833:
Emperor's army struggled towards Lake
Ashangi. Roughly 20,000 Ethiopians crossed the open plain towards Lake Ashangi and, due to brutal attacks from the Azebo Oromos and due to near continuous attacks from the air, thousands would be lost before they got close to the lake's shore. Worse, the water of Lake Ashangi had been sprayed with deadly chemicals by the Italian Royal Air Force and was poisoned by the time the Emperor's army arrived. Late on 4 April, Haile Selassie looked with despair upon the horrific sight of the dead bodies of much of his army ringing the poisoned lake.
163:
130:
151:
116:
102:
724:. But the Ethiopians had lost many front line commanders, the soldiers had not eaten since before dawn, and discipline had understandably broken down. To make matters even worse, as the Ethiopians fled from the battlefield, they were mercilessly bombed from above by the Italian Royal Air Force and harassed on the ground by the Azebu Galla.
736:"From five in the morning until seven in the evening our troops attacked the enemy's strong positions, fighting without pause. We also took part in the action and by the grace of God remain unharmed. Our chief and trusted soldiers are dead or wounded. Although our losses are heavy, the enemy too has been injured. The
706:
By 1600 hours, it was apparent that the
Imperial Guard was not going to be able to capture their objectives and Haile Selassie played his last card. He ordered an attack along the entire front. This last desperate action was again made by three columns, it was made under a heavily overcast sky, and
661:
The
Ethiopians advanced in three columns of 3,000 men each. In the first attacks, the Ethiopians hurled themselves at the Italian positions in waves. The fury of the attack and surprisingly accurate mortar fire carried the Ethiopians well into the defensive lines of the "Pusteria" Division. But the
528:
regiment of twenty 75mm field guns, some
Oerlikon 37mm guns, and even a few 81mm Brandt mortars. However, compared to the resources available to Badoglio, Haile Selasie's army was hopelessly outmatched. To even things up, the Emperor handed out between ten and fifteen dollars and distributed other
832:
Late on 3 April, the
Ethiopian columns reached Korem and the relative safety of the highlands. It was now decided that the columns would be dispersed. As a result, all semblance of order and organization were lost. In the early morning of 4 April, the battle weary and thirsty survivors of the
548:
and the three divisions of the
Eritrean Corps at Maychew. Before the battle, the Marshal explained: "The Emperor has three choices. To attack, and be defeated; to wait for our attack, and we will win anyway; or to retreat, which is disastrous for an army that lacks means of transport and proper
674:
Kassa advanced against the
Eritreans holding Mekan Pass on the Italian left flank. Haile Selassie hoped to face less resistance from the Eritreans. From 0700 to 0800 hours, the Ethiopians kept up a steady onslaught and, despite taking heavy casualties, were beginning to make gains. But at 0800
825:, rode a white horse and the retreat was initially not chaotic. In the early morning, circumstances changed as two latent threats materialized. The Azebo Oromos started attacking the flanks and Italian aircraft arrived. The Imperial Guard, as part of the rear guard commanded by
580:, the Emperor contemplated his decision to strike first. His army was the last intact Ethiopian army between Badoglio and Addis Ababa. He decided he would direct the attack personally in accordance with tradition and the expectation of his followers. Six battalions of the
693:
Getachew Abate, was sent in against the
Eritreans. The training and discipline of this elite force was apparent in the methodical mode of their advance over the open ground. For three hours they struggled to roll up the Italian flank. The X Battalion of the
572:
As soon as
Badoglio intercepted this message indicating that Haile Selassie had decided to advance, he cancelled orders for his own proposed offensive. Instead, Badoglio would prepare defensive positions for an Ethiopian attack.
988:
804:
Getachew, with the remnants of their own forces and with the remnants of the Guard, accompanied Haile
Selassie as he made his way into the friendly highlands of Wag and Lasta and away from the snarling Oromos of
920:, the Emperor was to learn that the Crown Prince had abandoned Dessie on 14 April without firing a shot. He also learned that the city was already occupied by the Eritreans. The Emperor's column turned towards
250:
916:
Aberra Kassa. From 12 April the Emperor spent three days there in prayer. On 15 April, Haile Selassie left Lalibella and rejoined his army as it continued its plodding march towards Dessie. At
931:
On 20 April, Marshal Badoglio flew to Dessie. He noted great strips of cloth stretched across the decorated streets. On the cloth, the local population had written: "The Hawk has flown."
973:
744:
troops also did their best. Our troops, even though they are not adapted for fighting of the European type, were able to bear comparison throughout the day with the Italian troops."
963:
597:. But, during a week frittered away by the Ethiopians in war councils, banquets, and prayers, the Italians had time to strengthen their defenses and time to bring up reserves.
593:
Had Haile Selassie attacked on 24 March as he originally planned, things may have gone differently; many of the Italians had only recently arrived at Maychew after the fall of
243:
978:
590:) would be part of his force of approximately 31,000 fighters. Haile Selassie chose to attack against the advice of his foreign experts and against his own better judgement.
1587:
509:. The Emperor divided his army into four groups. He arranged that one group would be commanded directly by himself and that the other three groups would be commanded by
946:
From Fikke, Haile Selassie made his way towards Addis Ababa. By 1 May, he had arrived in the capital. This was one month after the Battle of Maychew. With him were
236:
698:
was virtually annihilated. In the end, the Italian commander of the unit called down concentrated artillery fire onto his own overrun positions and saved the day.
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organisation for food and munitions." Badoglio also enjoyed the intelligence edge of being able to intercept most of the Ethiopian radio communications.
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858:
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Under Badoglio, the advance on Addis Ababa was renewed. Badoglio overwhelmed the armies of ill-armed and uncoordinated Ethiopian warriors with
643:
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My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, King of Kings and Lord of Lords, Volume I: 1892-1937
276:
707:
it was made with little chance of success. The Ethiopians attacked everywhere and were driven back. It was at this point that the
924:, but runners then brought the news that Worra Ilu had fallen too. By forced march, the Emperor and his party made their way to
817:
On the night of 2 April, the Emperor finally ordered a retreat. The retreating columns set off before dawn the next day towards
891:
769:, his grandfather's country. In Lasta the inhabitants were both warlike and loyal to the "Shoan Emperor," Haile Selassie.
1414:
My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, King of Kings and Lord of Lords, Volume II
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439:. In December, after a brief period of inactivity and minor setbacks for the Italians, De Bono was replaced by Badoglio.
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garrison at Dessie. Ammunition and supplies were accumulated in anticipation of protracted operations in the north.
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435:, leading a force of approximately 100,000 Italian and 25,000 Eritrean soldiers towards the Ethiopian capital of
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were dug in on the slopes of Amba Bokora for the Italian I Corps. The rest of the I Corps was in reserve, the
1475:
1412:
Haile Selassie I, Edited by Harold Marcus with others and Translated by Ezekiel Gebions with others (1999).
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296:
286:
79:
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711:, who had been on the sidelines, made their allegiance clear and attacked the withdrawing Ethiopians.
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and enter the fortifications and since God is our only help, confide this decision in secret to the
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379:
281:
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854:
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It was believed among the Ethiopians that it might be possible to make a stand at Dessie. The
793:
789:
677:
488:
311:
524:
Compared to other Ethiopian forces, Haile Selasie's army was extremely well armed. He had an
905:
621:
613:. The attack began at 0545 hours and continued for thirteen hours with little or no let up.
541:). In exchange, they swore their allegiance to him and agreed to attack the Italian flanks.
467:
405:
363:
162:
135:
62:
681:) and the Ethiopians could hear the ominous engine roar as they closed in with poison gas.
1545:
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1203:
925:
754:
606:
397:
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155:
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877:
Before getting to Dessie, the Emperor decided to make a pilgrimage to the holy city of
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737:
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Haile Selassie now played his trump card. The Imperial Guard, under the command of
530:
568:, to the ministers and to the dignitaries and offer unto God our fervent prayers."
829:
Getachew, lost more men over the next two days than were lost during the battle.
670:
The Ethiopians switched the focus of their attack and fifteen thousand men under
576:
On 23 March, looking across a lush green valley towards the Italian positions at
863:
822:
594:
553:
443:
436:
732:
On the evening of 31 March, Haile Selassie sent another message to his wife:
954:
Getachew. When the Emperor arrived, he found a city in a state of near panic.
848:
had been sent there to raise a new army. With the Crown Prince in Dessie were
806:
617:
534:
228:
878:
525:
748:
Many of the Ethiopian commanders now prepared to make for their own lands.
474:. He arrived forty years to the day from the decisive Ethiopian victory at
1386:
The Civilizing Mission: A History of the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935-1936
1052:
921:
620:
positions all night, alerted to the attack by an Ethiopian deserter. The
1393:
Haile Selassie I, Translated and Annotated by Edward Ullendorff (1999).
646:. The two Eritrean divisions of the Eritrean Corps held Mekan Pass, the
1416:. Chicago: Research Associates School Times Publications. p. 190.
1397:. Chicago: Research Associates School Times Publications. p. 338.
917:
577:
552:
On 21 March, Haile Selassie sent a radio message to his wife, Empress
428:
421:
401:
394:
54:
714:
Haile Selassie's order to retreat was to be late in coming. He placed
662:
mountain troops struck back and soon the front lines were stabilized.
446:, tanks, and heavy artillery. He defeated the Ethiopian armies at the
626:
989:
List of Italian military equipment in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
938:" towards Addis Ababa, he faced no meaningful Ethiopian resistance.
370:) was the last major battle fought on the northern front during the
560:"Since our trust in our Creator and in the hope of His help and as
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Badoglio unleashed the bombers of the Italian Royal Air Force (
232:
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made their way to Korem to join the Emperor. In addition,
1064:
Roughly equivalent to Commander of the Advanced Guard.
974:
List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia
821:
and the highlands of Korem. Haile Selassie, wearing a
964:
Ethiopian Order of Battle Second Italo-Abyssinian War
979:
Italian Order of Battle Second Italo-Abyssinian War
837:
Pilgrimage to Lalibella and plan to stand at Dessie
740:fought magnificently and deserve every praise. The
1480:. University of California Press. pp. 142–6.
1452:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1236:
1234:
1033:Roughly equivalent to Commander of the Rear Guard.
1314:
1312:
544:Badoglio had the four divisions of the Italian
23:
244:
16:1936 battle of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
8:
1042:Roughly equivalent to Commander of the Gate.
870:and Fikremariam commanded the Guard and the
1516:The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935-1936
1266:
1264:
1147:
1145:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
616:The Italians had been "standing to" in the
470:arrived by foot at his new headquarters in
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
780:Kassa's other sons was to go to the Kassa
251:
237:
229:
20:
1588:Battles of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
934:On 26 April, when Badoglio launched his "
393:defensive positions under the command of
881:. Included in the Emperor's retinue was
866:. Wadajo Ali was the "real" Governor of
1102:
1004:
658:was in reserve for the Eritrean Corps.
1459:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.
1439:
1429:
7:
1474:Marcus, Harold G. (February 2002).
374:. The battle consisted of a failed
1184:Haile Selassie I, Volume I, p. 277
206:873 Eritreans killed & wounded
14:
636:26th Infantry Division "Assietta"
204:400 Italians killed & wounded
187:(including six battalions of the
1499:. New York: Olive Branch Press.
640:30th Infantry Division "Sabauda"
181:(with another 40,000 in reserve)
161:
149:
128:
114:
100:
1549:. 13 April 1936. Archived from
1455:Brassey's Dictionary of Battles
788:Seyum was ordered to return to
644:4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio"
505:arrived with a fresh army from
80:attempt to flee to Lake Ashenge
1369:. New York: Ballantine Books.
656:1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"
632:5th Alpine Division "Pusteria"
605:At dawn on 31 March 1936, the
378:by the Ethiopian forces under
1:
400:. The battle was fought near
1593:History of the Tigray Region
1348:
969:Army of the Ethiopian Empire
784:of Salale in northern Shoa.
427:advanced into Ethiopia from
1518:. Westminster, MD: Osprey.
1336:
1270:
1225:
1163:
1151:
1136:
761:Kassa's sons, was to go to
372:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
31:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
1614:
1367:The Rape of Ethiopia, 1936
562:we have decided to advance
408:, in the modern region of
263:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1495:Mockler, Anthony (2003).
480:First Italo-Ethiopian War
466:On 1 March 1936, Emperor
272:
198:
173:
142:
91:
36:
28:
666:Switch to the left flank
452:Second Battle of Tembien
1514:Nicolle, David (1997).
1388:. New York: Dial Press.
1086:Roughly equivalent to
1073:Roughly equivalent to
1051:Roughly equivalent to
1011:Roughly equivalent to
936:March of the Iron Will
685:Imperial Guard sent in
367:
143:Commanders and leaders
1497:Haile Sellassie's War
1477:A History of Ethiopia
1451:Laffin, John (1995).
1384:Barker, A.J. (1968).
1365:Barker, A.J. (1971).
912:Wondosson Kassa, and
696:2nd Eritrean Division
652:2nd Eritrean Division
648:1st Eritrean Division
448:Battle of Amba Aradam
199:Casualties and losses
1282:Mockler, pp. 121-122
482:. On 19 March, both
1075:Metropolitan Bishop
1024:Barker states this.
607:attack was launched
420:On 3 October 1935,
1442:has generic name (
984:Royal Italian Army
718:Getachew Abate as
433:declaration of war
216:1,000-8,000 killed
1598:March 1936 events
1583:Conflicts in 1936
1525:978-1-85532-692-7
1506:978-1-56656-473-1
1487:978-0-520-22479-7
1376:978-0-345-02462-6
678:Regia Aeronautica
489:Kassa Haile Darge
462:Korem and Maychew
389:against prepared
360:Battle of Maychew
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24:Battle of Maychew
1605:
1578:1936 in Ethiopia
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1207:, 13 April 1936
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1553:on 31 May 2008
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44:31 March 1936
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1565:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1544:
1515:
1496:
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1454:
1440:|first=
1413:
1394:
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1359:Bibliography
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531:Oromo people
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359:
357:
336:
317:Lake Ashenge
292:Ganale Doria
218:
208:
97:
92:Belligerents
73:
29:Part of the
18:
1337:Barker 1971
1271:Barker 1971
1152:Barker 1971
1137:Barker 1971
942:Addis Ababa
928:in Salale.
864:Fikremariam
846:Asfa Wossen
823:pith helmet
709:Azebu Galla
702:Last attack
595:Amba Aradam
554:Menen Asfaw
539:Azebu Galla
517:Seyum, and
478:during the
444:mustard gas
437:Addis Ababa
404:(Mai Ceu),
347:Addis Ababa
322:2nd Tembien
297:1st Tembien
1572:Categories
995:References
950:Kassa and
855:Wadajo Ali
807:Raya Azebo
800:Kassa and
642:, and the
618:front line
537:(Italian:
535:Raya Azebo
521:Getachew.
454:, and the
431:without a
416:Background
1432:cite book
1097:Citations
1000:Footnotes
922:Worra Ilu
914:Dejazmach
910:Dejazmach
903:Dejazmach
879:Lalibella
860:Fitawrari
792:and wage
776:, one of
771:Dejazmach
765:south of
757:, one of
751:Dejazmach
630:) of the
609:. It was
526:artillery
312:Mai Lahlà
282:Christmas
1557:3 August
1228:, 145-6.
1053:Governor
958:See also
890:Petros,
650:and the
406:Ethiopia
174:Strength
136:Ethiopia
63:Ethiopia
49:Location
1349:Mockler
918:Magdala
901:Kassa,
892:Etchage
813:Retreat
578:Maychew
513:Kassa,
429:Eritrea
422:General
402:Maychew
395:Marshal
391:Italian
385:making
380:Emperor
368:Mai Ceu
364:Italian
337:Maychew
307:Enderta
277:De Bono
185:31,000
179:40,000
55:Maychew
1522:
1503:
1484:
1463:
1420:
1401:
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1351:, 133.
1339:, 109.
1226:Marcus
1164:Laffin
1154:, 105.
952:Asmach
883:Coptic
872:Shewan
827:Asmach
802:Asmach
790:Tigray
742:Amhara
721:Asmach
654:. The
638:, the
627:Alpini
601:Battle
450:, the
410:Tigray
342:Ogaden
332:Gondar
302:Uarieu
223:11,000
133:
105:
70:Result
59:Tigray
1273:, 98.
1166:, 28.
1139:, 97.
1088:Abbot
926:Fikke
887:Abuna
868:Wollo
763:Lasta
738:Guard
566:Abuna
472:Korem
327:Shire
219:Total
213:1,273
209:Total
108:Italy
53:Near
1559:2009
1546:Time
1520:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1444:help
1418:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1204:Time
1013:Duke
857:and
851:Shum
782:fief
491:and
476:Adwa
358:The
287:Dolo
41:Date
948:Ras
908:,
899:Ras
798:Ras
786:Ras
778:Ras
767:Wag
759:Ras
716:Ras
691:Ras
672:Ras
533:of
519:Ras
515:Ras
511:Ras
500:Ras
493:Ras
485:Ras
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1436::
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1430:{{
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