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1041:'s Austrian brigade. The arriving reinforcements joined the fight just as the Austrians had forced the 1st Prussian Guard back to Chlum. The result was a decisive shock of firepower which collapsed the Austrian line. The Prussian advance was so rapid that Benedek ordered a series of cavalry countercharges to back up his artillery and cover the general retreat he ordered at 15:00. These were successful at covering the Austrian rear, keeping the bridges over the Elbe open for retreating Austrian soldiers, and preventing pursuit by the Prussians, but at a terrible cost: 2,000 men and almost as many horses were killed, wounded or captured in the action. Benedek himself crossed the Elbe near 18:00 and several hours later informed the emperor that the catastrophe of which he had warned had indeed occurred.
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transporting artillery across it was extremely difficult. The
Prussian attack was halted as the advancing Prussian 8th and 4th Divisions were cut down by the Austrian artillery as soon as they emerged from the smoke. However, the Austrian leader, Benedek, refused to call for a cavalry charge which later commentators have argued might have won the battle. Reserve units were deployed at noon, but the outcome of the battle was still uncertain and Prussian commanders anxiously waited for the crown prince.
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867:. Shortly before 8 a.m., the Austrian artillery opened fire, pinning down the Prussian right flank under Herwarth von Bittenfeld. The Saxons on the Austrian left fell back in good order, and proceeded to rain down fire on the advancing Prussian right from higher ground. Herwarth von Bittenfeld ordered the advance guard of seven battalions, under Brig. General von Schöler pulled back to the river around 10:00 and take a defensive stance.
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1229:. Naturally I was not doubtful of the answer for a second. I answered him: "Good, then it's war!" He traveled to Paris with this answer. A few days after one in Paris thought differently, and I was given to understand that this instruction had been torn from Emperor Napoleon during an illness. The further attempts in relation to Luxemburg are known.
879:, having secured the Prussian rear earlier, led the advance into the Swiepwald (Swiep Forest), where it was met by two Austrian corps. The 7th Division had to both clear out the forest, and cover the Prussian left until the Second Army, under the crown prince, arrived. The Prussians methodically cleared the villages of Austrian defenders. King
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was sent to drive the
Prussians back, and with a fierce infantry charge managed to force the 7th Division back to the outskirts of the forest. Flanking fire raked Pöckh's battalion, annihilating it as a fighting force and killing its commander. The fire came from the 8th Division which stiffened the
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finally arrived with the main bulk of his almost 100,000 men, having marched with all possible haste all morning, and hit the
Austrian right flank retiring from the Swiepwald while the Prussian artillery pounded the Austrian center. By 16:00 the last individual counter-attacks by the Austrian I and
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by the
Austrians, who were thought to have superior cavalry. However the close contact of the fight in the forest began to negate the Austrian advantages, the Austrians could not train their artillery on the close fighting, the damp weather made a cavalry charge risky, and the Austrian IV Corps was
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The
Prussians finally sighted the Austrians on the eve of 2 July near Sadowa, and Friedrich Karl planned to attack the next morning. Moltke ordered the Crown Prince Frederick William to join forces with the other two armies at the point where the Austrians were assembled, but the telegraph lines to
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There are 475 different memorials scattered on the battlefield and in its surroundings. Some of them are located on the sites where individuals, mostly officers, were killed. Other memorials are located on the sites of graves of
Austrian, Prussian or Saxon soldiers, who often rest together in mass
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To this point, the
Austrian superiority in numbers and position had held the day. Their weapons had longer range, which meant that the outnumbered Prussians could neither advance against the artillery barrage, nor effectively engage the Austrian infantry. The Prussians had attempted to bring three
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The battle ended with heavy casualties for both sides. The
Prussians had nearly 9,000 men killed, wounded or missing. The Austrians and allies had roughly 31,000 men killed, wounded or missing, with 9,291 of these being prisoners. Compounding the Austrians' losses was Austria's earlier refusal to
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reached the
Austrian artillery, forcing them to stop reforming an artillery line and pull back. He had attacked because he saw the artillery as holding together the Austrian position, and his attack destroyed the lone cavalry battery that stayed to fight, and forced the others to flee, along with
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The
Austrian army of 215,000 faced the Prussian Army of the Elbe (39,000) and First Army (85,000) on 3 July. The Austrian infantry was partially fortified and supported by cavalry in the rear and artillery units with firing range across hilly, wooded terrain. The battle began at dawn in subsiding
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While divisions from the Austrian II and IV Corps were committed to the fighting, there was no decisive infantry charge, nor did the Prussians present a flank that could be attacked with cavalry. The Austrians ultimately were caught having moved from their defensive position to attack, and their
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attacked and destroyed 38 out of 49 infantry battalions of four Austrian corps at the Swiepwald and Chlum at the centre of the battlefield, deciding the outcome of the struggle and forcing an Austrian retreat at 15:00, before any Prussian reinforcements could even seriously engage the Austrian
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ordered the First Army across the river to support Fransecky. Sadowa was captured, but a fierce battle ensued in a nearby forest. The Austrian artillery held off the Prussians by firing into the smoke of the Prussian advance. The Prussians were slowed, and although the river was easy to wade,
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At this point, having taken severe casualties, lacking artillery and cavalry cover, the high ground in enemy hands and the center being rolled up, the position for the Austrians deteriorated rapidly. The Second Prussian Army completely broke through the Austrian lines and took
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make peace as the only way to save the army from a "catastrophe". When this was refused, and an ambiguous last sentence of the imperial telegram was interpreted as ordering a final stand, Benedek drew his Austrians up against the Elbe between Sadowa and Königgrätz.
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Königgrätz was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War. The Prussians then continued to pursue the defeated Austrian Nord-Armee and fought a series of minor clashes, with the last skirmish being fought at distant Blumenau (today's Lamač, district of
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The Austrian commander Benedek had only reluctantly moved his troops out of their staging point at Olmütz on 18 June, moving north in three parallel columns with the I Corps protecting the right flank. The Austrians took up positions at the fortress
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On 30 June, Friedrich Karl's First Army advanced to within one day's march of the Second Army. However, for the next two days the Prussian cavalry lost sight of the Austrians entirely, although Moltke's guess as to their actions—a retreat to the
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committed piecemeal to the fighting. At this point the relative strengths of the two armies were beginning to reverse. The shorter range of the Prussian artillery as compared to the Austrian was moot, while the vastly higher
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behind the center. The Army of the Elbe, which had merely held position after the early morning bloodying by the Austrian artillery and the Saxon infantry, attacked and broke through the Austrian left flank. It seized
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small arms and cannon, was paramount. In addition the needle gun could be operated while prone in defense, and while moving quickly on the advance, while the Austrians had to stand up after each shot to reload their
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ones. The memorials were erected with funds from the families of the fallen, regiments, officers, the Order of St. John, and especially the Central Committee for the Preservation of Monuments from the War of 1866.
967:, brought the corps artillery, two regiments, to the battlefield. After 1 o'clock, Oberst von Rozynski commanded 66 guns in this area. However they were too far to the rear to be used effectively. This kept
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At 11:00 came the deciding moment of the battle; the Austrian centre began a manoeuvre to flank the Prussian 7th Division, which had pushed back and held off nearly a quarter of the Austrian army. Colonel
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the Second Army's positions were out, necessitating the dispatch of two mounted officers at midnight to ride the twenty miles' distance in time. They arrived at 4 a.m. The Crown Prince's Chief of Staff,
779:, where they bested the Prussians despite great losses to their own forces. By 29 June, Prince Friedrich Karl had reached Jitschin and inflicted a severe defeat on the Austrian I Corps under General
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It is known that even on 6 August 1866, I was in the position to observe the French ambassador make his appearance to see me in order, to put it succinctly, to present an ultimatum: to relinquish
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However, Benedek was indecisive and failed to use his superior numbers to eliminate the Prussian armies individually. Initially, the Austrians were pressed back everywhere except at
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to win the battle and the entire war at Königgrätz on their own. Prussian artillery was ineffective and almost all of the fighting on the Prussian side was done by the
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Gordon A. Craig writes, the Austrians lost 1,313 officers, 41,499 men and 6,010 cavalry, including 5,658 killed, 7,574 wounded, 7,410 missing and 22,170 prisoners.
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had meant that only two of the three armies had arrived in time. The Prussian center, in the cover of the forest, was able to hold its position, and discourage a
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After the battle, over 900 soldiers were left wounded on the field without medical care. Arriving several days later with a large stock of supplies, Saxon nurse
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The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded "Revanche pour Sadova" or "Revenge for Sadowa", which formed part of the background to the
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near the Austrian positions, a daring maneuver undertaken to limit the war's duration despite the risk of one army being overtaken en route.
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to put a halt to the fighting was being signed. It provided a great opportunity for Prussian statesmen, by clearing a path toward
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However, neither cavalry nor artillery gave direct help to the Prussian Infantry. Around 12:30 two rifled batteries of
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Devries, Kelly; Martin J. Dougherty; Christer Jorgensun; Chris Mann; Chris McNab (2008). "Sadowa (Königgrätz), 1866".
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The Saxon Corps lost 55 officers and 1,446 men, including 135 dead, 940 wounded and 426 missing.
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Dismayed by his losses, Benedek had ordered a withdrawal and urgently requested that Emperor
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31,000 to 43,000 killed, wounded, and/or missing Austrians, including up to 22,170 prisoners
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After this Prussian victory, France attempted to extract territorial concessions in the
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1727:. Translated by Colonel von Wright; Henry M. Hozier. London: Clowes & Sons.
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Iron and Blood: A Military History of the German-Speaking Peoples since 1500
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Iron and Blood: A Military History of the German-Speaking Peoples since 1500
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The Road to Königgrätz: Helmuth von Moltke and the Austro-Prussian War 1866
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1194:(Germany without Austria) solution, with the subsequent foundation of the
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VI Corps were broken, even as Benedek ordered a withdrawal. Lt. General
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The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866
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The Battle of Königgrätz : Prussia's Victory Over Austria, 1866
1685:[The Forgotten Dresden Heroine: Marie Simon Grave Renewed].
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armies together for the battle, but problems with sending orders by
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The Prussian center, with the Prussian 7th Division under General
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1506:"Battle of Königgrätz | Austrian history | Britannica"
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tended to the wounded for 17 weeks. This experience led her and
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Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
745:. The campaign began with Herwarth von Bittenfeld's advance to
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1484:(1st ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 390–391.
1683:"Die vergessene Dresdner Heldin: Marie-Simon-Grab erneuert"
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The great powers and the European states system 1814–1914
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from ordering a major attack against the Austrian left.
1814:. European History in Perspective. New York: Palgrave.
1353:(1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 391.
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rain and mist as Prussia took its position west of the
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1419:. Zsolnay, Wien 1997, ISBN 3-552-04824-3, pp. 262–263
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Königgrätz. 1866 – eine Schlacht macht Weltgeschichte
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Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, 1867, by
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1915:. Vol. II. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Pub. LLC.
1896:. Wokingham, Berkshire, UK: Helion & Co. Ltd.
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1298:, a German military march commemorating the battle
944:Prussian center to hold off the Austrian thrusts.
764:On 22 June, Prussia's Chief of the General Staff,
697:, commander of the Austrian forces (lithograph by
1763:The Moltke Myth: Prussian War Planning, 1857–1871
761:and the mountain passes from Saxony and Silesia.
361:1,501 killed, dead, wounded, and/or missing Saxon
1953:. Modern Wars Series. London: Hodder Education.
1860:(1964). "17 (The Battle of Sadowa, A.D. 1866)".
930:Cavalry engagement at the battle of Königgrätz (
1456:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8, 218.
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1981:Bellum.cz – Battle of Königgrätz 3rd July 1866
1934:. London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 237.
1894:The Prussian Artillery in the Campaign of 1866
2001:
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1169:, Czech Republic), commemorating the battle.
1743:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press.
768:, ordered both armies under his command to
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1877:. London: Amber Books. pp. 128–137.
634:. It took place on 3 July 1866, near the
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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32:This article includes a list of general
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1237:was written to commemorate the battle.
877:Edward Frederick Charles von Fransecky
1812:Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871
1717:, Great Lives Observed, Prentice-Hall
1625:Bridge, F. R.; Bullen, Roger (2005).
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2580:History of the Hradec Králové Region
1864:Twenty Decisive Battles of the World
642:(German: Königgrätz) and village of
975:Arrival of the Prussian Second Army
952:to the arriving Prussian infantry.
871:Prussian advance into the Swiepwald
2535:Battles of the Austro-Prussian War
2068:States of the German Confederation
1631:. Pearson Education. p. 164.
1058:Prussian casualties at Königgrätz
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1039:Ferdinand Rosenzweig von Dreuwehr
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1769:: University Press of America.
1725:The Campaign of 1866 in Germany
1723:Prussian General Staff (1872).
783:. The Crown Prince had reached
16:Part of the Austro-Prussian War
1951:The Wars of German Unification
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727:Crown Prince Frederick William
287:Crown Prince Frederick William
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2575:Frederick III, German Emperor
2343:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
1165:Memorial at Chlum hill (near
1875:Battles that Changed Warfare
1225:, or to expect an immediate
850:Historical map of the battle
725:, and the Second Army under
707:Karl Herwarth von Bittenfeld
679:1st Guards Infantry Division
2555:1866 in the Austrian Empire
2491:Schleswig–Holstein question
2338:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
1977:of the Battle of Königgrätz
1601:Prussian General Staff 1872
1589:Prussian General Staff 1872
1337:Prussian General Staff 1872
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2084:Confederation of the Rhine
1949:Showalter, Dennis (2004).
1739:The Army of Francis Joseph
1681:Haufe, Kay (14 May 2023).
1196:North German Confederation
1182:) on 22 July, just as the
813:Königgrätz order of battle
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787:despite stiff resistance.
737:. The Austrian army under
669:and one division from the
555:Italy and the Adriatic Sea
2545:Battles involving Prussia
2540:Battles involving Austria
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2101:German Empire (1848–1849)
1652:Wittneben, Karen (2010).
1349:Wilson, Peter H. (2023).
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2242:"Blood and Iron" speech
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2184:Frankfurter Wachensturm
1930:Perrett, Bryan (1992).
1810:Bucholz, Arden (2001).
1290:Königsberger Paukenhund
1047:First Geneva Convention
828:Leonhard von Blumenthal
713:, the First Army under
53:more precise citations.
2442:Das Lied der Deutschen
2378:Klemens von Metternich
2353:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
2063:Kingdom of Württemberg
2017:Unification of Germany
1911:Hozier, Henry (1867).
1892:Gore-Brown, S (2009).
1713:Hollyday, FBM (1970),
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2251:Second Schleswig War
2222:Punctation of Olmütz
2204:Frankfurt Parliament
2089:German Confederation
1913:The Seven Weeks' War
1795:. Solihull: Helion.
881:Wilhelm I of Prussia
741:was concentrated at
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120:Battle of Königgrätz
2348:Heinrich von Gagern
2273:Franco-Prussian War
2260:Austro-Prussian War
1858:Mitchell, Joseph B.
1659:Deutsche Biographie
1545:, pp. 142–146.
1296:Königgrätzer Marsch
1242:Franco-Prussian War
1235:Königgrätzer Marsch
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624:Austro-Prussian War
618:) was the decisive
401:Austro-Prussian War
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2516:Germany portal
2449:Die Wacht am Rhein
2233:Dresden Conference
2136:Congress of Vienna
2053:Kingdom of Prussia
2048:Kingdom of Hanover
2043:Kingdom of Bavaria
1975:A map and timeline
1791:Barry, Q. (2009).
1688:Sächsische Zeitung
1257:Albert Association
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2393:Otto von Bismarck
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2058:Kingdom of Saxony
1960:978-0-340-58017-2
1903:978-1-906033-05-7
1884:978-1-905704-67-5
1845:978-0-8122-1844-2
1802:978-1-906033-37-8
1638:978-0-582-78458-1
1491:978-0-674-98762-3
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1377:Spencer C. Tucker
1360:978-0-674-98762-3
1284:Cannoneer Jabůrek
1255:to establish the
1215:Otto von Bismarck
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795:—proved correct.
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2308:Christian IX
2262: /
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2106:Erfurt Union
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1950:
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1874:
1868:. Macmillan.
1863:
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1707:Bibliography
1693:. Retrieved
1686:
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1664:. Retrieved
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957:2nd Division
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903:rate of fire
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450:Münchengrätz
420:Hühnerwasser
335:
201:Belligerents
176:(modern day
139:
125:Part of the
112:
104:50.27; 15.75
80:
65:
56:
37:
2398:Robert Blum
2195:Revolutions
1691:(in German)
1662:(in German)
1260: [
1249:Marie Simon
1068:casualties
1031: [
1019: [
1000: [
985:Oskar Begas
819:Franz Josef
781:Clam-Gallas
719:Senftenberg
671:Second Army
484:Langensalza
440:Burkersdorf
157:3 July 1866
102: /
51:introducing
2529:Categories
2095:Zollverein
1543:Zuber 2008
1531:Zuber 2008
1519:Zuber 2008
1211:Luxembourg
1207:Palatinate
1176:Bratislava
963:, part of
811:See also:
793:Elbe River
759:Josefstadt
686:Background
663:First Army
577:Valtellina
572:Lake Garda
538:Gerchsheim
513:Frohnhofen
491:Main River
466:Königgrätz
170:Königgrätz
34:references
2497:Sonderweg
2408:Wilhelm I
2383:Ludwig II
2303:Charles I
2269:1870–1871
2229:1850-1851
2200:1848–1849
2141:1815–1848
2132:1814–1815
1832:(2003) .
1695:26 August
1666:26 August
1303:Citations
1244:of 1870.
1053:Aftermath
1045:sign the
990:At 14:30
905:from the
890:telegraph
654:in 1813.
543:Helmstadt
508:Kissingen
435:Trautenau
59:June 2018
1761:(2008).
1735:(1976).
1715:Bismarck
1480:(2023).
1450:(1996).
1278:See also
1217:stated:
1180:Slovakia
1167:Všestary
1109:2nd Army
1092:1st Army
934:, 1866).
894:railroad
733:west of
717:between
682:flanks.
638:city of
636:Bohemian
592:Bezzecca
567:Trentino
548:Roßbrunn
523:Hundheim
503:Dermbach
472:Blumenau
460:Gitschin
327:Strength
162:Location
2417:Related
2318:Franz I
2146:Vormärz
2034:(later
1028:Probluz
950:exposed
799:Prelude
749:in the
747:Dresden
731:Silesia
723:Görlitz
701:, 1857)
622:of the
562:Custoza
533:Werbach
498:Hünfeld
445:Skalitz
414:Bohemia
332:220,984
231:Austria
216:Prussia
90:15°45′E
87:50°16′N
47:improve
2291:People
2280:
2271:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2143:
2134:
2125:Events
2077:Unions
2024:States
1957:
1938:
1919:
1900:
1881:
1842:
1818:
1799:
1773:
1747:
1635:
1488:
1460:
1357:
1152:6,959
1149:1,935
1146:9,172
834:Battle
711:Torgau
665:under
644:Sadová
620:battle
616:Sadowa
430:Náchod
245:Saxony
242:
228:
213:
189:Result
36:, but
1264:]
1223:Mainz
1135:1,234
1129:1,647
1118:1,650
1112:2,265
1101:4,075
1098:1,065
1095:5,260
1066:Total
1063:Unit
1035:]
1023:]
1016:Chlum
1004:]
597:Versa
587:Lissa
425:Podol
2278:1871
2256:1866
2247:1864
2238:1862
2218:1850
2209:1848
2193:1848
2179:1833
2170:1832
2161:1819
2152:1817
1955:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1697:2023
1668:2023
1633:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1233:The
1209:and
1155:278
1121:101
1104:120
1074:and
721:and
677:and
614:(or
610:The
154:Date
1138:57
1132:356
1115:514
1086:MIA
1081:WIA
1076:DOW
1072:KIA
729:in
709:at
2531::
2469:/
1856:;
1765:.
1656:.
1565:^
1550:^
1399:^
1379:,
1369:^
1270:.
1262:de
1178:,
1033:cs
1021:de
1002:de
918:.
172:,
142:,
2462:)
2458:(
2038:)
2009:e
2002:t
1995:v
1963:.
1944:.
1925:.
1906:.
1887:.
1848:.
1824:.
1805:.
1779:.
1753:.
1719:.
1699:.
1670:.
1641:.
1508:.
1494:.
1466:.
1363:.
390:e
383:t
376:v
180:)
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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