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of Foot quickly redeployed to meet the charging mass of warriors and poured a devastating fire into their ranks. When two Indian infantry regiments contributed their firepower, the onslaught became even more devastating. Despite this, the
Abyssinian soldiers continued their attack, losing over 500 with more wounded during the ninety minutes of fighting, most of them at a point little over 30 yards from the British lines. During the chaotic battle, an advance guard unit of the 33rd Regiment outgunned some of the Abyssinian artillerymen and captured their artillery pieces. The surviving Abyssinian soldiers then retreated back onto Magdala.
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836:. He was instrumental in training Ethiopian troops to Western military standards, raising and drilling what became known as the Emperor's Disciplined Force. Kirkham's troops played a major role in the defeat of Yohannes' rival for the Ethiopian crown, Wagshum Gobeze, fighting with conspicuous success in the Battle of Assam on 11 July 1871. Kirkham had sacrificed the right to British protection by taking service with Yohannes, something which came back to haunt him when he was imprisoned in
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764:, because if he were in control of the fortress, Gobeze would be able to halt the Muslim Gallas' advance and assume responsibility for over 30,000 Christian refugees from Tewodros' camp. Yet as Gobeze was unresponsive to these overtures, much preferring to acquire Tewodros' cannons, and the two Galla queens could not reach an arrangement, Napier decided to destroy the fortress.
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As more men poured through and opened fire, advancing with their bayonets fixed, the defenders withdrew through the second gate. The party rushed the Koket-bir before it was fully closed and then took the second gate, breaking through to the amba. Ensign Wynter scrambled up onto the top of the second
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sent to blow up the gates of the fortress. The path lay up a steep boulder-strewn track, on one side of which there was a sheer drop and on the other a perpendicular cliff face, leading to the main gateway, known as the Koket-Bir, which included thick timber doors set into a 15-foot-long (4.6 m)
559:
The
British did not expect that the Abyssinian warriors would leave their defences to attack them and paid little regard to their defensive positions as they formed up to deploy. But the Emperor did order an attack, with many thousands of soldiers armed with little more than spears. The 4th Regiment
343:
who had first been seized when a letter
Tewodros II had sent to Queen Victoria requesting munitions and military experts from the British, delivered by an envoy, Captain Cameron, had gone unanswered. They were released; however, Tewodros II changed his mind and sent a force after them and they were
980:
In 2021, numerous items including a Coptic Bible, crosses, imperial shield, a set of horn beakers and a crown were bought by a
British non-profit organisation to return them to Ethiopia. The items were purchased from a British auction house and a private collector in Belgium and were described as
677:
was not happy at any further delay and ordered the 33rd
Regiment to continue the attack. Several officers and the men of the 33rd, along with an officer from the Royal Engineers, parted from the main force and, after climbing the cliff face, found their way blocked by a thorny hedge over a wall.
717:
Tewodros II was found dead inside the second gate, having shot himself with a pistol that had been a gift from Queen
Victoria. When his death was announced, all resistance ceased. His body was cremated and buried inside the church by the priests. The church was guarded by soldiers from the 33rd
539:
Before the force could actually attack
Magdala, they had to get past the plateau at Arogye, which lay across the only route to Magdala. It certainly looked formidable to attack. The British could see the way barred by many thousands of armed Abyssinians camped around the hillsides with up to 30
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Tewodros II sent two of the hostages on parole to offer terms. Napier insisted on the release of all the hostages and an unconditional surrender. Tewodros refused to cede to the unconditional surrender, but did release the
European hostages. The British continued the advance and assaulted the
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recalled "a curious phenomenon" that occurred on the day of the final assault: "Early in the forenoon a dark-brown circle appeared round the sun, like a blister, about 15° in radius; light clouds passed and repassed over it, but it did not disappear until the usual rain-storm came up from the
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rocket battery. The
Armstrong Artillery Battery, complete with elephants carrying their guns, joined the expedition on the plain at Talanta on 5 April, just 12 miles (19 km) from Magdala during a delay of four days waiting for supplies to arrive. Towards the end of the campaign the
756:; however Tewodros had won it back from them some years before. Two rival Galla queens, Werkait and Mostiat, who had both allied themselves with the British, claimed control of the conquered fortress as a reward. Napier much preferred to hand Magdala over to the Christian ruler of
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climbed onto his shoulders and through the gap in the hedge and dragged
Private Bergin up behind him as Ensign Conner and Corporal Murphy helped shove from below. Bergin kept up a rapid rate of fire on the Koket-Bir as Magner dragged more men through the gap in the hedge.
821:. However, both the Queen and Napier were later concerned with the subsequent development of the young prince, who became increasingly lonely, unhappy and depressed during this time. In 1879, the prince died of illness at the age of 19. He was buried near
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In 2023, artefacts including a lock of Prince Alemayehu's hair was handed over to the Ethiopian ambassador to the UK in London. Other artefacts handed over included the Holly Tabot tablet of ‘Medhane’Alem, three silver cups with bronze plating, and a
805:, under the protection of the British. This decision was apparently made in fear that his life would be taken by any aspirant for the empire of Abyssinia. In accordance with these wishes, Alemayehu was taken to London, where he was presented to
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across the Bashilo River to the nearby Dalanta Plain. A grand review was held, and then an auction of the loot; the money raised was distributed amongst the troops and no written list was made of who purchased the various items.
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While it is difficult to obtain an accurate order of battle of the Abyssinian forces, from British reports it appears to have consisted of a small amount of artillery and several thousands of light infantry lacking firearms.
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The scientific acquisitions and expropriated articles of the Magdala expedition are credited with stimulating and promoting an interest in the history and culture of Ethiopia within Europe, laying the foundations for modern
782:, not least because of the British weapons that had been handed over to him by the withdrawing Magdala expedition, who was able to expand his power and prevail over his rivals. In July 1871, he won the Battle of Assam, near
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Many looted objects, cultural artefacts and art objects found their way into state and private collections, family possessions, and the hands of ordinary soldiers. Most of the books and manuscripts went to the
588:, one thousand feet above us, and three thousand five hundred men of the garrison made a gallant sortie which was repulsed with very heavy loss and the enemy driven into Magdala. British Loss, twenty wounded."
767:
For the victory in the campaign, Lieutenant-General Napier was ennobled by Queen Victoria, and became Baron Napier of Magdala. Officers and soldiers who took part in the campaign were awarded the
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eastward late in the afternoon. Walda Gabir, the king's valet, informed me that Theodore saw it when he came out of his tent that morning, and that he remarked that it was an omen of bloodshed."
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and other countries before adequate arrangements had been made to feed and water them and the freshly arrived troops had to first obtain fresh feed and water for them. A base camp was set up at
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stone archway. Each side of the gate was protected by a thorn-and-stake hedge. After this gate was a further uphill path to a second fortified gateway, which led onto the final plateau or
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On reaching the gate there was a pause in the advance, as it was discovered the engineer unit had forgotten their powder kegs and scaling ladders and were ordered to return for them.
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The Anglo-Indian advance party involved in this first clash numbered between 600 and 700 men. One of the missionaries who observed the fighting noted that the breech-loading
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fortress. (The native hostages were later found to have had their hands and feet cut off before being sent over the edge of the precipice surrounding the plateau.)
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at the beginning of February. It took two months to reach their objective. The advancing British forces' route took them through rough terrain, traveling by way of
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After the withdrawal of the British, fighting for the succession to Tewodros' throne raged in Ethiopia from 1868 to 1872. Eventually, it was
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916:(Association For the Return Of the Madgala Ethiopian Treasures) campaign has been lobbying for the further return of other looted objects.
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plateau, before finally arriving via the road Emperor Tewodros built through the Zhitta Ravine to move his heavy artillery to Magdala.
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The British won the battle and, rather than being subjected to capture, Tewodros committed suicide as the fortress was finally seized.
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On 19 April, having first blown up the fortress and burned the city, Napier commenced the return march. According to historian
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rifles the previous year, which had increased the soldiers' firepower from three rounds per minute to ten rounds per minute.
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In 2019, the National Army Museum announced the return of a lock of Tewodros' hair, taken after his death in battle.
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on 4 December 1867; but did not disembark until 7 December due to chaotic conditions on shore. Thousands of
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and approached Magdala with First Brigade to reconnoitre it. Theodore opened fire with seven guns from
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1340:"The looted artefacts during the Meqdala war in 1868 were handed over to Ethiopian embassy in London"
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1315:"Maqdala treasures looted by British troops returned to Ethiopia in 'largest single restitution'"
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Ten Years in Abyssinia and Sixteen Years in Syria being the Autobiography of Theophilus Waldmeier
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From time to time, some of the looted treasure has been returned to Ethiopia; since 1999, the
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848:, the sailors were not permitted to aid in his liberation. Kirkham died in captivity in 1876.
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to show the plateau had been taken. Private Bergin and Drummer Magner were later awarded the
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Lord Napier arrived in early January 1868 and the expedition started from the advance camp at
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Two of the British soldiers wounded in the attack would later die from their injuries.
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Indian troops charge the Abyssinian lines at Arogye (illustration from a British book)
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722:, looted of "an infinite variety of gold, and silver and brass crosses" along with
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Markham, Clements (1868). "Geographical Results of the Abyssinian Expedition".
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in her will; however, shortly following her death in 1910, this was overturned.
794:. Kassai had himself crowned Emperor of Ethiopia, taking the name Yohannes IV.
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458:
16:
Battle between British Indian Army and Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia in 1868
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860:, fifteen elephants and almost two hundred mules were required to bear the
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returned to the fortress and imprisoned again, along with Captain Cameron.
948:'s collection of Ethiopian manuscripts were bequeathed in 1902 to Emperor
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981:'the single most significant heritage restitution in Ethiopia's history'.
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and to smaller British collections. Other looted objects ended up in the
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The Siege of Magdala: The British Empire Against the Emperor of Ethiopia
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The following day the British force moved on to Magdala. Writing later,
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This course was described within a few months and in careful detail by
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580:"Yesterday morning (we) descended three thousand nine hundred feet to
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1262:"Looted artefacts withdrawn from UK auction after Ethiopia's appeal"
1232:"UK museum to return lock of hair of Ethiopia's Emperor Tewodros II"
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1203:"Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II's stolen hair to be returned by UK"
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844:. Despite being discovered by a group of British sailors from HMS
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1289:"Looted Maqdala Treasures Returned to Ethiopia After 150 Years"
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The Fortress of Magdala, prior to its destruction in April 1868
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Our Soldiers, by W.H.G. Kingston - Battle of Magdala, page 194
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in 1924, but the more valuable gold crown was retained by the
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with a funeral plaque placed to his memory by Queen Victoria.
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fought in April 1868 between British and Abyssinian forces at
20:
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British naval & support ships, Annesley Bay December 1867
832:, stayed in Ethiopia and ultimately served as an advisor to
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Magdala was formerly in the territory of the Muslim Gallas (
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The exact location where Emperor Tewodros II was found dead
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Composed of some 12,000 British and Indian troops, beside
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Advance elements of the British military units arrived at
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One of the two looted crowns of Tewodros was returned to
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jackets with a white cloth-covered cork helmet called a '
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had been dispatched to secure the release of a group of
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The Ethiopian government has called for the remains of
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The plateau at Arogye, overlooking the route to Magdala
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to be returned to Ethiopia from his burial place in
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rifles, firing six volleys a minute, were decisive.
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1036:. Princeton, New Jersey: Markus Weiner Publishers.
489:23rd Punjab Regt Bengal Native Infantry (Pioneers)
455:45th Nottinghamshire Regiment (Sherwood Foresters)
970:returned Tewodros' royal cap and seal to Emperor
578:In his despatch to London, Lord Napier reported:
643:. Infantry units then opened fire, covering the
451:33rd Regiment of Foot (1st West Riding Regiment)
390:'. They had been issued the new breech-loading
125:
801:, in the event of his death, to put his son,
752:) tribes, who had long ago taken it from the
8:
1392:History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment
1390:Brereton, J. M.; Savoury, A. C. S. (1993).
905:, and also for the research on the ancient
881:, while a few went to the Royal Library in
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443:3rd (The Prince of Wales's) Dragoon Guards
122:
1411:Empire: How Britain made the Modern World
1230:Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban (4 March 2019).
1077:Journal of the Royal Geographical Society
797:Tewodros had asked his wife, the Empress
513:27th Bombay Native Infantry (1st Belooch)
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1450:19th-century history of the British Army
701:
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517:No 1 Company of Bombay Native Artillery
485:21st Punjab Regt Bengal Native Infantry
1435:Battles involving the Ethiopian Empire
1121:Markham, "Geographical Results", p. 48
493:2nd Bombay Native Infantry (Grenadier)
453:. Six companies of infantry from the
929:, along with an icon of a picture of
567:The stronghold of Emperor Tewodros II
473:10th Regt of Bengal Cavalry (Lancers)
7:
1440:Battles involving the United Kingdom
1313:Bailey, Martin (10 September 2021).
607:Pathway to main gateway into Magdala
505:21st Bombay Native Infantry (Marine)
328:, while the Abyssinians were led by
49:adding citations to reliable sources
974:while on a state visit to Ethiopia.
691:gate and fixed the 33rd Regimental
320:, 390 miles (630 km) from the
823:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
525:Corps of Bombay Sappers and Miners
521:Corps of Madras Sappers and Miners
464:26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot
14:
1366:"Ethiopia seeks prince's remains"
509:25th Bombay Native Light Infantry
447:4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot
819:Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
718:Regiment although, according to
382:The British were dressed in new
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210:
195:
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25:
1460:British Expedition to Abyssinia
324:coast. The British were led by
314:British Expedition to Abyssinia
36:needs additional citations for
1177:Institute of Ethiopian Studies
840:by Egyptian forces during the
699:for their part in the action.
669:Magdala, sentry post over gate
1:
1149:. 28 July 1868. p. 4187.
828:One of the British soldiers,
734:Succession and power struggle
706:The End of King Tewodros II (
481:3rd Regt of Bombay Lt Cavalry
436:, the field force comprised:
155:9–13 April 1868 (4 days)
1130:Brereton and Savoury, p. 189
1064:Brereton and Savoury, p. 184
133:1868 Expedition to Abyssinia
1344:Embassy of Ethiopia, London
631:The bombardment began with
501:10th Bombay Native Infantry
477:12th Regt of Bengal Cavalry
1486:
961:Victoria and Albert Museum
887:Victoria and Albert Museum
497:3rd Bombay Native Infantry
312:was the conclusion of the
1032:Matthies, Volker (2010).
351:Preparation and formation
335:In March 1866, a British
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919:Returned items include:
710:Illustrated London News
1173:"Maqdala and its loot"
842:Ethiopian–Egyptian War
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627:The burning of Magdala
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244:Commanders and leaders
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274:Casualties and losses
1293:Smithsonian Magazine
1242:on 26 September 2021
1171:Pankhurst, Richard.
895:National Army Museum
769:Abyssinian War Medal
743:Abyssinian War Medal
45:improve this article
1465:Looting in Ethiopia
1346:. 22 September 2023
1007:Sebastopol (cannon)
939:Emperor Yohannes IV
371:had been sent from
330:Emperor Tewodros II
60:"Battle of Magdala"
1470:British war crimes
1183:on 6 December 2008
1146:The London Gazette
968:Queen Elizabeth II
923:An edition of the
811:Cheltenham College
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540:artillery pieces.
413:, passing west of
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1455:April 1868 events
1445:Conflicts in 1868
1409:Ferguson, Niall.
1319:The Art Newspaper
903:Ethiopian Studies
891:Museum of Mankind
879:Oxford University
858:Richard Pankhurst
419:Wajirat Mountains
310:Battle of Magdala
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1238:. Archived from
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907:Kingdom of Aksum
875:Bodleian Library
803:Prince Alemayehu
720:Henry M. Stanley
675:General Staveley
613:Clements Markham
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776:Dajamach Kassai
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726:works and rare
645:Royal Engineers
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434:Royal Engineers
430:Royal Artillery
421:and across the
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1268:. 16 June 2021
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1211:. 4 March 2019
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883:Windsor Castle
871:British Museum
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807:Queen Victoria
788:Wagshum Gobeze
762:Wagshum Gobeze
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697:Victoria Cross
684:Michael Magner
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466:also arrived.
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62: –
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56:Find sources:
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34:This article
32:
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1391:
1372:25 September
1370:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:22 September
1348:. Retrieved
1343:
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1324:25 September
1322:. Retrieved
1318:
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1298:25 September
1296:. Retrieved
1292:
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1272:25 September
1270:. Retrieved
1266:The Guardian
1265:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1206:
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1181:the original
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941:in the 1870s
933:wearing the
926:Kebra Nagast
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830:John Kirkham
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188:Belligerents
131:Part of the
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1384:Works cited
1141:"No. 23405"
834:Yohannes IV
384:khaki drill
288:200 wounded
255:Tewodros II
165:Amba Mariam
1424:Categories
1236:Africanews
1013:References
950:Menelik II
535:The battle
459:Royal Navy
405:, Senafe,
296:700 killed
101:April 2013
71:newspapers
1083:: 12–49.
641:artillery
1208:BBC News
1001:See also
893:and the
817:and the
724:filigree
678:Private
440:British:
282:2 killed
261:Strength
169:Ethiopia
160:Location
1246:4 March
1215:4 March
1097:1798567
985:shield.
914:AFROMET
873:or the
852:Looting
838:Massawa
713:, 1868)
693:Colours
637:rockets
633:mortars
586:outwork
470:Indian:
407:Adigrat
403:Kumayli
322:Red Sea
318:Magdala
85:scholar
1398:
1187:8 July
1095:
889:, the
846:Teazer
780:Tigray
728:tabots
573:Snider
457:and a
445:, the
411:Antalo
399:Senafe
269:~4,000
266:13,000
215:
200:
176:Result
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1093:JSTOR
944:Lady
931:Jesus
792:Lasta
758:Lasta
750:Oromo
423:Wadla
373:Egypt
369:mules
337:envoy
218:India
92:JSTOR
78:books
1396:ISBN
1374:2021
1352:2023
1326:2021
1300:2021
1274:2021
1248:2019
1217:2019
1189:2008
862:loot
784:Adwa
708:The
651:amba
639:and
432:and
388:Topi
377:Zula
308:The
152:Date
64:news
1085:doi
877:in
790:of
778:of
519:,
47:by
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