142:
111:
891:. A number of the insurgents did submit, but many withdrew to Lax where, reinforced by a couple of Austrian battalions, they rejected all offers of amnesty and placed their reliance on nature's formidable position. There followed a day-long battle with alternating results; eventually, the insurgents were routed, but the contest was maintained by those two Austrian battalions, who eventually abandoned the field as night fell, and light failed. Xaintrailles pushed on with the grenadiers of the 100th and sent several companies of the 100th to St. Bernard. His Swiss allies guarded the gorges and defiles behind him. He established his headquarters at Brig, from which he could control the passes at Great St. Bernard and Simplon and access to northern Italy, and awaited his instructions from Massena.
813:
154:
123:
1002:
poor canton, comparable distress reigned; a fire broke out at
Altdorf which destroyed the greater part of that town, the main city of the canton. In Unterwalden, which had been devastated in 1798, similar situations prevailed. In the Grisons, where the uprising had been quelled in 1798, 3,000 inhabitants had been killed and the abbey of Disentis burned. In a remote valley of Tavetsch, all the inhabitants were killed; four women, hunted by the soldiers threw themselves into the lake of Toma, with infants in arms, and were shot and killed in the half-frozen water.
998:, in its wisdom, ordered Archduke Charles to move most of his force into Swabia, to continue his operations on the north side of the Rhine and Massena attacked the Russians in Zurich who, weakened by the losses of the Austrian troops and poorly commanded, lost the city to him in September 1799. By that time, also, the French had wrested control of the mountain passes at Simplon and St. Bernard back from the Austrians, and controlled access and egress between Switzerland and northern Italy.
851:
974:
instructions from
Massena. Hadik, commanding the Austrian/Russian force, moved Strauch to Oberwald to support the Valaisans, and sent General Rohan to Domo d'Ossola. The French goal, eventually, was to retake the Simplon and St. Gothard passes. The narrowness of the valleys did not permit the normal concentration of troops.
947:
by Arth. The
Austrians entered Schwyz, where the inhabitants welcomed them joyously. On 3 July, the French attacked the whole Austrian line there, but the Austrians, with strong support of the Schwyz people, repulsed them again. By the end of July, Switzerland was occupied by 75,941 French troops and
795:
Republics, which included most of Genoa and much of the
Savoyan territories. In December 1798, the King of Sardinia, was forced to abdicate and the Piedmont was occupied and "republicanized;" Sardinia had already been forced into a treaty with France that gave the French army free passage through the
854:
Once the insurgents retreated to the mountains above Raron, the terrain made dislodging them difficult. Xaintrailles sent his men to higher mountains to fire down on the insurgents, rousting them from their hiding places. By the end of the day, the insurgents had withdrawn deeper into the mountains,
837:
fire on the passage of the valley; furthermore, the insurgents had placed sharpshooters on the approaches to the gorge. Xaintrailles sent two flanking detachments to the crest of the mountains, well out of artillery range, while the main body in the valley attacked the position in front of them. It
820:
On 24 May 1799, several thousand insurgents, reinforced with French deserters, recruits from some of the minor cantons, some
Austrian battalions, and emboldened with the news of approaching Russian forces, emerged from the wood at Finge and attacked a French encampment. The French, under command of
1001:
The losses of local people were catastrophic. By the end of the French campaign in Schwyz and Valais, one fourth of the population of the Canton Schwyz depended on public charity for support. In the Muotta valley, between 600–700 people were reduced to utter destitution. In Uri, a relatively
899:
After the Swiss uprisings of 1798, the
Austrians had stationed troops in the Grisons, at the request of the Canton, which had not joined the new Helvetic Republic under the protection of the French Directory. In March 1799, war had again broken out between the Austrians and its coalition allies
973:
After routing the
Austrians and Valaisians from the field in early June, Xaintrailles concluded that he did not have sufficient troops to pursue Strauch into the mountains. He gathered his forces, including the 28th and 104th regiments, which had reached Vevey, to join him in Brieg and awaited
803:
These newly formed republics served multiple purposes: they were a nursery for soldiers to learn the craft of warfare; they functioned as a proving ground for military leadership, a continuation of what Ramsey Weston Phipps has called "The School for
Marshals"; and, finally, they gave France a
833:. The second, the left column, including two battalions of the 89th and 110th as well as some of the grenadiers of those two demi-brigades, were under the personal command of Xaintrailles, and attacked the insurgent position at Leuk, defended by seven guns so carefully placed as to deliver
782:
to expand its area of influence. The
Republic sought a contiguous territory between France and the Holy Roman Empire. To accomplish this, France subverted Austrian and Imperial influence by exporting its own brand of revolution to former Austrian territories in the Lowlands, creating the
887:, where the largest group of the insurgents had congregated. While he was reforming his troops, he offered the insurgents an olive branch: if they would lay down their arms and return to their homes, he promised an amnesty for the past. Those who persisted in revolt would face
750:'s corps in southern Switzerland. The Austrian regiment was commanded by Colonel Gottfried von Strauch. Both sides engaged approximately 6,000 men. The French lost 500 killed, wounded or missing, and the Austrians lost 3,000 men and two guns. Oberwald is a village in
1036:
The
Brigade Strauch included 1 Battalion Banat regiment (976),2 Battalion of Wallis (1701), 1 Battalion Granadier Weissenwolf (1714), 6 companies Regiment Siegenfeld (683), six companies Carneville (392), and 1 Squadron of Erdody Hussars (174), See Reinhold GĂĽnther,
981:'s division stood in the Aegerisee and the Sihl valleys; it moved in two columns against the troops of Jellacic. On 13 August, all French troops in the Valais set out at once, and by the 14th they were in movement on all points from the RhĂ´ne to Zurich.
211:
952:(a chain of mountains near Zurich) through the Four Forest cantons, in Hasletal, and to the foot of the Simplon pass and the St. Berhard's pass. It was strongest in front of the Wiese, and by Wutach, and enclosed a line from the
943:, had been directed to attack and subdue the rebellions in the St. Valais. Although Russian and Austrians occupied Zurich, the headquarters of the Allies, the French evacuated Schwyz and assumed positions on the frontiers of
842:
from the crest of the mountains showered the insurgents' flanks. The men in the gorge redoubled their efforts and entered the Valais entrenchments, slaying some of the gunners at their positions. The survivors fled to
787:. By lending French military muscle, local collaborators seized power and established other satellite republics. In several of the Italian states that bordered on France, Switzerland, and Austria, they created the
204:
197:
935:, one of the original medieval establishments, also rebelled. However, in May, the French returned in greater numbers; Charles Xaintrailles, circling south of Massena's main force at the
378:
708:
1258:
825:, beat them off and they withdrew to their own entrenchments. Before daybreak on the following morning (25 May), Xaintrailles attacked in two columns. The first, Column
867:, where some of the insurgents had rallied. These abandoned the town and fled into the mountains behind it. The left column, column Xaintrailles, reached
371:
977:
On 13 August, Lecourbe's command included the 84th Demi-brigade (Brigade Boivin), and the 76th Brigade (Loison); this amounted to close to 12,000 men.
816:
The steep hillsides and high mountains of Valais complicated fighting; the Valais insurgents knew how to use the countryside to their best advantage
812:
1023:
Gottfried von Strauch, Freiherr, Feldzeugmeister and Inhaber of Galician Infantry Regiment Nr. 24 (appointed 1808), died in Vienna 18 March 1836.
1268:
1243:
920:. The Austrians, following up on their success, over ran most of eastern Switzerland. Massena left Zurich and fell back to the River Reuss.
838:
received such a storm of musketry and canister fire at the foot of the entrenchments that it began to waver; at this point, a well-sustained
364:
1253:
800:, modeled on revolutionary France; the traditional mode of self-governing cantons was deemed as feudal by modern revolutionary ideals.
1273:
687:
1263:
747:
717:
701:
227:
627:
482:
412:
948:
77,912 Austrians. The French line ran from HĂĽningen, in the Elsass at the border of Switzerland, Baden, and France, over the
680:
452:
240:
900:
against the French. Massena, who commanded the French army in Switzerland, surprised the Austrian division stationed in the
822:
694:
557:
59:
652:
617:
567:
447:
388:
29:
305:
294:
1283:
1278:
665:
407:
909:
661:
607:
597:
587:
572:
517:
427:
221:
342:
637:
632:
547:
477:
442:
402:
337:
826:
804:
formidable strategic position with friendly buffer states that stretched from the Adriatic to the North Sea.
1248:
532:
527:
522:
472:
432:
332:
312:
300:
775:
671:
487:
467:
273:
642:
612:
577:
537:
502:
492:
317:
115:
876:
253:
1038:
1208:
1080:
917:
743:
542:
512:
462:
457:
327:
322:
268:
263:
146:
592:
552:
422:
258:
829:(three battalions and one squadron), drove the insurgents out of the woods and chased them to the
788:
657:
602:
246:
916:, in Austrian service, approached through the Grisons, and following a successful engagement at
905:
888:
797:
792:
784:
647:
622:
582:
437:
417:
153:
127:
122:
978:
860:
189:
932:
880:
724:
562:
507:
497:
288:
283:
923:
The smaller cantons took this opportunity to extract themselves from the French alliances:
742:
occurred on 13–14 August 1799 between French forces commanded by General of Division
912:, and later at Feldkirch, the Archduke Charles pushed the French out. The Swiss general
755:
850:
1237:
995:
936:
924:
872:
751:
1158:
Switzerland, J. Huber, 1896, reprinted by Nabu public domain reprints, 2013, p. 109.
957:
759:
763:
356:
74:
61:
940:
864:
839:
834:
52:
1102:
Timothy Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787-1802, pp. 227-228.
904:, though, and overran the countryside. To the north, after victories at
901:
1156:
Der Feldzug der Division Lecourbe im Schweizerischen Hochgebirge 1799.
1040:
Der Feldzug der Division Lecourbe in Schweizerischen Hochgebirge 1799,
1200:
Blanning, Timothy Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802.
953:
928:
868:
141:
110:
1216:. Aus der k.k. Hof- und Staats-Druckerei., 1837 pp. 148, 513.
949:
913:
884:
849:
844:
811:
1133:
Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, 1840, p. 244-245.
830:
360:
193:
944:
927:
took possession of the pass at St. Gothard, and the people of
1027:. Aus der k.k. Hof- und Staats-Druckerei., 1837 p.148, 513.
778:(October 1797), the French Directory had established a new
855:
leaving only the Austrian battalions to hold the position.
796:
Piedmont. In 1798, Switzerland was restructured into the
1209:
Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905)
1081:
Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905)
1214:
Militär-Schematismus des österreichischen Kaiserthums
1025:
Militär-Schematismus des österreichischen Kaiserthums
1230:
Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, 1840.
859:On 26 May, Xaintrailles' right column crossed the
883:, seeking to capture the bridge between Lax and
22:
1166:
1164:
372:
205:
8:
1066:CH:Oberwald. Greenhill Press, 1978, p. 162.
379:
365:
357:
212:
198:
190:
19:
1259:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
1055:
1016:
847:, abandoning their guns and magazines.
1212:. Vienna, Stern, 1908, p. 340.*
7:
774:Within six months of signing the
14:
1043:Switzerland, J. Huber, 1896p. 96.
863:river via a ford and marched to
152:
140:
121:
109:
1223:London, Greenhill Press, 1978.
1084:. Vienna, Stern, 1908, p. 340.
1:
1269:Battles involving Switzerland
1244:1799 in the Habsburg monarchy
1188:Vieusseux, pp. 245–246.
1142:Veusseux, pp. 244–245.
823:Charles Antoine Xaintrailles
1254:War of the Second Coalition
1228:The History of Switzerland.
1131:The History of Switzerland.
960:, and ended by Graubunden.
931:occupied the Simplon pass.
390:War of the Second Coalition
30:War of the Second Coalition
1300:
1221:Napoleonic Wars Data Book,
1111:Shadwell, pp. 93–94.
1064:Napoleonic Wars Data Book,
1274:Battles involving Austria
871:on the right bank of the
398:
235:
223:French Revolutionary Wars
175:
162:
133:
102:
35:
27:
1264:Battles involving France
754:, at the source of the
856:
817:
776:Treaty of Campo Formio
681:Mediterranean Campaign
134:Commanders and leaders
1093:Ramsey Weston Phipps,
853:
815:
184:3,000 and two cannons
176:Casualties and losses
158:Gottfried von Strauch
895:Coalition resurgence
744:Jean Victor Tharreau
147:Jean Victor Tharreau
75:46.53333°N 8.35000°E
1006:Notes and citations
71: /
1154:Reinhold GĂĽnther,
857:
818:
740:Battle of Oberwald
295:Suvorov's campaign
23:Battle of Oberwald
1284:History of Valais
1279:Conflicts in 1799
1226:Veusseux, Andre.
1170:Shadwell, p. 149.
889:summary execution
875:and proceeded to
808:Valais insurgency
798:Helvetic Republic
785:Batavian Republic
734:
733:
695:Italian and Swiss
688:Egyptian Campaign
353:
352:
188:
187:
98:
97:
80:46.53333; 8.35000
43:13–14 August 1799
1291:
1206:Bodart, Gaston.
1205:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1129:Andre Veusseux,
1127:
1121:
1120:Shadwell, p. 95.
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1078:Bodart, Gaston.
1077:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1044:
1034:
1028:
1021:
746:and elements of
725:Marengo Campaign
709:Italian Campaign
508:Vlieter incident
393:
391:
381:
374:
367:
358:
230:
224:
214:
207:
200:
191:
157:
156:
145:
144:
126:
125:
114:
113:
86:
85:
83:
82:
81:
76:
72:
69:
68:
67:
64:
37:
36:
20:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1234:
1233:
1219:Smith, Digby.,
1203:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
992:
987:
971:
966:
897:
810:
772:
737:
736:
735:
730:
676:
394:
389:
387:
385:
355:
354:
349:
241:French invasion
231:
222:
220:
218:
151:
139:
120:
108:
79:
77:
73:
70:
65:
62:
60:
58:
57:
56:
12:
11:
5:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:1799 in France
1246:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1179:Blanning, 231.
1172:
1160:
1144:
1135:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1068:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1029:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
991:
988:
986:
983:
970:
967:
965:
962:
939:headwaters at
896:
893:
809:
806:
780:modus operandi
771:
768:
732:
731:
729:
728:
721:
718:Dutch Campaign
714:
713:
712:
705:
702:Swiss Campaign
691:
684:
675:
674:
669:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
399:
396:
395:
386:
384:
383:
376:
369:
361:
351:
350:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
309:
308:
306:Devil's Bridge
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
250:
249:
236:
233:
232:
228:Swiss Campaign
219:
217:
216:
209:
202:
194:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
160:
159:
149:
136:
135:
131:
130:
118:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:French victory
92:
88:
87:
51:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
25:
24:
18:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:Digby Smith,
1059:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
997:
996:Aulic Council
989:
984:
982:
980:
975:
968:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
852:
848:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
814:
807:
805:
801:
799:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:Canton Valais
749:
745:
741:
727:
726:
722:
720:
719:
715:
711:
710:
706:
704:
703:
699:
698:
697:
696:
692:
690:
689:
685:
683:
682:
678:
677:
673:
672:Porto Ferrajo
670:
667:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:Gotthard Pass
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
397:
392:
382:
377:
375:
370:
368:
363:
362:
359:
344:
343:2nd Schwanden
341:
339:
338:1st Schwanden
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
297:
296:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
238:
237:
234:
229:
225:
215:
210:
208:
203:
201:
196:
195:
192:
183:
180:
179:
174:
170:
167:
166:
161:
155:
150:
148:
143:
138:
137:
132:
129:
124:
119:
117:
112:
107:
106:
101:
93:
90:
89:
84:
55:, Switzerland
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
39:
38:
34:
31:
26:
21:
16:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1184:
1175:
1155:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1000:
993:
976:
972:
958:Lake Lucerne
929:Upper Valais
922:
898:
858:
819:
802:
779:
773:
748:Prince Rohan
739:
738:
723:
716:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
588:2nd Stockach
428:1st Stockach
301:St. Gotthard
293:
278:
239:
103:Belligerents
28:Part of the
15:
1204:(in German)
1152:(in German)
1076:(in German)
969:Disposition
756:RhĂ´ne River
643:Hohenlinden
623:3rd Marengo
613:Iller River
538:Linth River
503:Callantsoog
483:2nd Marengo
453:1st Marengo
318:Linth River
78: /
1238:Categories
918:Winterthur
770:Background
758:, between
653:Copenhagen
618:Montebello
583:Hohentwiel
543:Muottental
533:2nd Zurich
513:Krabbendam
468:1st Zurich
463:Winterthur
458:Frauenfeld
448:Bassignana
328:Muottental
313:2nd Zurich
274:1st Zurich
269:Winterthur
264:Frauenfeld
1051:Citations
990:Aftermath
941:Hospental
789:Cisalpine
658:Algeciras
628:Höchstädt
608:Chiusella
603:Fort Bard
593:Messkirch
553:Castricum
423:Feldkirch
408:Nicopolis
259:Feldkirch
63:46°32′0″N
910:Stockach
840:fusilade
835:enfilade
793:Ligurian
766:passes.
598:Biberach
573:Wiesloch
568:3rd Novi
558:2nd Novi
518:Mannheim
279:Oberwald
254:Engadine
247:Grauholz
163:Strength
66:8°21′0″E
53:Oberwald
48:Location
1195:Sources
979:Chabran
906:Ostrach
902:Grisons
861:Saltina
827:Barbier
760:Grimsel
638:Ampfing
633:Neuburg
548:Alkmaar
478:Trebbia
443:Cassano
438:Magnano
418:Ostrach
403:Butrint
323:Klöntal
128:Austria
985:Combat
964:Battle
954:Limmat
933:Schwyz
869:Naters
648:Mincio
563:Genola
523:Bergen
498:Amsteg
488:Mantua
473:Modena
433:Verona
333:Glarus
289:Amsteg
284:Schwyz
168:12,000
116:France
91:Result
1011:Notes
950:Albis
937:Reuss
914:Hotze
885:Ernen
877:Mörel
873:Rhone
845:Raron
764:Furka
578:Genoa
413:Corfu
171:6,000
994:The
908:and
879:and
865:Brig
831:Leuk
791:and
762:and
493:Novi
40:Date
956:to
945:Zug
925:Uri
881:Lax
666:2nd
662:1st
181:500
1240::
1163:^
664:•
226:–
668:)
660:(
380:e
373:t
366:v
213:e
206:t
199:v
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