Song–Đại Việt war - Knowledge (XXG)

894:, which attributed to the Lý dynasty a special ability to integrate uplands people and utilize them to advance Đại Việt's interests. In the book's conception, the Nùng clan was the local representative of the Lý court and the lands they occupied was sovereign Vietnamese territory. Although Nùng Tông Ðán approached the Song dynasty and offered the settlements of Leihuo and Jicheng (both in Quảng Nguyên), this was still considered Vietnamese territory because "the family of Tông Ðán still maintained control of his old territory, which therefore was territory that still belonged to Vietnam." Other Vietnamese historians emphasize the high position of Nùng Tin the Lý army and his participation in the war against the Song dynasty. As a result, many scholars contend that the Lý leadership benefited more from their relationship with the uplanders than the Song. One dissenting opinion is James A. Anderson, who argues that the opposite was true, and the Lý court felt threatened by the Song's increasing ties with Nong Zhigao's followers, and thus chose a preemptive attack as their best military option. 1222:, support for Nùng Trí Cao could be read as anti-Chinese, as he was mainly seen as a rebel against Chinese authority. The keepers of the Kỳ Sầm Temple all bear the surname Nùng. Although a romanized script has been created for the Nùng language, worshipers of the temple prefer Chinese, similar to the Zhuang in China, and sometimes Vietnamese. The Kỳ Sầm Temple was renovated sometime prior to 2001 to portray a more nationalistic image. The exterior and interior pillars of the temple have been retouched and the Chinese-character inscriptions at the front and Quốc ngữ inscriptions on the walls have been removed. References to "King Nùng" who had "raised high the banner proclaiming independence" have been replaced with floral patterns and pictures of horses, generic symbols associated with local heroes. A large sign indicates the temple as a historical landmark. 881:(ethnic Vietnamese) and non-Kinh in a "United Front" against Chinese aggression. While at the same time they depicted the subjects under Chinese rule possessing a diversity of interests. Although such a conclusion can be easily drawn from existing sources, such an interpretation is undoubtedly colored by nationalistic bias. Patriotic 20th c. Vietnamese scholars were interested in countering the French colonial conception of a regional and ethnically divided Vietnam, which the French used to explain how they conquered it so easily. According to Patricia Pelley, "to overcome this characterization, revolutionary writers were supposed to recite haranguing clichés about the essential unity and homogeneity of (Vietnam) and its indomitable spirit in the fight against foreign aggression." 584:). The Song court took no particular action but Lu was determined to expand Song military presence in the south. Lu raised 44,500 troops from 45 aboriginal leaders along the Zuo-You River region and ordered them to repair and fortify military defenses. To gain the local trust, he requested special seals be made for his militia leaders and that the Zuo-You region be exempt from taxes. The Viet officials became concerned about this development and sent a tribute envoy to Kaifeng to remind the Song court of the Viet role in settling frontier matters. Meanwhile Lu proposed a special training and indoctrination program for a local chieftain each year that would see them enter the official bureaucracy after three years. 419: 721:. They then laid siege to Yongzhou. After a 42 day siege, Yongzhou's defenses were breached on 1 March, and was taken in an assault. The 3,000 strong garrison was defeated and the city fortress razed to the ground. The city commander Su Jian killed his own family and refused to leave a burning building, committing suicide. Su Jian said "I won't die at the hands of those thieves." Several sources estimate that the total number of people killed by the Viet troops during this campaign totaled 80,000–100,000. 667: 646:, called on fiscal intendants in six of the southern circuits to disregard quotas on tribute items and to buy and sell items according to prices on the open market. Loyal supporters were sought out to assist in the extraction of these resources. Lý Thường Kiệt viewed the changing economic relationship between the Song and its frontier people as an abandonment of the traditional tribute paradigm. Wang called for military action from Song imperial troops. 534: 334: 791:". The poem so invigorated his forces that the Viets made a successful counterattack, pushing Song forces back across the river. Song forces tried to cross again but Thường Kiệt had previously built a defense system of spikes under the Như Nguyệt riverbed, and they were again pushed back, sustaining 1,000 casualties. Meanwhile the Song naval attack was held back by the Viet coastal defense and failed to provide any assistance to Guo Kui. 40: 733: 1118:. It commemorated the construction of the Zhongxiu Dujun Village Temple and describes how Nong Dalingshen Dianxia (His Highness Nùng the Great Spirit) became a lord, fought valiantly, and transformed into a spirit to protect the region. The primary patrons of the temple were the Huang, Lin and Zhao clans. After the defeat of Nong Zhigao, the Nong clan was forced to take the surname Zhao. In September 1952, the 385:(1008–1061) resulted in the removal of the tribal buffer zone between Đại Cồ Việt and the Song. His final defeat by the Song also had the effect of subordinating a large portion of that zone to direct Song control. The Viet court did not intervene in the matter and for 20 years after the Nùng Trí Cao rebellions, there was general peace along the border. However the regional power balance had been lost. 2535: 778:). Thường Kiệt regarded the defense of this river as crucial to the war effort because it presented the last chance to protect the delta region, where the tombs of former rulers and the village of the dynasty's founder were located. Thường Kiệt ordered his men to erect on the river's southern bank a large earthen rampart protected by lines of bamboo piles. Meanwhile his fleet crossed the mouth of the 449:), and possessed the title "Personal Guardian General of the Right." Nùng Trí Hội (C. Nong Zhihui) the brother of Nùng Trí Cao, received the title "Personal Guardian of the Left." Other members of the Nùng clan in Temo such as Nùng Binh, Năng Lượng, and Nùng Hạ Khanh swore loyalty to the Song. Nùng Trí Cao's former generals Lư Báo, Lê Mạo, and Hoàng Trọng Khanh were also granted official titles. 787:

cross before the bridges were burnt. They set fire to the bamboo defense walls but there were too many layers to break through. A vanguard cavalry force rode within several kilometers of Thăng Long. As the Song forces took the offensive, the Viets strained to hold the front line. Lý Thường Kiệt tried to boost the morale of his soldiers by citing a poem before his army named "

557:. The Song authorities requested the return of Yang Baocai but was denied. Emperor Renzong was also wary of further increasing tensions and instructed the local military commissions to refrain from assembling troops. On 8 February 1063, two tributary envoys from the Lý court presented to the Song emperor nine tame elephants. On 7 April 1063, the new Song emperor 836:

Song arrested and executed the Nùng leader Nùng Trí Xuân (C. Nong Zhichun) while taking his family as hostages. In 1083, Viets attacked Guihua under the pretense of pursuing Nùng Trí Hội, the brother of Nùng Trí Cao. Trí Hội plead to the military commissioner Xiong Ben for fresh troops to ward of Viet advances, but was taken in for questioning instead.

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Tian reported that Lưu Ký was in communication with Lư Báo, who had crossed into Song territory to seek personal glory. Zhang wished to attack Lư Báo but the Song court rejected this course of action. However by 1069, Lư Báo had offered his allegiance to the Song while Lưu Ký remained in Quảng Nguyên and was nominally under the control of Thăng Long.

441:(r. 1022-63) was regretting his decision and lamented that the "Nùng Bandit" and his kin had strayed far from their frontier duties and might never be incorporated into the Song administration. However in 1062 when Nùng Tông Ðán requested his territory be incorporated into the Song empire, Renzong accepted his request. According to 795:

disperse the Song army. He led his army under cover of night across the river and attacked the Song forces. As the Song front line was in danger of collapsing, reinforcements arrived and pushed back the Viet army back across the river. A Viet general was captured and two princes drowned in the fighting at Kháo Túc River.

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the Viet court. Instead he proposed that he stay outside Song territory as a loyal frontier militia leader. Wang feared that a resurgence of the Nùng clan would spell trouble for the frontier. The Song court ignored his apprehensions and offered the Nùng and other communities "Interior Dependency" status. By 1061,

596:(r. 1054–1072) and Quảng Nguyên chieftain Lưu Ký (C. Liu Ji). Lu Shen reported this to court, but Yingzong did not take any action other than to reassign Nùng Tông Ðán's titles. To offset Tông Ðán's defection, the Song bestowed titles on Nùng Trí Hội and acknowledged him as the sole leader of Quảng Nguyên. 1213:

Nùng Trí Cao and his family members were deified as thổ ty by the Nùng. Worship of Nùng Trí Cao was widespread by the 19th century. In 1897, it was reported that local leaders had arranged the renovation of the Kỳ Sầm Temple in conjunction with the Nùng clan. On the tenth day of the first lunar month

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following Tang-style rules that would have been hard to understand for Viet soldiers. It would also be the only literary work known to have been written by Lý Thường Kiệt, who was not a literary man. The story of singing in temples to boost military morale prior to battle is plausible, but whether or

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As a result of mounting casualties on both sides, Lý Thường Kiệt made peace overtures to the Song in 1077; the Song commander Guo Kui agreed to withdraw his troops but kept the five disputed regions of Quảng Nguyên (renamed Shun'anzhou/Shunzhou or Thuận Châu), Tư Lang Châu, Môn Châu, Tô Mậu Châu, and

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Before the Tang, this county was settled by the Miao barbarian people. There were no traces of Han settlers. In 1053, The ‘Great Martial Leader’ Di (Qing) put down the rebellion of the Quang Nguyên barbarian Nùng Trí Cao, the troops following the general’s expedition remained in the region to open up

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Zhao Xie ordered his soldiers to build catapults and floating bridges. The Song army's gathered across the river from a hill where the Viets could not see them. Bombardment from the catapults cleared the river of Viet vessels, making way for the Song bridges. Several hundred Song soldiers managed to

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divided his army in two. The plan was for the first group, which included a strong contingent of uplanders and led by Nùng Tông Ðán, to invade and attract the attention of troops at Yongzhou. The second group, the main army, was a coastal force intended to capture undefended places. In October 1075,

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rivers were assigned grotto militia leaders. A commissioner surveyed the region for able-bodied men to be organized under a guard commander selected from the area's prominent households, who received a specific signal banner to indicate their group's distinction. Groups of 30 men were organized into

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recognized the Zhuang as a national minority and established the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Public events such as the springtime festival and song festival Sanyuesan were promoted by the government, but by the 1980s they had become more tourist attractions than a symbol of ethnic solidarity

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book, which is a type of small palm-sized picture books containing sequential drawings developed in China during the early 20th century. The illustration on page 142, painted by Xiong Kong Cheng (熊孔成), describes the bravery of Su Jian, who, with only three thousand men was able to put up a fierce,

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sculpture but abandoned it in the forest when they fled from a Viet ambush. The Buddha was thought to be lost until a fire during the dry season consumed that forest and villagers reported the miracle to the king, and he returned the Buddha statue to Phật Tích temple with great honors. In 1079 the

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of silver ingots, 300 bolts of silk, two horses, and a saddle with inlaid gold and silver plating. He called Lý Thánh Tông the "King of the Southern Pacified Region." At the same time Song officials on the southern frontier were training for military action. By late 1067, the Guizhou prefect Zhang

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Frontier unrest began anew in 1057 when Nùng Tông Ðán (C. Nong Zongdan), a kinsman of Nùng Trí Cao, entered Song territory. The frontier administrator Wang Han visited Nùng Tông Ðán's camp at Leihuo (in Quang Nguyên) to discourage him from seeking inclusion in the Song dynasty since it would upset

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After a prolonged stalemate and high casualties on both sides, Lý Thường Kiệt offered apologies for the invasion and the Song commander Guo Kui agreed to withdraw his troops, ending the war. Further negotiations were held in the following years that consolidated the border between the two empires.

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diverged. The originally single ethnic group came to be known by different names in China and Vietnam. In China there was greater assimilation of the Zhuang into mainstream Han Chinese society while the Nùng in Vietnam remained fairly autonomous until the late modern period. As a result, the Nùng

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and imperial in-law, Thàn Thiệu Tháị, crossed into Song territory to raid for cattle. Thiệu Tháị captured the Song commander Yang Baocai in the attack. In autumn of 1060, Song forces also crossed the border but were unsuccessful in recovering Yang. Fighting caused by the natives led by Thiệu Tháị

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sought to introduce "uncultured" barbarians to the benefits of the "civilized" center. Viet leadership on the other hand created "patron-client" relationships using marriage alliances and military expeditions to maintain "satellite" partners. Successive Viet courts saw the extraction of resources

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In 1082, after a long period of mutual isolation, emperor Lý Nhân Tông of Đại Việt returned Yongzhou, Qinzhou, and Lianzhou back to Song authorities, along with prisoners of war, and in return Song relinquished its control of four prefectures and a county, including the Nùng clan's home of Quảng

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In late 1076, the Song commander Guo Kui (1022–1088) started gathering forces on the Viet border. It took him one month to reach the border and another two months to gather his forces. The assisting officer Zhao Xie was critical of the slow campaign. He believed that a vanguard force should have

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river region was divided into new administrative units: Ngự Long, Vũ Thắng, Long Dực, Thần Ðiện, Bổng Thánh, Bảo Thắng, Hùng Lược, and Vạn Tiệp. Each of these units was assigned an official. Militia units were established among local communities. Conscripts had the character "Army of the Son of

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claim descent from Nong Zhigao and sponsor public displays of pride in the 11th century leader through temples and monuments. There is more evidence of the celebration of Nong Zhigao in Cao Bằng than in Guangxi, especially prior to the modern era, after which the local leader was inserted into

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According to Chinese sources, "tropical climate and rampant disease" severely weakened Song's military forces while the Viet court feared the result of a prolonged war so close to the capital. Song forces lost about 50%–60% before retreating, half of them dying to diseases. However Song forces

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Guo Kui led the Song army in another direction towards the nearby region of Phú Lương, where they bombarded Thường Kiệt's positions. Thường Kiệt held out for a month, repulsing multiple attempts by Song forces to cross the river. He became overconfident and decided to make a frontal assault to

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In the spring of 1075, Shenzong sent two officials, Shen Qi and Liu Yi, to govern Guizhou. They were instructed to train the locals in riverine warfare and forbid them from trading with subjects of the Viet court. Thường Kiệt accused the Song of training soldiers for attacking Thăng Long. Some

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Scholars also note that there was a sharp increase in the population of the Song dynasty's southwest frontier by the end of the 11th century. At the end of the 10th c., this region counted only 17,760 households while the same area had increased to 56,596 households in 1078-85. Guangnan West

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On 18 November 1064, the Guizhou prefect Lu Shen reported that a military delegation from Thăng Long had crossed the border seeking Nùng Nhật Tân , the son of Nùng Tông Ðán. He also reported that the delegation showed interest in encroaching on Song territory, including Wenmen dong

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from frontier vassals as a measurement of their efficacy. However by the 11th century, both the Chinese and Viet courts saw the frontier as a source of available troops famed for their ferocity. By 1065, around 44,500 militia had been recruited from these communities by the Song.

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census of 742. Some of the increase can be attributed to including indigenous populations and improved recording methods, but the trend of increased Han Chinese settlement is clear. With the increase of Han Chinese population also came more northern-oriented cultural practices.

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region. The Song quickly took Quảng Nguyên and in the process captured Lưu Lý, who had attacked Yongzhou in 1075. Lưu Ký deployed elephants against the Song forces, who used scythes to cut their trunks, causing them to trample their own troops. The dong settlements were razed.

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and the prevalent sentiment of irredentism in Shenzong's court led to new ways of governing. Wang's policies saw each part of society as part of a greater whole, and thus the state must take a more holistic and all-encompassing part in governance. One of Wang's reforms, the

568:, news arrived that Thàn Thiệu Tháị had attacked settlements in Guangnan West Circuit. A Guangnan official requested immediate retaliation against the southern intruders. However the Song court tried to distance Thiệu Tháị's actions from the Lý court. An envoy from 622:, consolidated power by announcing a general amnesty for all outlaws in the protected prefectures. It was reported that the local chieftain of Lạng Châu, Dương Cảnh Thông, brought to court a white deer as tribute and was rewarded with the title "Grand Guardian." 782:

to block Song naval forces from supporting action. There was also a "water barrier" that covered the Bạch Đằng estuary. No details of naval fighting survive except that "many sea battles" were fought starting months before any land battles occurred.

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In late 1071, the Guangnan military commissioner Xiao Gu reported that Lưu Ký had been spotted near Shun'anzhou (in Quảng Nguyên) at the head of more than 200 men. The Song court expressed concerns that forces were being amassed by barbarians.

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suggested giving upland peoples and minorities full autonomy once the French colonial order was overthrown but gave little attention to them until 1941 when support from these communities became a strategic necessity. The Nùng assisted

766:), but his opinion was ignored. Finally near the end of the year, they led the combined Song force of 50,000 soldiers and 100,000 supply carriers into Đại Việt territory. A contingent of cavalryman under Tao Bi (1015–1078) entered the 389:

military settlers moved in and new leaders took over the surviving communities. Several influential Nùng leaders sided with the Viet court. Crucial influences for the lead up to the event include the Song-court sponsored

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and most of their interaction with Viets was through merchants who traded in return for tribute to the court. Assimilation with broader Viet society did not occur and the Viet court ruled the frontier region through the

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supervised state-sponsored migration to upland areas but the north did not experience a massive influx of Kinh Viets, so the ethnic balance around the Nùng Trí Cao temples remained fairly consistent.

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rulers that wielded absolute authority in their own areas. They paid tribute to both Chinese and Viet authorities. As late as the 19th century, imperial assertion of authority by the

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In early 1075, Thăng Long requested the return of an upland chieftain who had gone over to the Song with 700 followers. The Song refused, saying that they had submitted to the Song.

906:, during the Viet defense against the Song counteroffensive in which Song forces nearly reached the Đại Việt capital of Thăng Long, general Lý Thường Kiệt wrote a famous poem named 512:

The Lý court was also in the process of consolidating its frontier. In 1059, efforts were made to take direct control of the frontier and its manpower. The northern frontier in the

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By 1077, the Song had defeated forces from Cơ Lang and Quyết Lý and marched towards the Đại Việt capital at Thăng Long. Song forces convened at the Nhu Nguyệt River (in modern

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At least 250,000–400,000 troops and civilians (including massacre of Yongzhou): More than half of Song troops died from disease during the counteroffensive against Đại Việt

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in 1979, Huang interpreted Nong Zhigao as a local leader who fought against a corrupt Song court that refused to provide locals with protection from marauding bands from

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were more able to express an independent political ethnic identity through the worship of Nùng Trí Cao (C. Nong Zhigao). Many families with the Nong (V. Nùng) surname in

844:, and Susang. Further negotiations took place from July 6 to August 8, 1084 at Yongping garrison in southern Guangnan, where Đại Việt's Director of Military Personnel 1138:. By the late 1980s, collections of folklore containing tales of Nong Zhigao's heroism had been published. On 8 January 1997, a group of Nong Zhigao's descendants in 1157:

Unlike the Nùng in China, the Tai-speaking people in Đại Việt remained in a patron-client relationship with the Viet court. They lived in the mountainous areas of

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There is little to no physical evidence of Nong Zhigao's commemoration in China before the 18th century. However in 1956, a stele dating to 1706 was discovered in

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According to K.W. Taylor, if the story of the poem is true, then the poem could not have been sung in the form it currently exists today. The poem is written in

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In the view of the Song court, these titles were not merely honorary appointments. Local militia in the southwestern frontier zone was reorganized in 1065 under

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to restore Viet independence, the Nùng showed little interest in supporting the lowland Kinh Viets against the French. Some of the upland peoples supported the

1143: 3515: 2780: 910:. He recited the poem in front of his army in order to boost the morale of his men before the battle of Nhu Nguyệt River. The poem, dubbed retroactively as 3236: 1997: 602:(r. 1067–1085) continued to pay special attention to Viet envoys in January and February 1067. He presented the envoys with a grand array of gifts: 200 2415: 741: 305: 3455: 1389: 481:). It was perhaps this intensification of border defense that the Viet court felt threatened by, as it saw its own systems of local control eroded. 3490: 1214:

a festival was held around the temple. Another festival focused on trade was held around the temple in the third lunar month during Thanh Minh (

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after a 42-day siege. The Song retaliated with an army of 300,000 the following year. In 1077, Song forces nearly reached Đại Việt's capital

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The two armies arrived at Yongzhou in the early spring of 1076. They defeated a milita force led by Zhang Shoujie, the governor-general of

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When a large Song army arrived, Thường Kiệt's forces retreated, taking with them a large amount of spoils and thousands of prisoners.

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into Song territory and captured Guwan, Taiping, Yongping, and Qianlong garrisons. Meanwhile, the naval force of Thường Kiệt captured

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for the Zhuang. The promotion of Zhuang culture faced challenges in differing priorities between rural and urban Zhuang communities.

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led to intensified relations between the two states. Nùng Trí Cao's failed rebellions and defeat by Viet forces and the Song general

2347: 2288: 2265: 1764: 418: 3505: 3323: 2671: 903: 3495: 1426:《長編》卷三百上載出師兵員“死者二十萬”，“上曰：「朝廷以交址犯順，故興師討罪，郭逵不能剪滅，垂成而還。今廣源瘴癘之地，我得之未為利，彼失之未為害，一夫不獲，朕尚閔之，况十死五六邪？」又安南之師，死者二十萬，朝廷當任其咎。《續資治通鑑長編·卷三百》”。 3500: 2403: 1780: 1207: 874: 553:

Despite increased military tensions, the Lý court sought to defuse the situation by sending a delegation led by Bi Gia Dụ to

3485: 3209: 2507: 2398: 1119: 890: 690: 619: 309: 156: 1206:, Nùng villages in the Việt Bắc region avoided the devastation of other upland communities in the Central Highlands. The 1186: 541:

In the early 1060s border conflicts began to occur along the Song-Viet frontier. In the spring of 1060, the chieftain of

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not it was this specific poem that was sung cannot be answered. It is possible that it was written after the event.

848:(fl. 1038–1096) convinced Song to fix the two countries' borders between Quảng Nguyên and Guihua prefectures. 3475: 3470: 2583: 2534: 2393: 2306: 923: 907: 788: 2455: 841: 703: 525:) tattooed on their foreheads. This reflected a distinctly Southeast Asian way of controlling regional manpower. 2440: 2198:——— (1987), "The Zhuang Minority Peoples of the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier in the Song Period", 825: 550:

for a joint attack on Quảng Nguyên. The Lý court caught wind of this and began directly courting local leaders.

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The Song and Đại Cồ Việt treated their frontier borderland peoples in different ways. Traditionally the Chinese

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Captured territories held by both Song and Đại Việt were mutually exchanged in 1082, along with prisoners of war

3031: 2786: 2408: 2298: 1154:, and northern Thailand claim to be descended from Nong Zhigao. Many Zhuang songs refer to him as "King Nong." 599: 558: 453: 119: 2004: 1202:

in his activities. As a result of anti-French activities, temples of Nùng Trí Cao were destroyed. During the

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Song forces reached Nhu Nguyệt River in Bắc Ninh Province (highlighted in red) near the capital of Thăng Long

445:, Nùng Tông Ðán was regarded by the Song as the prefect of Leihuo prefecture, renamed "Pacified Prefecture" ( 3293: 3062: 2774: 2637: 2470: 2280: 808: 799:

continued to occupy the five disputed regions of Quảng Nguyên (renamed Shun'anzhou/Shunzhou or Thuận Châu),

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ordered a preemptive invasion of Song dynasty territory with more than 80,000 soldiers, razing the city of

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forty-two day, resistance against Vietnamese forces before finally succumbing to vastly superior numbers.

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Minor clashes continued to occur. In the spring of 1077, Song soldiers raided a holy temple and seized an

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on the frontier borderlands, and increasing state control over their administration. In 1075, Emperor

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In 1073, a group from the "Five Clans" sent a large tribute embassy numbering 890 to the Song court.

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between 1075 and 1077. The war was sparked by the shifting allegiances of tribal peoples such as the

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have since 1954, almost without variance, depicted 11th century Vietnamese society as filled with

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claimed the lives of five military inspectors. The military commissioner Yu Jing sought aid from

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In late 1065, Nùng Tông Ðán switched allegiance from the Song and proposed an alliance with

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In the 1970s, Nong Zhigao was rehabilitated in the national consciousness. Huang Xianfan's

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The Rebel Den of Nung Tri Cao: loyalty and identity along the Sino-Vietnamese frontier

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Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period

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Prior to the invasion of Song, Lý Thường Kiệt had fought a successful war against the

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scholars have argued that Wang planned for a southward expansion of Song territory.

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Circuit's population in 1080 stood at 287,723 households, a 133% increase from the

423: 378: 341: 277: 102: 63: 860:; the modern border is largely unmodified from the resulting line of demarcation. 1080:

In China, the Siege of Yongzhou during the Vietnamese invasion was depicted in a

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took the Việt Bắc region in 1953, most Nùng communities were still self ruled.

1166:, autonomous local rulers. Thổ ty officials held hereditary positions and were 572:

arrived seeking forgiveness for the attack. Yingzong decided not to retaliate.

3219: 3176: 3074: 3037: 3007: 3001: 2978: 2960: 2869: 2857: 2833: 2211: 707: 634: 395: 3244: 3153: 3098: 3092: 3013: 2881: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2845: 2769: 2732: 2722: 1175: 1147: 914:

asserted the sovereignty of Đại Việt rulers over its lands. The poem reads:

767: 695: 513: 495:

and settle the wasteland. Their settlements extended throughout this county.

461: 1998:"The References of Vietnamese States and the Mechanisms of World Formation" 1146:

identify as survivors of Nong Zhigao's rebel movement and other groups in

3405: 3393: 3374: 3298: 3187: 3147: 3019: 2995: 2972: 2929: 2911: 2737: 2219: 3411: 3399: 3288: 3043: 2821: 2815: 2742: 2727: 2450: 2430: 1193:

who fought against the French, while others sided with the French. The

1111:

nationalist histories as though he were a citizen of China or Vietnam.

1055:

Over Mountains and Rivers of the South, reigns the Emperor of the South

699: 683: 675: 671: 565: 554: 382: 373:) and his attempt to create an independent state on the borderlands of 297: 2332: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 3025: 2966: 2948: 2899: 2893: 2839: 1185:

saw the Nùng as potential converts to the colonial order. During the

1174:

over these areas was often met by violent local opposition. When the

755: 547: 469:)", which were organized in groups of five under a troop commandant ( 856:

The war resulted in an agreement between both sides that fixed the

762:

advanced directly through the mountains towards Thăng Long (modern

3086: 3056: 763: 747: 731: 665: 577: 532: 417: 281: 682:

In 1075, the Quảng Nguyên chieftain Lưu Ký launched an attack on

3141: 1379:潘輝黎等. 第一章如月大捷. 《越南民族歷史上的幾次戰略決戰》. 戴可來譯. 北京: 世界知識出版社. 1980年: 26頁. 1163: 2336: 1093:

After the end of the war in 1078, the historical trends of the

2145: 2143: 2019: 2017: 820:

Quảng Lăng. These areas now comprise most of modern Vietnam's

564:

On the same day the Viet envoy Lý Kế Tiên prepared to depart

828:. Đại Việt held control of Yongzhou, Qinzhou and Lianzhou. 2034: 2032: 1880: 1878: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1623: 1621: 1608: 1606: 1593: 1591: 1530: 1528: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 884:

One crucial expression of this was the work of historian

1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1964: 1962: 1841: 1839: 614:

On 2 February 1072, Lý Thánh Tông died. The new ruler,

443:

The Draft Documents Pertaining to Song Official Matters

27:

Military conflict between the Song dynasty and Đại Việt

1363: 1361: 1359: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 2328:(in Vietnamese). Saigon: Center for School Materials. 2277:

Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present

1142:

erected a stele in honor of his birth. The Zhuang of

477:), and in groups of 50 led by a commander-in-chief ( 369:(C. Nong Zhigao) in Quảng Nguyên (C. Guangyuan; now 237:

14th c. Vietnamese source: 100,000 killed in Guangxi

3367: 3235: 3167: 2988: 2802: 2694: 2647: 2612: 2542: 2371: 1983:

The Rebel Den of Nùng Trí Cao: Loyalty and Identity

1057:As it stands written forever in the Book of Heaven 902:According to the 14th-century Buddhist scripture 897: 473:), groups of ten led by an aboriginal commander ( 1130:portrayed him as a Chinese leader and after the 1061:Your armies, without pity, will be annihilated. 492: 32: 2258:A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc 1799: 1759:. University of California Press. p. 84. 888:(1908–96), who wrote in 1949 his seminal work 750:in 1069, so in 1076, the Song called upon the 2348: 1144:Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture 8: 2781:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 1750: 1748: 1443: 1441: 694:Nùng Tông Ðán led 23,000 soldiers along the 912:Vietnam's first Declaration of Independence 898:Vietnam's first Declaration of Independence 465:local governance units known as "tithings ( 456:prefect Lu Shen. The 45 grottoes along the 3364: 2799: 2609: 2355: 2341: 2333: 1059:How dare those barbarians invade our land? 29: 1795: 1793: 873:Revolutionary Vietnamese scholars in the 209:100,000–870,000 regular troops and people 2173: 2161: 2149: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2038: 2023: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1896: 1884: 1830: 1733: 1731: 1722: 1680: 1668: 1651: 1639: 1627: 1612: 1597: 1582: 1570: 1558: 1546: 1534: 1519: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1471: 1459: 1313: 1242: 916: 332: 1857: 1447: 1332: 1235: 689:Anticipating an attack from the north, 214:Viet invasion of Guangnan West Circuit: 168: 3349:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified 3274:Endless power transmitting chain drive 2098: 1968: 1869: 1845: 1811: 1367: 1290: 312:at the Như Nguyệt River in modern-day 268:, was a military conflict between the 246:13th c. Chinese source: 150,000 deaths 244:12th c. Chinese source: 200,000 deaths 7: 3511:Military campaigns involving Vietnam 1265:"宋史纪事本末 : 卷十五交州之变 - 中国哲学书电子化计划" 670:Viet forces invaded into modern day 402:to consolidate peripheral fiefdoms. 1030:Tiệt nhiên định phận tại thiên thư 717:. He was beheaded at the battle of 422:"Nong Zhigao Crossing the Border", 2241:, University of Washington Press, 2200:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1996:Vuving, Alexander L. (June 2000). 686:and was repulsed by Nùng Trí Hội. 25: 742:Battle of Như Nguyệt River (1077) 2533: 1048:Rành rành định phận ở sách trời. 194:: More than 2,800 regular troops 38: 3456:Wars involving the Song dynasty 2003:. Asienkunde.de. Archived from 1034:Nhữ đẳng hành khan thủ bại hư. 758:to go to war against Đại Việt. 18:Song–Vietnamese war (1075–1077) 3491:Wars between China and Vietnam 2775:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding 2260:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1208:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1052:Chúng bây sẽ bị đánh tơi bời. 1032:Như hà nghịch lỗ lai xâm phạm 875:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1: 3210:Southern Song dynasty coinage 1757:The Making of South East Asia 1435:《玉海》卷一九三上稱“兵夫三十萬人冒暑涉瘴地，死者過半”。 1353:《越史略》（《欽定四庫全書·史部》第466冊），588頁。 1254:脫脫等《宋史》，卷四百四十六，列傳第二百五，13157頁。 1050:Cớ sao lũ giặc sang xâm phạm, 83:Both sides agreed to withdraw 2235:Anderson, James A. (2012) , 1046:Sông núi nước Nam, vua Nam ở 353:In the 1040s and 1050s, the 2622:Department of State Affairs 2303:A History of the Vietnamese 2189:Anderson, James A. (2008), 1424:Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian 1412:Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian 1195:Indochinese Communist Party 537:Song shieldbearer with fork 501:A Record of Fengshan County 432:History of the Song dynasty 3532: 2584:Bureau of Military Affairs 2307:Cambridge University Press 1120:People's Republic of China 1028:Nam quốc sơn hà nam đế cư 739: 678:, highlighted in dark blue 429: 346: 3461:Battles involving Vietnam 2531: 2456:Alliance Conducted at Sea 2446:Song–Viet war (1075–1077) 2212:10.1017/s0022463400020543 227: 176: 133:Zhang Shoujie (張守節) 113: 96: 46: 37: 2787:Four Great Books of Song 1344:李燾《續資治通鑑長編》卷二百七十四，6700頁。 600:Emperor Shenzong of Song 120:Emperor Shenzong of Song 3516:Wars involving Đại Việt 3506:11th century in Vietnam 3466:China–Vietnam relations 2638:Secretariat-Chancellery 2324:Trần Trọng Kim (1971). 2281:Oxford University Press 2256:Chapuis, Oscar (1995). 710:'s oppressive reforms. 439:Emperor Renzong of Song 329:Nùng Trí Cao rebellions 3496:Wars involving Vietnam 3269:Early Bessemer process 3237:Science and technology 2436:Nong Zhigao rebellions 1755:Cœdès, George (1966). 931:Vietnamese translation 737: 679: 538: 505: 427: 355:Nong Zhigao rebellions 349:Nong Zhigao rebellions 344: 221:Song Counteroffensive: 203:Song Counteroffensive: 114:Commanders and leaders 3501:11th century in China 2657:Ministry of Personnel 2562:Imperial examinations 2275:Kiernan, Ben (2019). 1908:Anderson (2008), 210. 858:two country's borders 735: 715:Guangnan West Circuit 669: 644:Balanced Delivery Law 536: 430:Further information: 421: 347:Further information: 336: 228:Casualties and losses 217:80,000–100,000 troops 186:Guangnan West Circuit 3486:Invasions by Vietnam 2793:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu 2567:Administrative units 2441:Song–Tibet relations 2416:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war 2193:, Palgrave macMillan 1181:The French colonial 934:English translation 264:, also known as the 207:100,000 supply train 3343:Forensic entomology 3304:Watertight bulkhead 3183:Joint-stock company 2677:Ministry of Justice 2662:Ministry of Revenue 2572:Sixteen Prefectures 1986:2007 p. 214 note 88 1800:Trần Trọng Kim 1971 1245:, pp. 208–209. 1220:Sino-Vietnamese War 1183:Tonkin Protectorate 1132:Sino-Vietnamese War 633:In the late 1060s, 398:and efforts by the 340:'s movement in the 3481:Invasions by China 3279:Astronomical clock 2486:Treaty of Shaoxing 2176:, p. 177-178. 2152:, p. 172-173. 2137:, p. 170-171. 2125:, p. 168-170. 2089:, p. 162-163. 2077:, p. 160-161. 2053:, p. 152-153. 2026:, p. 163-165. 1920:, p. 191-192. 1899:, p. 209-210. 1725:, p. 207-208. 1704:on 8 February 2007 1683:, p. 206-207. 1642:, p. 203-204. 1573:, p. 199-200. 1549:, p. 198-199. 1510:, p. 196-197. 1486:, p. 194-195. 1401:《越史略》載廣西被殺者“無慮十萬”。 1187:Cần Vương movement 904:Thiền uyển tập anh 869:Modern nationalism 738: 728:Song counterattack 680: 588:Shifting alliances 539: 428: 345: 240:Song counterattack 192:Battle of Yongzhou 142:Su Jian (蘇緘) 3476:Conflicts in 1076 3471:Conflicts in 1075 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3358:Dream Pool Essays 3250:Gunpowder weapons 3163: 3162: 2690: 2689: 2682:Ministry of Works 2667:Ministry of Rites 2614:Three Departments 2451:Fang La rebellion 2431:Wang Ze rebellion 2316:978-1-107-24435-1 2248:978-0-295-80077-6 1698:mcel.pacificu.edu 1216:Qingming Festival 1069:Classical Chinese 1065: 1064: 826:Lạng Sơn Province 822:Cao Bằng Province 776:Bắc Ninh Province 371:Cao Bằng Province 314:Bắc Ninh Province 262:Song–Đại Việt war 258: 257: 223:60,000 (estimate) 184:Viet invasion of 166:Lưu Ưng Ký ( 92: 91: 33:Song–Đại Việt war 16:(Redirected from 3523: 3389: 3386: 3365: 3113: 3112: 1174–1189 3110: 3052: 3051: 1050–1080 3049: 2944: 2943: 1111–1117 2941: 2800: 2750:Longquan celadon 2718:Five Great Kilns 2610: 2537: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2334: 2329: 2326:Việt Nam sử lược 2320: 2294: 2271: 2252: 2231: 2194: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2027: 2021: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2002: 1993: 1987: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1860:, p. 158-9. 1855: 1849: 1843: 1834: 1828: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1788: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1700:. Archived from 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1616: 1610: 1601: 1595: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1390:Đại Việt sử lược 1386: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1317: 1311: 1294: 1288: 1273: 1272: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1240: 920:Literary Chinese 917: 529:Border conflicts 503: 170: 148: 139: 48: 47: 42: 30: 21: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3435: 3387: 3363: 3319:Horner's method 3231: 3159: 3111: 3063:Emperor Huizong 3050: 2984: 2942: 2798: 2686: 2672:Ministry of War 2643: 2608: 2538: 2529: 2508:Mongol conquest 2426:Chanyuan Treaty 2386:Chenqiao mutiny 2367: 2361: 2323: 2317: 2297: 2291: 2274: 2268: 2255: 2249: 2234: 2197: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2030: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1980:James Anderson 1979: 1975: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1837: 1829: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1791: 1781:History of Song 1778: 1774: 1767: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1619: 1611: 1604: 1596: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1320: 1312: 1297: 1289: 1276: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1191:Black Flag Army 1116:Tiandeng County 1091: 1078: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1004: 982: 960: 924:Sino-Vietnamese 908:Nam quốc sơn hà 900: 871: 866: 854: 817: 815:Peace agreement 789:Nam quốc sơn hà 780:Bạch Đằng River 744: 730: 664: 659: 631: 590: 582:Jingxi, Guangxi 580:, a village in 531: 510: 504: 499: 434: 416: 351: 331: 326: 249:Modern sources: 247: 245: 243: 238: 236: 218: 216: 208: 206: 205:50,000 soldiers 200: 199:: 80,000 troops 195: 190: 165: 163: 159: 155: 144: 141: 135: 132: 127: 122: 70: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3388: 10th c. 3378: 3371: 3369: 3362: 3361: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3256:Wujing Zongyao 3252: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2906:Huang Tingjian 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2797: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2649:Six Ministries 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2589:Qingli Reforms 2586: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2409:Gaoliang River 2406: 2401: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2369: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2345: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2295: 2289: 2272: 2266: 2253: 2247: 2232: 2206:(2): 250–269, 2195: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2166: 2164:, p. 167. 2154: 2139: 2127: 2115: 2113:, p. 168. 2103: 2101:, p. 268. 2091: 2079: 2067: 2065:, p. 156. 2055: 2043: 2041:, p. 171. 2028: 2013: 2010:on 2011-07-18. 1988: 1973: 1958: 1956:, p. 194. 1946: 1944:, p. 193. 1934: 1932:, p. 192. 1922: 1910: 1901: 1889: 1887:, p. 210. 1874: 1862: 1850: 1835: 1833:, p. 208. 1816: 1814:, p. 264. 1804: 1789: 1772: 1765: 1744: 1727: 1715: 1685: 1673: 1671:, p. 207. 1656: 1654:, p. 205. 1644: 1632: 1630:, p. 203. 1617: 1615:, p. 202. 1602: 1600:, p. 201. 1587: 1585:, p. 200. 1575: 1563: 1561:, p. 199. 1551: 1539: 1537:, p. 198. 1524: 1522:, p. 197. 1512: 1500: 1498:, p. 126. 1488: 1476: 1474:, p. 191. 1464: 1462:, p. 195. 1452: 1437: 1428: 1416: 1403: 1394: 1381: 1372: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1335:, p. 158. 1318: 1316:, p. 209. 1295: 1274: 1256: 1247: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1172:Nguyễn dynasty 1090: 1087: 1077: 1074: 1063: 1062: 1053: 1044: 1035: 1026: 936: 935: 932: 929: 926: 921: 899: 896: 891:Lý Thường Kiệt 886:Hoàng Xuân Hãn 870: 867: 865: 862: 853: 850: 816: 813: 740:Main article: 729: 726: 691:Lý Thường Kiệt 674:(Yongzhou) in 663: 660: 658: 655: 630: 627: 620:Lý Thường Kiệt 589: 586: 530: 527: 509: 508:Viet expansion 506: 497: 426:, 15th century 415: 414:Song expansion 412: 330: 327: 325: 322: 310:Lý Thường Kiệt 256: 255: 252: 234:Viet invasion: 230: 229: 225: 224: 210: 197:Reinforcements 179: 178: 174: 173: 164:Thân Cảnh Phúc 157:Lý Thường Kiệt 150: 116: 115: 111: 110: 105: 99: 98: 94: 93: 90: 89: 88: 87: 84: 76: 72: 71: 62: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3528: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 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324:Background 302:Thăng Long 270:Lý dynasty 3368:Inventors 3245:Gunpowder 3154:Qian Xuan 3120:(12th c.) 3099:Liang Kai 3093:Zhao Boju 3032:Wang Shen 3014:Yi Yuanji 3010:(10th c.) 2882:Cheng Hao 2876:Zhang Zai 2864:Zeng Gong 2852:Cai Xiang 2846:Shao Yong 2770:Jian ware 2733:Guan ware 2723:Ding ware 2518:Xiangyang 2394:Later Shu 2228:163042066 1269:ctext.org 1231:Citations 1176:Viet Minh 1148:Dali City 1041:故吵𠎪弋𨖅侵犯 1037:滝𡶀渃南𤤰南於 768:Zuo River 696:Zuo River 543:Lạng Châu 521:Heaven" ( 475:zhijunshi 54:1075–1077 3406:Shen Kuo 3394:Jia Xian 3375:Bi Sheng 3299:Dry dock 3188:Banknote 3148:Gong Kai 3020:Wen Tong 2996:Fan Kuan 2989:Painters 2973:Xin Qiji 2930:Zhu Bian 2912:Cai Jing 2888:Cheng Yi 2738:Jun ware 2708:Religion 2579:Military 2550:Emperors 2481:Yancheng 2466:Jingkang 2377:Timeline 2301:(2013). 2220:20070970 1786:vol. 446 1168:de facto 1159:Việt Bắc 1136:Đại Việt 1108:Cao Bằng 840:Nguyên, 833:Amitābha 805:Môn Châu 704:Lianzhou 684:Yongzhou 657:Conflict 559:Yingzong 555:Yongzhou 498:— 400:Lý court 377:and the 298:Yongzhou 276:and the 274:Đại Việt 177:Strength 129:Zhao Xie 108:Đại Việt 68:Đại Việt 59:Location 3412:Song Ci 3400:Su Song 3289:Compass 3169:Economy 3130:Li Song 3044:Cui Bai 2822:Song Qi 2816:Yan Shu 2803:Writers 2743:Ru ware 2728:Ge ware 2700:Society 2696:Culture 2501:Caizhou 2491:Tangdao 2373:History 2183:Sources 1708:30 June 864:Vietnam 842:Bảo Lạc 700:Qinzhou 676:Guangxi 672:Nanning 566:Kaifeng 454:Guizhou 383:Di Qing 365:leader 357:of the 304:before 254:Unknown 146:† 137:† 124:Guo Kui 3198:Guanzi 3193:Jiaozi 3026:Guo Xi 2967:Zhu Xi 2949:Lu You 2936:Zhu Yu 2900:Su Zhe 2894:Su Shi 2840:Su Xun 2713:Poetry 2496:Caishi 2366:topics 2313: 2287: 2264: 2245: 2226: 2218: 1763: 1164:thổ ty 1140:Jingxi 1099:Zhuang 852:Legacy 756:Champa 548:Champa 359:Zhuang 286:Zhuang 75:Result 3418:Li Ye 3203:Huizi 3087:Li Di 3057:Mi Fu 2523:Yamen 2476:De'an 2224:S2CID 2216:JSTOR 2008:(PDF) 2001:(PDF) 1076:China 764:Hanoi 748:Chams 604:liang 578:Hurun 471:dutou 282:China 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