Battle of Mohi - Knowledge (XXG)

1395:, also arrived there to help him. At this moment, the conflict between Cumans and Hungarians caused riots and the Cuman khan—who had been under the personal protection of the king—was murdered. Some sources mention the role of Duke Frederick in inciting this riot, but his true role is unknown. Another possibility is that Mongol spies helped spread rumors of the supposed Cuman-Mongol alliance to cause panic, similar to what the Mongols had done in the invasion of Khwarezm. The Cumans believed that they had been betrayed, and left the country to the south, pillaging all the way. The full mobilisation was unsuccessful; many contingents were unable to reach Pest; some were destroyed by Mongols before they arrived, some by renegade Cumans. Many nobles refused to take part in the campaign because they hated the king and desired his downfall. The loss of the Cumans was painful for Béla, because they were the one army in Europe who had experience fighting the Mongols. 1602:

various princes came after him. Consequently, the city was assaulted and taken, and they returned. The princes came to see Badu and said: "During the battle at the Huoning River, Subutai was late with his help and consequently we lost our Bahatu." Subutai replied: "The various princes only knew that the water was shallow upstream, and that there was a bridge. Consequently they forded the river and joined in battle. They did not know that downstream I had not yet finished my pontoon bridge. When you now say that I was slow, you must think about the cause." Badu then understood the situation. Afterwards, at a great assembly, they drank to Subutai with mares milk and putao wine and discussed the campaign against Qielin as follows: "Everything that was achieved then was due to Subutai's merit."

1372:, donations of land to nobles by the crown reached a new peak: whole counties were donated. As Andrew II said, "The best measure of royal generosity is measureless". After Béla IV inherited his father's throne he began to reconfiscate Andrew's donations and to execute or expel his advisers. He also denied the nobles' right of personal hearings and accepted only written petitions to his chancellery. He even had the chairs of the council chamber taken away in order to force everybody to stand in his presence. His actions caused great disaffection among the nobles. The newly arrived and grateful Cumans gave the king more power (and increased prestige with the Church for converting them), but also caused more friction. The 1509:(bodyguards) and one of his lieutenants, Bakatu, when he personally assaulted a strong point with the vanguard. Subutai, who had been delayed by bridge-building, attacked the Hungarians' rear. The Hungarians retreated back to their fortified camp before Subutai could complete his encirclement. Because of the losses suffered and the size of the surviving Hungarian force, Batu suggested a withdrawal. He was no longer confident that his men could defeat the Hungarians if they decided to come out again, and blamed Subutai for the terrible casualties his wing took. Subutai stated that regardless of Batu's decision, he would not retreat until his force reached Pest. Batu was eventually persuaded and resumed the attack. 1652:, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), page 15; "... on April 11, Batu's forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp, inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders ... While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute—some call it a massacre rather than a battle—historians disagree on their assessments of Béla's apparent ineptitude. Of course the Hungarians could have done better; but it is beyond doubt that no "ad hoc", feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined, highly trained, professional soldiers of the Mongol army. A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers. These were very heavy." 2685:, ed. Christopher Dawson (London: Sheed and Ward, 1955), p. 30. Quote: "A great number of the Tartars were killed in Poland and Hungary and the Tartars would have left their country, for they were filled with such fear that they tried to run away. Bati , however, drawing his sword, withstood them face to face saying: 'Do not flee, for if you do, not one will escape, and if we are to die, let us all die, for that is about to happen which Chingis Chan foretold when he said we should be put to death: if the time has now come let us endure it.' And so fresh heart was put into them and they stayed and destroyed Hungary." 1312:, on 12 March 1241, while the final army under Batu's brother Shiban marched in an arc north of the main force. Prior to the invasion, King Béla had personally supervised the construction of dense natural barriers along Hungary's eastern border, intending to slow the Mongol advance and obstruct their movement. However, the Mongols possessed specialized units who cleared the paths at great pace, removing the obstacles in just three days. Combined with the extreme speed of the Mongol advance, called "lightning" by a European observer, the Hungarians lacked time to properly group their forces. 1626:

The Hungarians' losses were such that they were unable to mount an effective defence. A near-contemporary source reports that 10,000 Hungarian soldiers were killed, almost the entire army. There are no reliable estimates for Mongol casualties; modern historians give estimates ranging from several hundred to several thousand. The exact losses the Mongols took at Mohi are unknown, though they were considerable; Carpini witnessed a large cemetery in Russia exclusively for the Mongol troops killed in the campaign against Hungary, as he was told "many lost their lives there".

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irrigation systems, which later led to a mass starvation. Some modern historians have claimed that well-fortified castles were impenetrable to the Mongol army given that five stone castles located east of the Danube survived the invasion. Such claims were contradicted by other historians who highlighted the skill of siege warfare of the Mongol army against similar fortifications. Rather, the movement speed of the Mongol troops and the hunt for the Hungarian king did not open up possibilities for longer sieges.

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bridge, which was at least 200 meters long. The Mongol vanguard was killed nearly to a man, with Thomas of Split writing: "the Hungarians immediately charged into them and did battle. They cut down a great many of them and pushed the rest back over the bridge, causing them to be drowned in the river." The Hungarians left some soldiers to guard the bridge and returned to the camp, unaware that the main Mongol army was nearby. Arriving at the camp at around 02:00, they celebrated their victory.

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inside the camp felt little loyalty to the king, and likely would have deserted had they not already been surrounded. Béla's brother, Coloman, rallied enough men to sally out and charge the Mongols, but his attack was driven back. The Mongols used their siege equipment to pound the camp's fortifications, and set fire to the tents. Finally, the demoralized soldiers decided to flee. They tried to escape through a gap left open on purpose by the Mongols, and almost all of them were slaughtered.

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the horde of Mongols swell, they realised that this was not a minor raid but an attack by the main Mongol force. After some heavy fighting, they returned to the camp hoping to mobilise the full army. They were badly disappointed, as the King had not even issued orders to prepare for battle. Archbishop Ugrin reproached the King for his faults in public. Finally the Hungarian army sallied forth, but this delay gave Batu enough time to finish the crossing.

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strongholds by landowners could ultimately lead to the strengthening of oligarchy and a decline in the royal power. Castles were only authorized to be built in strategically significant locations deemed important by the monarchs, primarily along the western border near the Holy Roman Empire. This policy proved to be successful to preserve the nearly absolute royal power in the realm, however it hardly backfired during the mongol attacks.

1425:, a contemporary account of the battle by a German chronicler which reported that the Hungarians lost 10,000 men, suggesting their whole army was around that size. For the Mongols, the closest hard evidence comes from the works of Rashid al-Din, drawing on Mongol sources, which report that the Mongol force for the entire Central European invasion was 40,000 horsemen, of which only a portion were actually at Mohi. 2417:

days before taking the city of Strigonie, to which many Hungarians had fled: "On the sixth day the city was taken. The powerful soldiers threw the Huo Kuan Vets (fire-pot) and rushed into the city, crying and shouting.34 Whether or not Batu actually used explosive powder on the Sayo, only twelve years later Mangu was requesting "naphtha-shooters" in large numbers for his invasion of Persia, according to Yule

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killed the population. Where the locals offered no resistance, they forced the men into servitude in the Mongol army. Hungary lay in ruins, and widespread hysteria spread across all of Europe. Nearly half of the inhabited places had been destroyed by the invading armies. Around 15 to 25 percent of the population was lost, mostly in lowland areas, especially in the

77: 578: 1571:, where they stayed until the Mongols withdrew. The Mongols seized the Hungarian royal seal and used it to issue bogus decrees that kept many Hungarians vulnerable to exploitation. Meanwhile, the rest of Europe was horrified by the defeat and subsequent devastation of Hungary, creating a wave of fear and panic that spread to the Atlantic. 1429:

Hungarian army was provided, implying 200,000 Mongol troops. Juvaini's wording also implied that the Hungarian host was mostly mounted. Hungarian chroniclers claimed that the Mongols were superior numerically many times over, though they also give unlikely figures, with one chronicler stating that the Mongols invaded with 500,000 troops.

1413:, also tried to attack a Mongol contingent, but he was lured to a swamp and his armoured cavalry became irretrievably stuck in it. He barely escaped with his life. The army of the Count Palatine also was annihilated, as previously mentioned. The southern Mongol army also defeated another Hungarian force at Nagyvárad. 1601:

Once across, the princes wanted to force Subutai to return and made additional plans since the enemy was numerous. Subutai replied: "If the princes wish to go back, then they will go back alone. I shall not turn back until I reach the Tuna City of the Macha . He then rode to the Macha city, and the

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and most of its population killed but the citadel was not taken as larger sieges were avoided given the aim of capturing the king. The Mongols systematically occupied the Great Hungarian Plains, the slopes of the northern Carpathian Mountains, and Transylvania. Where they found local resistance, they

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When the fleeing Hungarians arrived at the camp they woke the others. Coloman, Ugrin and the Templar master then left the camp again to deal with the attackers. Others remained there, believing this was also a minor attack and that Coloman would again be victorious. But as Coloman and Ugrin witnessed

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Carey states on p. 128 that Batu had 40,000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30,000 troops in an encircling maneuver. Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols' three-pronged assault on eastern Europe. This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles

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After their victory, the Mongols did not pause to loot and instead ruthlessly pursued the remainder of the Hungarian army. After killing any stragglers they could find, they began an assault on the Hungarian countryside, solidifying their control over the terrain they had previously blitzed through.

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On the Mongol side, internal frictions from prior to their armies' departure flared up after the battle. The Mongol/Chinese sources portray Batu as being a mediocre commander-in-chief who blamed Subutai for the losses at Mohi that actually occurred due to Batu's impetuosity. Batu was notably unhappy

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Archbishop Ugrin was killed along with another archbishop, three bishops, and numerous other high officials, but Coloman and Béla managed to escape—though Coloman's wounds were so serious that he died soon after. While the Mongols had suffered higher than normal casualties themselves, the Hungarians

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When Coloman and Ugrin arrived they found the Mongols unprepared and in the middle of crossing the bridge. They successfully forced them into battle and achieved a victory there. The Mongols had been unprepared for the crossbowmen, who inflicted considerable losses on them, helped by the size of the

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The Mongol vanguard reached Pest on 15 March and began to pillage the neighbouring area. King Béla forbade his men to attack them, as the Hungarian army was still unprepared. Even so, Duke Frederick attacked and defeated a minor raiding party and used this to attempt to smear Béla as a coward. After

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33 D'Ohsson's European account of these events credits the Mongols with using catapults and ballistae only in the battle of Mohi, but several Chinese sources speak of p'ao and "fire-catapults" as present. The Meng Wu Er Shih Chi states, for instance, that the Mongols attacked with the p'ao for five

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After defeating the Kipchak Turks (Cumans), Bulgars and Russians, the Mongol army under Subutai took Cracow and Breslau, and on 9 April 1241, defeated a German army under Duke Henry of Silesia at Liegnitz. The Mongols under Batu defeated the Hungarians under King Bela IV at Mohi on the Sajo on 11th

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Sverdrup, pp. 114–115, citing Rashid al-Din's chronicles, 1:198, 2:152. Rashid Al-Din's figures give Batu and Subutai about 40,000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 (including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus), divided into five columns (three in Hungary,

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even began to use the title "King of Cumania". When Cuman refugees (ca. 40,000 people) sought refuge in his kingdom after being crushed by the Mongols, it seemed that at least a portion of the Cumans had accepted Hungarian rule. The Mongols saw Hungary as a rival, and the Cuman migration to Hungary

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Confined within the camp, the mood among the Hungarians turned to panic after their sallies were ineffective and they sustained repeated bombardments by stone and gunpowder. Terrified by the flaming arrows, the trampling crush of their comrades resulted in the deaths of many soldiers. The nobles

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The military doctrine of the Hungarian kings prohibited nobles from constructing private stone castles/fortresses for their own protection within the realm. Consequently, the building of stone castles was an exclusive royal monopoly in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was believed that privately built

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also stated that a great many Mongols were killed in Hungary and Poland and that they would have retreated at a critical moment at Mohi if not for the inspiring leadership of Batu, who personally rallied his men to lead them to a decisive victory. This is somewhat consistent with the Yuan Shi's

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tactics to harass the Mongol troops, occasionally engaging them in open battle. However, these attempts were met by massacres by the ruthless Subutai, which stalled any guerrilla attempts in their tracks. The Mongols often bypassed strong points and devastated the nearby agricultural fields and

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slave of the Mongols escaped to the Hungarians and warned them that the Mongols intended a night attack over the bridge over the Sajó. The Mongols planned to bring their three contingents together if possible before engaging in battle and watched for signs that the Hungarians planned to attack.

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For their part the Mongols claimed their enemy outnumbered them, with Juvaini (drawing on Mongol sources) reporting that the Mongol reconnaissance force (10,000 men) estimated the Hungarian army was twice as numerous as the Mongol army. However, a clearly exaggerated estimate of 400,000 for the

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under Subutai and Jebe. This was part of their great cavalry raid to explore the lands beyond their knowledge under the direction of Genghis Khan. The defeated princes of Rus who were captured by the Mongols were crushed to death under a victory platform following the battle. At this time, the

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Finally, the king decided to offer the Mongols battle, but they began to retreat. This affirmed the opinion of the nobles that the Mongols were not a threat and the king's behaviour was not cautious but cowardly. After a week of forced marches and frequent Mongol attacks, the Hungarian army, a

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accused Batu of incompetence and riding Subutai's coattails to victory, which led to Batu ejecting the two princes and sending them along with Möngke, likely as an eyewitness, back to Karakorum to be judged by Ögödei. It is highly likely that they also took their own forces with them, further

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to seek help from Béla's archenemy Duke Frederick, who arrested them, extorted an enormous ransom in gold and forced the king to cede three western counties to Austria. It was at this point that King Béla and some of his retinue fled southwest, through Hungarian-controlled territory, to the

1588:, and one of his commanders, Bakatu, in addition to anywhere from many hundred to several thousand other soldiers, an unusually high loss for the Mongols. This led to a heated post-victory banquet where Batu was forced to back down and credit their victories to Subutai. Additionally, 1818:, (Da Capo Press, 2015), p. 469: "The older authorities used to give statistics of 70,000 Hungarians and 40,000 Mongols but it seems likely that these numbers are too high; modern historians tend to opt for about 20,000 Mongols versus 25,000 Hungarians, but certainty is impossible." 1432:

The Hungarians stopped to rest and to wait for additional supplies, but because of the wooded terrain on the far bank of the Sajó the king and the Hungarians still did not know that the main Mongol army was present. The cautious king ordered the building of a heavily fortified

2161:(along, it seems, with explosive charges of gunpowder) on the massed Hungarians trapped within their defensive ring of wagons. King Béla escaped, though 70,000 Hungarians died in the massacre that resulted—a slaughter that extended over several days of the retreat from Mohi. 1471:

master, left the camp to surprise the Mongols and defend the unguarded bridge. The Mongol force at the bridge was a vanguard sent by Batu to secure it during the night. They reached the bridge at midnight, having marched the last seven kilometres in darkness.

1534:, Chinese gunpowder weapons may have been used in Hungary at that time. Other sources mention weapons like "flaming arrows" and "naphtha bombs". Kenneth Warren Chase credits the Mongols with introducing gunpowder and its associated weaponry into Europe. 1702:

one in Transylvania, and one in Poland). He proceeds to say that while the nominal total of the Mongol force in Hungary was 30,000, the effective total on the field at Mohi would have been between that number and 15,000, close to the latter.

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had lost almost their entire force. Thomas of Spalato, who interviewed many eyewitnesses, claimed that the route the Hungarians tried to flee along was strewn with so many corpses that the ground had become dyed red from their blood.

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It is highly unlikely that the Mongols originally wanted to cross a wide and dangerous river to attack a fortified camp. It is more likely that their original plan was to ambush the Hungarians while crossing the river, as in the

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J. Gießauf, "Herzog Friedrich II. von Österreich und die Mongolengefahr 1241/42," in Forschungen zur Geschichte des Alpen-Adria-Raumes. Festgabe für em. O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Othmar Pickl zum 70. Geburtstag, Graz 1997, 173–199.

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1 9 The Mongols are known to have used gunpowder and firearms in Europe as early as 1241 at the Battle of Mohi in Hungary. See Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilisation (Cambridge University Press, 1982). page

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Surviving members of the royal retinue, mostly those who had not arrived at the battle of Mohi in time to participate, along with a number of disorganized irregulars consisting mostly of armed peasants, employed

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version of the events, where the Mongols nearly retreated from Hungary partway through the battle, cautious of the enemy's strength, but in that version it was Subutai who ultimately got them to stay, not Batu.

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Sverdrup 2017, p. 319. Estimates 1,000 heavy cavalry deaths in Batu's detachment during the morning action, with no figures given for other casualties in the detachment or other casualties in the rest of the

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superior mobility and combination of shock and missile tactics again won the day. As the battle developed, the Mongols broke up western cavalry charges, and placed a heavy fire of flaming arrows and naphtha

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this "heroic" act, Duke Frederick returned home, abandoning his Hungarian rival. Meanwhile, the Mongols had destroyed several other Hungarian forces that were unable to link up with the main army in time.

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Following the skirmish, Sejban was sent north to a ford with a smaller force to cross the river and attack the rear of the bridge-guard. As daylight started to break, they began the crossing. Meanwhile,

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went south to build a makeshift emergency bridge while the Hungarians were engaged at the main bridge, but left Batu a plan to use giant stone throwers to clear the crossbowmen opposing them. At dawn,

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The Hungarians outnumbered Batu's detachment, and the Mongols were unable to move quickly because the Sajó was at their backs. In this fighting, Batu suffered heavy losses, losing thirty of his

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The Mongolian threat appeared during a time of political turmoil in Hungary. Traditionally, the base of royal power consisted of vast estates owned as royal property. Under King

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Mongols were purely an expeditionary force in Europe, and did not besiege major cities such as Kyiv until decades later, under the direction of Genghis Khan's son and successor,

3261: 1119: 770: 1231:. The battle resulted in a pyrrhic victory for the Mongols, who destroyed the Hungarian Royal army, at a heavy cost which contributed to the decision to halt the campaign. 607: 3328: 1112: 1498:, with the help of seven stone throwers, attacked the Hungarian guards on the bridge. When Sejban and his men arrived, the Hungarians retreated to their camp. 4272: 1264:

The Mongols attacked the eastern side of Central Europe with three distinct armies. Two of them attacked through Poland in order to protect the flank from

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Cumans did not easily integrate with the settled Hungarians and the nobles were shocked that the king supported the Cumans in quarrels between the two.

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Several modern historians have speculated that Chinese firearms and gunpowder weapons were deployed by the Mongols at the Battle of Mohi. According to

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The traditional figure is 25%, but László Veszprémy, taking account of recent scholarship, says "some fifteen percent". "Muhi, Battle of", in

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The Mongols probably had a nominal force of at least 30,000 men, with the personal units of Batu and Sube'etei forming the core of the army.

1410: 429: 2476:. Proceedings of the 4th International Scientific Conference on Mediaeval Archaeology of the Institute of Archaeology. pp. 225–238. 1455:

Though effective against traditional nomadic armies, the Hungarian camp became a liability due to the Mongols' advanced siege equipment.

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With the royal army destroyed at Mohi, the Mongols led by Kadan hunted the Hungarian king. The town of Pest was taken and burnt down.

867: 841: 651: 3859: 3771: 3012:(in Hungarian). Vol. 21/9. Csíkszereda: Hargita Megye Tanácsa, Hargita Kiadóhivatal, Székelyföld Alapítvány. pp. 113–129. 2979: 2939: 2913: 2870: 2827: 2781: 2735: 2626: 2531: 2440: 2402: 2363: 2328: 2305:

April, 1241. ... it has priority over the use of gunpowder, which the Mongols used two days later in the battle beside the Sajo. ...

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Sverdrup, Carl. "The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sube'etei." Helion and Company (May 4, 2017). Page 318.

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The Hungarians still did not believe that there would be a full-scale attack, but the troops of the King's brother

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What on Earth Happened?: The Complete Story of the Planet, Life, and People from the Big Bang to the Present Day

174: 3644: 2850: 855: 1089: 1855:, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 279; "Although Mongol losses in the battle are heavy ...". 1151: 4282: 3685: 1384: 975: 703: 656: 1176: 156: 3323: 3044: 1717: 1558:

With no safe place left in Hungary, Béla was chased down to Dalmatia. The royal family finally escaped to

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King Béla began to mobilise his army and ordered all of his troops, including the Cumans, to the city of

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to Christianity and expand its influence over them for several decades beforehand. The Hungarian king

3438: 2923: 2862: 2796: 2765: 1369: 714: 441: 4204: 4214: 3168: 55: 2905: 2083: 4297: 3090: 2954: 2888: 1273: 1216: 352: 4036: 3368: 3308: 3403: 3013: 2975: 2935: 2909: 2866: 2823: 2800: 2777: 2731: 2622: 2527: 2510: 2477: 2436: 2398: 2359: 2324: 2318: 2286: 2280: 2248: 2242: 2214: 2180: 2143: 1907: 1796: 1769: 1713: 1679: 1281: 731: 2430: 2392: 2353: 2208: 2174: 2137: 3950: 3910: 3363: 1671: 942: 709: 661: 461: 445: 433: 422: 405: 401: 369: 181: 4044: 1589: 1468: 1339: 698: 500: 481: 360: 4057: 4031: 3313: 1344: 1331: 688: 632: 534: 1421:. The size of the Hungarian army is unknown. The closest hard evidence comes from the 4261: 4118: 4113: 4049: 3356: 3174: 3067: 2964: 2898: 2880: 2855: 2397:. Vol. 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press. p. 13. 2358:. Vol. 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press. p. 13. 2142:. Vol. 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press. p. 13. 1327: 1212: 508: 346: 4018: 3458: 3375: 3351: 3266: 3200: 3123: 3103: 2621:

Liptai, Ervin (1985). Military history of Hungary. Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó.

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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

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The Islamic World in Ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna

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Seemingly relaying a Mongol version of the story meant to glorify Batu Khan,

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Der Einfall Der Mongolen In Mitteleuropa In Den Jahren 1241 und 1242

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Fortifications, defence systems, structures and features in the past

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Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

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Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

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Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

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Der Einfall der Mongolen in Mitteleuropa in den Jahren 1241 und 1242

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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

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collection of varied Hungarian forces, reached the flooded River

4169: 4123: 3483: 3413: 3036: 2435:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 58. 1224: 287: 3998: 3509: 3231: 3078: 3040: 1108: 766: 603: 4209: 1724:) to the South. All three victories occurred in the same week. 117: 70: 29: 3604:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27) 1292:

and crushed the Transylvanian armies. The main army, led by

2285:(reprint, illustrated ed.). JHU Press. p. 250. 2176:

Dateline Mongolia: An American Journalist in Nomad's Land

1437:, a battle-tested countermeasure against nomadic armies. 1467:, and Archbishop Ugrin Csák with Rembald de Voczon, the 493:

Possibly Chinese firearm units and other gunpowder units

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Sverdrup, p. 115. Citing: Gustav Strakoschd-Grassmann.

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1241 battle during the first Mongol invasion of Hungary

3002:[The reasons for the departure of the Tatars] 2320:

The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community

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List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

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Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant

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John of Plano Carpini, "History of the Mongols", in

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John of Plano Carpini, "History of the Mongols", in

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Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare".

4157: 4076: 4009: 3938: 3887: 3736: 3713: 3666: 3591: 3536: 3529: 3396: 3342: 3254: 3142: 3089: 2841:. East European Monographs; No. CDXXXIX. New York: 1875: 1873: 1816:

Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy

993: 962: 914: 885: 854: 833: 814: 809: 148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2963: 2897: 2854: 2213:(reprint ed.). Random House Inc. p. 86. 1900:Castle and Society in Medieval Hungary (1000-1437) 1867:, Vol. II, ed. Timothy May, (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 103. 1838:Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power 3329:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe 2608: 2606: 2247:(illustrated ed.). Bloomsbury. p. 396. 1732: 1730: 2107:, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), 222. 1937:The Organization of the Mongols' War Expeditions 3749:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) 2578:McLynn, 479-80;Master Roger, Carmen Miseribile. 1599: 1338:, using the ancient horse-archer tactic of the 244: 2068:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 1641: 1639: 3052: 1786: 1784: 1120: 778: 615: 521:~15,000–30,000 cavalry (contemporary sources) 8: 2323:. University of Chicago Press. p. 492. 1865:The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia 1848: 1846: 2694:Thomas of Spalato, Historia, ch. XXXVI: 163 2207:Robert Cowley (1993). Robert Cowley (ed.). 2031: 2029: 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4006: 3995: 3533: 3526: 3506: 3251: 3228: 3086: 3075: 3059: 3045: 3037: 1127: 1113: 1105: 785: 771: 763: 622: 608: 600: 241: 1300:, attacked Hungary through the fortified 226:Learn how and when to remove this message 208:Learn how and when to remove this message 2646:Yuan Shi, 122.2978, Biography of Subutai 2560:Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 339-348. 1450:, although this is still not certain. A 101:of all important aspects of the article. 2998:Obrusánszky, Borbála (September 2017). 2668:Translation by Paul D. Buell, PhD; see 2551:Thomas of Spalato, Historia Pontificum. 1635: 3679:(1277 / 1283 / 1287) 3638:(1236 / 1240 / 1252) 2589:Castle and Society in Medieval Hungary 806: 577: 423: 97:Please consider expanding the lead to 2900:The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles 2461: 2459: 2282:A history of Greek fire and gunpowder 1840:, (Yale University Press, 2011), 144. 1736:Sverdrup, p. 115, citing Kosztolnyik. 1250: 7: 3262:Administrative divisions and vassals 2001:History of the World Conqueror, 270. 1766:Great Honours of the Hungarian State 1664:Journal of Medieval Military History 146:adding citations to reliable sources 4273:Battles involving the Mongol Empire 2928:The History of the Mongol Conquests 2105:The History of the Mongol Conquests 1316:Warnings and Hungarian preparations 3009:Székelyföld - kulturális folyóirat 2432:Firearms: a global history to 1700 1795:, Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, 25: 2839:Hungary in the Thirteenth Century 2670:Readings on Central Asian History 2279:James Riddick Partington (1960). 2125:Thomas of Spalato, Historia, 163. 1888:Thomas of Spalato, Historia, 163; 1597:depleting the active Mongol army. 1567:coast and the island fortress of 1411:Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa 1350:Hungary had tried to convert the 45:This article has multiple issues. 2091:, vol. November-Dec, (1991), 46. 1555:, and in southern Transylvania. 1330:defeated a group of semi-allied 1304:and annihilated the army led by 576: 569: 258: 252:First Mongol invasion of Hungary 122: 75: 34: 2048:. London: BBC Books; pp. 111–13 1251:Hungary's failed defence policy 1199:(11 April 1241), also known as 133:needs additional citations for 89:may be too short to adequately 53:or discuss these issues on the 3000:"A tatárok kivonulásának okai" 2084:The Mongol Invasion of Hungary 1768:, Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub, 1607:Yuan Shi, Biography of Subutai 1526:Role of gunpowder and firearms 1227:(then Mohi), southwest of the 558:~10,000 (contemporary sources) 99:provide an accessible overview 1: 4249:Timeline of the Mongol Empire 3946:Division of the Mongol Empire 2793:Warfare in the Medieval World 2429:Kenneth Warren Chase (2003). 1240:The Mongol invasion of Europe 2820:University of Oklahoma Press 2814:Gabriel, Richard A. (2006). 2391:John Merton Patrick (1961). 2389:(the University of Michigan) 2352:John Merton Patrick (1961). 2350:(the University of Michigan) 2136:John Merton Patrick (1961). 2134:(the University of Michigan) 1979:Gustav Strakosch-Grassmann, 1584:that he had lost 30+ of his 3196:Manghit / Mangudai 2837:Kosztolnyik, Z. J. (1996). 2657:A Reappraisal of Güyüg Khan 2317:William H. McNeill (1992). 1793:Military History of Hungary 1284:. A southern army attacked 4314: 3975:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 2972:Cambridge University Press 2962:Soucek, Svatopluk (2000). 2932:Routledge & Kegan Paul 2791:Carey, Brian Todd (2007). 2774:Cambridge University Press 2707:(Innsbruck, 1893), p. 183. 2241:Christopher Lloyd (2008). 1983:(Innsbruck, 1893), 68–101. 1670:. Boydell Press: 109–17 . 1319: 1260:Mongol invasions in Europe 1243: 1136:Mongol invasion of Hungary 1048:Hungary and Croatia ( 4288:1241 in the Mongol Empire 4278:Battles involving Hungary 4246: 4005: 3994: 3790:(1223 / 1236–40) 3696:(1257 / 1284–88) 3525: 3505: 3319:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance 3250: 3227: 3085: 3074: 2843:Columbia University Press 2179:. RDR Books. p. 28. 1754:Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124 1676:10.1515/9781846159022-004 1465:Coloman, Duke of Slavonia 1448:Battle of the Kalka River 1246:Mongol invasion of Europe 1221:Mongol invasion of Europe 1205:Battle of the Tisza River 1142: 1033:Poland and Bohemia ( 1000: 886:East Asia (other regions) 804: 642: 564: 547: 514: 475: 375: 340: 266: 257: 249: 2991:The Mongols and the West 2896:Regan, Geoffrey (1992). 2470:. In Tkalčec, T. (ed.). 2044:Marshall, Robert (1993) 1650:Journal of Asian History 1459:Fight at the Sajó bridge 1201:Battle of the Sajó River 4293:13th century in Hungary 3272:Invasions and conquests 3191:Paiza / Gerege 2989:Jackson, Peter (2005). 2966:A History of Inner Asia 2949:Sicker, Martin (2000). 2770:The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1935:Świętosławski, Witold. 1646:The Mongols in the West 1326:In 1223, the expanding 590:Location within Hungary 454:Frederick II of Austria 3929:(1260 / 1301) 3657:(1274 / 1281) 3324:Franco-Mongol alliance 2496:Matthew Paris, 339–46. 2466:Janes, Andrej (2019). 1791:Liptai, Ervin (1985), 1764:Markó, László (2000), 1610: 1544:Esztergom was attacked 1183:2nd invasion (1285–86) 1146:1st invasion (1241–42) 376:Commanders and leaders 2797:Pen & Sword Books 2766:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven 2730:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2726:Morgan, David (1990) 2637:Sverdrup 2017, p. 317 2173:Michael Kohn (2006). 2021:The Mongol Art of War 1992:Rashid al-Din, 2.152. 1614:John of Plano Carpini 548:Casualties and losses 313:47.97778°N 20.91306°E 3820:Serbia and Bulgaria 2863:Blackwell Publishing 1898:Erik Fügedi (1986). 795:Mongol invasions and 587:class=notpageimage| 142:improve this article 4067:Khagans of the Yuan 3796:Poland and Bohemia 3572:Khwarazmian Empire 3297:Society and economy 2885:The Mongol Warlords 2749:The Mission to Asia 2683:The Mission to Asia 2600:Atwood, p. 351, 392 2116:Yuan Shi, 122.2978. 2046:Storm from the East 2010:Kosztolnyik, p. 151 1334:city states at the 1223:. It took place at 1065:Bulgaria and Serbia 752:Bulgaria and Serbia 419:Coloman of Slavonia 309: / 3812:Holy Roman Empire 3267:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug 2993:. Pearson Longman. 2955:Praeger Publishers 2889:Brockhampton Press 1532:William H. McNeill 1274:Henry II the Pious 1270:Béla IV of Hungary 1217:Kingdom of Hungary 524:Other estimations: 415:Béla IV of Hungary 366:Minor belligerent: 357:Kingdom of Croatia 353:Kingdom of Hungary 318:47.97778; 20.91306 4268:Conflicts in 1241 4255: 4254: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4237: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3967:Kaidu–Kublai war 3959:Berke–Hulagu war 3951:Toluid Civil War 3732: 3731: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3304:House of Borjigin 3223: 3222: 3219: 3218: 2818:. Norman, Okla.: 2806:978-1-84415-339-8 2515:978-0-19-533403-6 2483:978-953-6064-47-2 2210:Experience of War 1716:to the North and 1685:978-1-84383-596-7 1423:Epternacher Notiz 1190: 1189: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1060:Holy Roman Empire 760: 759: 598: 597: 470:Rembald de Voczon 336: 335: 236: 235: 228: 218: 217: 210: 192: 116: 115: 68: 16:(Redirected from 4305: 4053: 4040: 4037:Töregene Khatun 4027: 4007: 3996: 3978: 3970: 3962: 3954: 3930: 3922: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3879: 3871: 3863: 3855: 3847: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3815: 3807: 3799: 3791: 3783: 3775: 3767: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3724: 3705: 3697: 3689: 3681: 3680: 3658: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3630: 3622: 3614: 3606: 3605: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3557: 3549: 3534: 3527: 3507: 3469:Shangdu (Xanadu) 3459:Sarai Batu/Berke 3364:Chagatai Khanate 3252: 3229: 3087: 3076: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3038: 3021: 3005: 2994: 2985: 2969: 2958: 2945: 2919: 2903: 2892: 2876: 2860: 2846: 2833: 2810: 2787: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2591:, pp. 46–48, 53. 2585: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2523: 2517: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2411: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2372: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2092: 2080: 2074: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2024: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1948:Paris, Matthew. 1946: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1879:Sverdrup, p. 115 1877: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1788: 1779: 1778: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1725: 1709: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1659: 1653: 1643: 1608: 1586:baatars/ba'aturs 1137: 1129: 1122: 1115: 1106: 1080:Byzantine Thrace 807: 799: 787: 780: 773: 764: 637: 636: 624: 617: 610: 601: 580: 579: 573: 560:Most of the army 466: 450: 438: 425: 410: 370:Duchy of Austria 324: 323: 321: 320: 319: 314: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 268: 267: 262: 242: 231: 224: 213: 206: 202: 199: 193: 191: 157:"Battle of Mohi" 150: 126: 118: 111: 108: 102: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4234: 4153: 4072: 4051: 4038: 4025: 4001: 3982: 3976: 3968: 3960: 3952: 3934: 3928: 3920: 3912: 3904: 3896: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3861: 3853: 3845: 3837: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3805: 3797: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3772:Volga Bulgaria 3765: 3757: 3748: 3746: 3728: 3722: 3709: 3703: 3695: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3662: 3656: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3628: 3627:Southern China 3620: 3612: 3611:Northern China 3603: 3601: 3587: 3581: 3573: 3565: 3555: 3547: 3521: 3520: 3493: 3392: 3369:House of Ögedei 3338: 3309:House of Ögedei 3277:Destructiveness 3246: 3245: 3215: 3152: 3138: 3081: 3070: 3065: 3028: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2961: 2948: 2942: 2924:Saunders, J. J. 2922: 2916: 2895: 2879: 2873: 2849: 2836: 2830: 2813: 2807: 2790: 2784: 2764: 2761: 2759:Further reading 2756: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2524: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2103:J.J. Saunders, 2102: 2095: 2081: 2077: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1950:Chronica Majora 1947: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1926:Saunders, J. J. 1925: 1921: 1914: 1904:Akadémiai Kiadó 1897: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1844: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1776: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1728: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1648:, Denis Sinor, 1644: 1637: 1632: 1623: 1609: 1606: 1540: 1528: 1515: 1487: 1482: 1461: 1443: 1441:The Mongol plan 1406: 1404:Initial actions 1401: 1340:feigned retreat 1324: 1318: 1288:, defeated the 1262: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1237: 1207:, was the main 1193: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1103: 1098: 964: 800: 796: 793: 791: 761: 756: 738: 708: 638: 631: 630: 628: 594: 593: 592: 591: 589: 583: 582: 581: 559: 554: 542: 540: 533:At least seven 530: 528: 526: 522: 507: 503: 501:Knights Templar 499: 492: 488: 484: 468: 462: 456: 452: 446: 440: 434: 428: 417: 406: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 368: 364: 361:Knights Templar 359: 355: 317: 315: 311: 308: 303: 300: 298: 296: 295: 294: 232: 221: 220: 219: 214: 203: 197: 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2881:Nicolle, David 2877: 2871: 2847: 2834: 2828: 2811: 2805: 2788: 2782: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2740: 2719: 2709: 2696: 2687: 2674: 2661: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2614: 2612:McLynn, p. 474 2602: 2593: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2542:Jackson, p. 65 2535: 2518: 2498: 2489: 2482: 2455: 2441: 2421: 2403: 2382: 2364: 2343: 2329: 2309: 2291: 2271: 2253: 2233: 2219: 2199: 2185: 2165: 2148: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2093: 2089:Medieval World 2087:, Martyn Rady, 2075: 2072:Battle of Mohi 2059: 2050: 2037: 2025: 2012: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1972: 1963: 1961:Nicolle, David 1954: 1941: 1928: 1919: 1912: 1906:. p. 48. 1890: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1842: 1829: 1827:McLynn, p. 473 1820: 1814:Frank McLynn, 1807: 1801: 1780: 1774: 1756: 1747: 1745:McLynn, p. 469 1738: 1726: 1704: 1694: 1684: 1654: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1604: 1539: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1514: 1511: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1460: 1457: 1442: 1439: 1435:camp of wagons 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1317: 1314: 1310:count palatine 1261: 1258: 1252: 1249: 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442:Matthias Rátót 412: 378: 377: 373: 372: 349: 343: 342: 338: 337: 334: 333: 332:Mongol victory 330: 326: 325: 282: 280: 276: 275: 272: 264: 263: 255: 254: 247: 246: 245:Battle of Mohi 240: 239: 234: 233: 216: 215: 130: 128: 121: 114: 113: 93:the key points 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 18:Battle of Muhi 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4310: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4250: 4245: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4119:Chagatai Khan 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3993: 3979: 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3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3357:Northern Yuan 3355: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3282:Imperial Seal 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3175:Pax Mongolica 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068:Mongol Empire 3062: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2981:9780521657044 2977: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2941:0-8122-1766-7 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2915:9781558594319 2911: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2872:0-631-17563-6 2868: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2851:Morgan, David 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2829:0-8061-3734-7 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2783:0-521-52290-0 2779: 2775: 2772:. Cambridge: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2736:0-631-17563-6 2733: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2627:963-326-337-9 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587:Erik Fügedi, 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2532:3-85375-016-8 2529: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2444: 2442:0-521-82274-2 2438: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2406: 2404:9780874210262 2400: 2396: 2395: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2367: 2365:9780874210262 2361: 2357: 2356: 2347: 2344: 2332: 2330:0-226-56141-0 2326: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2294: 2292:0-8018-5954-9 2288: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2256: 2254:9781596915831 2250: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2234: 2222: 2220:0-440-50553-4 2216: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2200: 2188: 2186:1-57143-155-1 2182: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2151: 2149:9780874210262 2145: 2141: 2140: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2066:C. P. Atwood 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019:Timothy May, 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1913:9789630538022 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836:John France, 1833: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1802:963-326-337-9 1798: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1775:963-547-085-1 1771: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1705: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:Mongol Empire 1323: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1257: 1247: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Mongol Empire 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 999: 996: 992: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 967: 961: 954: 951: 950: 949: 946: 944: 941: 937: 934: 933: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 917: 913: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 888: 884: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 859: 857: 853: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 838: 836: 832: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 817: 813: 808: 803: 798: 788: 783: 781: 776: 774: 769: 768: 765: 753: 750: 746: 743: 742: 741: 737: 733: 730: 729: 728: 725: 723: 720: 716: 713: 711: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 653: 650: 648: 647:Volga Bulgars 645: 644: 641: 634: 625: 620: 618: 613: 611: 606: 605: 602: 588: 572: 563: 557: 552: 551: 546: 538: 536: 532: 525: 519: 518: 513: 510: 509:Light cavalry 506: 502: 498: 495: 491: 487: 486:Horse lancers 483: 482:Horse archers 480: 479: 474: 471: 467: 465: 459: 455: 451: 449: 443: 439: 437: 431: 426: 420: 416: 413: 411: 409: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 380: 379: 374: 371: 367: 363: 362: 358: 354: 350: 348: 347:Mongol Empire 345: 344: 339: 331: 328: 327: 322: 293: 289: 285: 281: 278: 277: 274:11 April 1241 273: 270: 269: 265: 261: 256: 253: 248: 243: 238: 230: 227: 212: 209: 201: 190: 187: 183: 180: 176: 173: 169: 166: 162: 159: – 158: 154: 153:Find sources: 147: 143: 137: 136: 131:This article 129: 125: 120: 119: 110: 100: 94: 92: 87: 82: 78: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 4019:Genghis Khan 3788:Kievan Rus' 3766:(1237–1300s) 3758:(1237–1300s) 3602:Western Xia 3564:Qara Khitai 3397:Major cities 3376:Golden Horde 3352:Yuan dynasty 3239:Organization 3173: 3124:Khong Tayiji 3033:by Timotheus 3008: 2990: 2965: 2950: 2927: 2906:Canopy Books 2899: 2884: 2856: 2838: 2815: 2792: 2769: 2748: 2743: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2672:, pp. 97–98. 2669: 2664: 2656: 2655:Hodong Kim, 2651: 2642: 2633: 2617: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2574: 2569:McLynn, 476. 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2521: 2506: 2501: 2492: 2472: 2446:. 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London: 2861:. Oxford: 2378:fire-bombs 1630:References 1621:Casualties 1399:The battle 1387:, Duke of 1320:See also: 1235:Background 1229:Sajó River 1157:Nagyszeben 1019:Durdzuketi 1004:Kievan Rus 674:Khwarazmia 555:Very heavy 430:Ugrin Csák 304:20°54′47″E 301:47°58′40″N 198:April 2022 168:newspapers 107:April 2022 50:improve it 4298:Batu Khan 4099:Orda Khan 4089:Batu Khan 3953:(1260–64) 3897:(1241–43) 3895:Anatolia 3870:(1287–88) 3862:(1285–86) 3854:(1264–65) 3846:(1259–60) 3838:(1258–59) 3814:(1241–42) 3806:(1241–42) 3798:(1240–41) 3774:(1229–36) 3764:Chechnya 3704:(1300–02) 3668:Southeast 3647:(1253–56) 3629:(1235–79) 3621:(1231–60) 3613:(1211–34) 3566:(1216–18) 3554:Sakhalin 3514:Campaigns 3464:Saray-Jük 3454:Samarkand 3429:Karakorum 3388:Ilkhanate 3146:Political 3018:1453-3871 2659:, 319–20. 1952:, 339–42. 1577:guerrilla 1538:Aftermath 1513:Afternoon 1452:Ruthenian 1370:Andrew II 1294:Khan Batu 1172:Esztergom 1075:Lithuania 1024:Circassia 965:invasions 953:Palestine 921:Caucassus 797:conquests 704:Sit River 382:Batu Khan 91:summarize 56:talk page 4225:Boroldai 4205:Khubilai 4185:Bo'orchu 4158:Military 4052:(regent) 4039:(regent) 4026:(regent) 3911:Baghdad 3860:Hungary 3804:Hungary 3747:Georgia 3694:Vietnam 3546:Siberia 3444:Maragheh 3344:Khanates 3292:Religion 3287:Military 3236:Politics 3186:Kurultai 3149:Military 2926:(1971). 2883:(1998). 2853:(1990). 2768:(1998). 2035:Saunders 1714:Leignitz 1605:— 1565:Adriatic 1215:and the 926:Anatolia 902:Sakhalin 847:Khwarezm 515:Strength 497:Infantry 398:Boroldai 279:Location 4195:Boroqul 4190:Guo Kan 4180:Negudar 4165:Subutai 4065: ( 3903:Alamut 3876:Serbia 3868:Poland 3852:Thrace 3844:Poland 3780:Alania 3645:Yunnan 3580:Persia 3538:Central 3517:Battles 3424:Bolghar 3419:Bukhara 3404:Almalik 3206:Kheshig 3134:Tarkhan 2717:battle. 2448:29 July 2336:29 July 2226:29 July 2192:29 July 2070:, see: 1939:, 35–6. 1560:Austria 1507:baatars 1492:Subutai 1485:Morning 1469:Templar 1389:Austria 1374:nomadic 1356:Béla IV 1298:Subutai 1282:Legnica 1278:Silesia 1090:Gazaria 1014:Cumania 986:Vietnam 981:Siberia 943:Baghdad 740:Hungary 732:Legnica 710:Kozelsk 689:Armenia 684:Georgia 662:Caizhou 657:Kaifeng 531:20,000 464:† 448:† 436:† 421: ( 408:† 386:Subutai 292:Hungary 182:scholar 4175:Muqali 4149:Ghazan 4144:Arghun 4134:Hulegu 4024:Tolui 4000:People 3961:(1262) 3919:Syria 3913:(1258) 3878:(1291) 3830:(1242) 3822:(1242) 3738:Europe 3721:India 3702:Burma 3688:(1293) 3677:Burma 3655:Japan 3636:Tibet 3619:Korea 3479:Tabriz 3449:Qarshi 3409:Avarga 3255:Topics 3159:Jarlig 3119:Jinong 3114:Khanum 3109:Khatun 3099:Khagan 3091:Titles 3016: 2978: 2938: 2912: 2869: 2826: 2803: 2780: 2734: 2625: 2530: 2513: 2480: 2439: 2401: 2362: 2327: 2289: 2251: 2217: 2183: 2146: 1910: 1799: 1772: 1682: 1569:Trogir 1549:Alföld 1393:Styria 1352:Cumans 1345:Ogedei 1308:, the 1290:voivod 1266:Polish 1209:battle 1177:Zagreb 1152:Brassó 1085:Serbia 1054:Second 1039:Second 1029:Alania 995:Europe 948:Levant 931:Persia 826:Second 727:Poland 699:Ryazan 679:Goryeo 543:25,000 541:50,000 539:80,000 529:50,000 527:70,000 460: 444: 432: 404: 402:Bakatu 390:Shiban 329:Result 184: 177: 170: 163: 155: 4220:Kadan 4215:Bayan 4200:Jelme 4139:Abaqa 4129:Kebek 4109:Toqta 4104:Berke 4084:Jochi 4077:Khans 3714:South 3686:Java 3439:Majar 3381:Wings 3201:Tümen 3181:Yassa 3164:Örtöö 3129:Noyan 3004:(PDF) 1722:Sibiu 1590:Güyük 1553:Banat 1359:as a 1050:First 1043:Third 1035:First 971:India 963:Other 907:Tibet 897:Korea 892:Japan 856:China 821:First 815:Burma 722:Tibet 394:Berke 189:JSTOR 175:books 4170:Jebe 4124:Duwa 3593:East 3530:Asia 3484:Ukek 3434:Dadu 3242:Life 3169:Orda 3104:Khan 3014:ISSN 2976:ISBN 2936:ISBN 2910:ISBN 2867:ISBN 2824:ISBN 2801:ISBN 2778:ISBN 2732:ISBN 2623:ISBN 2528:ISBN 2511:ISBN 2478:ISBN 2450:2011 2437:ISBN 2412:2011 2399:ISBN 2373:2011 2360:ISBN 2338:2011 2325:ISBN 2300:2011 2287:ISBN 2262:2011 2249:ISBN 2228:2011 2215:ISBN 2194:2011 2181:ISBN 2157:2011 2144:ISBN 1908:ISBN 1797:ISBN 1770:ISBN 1680:ISBN 1594:Büri 1592:and 1496:Batu 1419:Sajó 1391:and 1381:Pest 1296:and 1225:Muhi 1195:The 1167:Pest 1162:Mohi 976:Java 878:Song 810:Asia 745:Mohi 715:Kiev 288:Muhi 284:Sajó 271:Date 161:news 4210:Aju 2267:379 1712:of 1672:doi 1332:Rus 1280:at 1276:of 1203:or 868:Jin 424:DOW 144:by 4264:: 3006:. 2974:. 2970:. 2953:. 2934:. 2908:. 2904:. 2887:. 2865:. 2822:. 2799:. 2795:. 2776:. 2605:^ 2458:^ 2414:. 2375:. 2302:. 2264:. 2159:. 2096:^ 2028:^ 1902:. 1872:^ 1845:^ 1783:^ 1729:^ 1688:. 1678:. 1666:. 1638:^ 1383:. 1347:. 1052:, 1041:, 1037:, 290:, 59:. 4069:) 3060:e 3053:t 3046:v 3020:. 2984:. 2957:. 2944:. 2918:. 2891:. 2875:. 2845:. 2832:. 2809:. 2786:. 2486:. 2452:. 2340:. 2230:. 2196:. 1916:. 1720:( 1674:: 1668:8 1128:e 1121:t 1114:v 1056:) 1045:) 786:e 779:t 772:v 623:e 616:t 609:v 427:) 229:) 223:( 211:) 205:( 200:) 196:( 186:· 179:· 172:· 165:· 138:. 109:) 105:( 95:. 66:) 62:( 20:)

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