman and Mongol population, and his state was a successor of the old
120:
2740:
2537:
2510:
2309:
2280:
1869:
1834:
1686:
1631:
1540:
1533:
1474:
1322:
1294:
1260:
314:
2967:
2764:
2698:
2678:
2505:
2348:
2314:
1799:
1759:
1560:
1519:
1265:
1215:
1081:
254:
185:
47:
2729:
2425:
2053:
1970:
1792:
323:
281:, as well as of İsfendiyar of Sinop, and frighten Burhan al-Din, "the man who rules Sebasteia with the
1752:
447:"Scythians" (Σκύθαι) is the anachronistic term typically used by the Byzantines of the period for the
2789:
2693:
2668:
2634:
2583:
2516:
2478:
2343:
2320:
2274:
2153:
2028:
2006:
1947:
1893:
1882:
1680:
1657:
1644:
1512:
1448:
1299:
1233:
1205:
1183:
1171:
1165:
383:
313:, and other local chieftains. Even more flocked to Bayezid after the latter captured the fortress of
139:
27:
208:
2816:
2811:
2735:
2723:
2683:
2639:
2373:
2077:
1990:
1875:
1806:
1606:
1547:
1486:
1423:
1221:
1188:
1109:
318:
794:
2898:
2893:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2622:
2593:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2445:
2358:
2353:
2240:
2163:
2093:
2087:
1675:
1526:
1493:
1392:
1377:
1372:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1116:
1006:
302:
66:
35:
2570:
2500:
2082:
306:
2822:
2806:
2774:
2616:
2598:
2577:
2420:
2389:
2141:
2107:
2064:
2017:
1975:
1888:
1864:
1853:
1820:
1669:
1624:
1600:
1566:
1158:
1151:
1130:
1123:
1088:
1017:
989:(1980). "Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bāyezīd I and Ḳāḍī Burhān al-Dīn Aḥmad".
974:
917:
858:
839:
216:
182:
112:
350:
2851:
2489:
2483:
2327:
2260:
1995:
1703:
1480:
1468:
1442:
1429:
1412:
1247:
1227:
1210:
1194:
1095:
998:
391:
387:
178:
115:
sensed an opportunity to restore their fortunes and formed an anti-Ottoman league under the
108:
854:
The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13
2903:
2888:
2873:
2769:
2708:
2703:
2663:
2603:
2547:
2495:
2368:
2363:
2118:
2100:
2022:
1911:
1847:
1765:
1650:
1407:
1316:
1288:
1177:
174:
2779:
2673:
2628:
1785:
1458:
1052:
959:
951:
929:
902:
894:
824:
816:
338:
143:
90:
24:
799:
2961:
2745:
1587:
1453:
955:
939:
898:
882:
820:
804:
212:
934:
877:
191:
In 1390 the Ottoman sultan annexed the beyliks of western Anatolia: the beylik of
131:
852:
270:
249:
239:
200:
158:
62:
A map of the independent Turkic beyliks in Anatolia during the mid-14th century
1002:
354:
135:
978:
921:
843:
16:
14th century battle between Ottoman sultan and ruler of northeastern Anatolia
991:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
872:
452:
282:
228:
224:
166:
147:
116:
31:
358:
310:
196:
192:
162:
78:
43:
39:
448:
398:, who restored the various Anatolian beyliks to their original rulers.
342:
258:
170:
94:
74:
1010:
346:
327:
278:
220:
82:
395:
379:
257:
has shown that Bayezid was likely campaigning in the northwestern
204:
86:
671:
669:
434:. This person is otherwise unidentified among the local rulers.
70:
1021:
480:
Ahmed-i Dāʻī ve Çengnāmesi: eski Osmanlıca bir mesnevi - Page 7
341:
by early January—whereupon Burhan al-Din raided the regions of
690:
688:
686:
684:
596:
594:
592:
536:
534:
430:(Πεϊτζᾶς) is probably a hellenized form of the Turkish name
247:
The main source of the events surrounding the battle is the
81:, before supplanting them altogether and declaring himself
555:
553:
551:
549:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
223:, and thereby cut off Burhan al-Din's expansion to the
337:
Bayezid then withdrew his army—Manuel II was back in
235:
The Ottoman campaign and the clash with Burhan al-Din
161:
with his own forces, supported by the armies of the
2832:
2471:
2458:
2406:
2252:
2239:
2127:
1730:
1717:
1616:
1365:
1352:
1332:
1073:
1060:
933:
876:
798:
370:against the Ottoman designs. In May, however, the
142:restored his principality, and Burhan al-Din took
73:and poet, had risen to power under the latter-day
414:On the issue of dating by various scholars, cf.
89:in 1381/82. During the same period, the nascent
1033:
8:
23:was fought in July 1391 or 1392 between the
2925:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
916:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1327–1328.
838:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1117–1119.
766:
754:
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
675:
660:
648:
636:
624:
600:
583:
571:
540:
456:
435:
415:
2468:
2249:
1727:
1362:
1070:
1040:
1026:
1018:
965:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
908:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
830:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
559:
504:
973:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 431–432.
612:
394:in 1402, he was defeated and captured by
188:, who accompanied Bayezid as his vassal.
146:. As a result, Murad's son and successor
238:
231:, who had wrested it from the Eretnids.
57:
778:
525:
471:
407:
243:18th-century portrait of Sultan Bayezid
169:and the Christian vassal states of the
2934:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
2920:For 20th-century battles before 1914
492:
305:that Burhan al-Din had occupied, the
7:
2978:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
2929:For the battles during World War I
46:, but the contemporary letters of
14:
639:, pp. 471–472 (esp. note 9).
130:): the Karamanids advanced up to
215:, was left free, as its ruler,
152:
125:
107:Following Murad's death at the
99:
382:. Following his defeat of the
277:, who ruled between Sinop and
262:
1:
851:Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007).
2988:1390s in the Ottoman Empire
293:and advanced east with the
3004:
2983:History of Çorum Province
2944:Ottoman victories are in
2942:
2916:
1003:10.1017/S0041977X00137395
987:Zachariadou, Elizabeth A.
721:, pp. 475, 476–478.
663:, pp. 474–475, 477.
77:rulers of north-eastern
38:, ruler of northeastern
418:, p. 472 (note 9).
244:
63:
495:, pp. 1327–1328.
255:Elisabeth Zachariadou
242:
229:Hajji Shadgeldi Pasha
195:was annexed, as were
186:Manuel II Palaiologos
61:
48:Manuel II Palaiologos
745:, pp. 474, 478.
384:Crusade of Nicopolis
769:, pp. 479–481.
757:, pp. 478–479.
678:, pp. 474–475.
651:, pp. 473–474.
615:, pp. 431–432.
586:, pp. 472–473.
574:, pp. 471–472.
459:, pp. 475–476.
298:even wild beasts".
21:Battle of Kırkdilim
948:Lévi-Provençal, E.
891:Lévi-Provençal, E.
813:Lévi-Provençal, E.
303:Beylik of Tacettin
261:in that year (see
245:
165:Süleyman Pasha of
67:Kadi Burhan al-Din
64:
36:Kadi Burhan al-Din
2973:Conflicts in 1391
2953:
2952:
2912:
2911:
2463:(1789–1908)
2454:
2453:
2244:(1700–1789)
2235:
2234:
1722:(1550–1700)
1713:
1712:
1357:(1453–1550)
1348:
1347:
1065:(1299–1453)
864:978-90-04-15836-8
507:, pp. 64–65.
183:Byzantine emperor
113:Anatolian beyliks
2995:
2847:2nd Kerch Strait
2469:
2464:
2436:1st Kerch Strait
2250:
2245:
1728:
1723:
1693:Strait of Hormuz
1555:Peñón of Algiers
1363:
1358:
1071:
1066:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1014:
982:
937:
925:
880:
868:
847:
802:
782:
776:
770:
767:Zachariadou 1980
764:
758:
755:Zachariadou 1980
752:
746:
743:Zachariadou 1980
740:
734:
731:Zachariadou 1980
728:
722:
719:Zachariadou 1980
716:
710:
707:Zachariadou 1980
704:
698:
695:Zachariadou 1980
692:
679:
676:Zachariadou 1980
673:
664:
661:Zachariadou 1980
658:
652:
649:Zachariadou 1980
646:
640:
637:Zachariadou 1980
634:
628:
625:Zachariadou 1980
622:
616:
610:
604:
601:Zachariadou 1980
598:
587:
584:Zachariadou 1980
581:
575:
572:Zachariadou 1980
569:
563:
557:
544:
541:Zachariadou 1980
538:
529:
523:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
483:
476:
460:
457:Zachariadou 1980
445:
439:
436:Zachariadou 1980
425:
419:
416:Zachariadou 1980
412:
392:Battle of Ankara
295:Kızılırmak River
179:Byzantine Empire
156:
155: 1389–1402
154:
129:
128: 1361–1398
127:
109:Battle of Kosovo
103:
102: 1362–1389
101:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2938:
2908:
2869:6th Dardanelles
2863:5th Dardanelles
2828:
2462:
2461:
2450:
2402:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2187:4th Dardanelles
2181:3rd Dardanelles
2176:2nd Dardanelles
2170:1st Dardanelles
2123:
1935:2nd Zrínyiújvár
1930:1st Zrínyiújvár
1925:Jurjeve Stijene
1721:
1720:
1709:
1612:
1356:
1355:
1344:
1328:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1046:
985:
928:
878:"Burhãn al-Dīn"
871:
865:
850:
793:
790:
785:
781:, p. 1119.
777:
773:
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
737:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
693:
682:
674:
667:
659:
655:
647:
643:
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
560:Kastritsis 2007
558:
547:
539:
532:
528:, p. 1118.
524:
511:
505:Kastritsis 2007
503:
499:
491:
487:
478:
477:
473:
469:
464:
463:
446:
442:
426:
422:
413:
409:
404:
372:King of Hungary
367:
237:
151:
124:
111:, however, the
98:
56:
28:Ertuğrul Çelebi
17:
12:
11:
5:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2254:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2159:Cape Celidonia
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1954:Saint Gotthard
1951:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1828:Alcácer Quibir
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1719:Transformation
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1323:Constantinople
1319:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1053:Ottoman Empire
1051:involving the
1047:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1015:
997:(3): 471–481.
983:
944:Kramers, J. H.
940:Gibb, H. A. R.
930:Taeschner, Fr.
926:
887:Kramers, J. H.
883:Gibb, H. A. R.
869:
863:
848:
809:Kramers, J. H.
805:Gibb, H. A. R.
795:İnalcık, Halil
789:
786:
784:
783:
771:
759:
747:
735:
733:, p. 478.
723:
711:
709:, p. 477.
699:
697:, p. 474.
680:
665:
653:
641:
629:
627:, p. 476.
617:
613:Taeschner 1960
605:
603:, p. 473.
588:
576:
564:
545:
543:, p. 472.
530:
509:
497:
485:
470:
468:
465:
462:
461:
440:
438:, p. 477.
420:
406:
405:
403:
400:
366:
363:
361:as its ruler.
339:Constantinople
236:
233:
217:İsfendiyar Bey
209:Çarşamba River
157:) crossed the
121:Ala ad-Din Ali
91:Ottoman Empire
71:Islamic jurist
55:
52:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3000:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:Naval battles
2831:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Philippopolis
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2460:Modernization
2457:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:Naval battles
2405:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:Naval battles
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:Naval battles
1615:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1354:Classical Age
1351:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:Naval battles
1331:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
874:
870:
866:
860:
856:
855:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
791:
787:
780:
775:
772:
768:
763:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
739:
736:
732:
727:
724:
720:
715:
712:
708:
703:
700:
696:
691:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
645:
642:
638:
633:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
609:
606:
602:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
568:
565:
562:, p. 65.
561:
556:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
501:
498:
494:
489:
486:
481:
475:
472:
466:
458:
454:
450:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
421:
417:
411:
408:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
329:
325:
320:
319:Kuvvaddaroğlu
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
296:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
241:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
53:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2968:1391 in Asia
2955:
2945:
2930:
2921:
2861:
2839:
2821:
2799:
2757:
2750:
2728:
2656:
2649:
2627:
2615:
2608:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2515:
2488:
2472:Land battles
2413:
2395:
2388:
2326:
2319:
2297:
2290:
2286:2nd Belgrade
2281:Petrovaradin
2273:
2266:
2259:
2253:Land battles
2224:
2212:
2185:
2168:
2146:
2134:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2072:Egri Palanka
2070:
2063:
2046:
2039:
2027:
2005:
1958:
1946:
1939:
1917:
1910:
1898:
1881:
1874:
1852:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1731:Land battles
1702:
1698:Gulf of Oman
1685:
1668:
1656:
1649:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1605:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1473:
1441:
1434:
1422:
1388:1st Belgrade
1366:Land battles
1321:
1309:
1287:
1270:
1261:Hermannstadt
1253:
1246:
1241:Thessalonica
1239:
1232:
1220:
1200:
1193:
1176:
1166:Philadelphia
1164:
1157:
1150:
1145:Sırp Sındığı
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1082:Kulaca Hisar
1080:
1074:Land battles
994:
990:
970:
963:
913:
906:
853:
835:
828:
779:İnalcık 1960
774:
762:
750:
738:
726:
714:
702:
656:
644:
632:
620:
608:
579:
567:
526:İnalcık 1960
500:
488:
479:
474:
443:
431:
427:
423:
410:
368:
336:
332:
300:
287:
274:
267:
248:
246:
190:
106:
69:, a learned
65:
20:
18:
2765:Shipka Pass
2719:Başgedikler
2714:Akhaltsikhe
2679:Akhaltsikhe
2523:Mount Tabor
2506:Shubra Khit
2441:2nd Ochakov
2384:2nd Ochakov
2344:Stavunchany
2339:1st Ochakov
1883:Nagykanizsa
1561:Leobersdorf
960:Pellat, Ch.
952:Schacht, J.
903:Pellat, Ch.
895:Schacht, J.
825:Pellat, Ch.
817:Schacht, J.
250:Bazm u Razm
159:Dardanelles
2962:Categories
2759:Kızıl Tepe
2635:Dervenakia
2533:Heliopolis
2397:Karánsebes
2321:Banja Luka
2241:Old Regime
2226:Samothrace
2154:Cape Corvo
2048:Negroponte
2035:2nd Mohács
2029:Vrtijeljka
1996:2nd Vienna
1981:2nd Khotyn
1966:Krasnobród
1906:1st Khotyn
1894:Tashiskari
1860:Călugăreni
1807:Gvozdansko
1779:Mostaganem
1658:Formentera
1651:1st Jeddah
1548:1st Mohács
1513:Mercidabık
1449:Breadfield
1436:Valea Albă
1398:Târgoviște
1383:2nd Oranik
1311:2nd Kosovo
1305:1st Oranik
1206:Karanovasa
1172:Dubravnica
1138:Adrianople
493:Rypka 1960
467:References
355:Sivrihisar
309:rulers of
136:Germiyanid
54:Background
2817:Velestino
2812:Al Wajbah
2736:Eupatoria
2724:Kurekdere
2684:Kulevicha
2640:Karpenisi
2610:Drăgășani
2374:Kozludzha
2310:Yeghevārd
2214:Oinousses
2078:Slankamen
1991:Trembowla
1941:Novi Zrin
1876:Keresztes
1870:2nd Brest
1835:1st Brest
1607:Sokhoista
1595:Esztergom
1520:Han Yunus
1464:Cătlăbuga
1424:Otlukbeli
1403:2nd Mokra
1340:Gallipoli
1295:1st Mokra
1255:Novo Brdo
1222:Nicopolis
1201:Kırkdilim
1124:Gallipoli
1110:Pelekanon
979:495469456
969:Volume I:
956:Lewis, B.
922:495469456
912:Volume I:
899:Lewis, B.
873:Rypka, J.
857:. BRILL.
844:495469456
834:Volume I:
821:Lewis, B.
800:"Bāyazīd"
453:Ilkhanate
376:Sigismund
365:Aftermath
317:from its
315:Kırkdilim
307:Taşanoğlu
283:Scythians
225:Black Sea
167:Kastamonu
148:Bayezid I
132:Eskişehir
117:Karamanid
32:Bayezid I
2899:Navarino
2894:Gerontas
2857:Kaliakra
2790:Taşkesen
2780:4th Kars
2746:3rd Kars
2741:Chernaya
2730:Oltenița
2694:2nd Acre
2669:2nd Kars
2658:Phaleron
2651:Kamatero
2645:Arachova
2623:Vasilika
2594:Valtetsi
2558:Al-Safra
2553:Slobozia
2543:Arpachai
2517:1st Acre
2511:Pyramids
2446:Fidonisi
2359:Aspindza
2354:Khresili
2349:1st Kars
2208:Mytilene
2164:Focchies
2094:Moulouya
2088:Ustechko
2054:Batočina
1971:Niemirów
1919:Köbölkút
1746:Temesvár
1676:Girolata
1639:Balearic
1527:Ridanieh
1507:Koçhisar
1494:Turnadag
1487:Çaldıran
1393:Albulena
1378:Krusevac
1373:Leskovac
1283:Torvioll
1278:Kunovica
1272:Zlatitsa
1117:Demotika
962:(eds.).
935:"Amasya"
932:(1960).
905:(eds.).
875:(1960).
827:(eds.).
797:(1960).
311:Merzifon
291:Taşköprü
271:Osmancık
197:Menteshe
193:Sarukhan
177:and the
173:—mainly
163:Jandarid
144:Kırşehir
140:Yakub II
93:, under
79:Anatolia
44:Anatolia
40:Anatolia
2946:italics
2884:Nauplia
2879:Algiers
2823:Domokos
2807:Mouzaki
2795:Novšiće
2775:Aladzha
2752:Al-Hasa
2689:Algiers
2617:Sculeni
2599:Doliana
2589:Erzurum
2578:Alamana
2490:Giurgiu
2479:Focșani
2421:Matapan
2390:Mehadia
2379:Kinburn
2334:Perekop
2299:Samarra
2292:Kurijan
2203:Algiers
2198:Algiers
2193:Algiers
2142:Lepanto
2065:Zernest
2059:2nd Niš
2018:Eperjes
2001:Párkány
1976:Komarno
1960:Ładyżyn
1889:Sufiyan
1865:Giurgiu
1821:Torches
1793:Szigeth
1772:Tlemcen
1739:Tlemcen
1681:Alborán
1670:Preveza
1625:Zonchio
1601:Karagak
1581:Algiers
1574:Baghdad
1567:Gorjani
1541:Tlemcen
1501:Algiers
1443:Shkodra
1300:Otonetë
1266:1st Niš
1248:Golubac
1234:Çamurlu
1184:Pločnik
1159:Maritsa
1152:Samokov
1131:Ihtiman
1089:Bapheus
1049:Battles
788:Sources
449:Mongols
428:Peitzas
351:Kalecık
343:Iskilip
324:Çorumlu
275:Peitzas
259:Balkans
171:Balkans
95:Murad I
75:Eretnid
30:son of
25:Ottoman
2852:Tendra
2841:Andros
2801:Ulcinj
2770:Plevna
2584:Gravia
2564:Jeddah
2528:Abukir
2496:Izmail
2484:Rymnik
2431:Patras
2415:Imbros
2328:Grocka
2305:Kirkuk
2261:Chelif
2220:Andros
2136:Cyprus
2041:Crimea
1912:Candia
1900:Cecora
1814:Çıldır
1753:Palast
1704:Djerba
1481:Dubica
1475:Krbava
1469:Vrpile
1430:Vaslui
1413:Vaikal
1228:Ankara
1211:Rovine
1195:Kosovo
1189:Bileća
1103:Nicaea
1096:Dimbos
1055:by era
1011:615736
1009:
977:
958:&
920:
901:&
861:
842:
823:&
359:Mehmed
347:Ankara
328:Ankara
279:Samsun
221:Amasya
175:Serbia
138:ruler
134:, the
119:ruler
83:sultan
34:, and
2904:Sinop
2889:Samos
2874:Athos
2709:Nezib
2704:Konya
2674:Varna
2664:Petra
2604:Lalas
2571:Čegar
2548:Batin
2538:Derna
2501:Măcin
2426:Çeşme
2369:Kagul
2364:Larga
2315:Ganja
2275:Pruth
2148:Tunis
2119:Zenta
2101:Lugos
2083:Hodów
2023:Kassa
1948:Jijel
1854:Banat
1848:Sisak
1842:Bihać
1786:Krupa
1766:Tadla
1687:Ponza
1664:Tunis
1632:Modon
1534:Jajce
1459:Adana
1418:Meçad
1408:Ohrid
1317:Polog
1289:Varna
1216:Ohrid
1178:Savra
1007:JSTOR
938:. In
881:. In
803:. In
432:Begce
402:Notes
396:Timur
388:Canik
380:Bafra
263:below
213:Sinop
205:Konya
201:Aydın
87:Sivas
2699:Hims
2629:Peta
2268:Oran
2114:Azov
2108:Ulaş
2007:Buda
1986:Lwów
1588:Pest
1062:Rise
975:OCLC
918:OCLC
859:ISBN
840:OCLC
353:and
199:and
19:The
2931:see
2922:see
2013:Vác
1800:Fez
1760:Fez
1645:Diu
1454:Una
999:doi
971:A–B
914:A–B
836:A–B
285:".
265:).
85:at
2964::
1005:.
995:43
993:.
967:.
954:;
950:;
946:;
942:;
910:.
897:;
893:;
889:;
885:;
832:.
819:;
815:;
811:;
807:;
683:^
668:^
591:^
548:^
533:^
512:^
455:.
374:,
349:,
345:,
153:r.
126:r.
100:r.
2948:.
1041:e
1034:t
1027:v
1013:.
1001::
981:.
924:.
867:.
846:.
482:.
150:(
123:(
97:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
