510:
460:
260:
487:". The poem so invigorated his forces that the Viets made a successful counterattack, pushing Song forces back across the river. Song forces tried to cross again but Thường Kiệt had previously built a defense system of spikes under the Như Nguyệt riverbed, and they were again pushed back, sustaining 1,000 casualties. Meanwhile, the Song naval attack was held back by the Viet coastal defense and failed to provide any assistance to Guo Kui.
474:). Thường Kiệt regarded the defense of this river as crucial to the war effort because it presented the last chance to protect the delta region, where the tombs of former rulers and the village of the dynasty's founder were located. Thường Kiệt ordered his men to erect on the river's southern bank a large earthen rampart protected by lines of bamboo piles. Meanwhile, his fleet crossed the mouth of the
483:
to cross before the bridges were burnt. They set fire to the bamboo defense walls but there were too many layers to break through. A vanguard cavalry forces rode within several kilometers of Thăng Long. As the Song forces took the offensive, the Viets strained to hold the front line. Lý Thường Kiệt tried to boost the morale of his soldiers by citing a poem before his army named "
267:
509:
491:
disperse the Song army. He led his army under cover of night across the river and attacked the Song forces. As the Song front line was in danger of collapsing, reinforcements arrived and pushed back the Viet army back across the river. A Viet general was captured and two princes drowned in the fighting at Kháo Túc River.
420:(r. 1067–1085) to rally troops from the Tangut frontiers to the south for a counterattack. Although Wang's petition initially was opposed by his conservative oppositions; by September 1076 the Emperor had approved. The expedition comprised an army of approximately 100,000 troops and 200,000 draftees led by generals
541:
In 1082, after a long period of mutual isolation, King Lý Nhân Tông of Đại Việt returned Yong, Qin, and Lian prefectures back to Song authorities, along with their prisoners of war, and in return the Song relinquished its control of four prefectures and counties in Đại Việt, including the Nùng clan's
517:
As a result of mounting casualties on both sides, Thường Kiệt made peace overtures to the Song in 1077; the Song commander Guo Kui agreed to withdraw his troops but kept five disputed regions: Quảng Nguyên (renamed Shun'anzhou or Thuận Châu), Tư Lang Châu, Môn Châu, Tô Mậu Châu, and Quảng Lăng. These
533:
sculpture but abandoned it in the forest when they fled from a
Vietnamese ambush. The Buddha was thought to be lost until a fire during the dry season consumed that forest and villagers reported the miracle to the king, and he returned the Buddha statue to Phật Tích temple with great honors. In 1079
482:
Zhao Xie ordered his soldiers to build catapults and floating bridges. The Song army gathered across the river from a hill where the
Vietnamese could not see them. Bombardment from the catapults cleared the river of Viet vessels, making way for the Song bridges. Several hundred Song soldiers managed
494:
According to
Chinese sources, "tropical climate and rampant disease" severely weakened Song's military forces while the Viet court feared the result of a prolonged war so close to the capital. Song forces lost about 50%-60% before retreating, half of them dying to diseases. However Song forces
490:
Guo Kui led the Song army in another direction towards the nearby region of Phú Lương, where they bombarded Thường Kiệt's position. Thường Kiệt held out for a month, repulsing multiple attempts by Song forces to cross the river. He became overconfident and decided to make a frontal assault to
400:(r. 1072–1127) became king of Dai Viet in 1072, border disturbances between the Song and the Vietnamese escalated into war. In late 1075, to demonste against growing Chinese military presence in the border region and also to expand his territories, Lý Càn Đức ordered his Regent General
478:
to block Song naval forces from supporting action. There was also a "water barrier" that covered the Bạch Đằng estuary. No detail of naval fighting survive except that "many sea battles" were fought in the starting months before any land battles occurred.
447:, covered them with thousands of bamboo sticks that were covered with incendiary mixtures as well as flammable oil; he also gathered around 400 boats to support the defensive lines. In Hanoi, the king and Buddhist monks opened an assembly to pray to the
495:
continued to occupy the five disputed regions of Quảng Nguyên (renamed Shun'anzhou or Thuận Châu), Tư Lang Châu, Môn Châu, Tô Mậu Châu, and Quảng Lăng. Viet forces also continued to occupy
Yongzhou, Qinzhou, and Lianzhou.
542:
home of Quảng Nguyên. Further negotiations took place from July 6 to August 8, 1084, and were held at Song's
Yongping garrison in southern Guangnan, where Đại Việt's Director of Military Personnel
534:
the Song arrested and executed the Nùng leader Nùng Trí Xuân while taking his family as hostages. In 1083, the
Vietnamese attacked Guihua under the pretense of pursuing Nong Zhihui, the brother of
443:
in early 1077, waiting for naval reinforcement. To prepare for this, Lý Thường Kiệt ordered his men to build several lines of ramparts along the southern banks of the river through
470:
By 1077, the Song had defeated forces from Cơ Lang and Quyết Lý and marched towards the Đại Việt capital at Thăng Long. Song forces convened at the Nhu Nguyệt River (in modern
553:
claimed that during his silent preparation for the counterattack in late
February 1077, Lý Thường Kiệt incited his troops' morales by making a famous poem, known as the
939:
67:
571:
504:
317:
successfully fended off the
Chinese's attempt to cross the river, eventually forced the Song to retreat and the war ended with a peace negotiation.
298:
259:
28:
901:
459:
875:
856:
735:
929:
550:
944:
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401:
314:
275:
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546:(fl. 1038–1096) convinced the Song to fix the two countries' borders between Quảng Nguyên and Guihua prefectures.
369:(Lý Nhật Tôn, r. 1055–1072) had rapidly expanded its borders to the north, and subdued many indigenous groups into its
475:
893:
554:
484:
345:, the heart of the Vietnamese state. The location of the battle was along the river that flows through modern-day
370:
523:
934:
885:
431:
The Song army crossed the southern frontiers in late 1076; Guo Kui commanded the main army and marched through
417:
823:
Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1987), "The Zhuang
Minority Peoples of the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier in the Song Period",
404:
to launch an invasion of
Southern China. Within three months, the Vietnamese took several fortified towns in
397:
867:
543:
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Minor clashes continued to occur. In the spring of 1077, Song soldiers raided a holy temple and seized an
519:
471:
366:
346:
306:
57:
334:
202:
232:
103:
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Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group,
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plateau to destroy the Viet-Nung fighters. Later, two armies regrouped at the northern bank of the
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341:. It stands as a major natural barrier between the mountainous Sino-Viet borderland and the
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Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
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A survived stone inscription dated 1126 AD commemorates General Lý Thường Kiệt
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337:) flows through northeast Vietnam and is one of the major tributaries of the
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in February 1077. At the battle, the Vietnamese led by admiral-general
393:, which the Chinese saw as threatening to their southern interests.
508:
458:
310:
416:, the chief minister of the Song Empire. Wang urged the Emperor
526:. Đại Việt held control of the Yong, Qin and Lian prefectures.
428:, they advanced and retook Nanning and Guangxi in late autumn.
107:
Song offensive halted and withdrew due to logistical problems
761:
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people. This resulted in violent border disputes with the
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915:(in Vietnamese). Saigon: Center for School Materials.
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Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
301:(1075–1077). The battle occurred along parts of the
505:Song–Vietnamese war (1075–1077) § Aftermath
385:. In 1065, Thánh Tông allied with Nùng leaders
21:
730:. University of California Press. p. 84.
8:
518:areas now comprise most of modern Vietnam's
297:, took place during the final phase of the
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246:50,000–100,000 soldiers, 200,000 draftees
777:
765:
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635:
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750:
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798:
680:
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357:By the 1050s, the Vietnamese kingdom
7:
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549:The 14th-century Buddhist scripture
412:. The Viet surprise attack provoked
42:18 January 1077 – 28 February 1077
940:Battles involving the Song dynasty
825:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
14:
333:(in Chinese sources such as the
265:
258:
572:Song–Vietnamese war (1075–1077)
435:while Zhao Jie advance through
29:Song–Vietnamese war (1075–1077)
305:that flows through modern-day
279:Location in modern-day Vietnam
1:
728:The Making of South East Asia
466:and its southern embankments
890:A History of the Vietnamese
814:Anderson, James A. (2008),
408:, killing 50,000 people in
966:
894:Cambridge University Press
502:
299:Song–Vietnamese Border War
291:Battle of Như Nguyệt River
22:Battle of Như Nguyệt River
837:10.1017/s0022463400020543
567:Song–Vietnamese war (981)
253:
240:
133:
115:
34:
26:
911:Trần, Trọng Kim (1971).
16:Mongol-Vietnamese battle
930:11th century in Vietnam
868:Oxford University Press
295:Battle of the Cầu River
726:Cœdès, George (1966).
514:
467:
361:under the rule of the
134:Commanders and leaders
83:21.12389°N 106.29778°E
862:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
789:Anderson (2008), 210.
512:
462:
335:Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu
102:Decisive victory for
818:, Palgrave macMillan
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88:21.12389; 106.29778
79: /
780:, p. 209-210.
597:, p. 199–200.
551:Thiền uyển tập anh
515:
468:
293:, also called the
249:Unknown, 400 boats
945:Bắc Ninh province
903:978-1-107-24435-1
524:Lạng Sơn Province
520:Cao Bằng Province
472:Bắc Ninh Province
347:Bắc Ninh Province
307:Bắc Ninh Province
287:
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58:Bắc Ninh Province
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916:
913:Việt Nam sử lược
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485:Nam quốc sơn hà
476:Bạch Đằng River
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451:for a miracle.
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743:
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503:Main article:
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373:, such as the
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44:(4 weeks)
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737:9780520050617
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116:Belligerents
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681:Taylor 2013
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536:Nong Zhigao
383:Song Empire
231: [
220: [
201: [
182: [
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143: [
86: /
74:106°17′52″E
924:Categories
808:References
578:References
414:Wang Anshi
398:Lý Càn Đức
363:Lý dynasty
353:Background
160:Hoằng Chân
127:Lý dynasty
71:21°07′26″N
693:Trần 1971
583:Citations
499:Aftermath
464:Cầu River
441:Cầu River
339:Red River
327:Cầu River
303:Cầu River
179:Chiêu Văn
54:Cầu River
888:(2013).
845:20070970
561:See also
531:Amitābha
445:Bắc Ninh
437:Cao Bằng
433:Lạng Sơn
426:Zhao Jie
418:Shenzong
371:mandalas
359:Dai Viet
321:Location
241:Strength
151:Zhao Jie
104:Đại Việt
49:Location
27:Part of
422:Guo Kui
410:Nanning
406:Guangxi
329:or the
211:†
192:†
173:†
140:Guo Kui
900:
874:
855:
843:
734:
455:Battle
449:Buddha
391:Lưu Kỷ
228:Lưu Ba
207:
188:
169:
99:Result
841:JSTOR
396:When
365:king
311:Hanoi
235:]
224:]
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186:]
167:]
147:]
950:1077
898:ISBN
872:ISBN
853:ISBN
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522:and
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39:Date
833:doi
379:Tày
309:of
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233:vi
222:vi
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184:vi
165:vi
145:zh
60:,
56:,
906:.
880:.
847:.
835::
740:.
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