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In the Treaty of
Tianjin, the Qing court agreed to all Western demands, including the payment of indemnities and the acceptance of foreign diplomats at the imperial court in Beijing. Because neither Qing nor Western diplomats discussed the opium trade, the treaty effectively liberalized it.
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Negotiations centered around the release of the prisoners. The talks failed and on 11 October engineers threw up works and batteries to break through the walls of Peking. Everything was ready that evening when at 11.30 pm the gate opened and the city surrendered.
545:
The aim of the Anglo-French expedition was to compel the
Chinese government at Beijing to observe the trade treaties signed between their governments at Tianjin in 1858, which included allowing the British to continue the opium trade in China. Lieutenant General
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with a cavalry screen and when they reached Chang-Kia-Wan they met a large
Chinese army with a five-mile front. There was a skirmish between cavalry, then with the allied artillery silencing the Chinese artillery. The Chinese army scattered and retired.
584:. The allied army attacked frontally and the cavalry attacked from the left forcing the Chinese back over the two bridges. The Anglo-French force inflicted massive losses on the Qing army trapped by the canal. Beijing was invaded thereafter.
622:(or Board of Punishments) in Beijing, where they were confined and tortured. Parkes and Loch were returned with 14 other survivors. Twenty British, French and Indian captives died. Their bodies were barely recognisable.
527:, which were returned to the Qing army. In 1859, an armed attempt to enter the river was stopped by barriers across the river that resulted in a dramatic defeat of the Anglo-French forces when they tried to
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on 21 August 1860 had opened up the river route to
Beijing. The Chinese authorities at the fort had capitulated all 22 forts along the river as far as Tianjin, including that town.
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was even discussed, as proposed by Elgin to discourage the Qing Empire from using kidnapping as a bargaining tool, and to exact revenge for the mistreatment of their prisoners.
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Two days later, on 20 September the cavalry discovered the
Chinese army in a strong position in front of a canal connecting Beijing with the Hai River, with two bridges at
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Narrative of the war with China in 1860; to which is added the account of a short residence with the Tai-ping rebels at
Nanking and a voyage from thence to Hankow (1862)
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The combined Anglo-French force marched in a leisurely manner from the Taku Forts, with the French on one side of the river, the
British on the other.
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ordered the Summer
Palaces be burnt down, which started on 18 October without the French, whose commander opposed the move. The destruction of the
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The negotiators, led by Grant under a flag of truce, were captured by the Qing forces which led to an immediate cessation of negotiations.
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The French commander Cousin-Montauban was later awarded the title of "Count of
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on the morning of 21 September 1860. It allowed
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was reached on 1 September 1860 and negotiations were opened with Beijing.
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690:. Volume 6. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing. 1911. p. 435.
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487:'Battle of the Eight-Mile Bridge') was fought at the bridge of
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43:. Unsourced or badly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The Anglo-French force had been trying for two years to get to
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823:. London, Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. p. 276.
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de Saint-Amand, Imbert; Martin, Elizabeth Gilbert (1912).
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and the surviving diplomatic prisoners had been freed,
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The Anglo-French forces entered Beijing and sacked the
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Chapter 28: The introduction of the commodity economy
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adding more reliable sources to verify the information
135:The bridge of Palikao on the evening of the battle
706:, 27 November 1860. Accessed 28 September 2010.
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748:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
854:A biographical sketch-book of early Hong Kong
746:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I
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687:Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India
782:. 1st Queens Dragoon Guards. Archived from
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94:Learn how and when to remove this message
912:. Paris : Éditions universitaires.
718:de Saint-Amand & Martin 1912, p. 277
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676:de Saint-Amand & Martin 1912, p. 273
902:Napoleon III at the Height of His Power
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607:fled the capital, leaving his brother,
503:and eventually defeat the Qing Empire.
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763:Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition
591:'s troops, including elite Mongolian
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966:Battles involving the United Kingdom
905:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
618:The prisoners had been taken to the
910:Dictionnaire d'histoire universelle
884:Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1893).
611:, to be in charge of negotiations.
603:With the Qing army devastated, the
491:by Anglo-French forces against the
106:1860 battle of the Second Opium War
744:Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889).
519:stopped the potential visit after
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971:Battles of the Second Opium War
550:was the British commander with
515:. In 1858, the signing of the
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976:Military history of Beijing
933:The Accumulation of Capital
852:; Carroll, John M (2005) .
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858:Hong Kong University Press
531:from the river direction.
554:in charge of the French.
540:capture of the Taku Forts
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961:Battles involving France
888:. Kessinger Publishing.
815:Wolseley, Garnett Joseph
704:no. 22452, pp. 4770–4771
650:Prime Minister of France
552:Charles Cousin-Montauban
521:capturing the Taku Forts
272:Charles Cousin-Montauban
908:Mourre, Michel (1968).
572:The army advanced from
453:La bataille de Palikao
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248:Commanders and leaders
198:Franco-British victory
179:39.90667°N 116.61417°E
981:September 1860 events
759:Grant, Sir James Hope
296:Casualties and losses
804:Boulger 1893, p. 383
786:on 22 September 2017
37:improve this article
31:needs better sources
727:Mourre 1968, p. 500
620:Ministry of Justice
529:recapture the forts
465:traditional Chinese
184:39.90667; 116.61417
175: /
52:"Battle of Palikao"
635:Harry Smith Parkes
587:On the Qing side,
523:that defended the
457:simplified Chinese
951:Conflicts in 1860
867:978-962-209-742-1
631:Old Summer Palace
517:Treaty of Tianjin
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478:Bālǐqiáo zhī zhàn
445:Battle of Palikao
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832:. Retrieved
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788:. Retrieved
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207:Belligerents
121:Part of the
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35:Please help
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834:1 September
609:Prince Gong
495:during the
493:Qing Empire
425:Zhangjiawan
182: /
170:116°36′51″E
945:Categories
879:References
639:Lord Elgin
507:Background
405:2nd Canton
390:Macao Fort
370:1st Canton
315:18 wounded
307:29 wounded
242:Qing China
167:39°54′24″N
63:newspapers
599:Aftermath
536:Hong Kong
525:Hai River
829:10947915
817:(1862).
633:. After
582:Baliqiao
489:Baliqiao
313:3 killed
305:2 killed
302:British:
283:Strength
152:Location
593:cavalry
574:Tianjin
564:Tianjin
513:Beijing
501:Beijing
430:Palikao
310:French:
159:, China
157:Palikao
77:scholar
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558:Battle
475::
473:pinyin
467::
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449:French
291:50,000
288:10,000
236:France
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195:Result
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886:China
664:Notes
469:八里橋之戰
461:八里桥之战
380:Bogue
84:JSTOR
70:books
914:ISBN
890:ISBN
862:ISBN
836:2009
825:OCLC
792:2015
629:and
484:lit.
443:The
144:Date
56:news
761:in
652:by
39:by
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