911:
base. Because of the narrow terrain, the
Mongols could not use their normal tactics. On the second day of the battle, to deceive the Khwarazmians, Shigi Qutuqu mounted straw warriors on spare remounts, which may have spared him from a killing stroke, but Jalal al-Din was not fooled by the ruse. On the third day, the Mongol right flank charged on Ighraq's division, and Ighraq's division responded by shooting arrows on foot to which the Mongols feigned flight. Ighraq's men charged, but 500 were killed when the Mongols suddenly counter-attacked. Seeing this, Jalal al-Din personally attacked the Mongols and forced them to flight. Large numbers of the Mongols were captured alive, and the Khwarazmians killed them by nailing stakes into their ears. Shigi Qutuqu was driven off in defeat, losing over half his army.
196:
851:
234:
1498:: "Mongol officers Taqacaq and Mulgar attempted to take Waliyan. Jalal al-Din moved to Parwan; making a quick move across the mountains to the north, he surprised and routed the Mongols at Waliyan, inflincting a reported 1,000 loss on them. The Mongols retreated across a river and destroyed a bridge to keep the enemy from following (spring 1221). Jalal al-Din had left his baggage at Parwan and returned there."
241:
203:
868:. He assembled a coalition of Afghan and Turkic warriors. From there, he went first to Valiyan, which was under siege by the Mongols, defeated their two armies under the leaderships of Tekejik and Molger, and lifted the siege of Valiyan, with about 1,000 Mongol casualties. Jalal ad-Din regrouped at Parwan. A week later, Genghis Khan sent his chief justice
898:
superiority is probably accurate. On the other hand, Carl
Sverdrup assesses that Jalal al-Din probably had 15,000 men in total whereas Shigi Qutuqu commanded as many as 10,000 men. The larger Khwarazmian army was ill-equipped and consisted mostly of infantry, whereas Shigi Qutuqu's entire army was well-equipped cavalry.
935:, led to the desertion of the Afghan contingent. Amin Malik, leader of the Turks and the Sultan's father-in-law, struck Saif al-Din Ighraq, leader of the Afghans, with a whip. Sultan Jalal ad-Din refused to discipline Amin Malik, and Ighraq reproached the Sultan, and he along with the Khalaj, Afghan, and some of the
942:
Jalal ad-Din left Parwan for the Punjab with only 30,000 men after the
Afghans abandoned him. When Genghis Khan heard the news of the defeats, he made forced marches to catch Jalal al-Din before he escaped into India. Genghis marched with Shigi Qutugu and instructed him on where he had gone wrong on
910:
Jalal al-Din had mounted archers, whom he ordered to dismount and fire on the
Mongols. Jalal al-Din gave Saif al-Din Ighraq command of the left flank and Malik Khan the right flank, consisting of 10,000 soldiers. On the first day of the battle, Malik Khan's division pushed the Mongol left into their
977:
back to Ghazni. The Battle of Parwan had grave repercussions in
Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran since the illusion of Mongol invincibility had been broken. Cities that had peacefully surrendered rose up in arms, which forced Genghis and his son Tolui to spend extra months subduing the revolts.
897:
Estimates for Shigi Qutuqu's strength range between 30,000 and 70,000. Mclynn Frank estimates the Mongol forces were around 45,000–50,000, whereas he estimates Jalal al-Din had 60,000–70,000; he further adds that while the numbers are exaggerated, the proportion of Jalal al Din's army's numerical
671:
to bring the governor of Otrar to task for his crime. Genghis Khan commanded a skilled, disciplined, combat-proven army of 150,000 to 200,000 soldiers, mostly
Mongols and other allied tribes who were well-drilled in their method of warfare. The army also included a corps of Chinese
703:
Shah
Muhammad II may have been able to mobilize a mercenary army numbering 200,000 to 400,000 men, but his Turkish soldiers were undisciplined, and unity was lacking between the Turks, Iranians, Arabs and Afghans in the army. The mistrust that the Shah had for his
629:, which had previously surrendered and accepted Mongol rule, rebelled. In response, Genghis Khan moved to battle Jalal ad-Din, who had lost half of his troops to desertion due to a quarrel over the division of spoils after the battle, and was forced to move to
950:
The Battle of Parwan is considered a significant battle, as it is considered the resurrection of the
Khwarazmians and the first serious defeat of the Mongols against the Khwarezmians. Medieval contemporary Muslim accounts all hailed this victory. According to
963:
The
Khwarezmians started an insurgency after the news of Shigi Qutuqu's defeat at the battle of Parwan spread throughout the empire. Inspired by Jalal al-Din's back-to-back victories against the Mongol army, Kush Tegin Pahlawan led an insurgency in
906:
Shigi Qutuqu was overconfident after the continuous Mongol successes, and he quickly found himself on the back foot against the more numerous
Khwarazmian force. The battle took place in a narrow valley, which was unsuitable for the Mongol cavalry.
943:
the battleground. The Shah attempted to cross the Indus River to the area north of the present city of Kalabagh, Pakistan. However, the Mongols caught up with him on the banks of the Indus and defeated him, in what is now referred to as the
288:
968:
and seized it successfully, followed by a successful attack on Bukhara. People in Herat also rebelled and disposed the Mongol vassal leadership. An insurgency leader named Muhammad the Marghani twice attacked Genghis Khan's camp at
2032:
He actually succeeded in routing a Mongol detachment at Parwan near Kabul in Afghanistan, 39 an event which raised many false hopes and led to fatal uprisings against Mongol rule in Mery, Herat and elsewhere in the autumn of 1221
728:, trusting to the Mongol inexperience with siegecraft and their unfamiliarity with the terrain to delay their progress and give him the chance to offer battle at his own initiative. He planned to raise a new army beyond the
743:
Genghis Khan invested Otrar with his entire field army in September 1219. After some time, he divided his army, sending a detachment under his eldest son Jochi down the Syr Darya, and another division to march on
519:
281:
392:
756:, which fell in February 1220, and Samarkand, which was taken in March 1220. Banakat was also occupied, Otrar fell in April 1220, and the Mongol armies from Banakat and Otrar joined Genghis Khan near
274:
826:, a city reportedly housing 90,000 troops, but the city officials preferred his brother Uzlaq Shah as the Sultan. After discovering a plot against his life, the Sultan with 300 cavalry crossed the
842:. Here, an army of 10,000 Turks commanded by his maternal uncle Amin Malik joined him, and the Sultan reached Ghazni after driving off a Mongol army from Qanhahar after a three-day battle.
512:
385:
1016:"While Genghis was gathering his sons' contingents together for another campaign, Jellaluddin with 120,000 men defeated an advance Mongol force of three toumans (30,000 men)..."
795:, and eventually found refuge on an island in the Caspian Sea, where he died in December 1220, naming Jalal ad-Din his heir. The Mongol army sacked several cities, including
505:
1025:
At the head of an army of about 120,000 men, Jellaluddin, son of Mohammad Shah, meets and defeats 30,000 of Genghis Khan's Mongols in the Hindu Kush in the Battle of Pirvan.
2163:
2153:
864:
Jalal al-Din spent the summer of 1221 in Ghazni where thousands of people from all over Afghanistan joined his ranks to defend their homelands after hearing the fate of
621:. As a result of the tactics adopted by Jalal ad-Din, the Mongol army was destroyed in a two-day battle. As news of the Mongol defeat spread, several cities, including
378:
838:, but abandoned the city when Mongols arrived unexpectedly. The Mongols chased the Sultan across Khuistan, but Jalal al-Din managed to elude his enemies to reach
216:
890:
However, modern scholarship differs on the strength of both armies. The lowest estimate for Jalal al-Din's strength is 30,000, while the highest is 120,000. In
2148:
617:. Jalal ad-Din had previously attacked a detachment of Mongols near Wilan (Waliyan), which provoked Genghis Khan into sending an army of 30,000 troops under
195:
658:
449:
298:
1734:
779:
The rapid fall of Transoxania further unnerved Shah Muhammad II, who began to retreat west along with Jalal al-Din. He had halted for a while at
2048:
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233:
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Genghis Khan appointed Yelü Ahai to restore Mongol sovereignty in Samarqand and Bukhara; he managed to restore order in the cities in 1223.
2087:
2143:
444:
432:
2124:
2067:
1867:
1723:
486:
1007:
Modern scholarship varies on the armies' sizes. Mclynn Frank estimates 45,000–50,000 Mongols against 60,000–70,000 Khwarazmians.
760:, where they spent the summer of 1220 resting the army and the horses. Jochi had taken all the towns along Syr Darya, including
32:
955:'s account, Genghis Khan personally visited the battlefield and the fallen Mongol soldiers, and addressing Shigi Qutuqu, said:
427:
894:, Richard and Trevor Dupuy give Jalal al-Din's force as 120,000. Tucker similarly gives Jalal al-Din's strength as 120,000.
708:
Turk troops and commanders meant he could only offer battle under favorable conditions with superior numbers. He adopted a
2015:
337:
1908:
2158:
995:
543:
481:
459:
327:
931:
In the evening of the day the battle ended, a dispute over the division of the spoils, specifically a Mongolian
663:
Genghis Khan invaded the Khwarazmian Empire to avenge the murder of a Mongol trade caravan by the government of
736:, or defend the Amu Darya barrier by preventing the Mongols from crossing the river, and if needed retreat to
633:
to prepare to retreat to India. Genghis Khan intercepted Jalal ad-Din's army as he was preparing to cross the
70:
1932:
712:
strategy based on fortified cities, and stationed garrisons of veteran soldiers at various cities including
668:
850:
952:
880:
590:
529:
144:
312:
791:
crossed the Amu Darya, the Shah moved across Persia, then eluded the Mongols by pretending to make for
768:, by April 1220, then camped on the Kipchak steppes. Genghis Khan sent a 30,000–40,000 man army led by
923:'s account, after the battle of Parwan was won, Jalal al-Din sent a message to Genghis Khan, stating:
856:
573:
464:
420:
415:
342:
1718:. Translated by D. S. Richards. London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Part 3.
944:
883:
reported it as 45,000, and Ibn Abd Allah al-Umari reported it as 70,000. Juzjani, Nasawi, Juvayni,
558:
474:
357:
1499:
831:
796:
765:
748:. Leaving Chagatai and Ogedei to maintain the siege of Otrar, Genghis Khan and Tolui crossed the
594:
437:
127:
105:
59:
2120:
2063:
2044:
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2002:
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1759:
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1719:
973:
and returned with loot. As a response, Genghis Khan sent a large army under the leadership of
876:
865:
568:
548:
347:
317:
1992:
920:
884:
709:
641:
he lost his army, treasury and family, but survived to eventually establish a power base in
454:
332:
322:
749:
638:
606:
563:
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to hunt down Jalal al-Din, but only gave the inexperienced general 30,000–50,000 troops.
2079:
Afghanistan - A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban
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827:
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2137:
823:
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122:
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2060:
Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander The Great to the Fall of The Taliban
1475:
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673:
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602:
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139:
927:
In which locality do you want the battle to be, so that we may make our way to it?
2108:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
1936:
1716:
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'I-Ta'rikh
497:
1997:
1981:"Bir Yeniden Diriliş Öyküsü Parvan Şavaşı / A Resurrectıon Story: War Of Parwan"
1980:
994:
Historians agree that the choice of the Khwarazmshah Muhammad II was due to the
932:
816:
733:
634:
614:
266:
150:
63:
839:
2006:
676:. Genghis Khan was a charismatic, inelegant and experienced leader, his sons
85:
72:
804:
729:
725:
692:
were competent generals, and he was also served by brilliant generals like
2041:
The Mongol Conquests The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei
936:
835:
780:
705:
1860:
The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 BC to the Present
822:
Jalal al-Din needed an army to confront the Mongols. The Sultan went to
970:
812:
792:
788:
773:
761:
753:
745:
721:
717:
697:
1822:
A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097 – 1231
808:
800:
757:
737:
642:
630:
55:
1682:
1680:
875:
Medieval scholarship differed on the strength of the Mongol army.
849:
713:
689:
677:
664:
646:
626:
610:
959:
You did not know the place of battle, and you were both at fault.
965:
784:
769:
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622:
2117:
Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts
501:
374:
270:
834:
to reach Nishapur. Jalal al-Din intended to raise an army at
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
887:
and Handmir all report the Khwarazmian strength as 60,000.
1140:
1138:
854:
The battle at Waliyan (spring of 1221), in a miniature of
1125:
1123:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1566:
1564:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1510:
1508:
1506:
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and his own son-in-law Toghachar to hunt down the Shah.
1314:
1312:
1263:
1261:
1086:
1084:
700:, adept in employing flexible and innovative tactics.
1889:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
1858:
Dupuy, Richard Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1993).
2088:"Jaloliddin Manguberdi is a Great Country Defender"
2086:Toshmurodova, Sarvinoz Quvondiq qizi (July 2021).
1962:Genghis Khan His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
1777:(third ed.). Messers. Luzac and Company Ltd.
830:in 16 days and defeated a Mongol detachment near
1938:Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror
1843:. Londres; Nueva York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
1758:. United States of America: Facts On File, Inc.
2043:. West Midlands: Helion & Company Limited.
957:
925:
25:
1879:History of India As Told By Its Own Historians
1756:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
2101:(7): 46–51 – via Novateur Publications.
879:reported Shigi Qutuqu's strengths as 30,000,
513:
386:
282:
8:
1659:
1291:
171:As many as 15,000 in total (mostly infantry)
1786:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press.
892:The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History
1491:
1489:
1051:
732:near Kelif and then strike the Mongols in
520:
506:
498:
393:
379:
371:
289:
275:
267:
22:
2164:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
2154:Battles involving the Khwarazmian dynasty
1996:
1881:. Vol. II. Trübner & Co. London.
1543:
1462:
1438:
1390:
1342:
1144:
1075:
659:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
16:Khwarezmian Empire vs Mongol Empire, 1221
2119:. Santa Bárbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 117.
1698:
1686:
1671:
1635:
1599:
1495:
1330:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1129:
240:
202:
1736:Patriarchy and Power in Magical Realism
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987:
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1611:
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1204:
1192:
1180:
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1156:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1063:
1910:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z
1775:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1450:
1414:
1378:
1318:
1267:
7:
2020:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1841:Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World
2149:Battles involving the Mongol Empire
2017:The History of the Mongol Conquests
1482:. Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
667:and the subsequent refusal of Shah
1803:A Historical Atlas of Central Asia
165:As many as 10,000 cavalry in total
14:
1739:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
939:troops deserted after nightfall.
783:, but when the Mongol army under
169:30,000 - 120,000 60,000 - 70,000
2115:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2015).
2106:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010).
239:
232:
201:
194:
1945:. Manchester University Press.
33:Mongol invasion of Central Asia
1913:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1733:Asayesh, Maryam Ebadi (2017).
531:Battles involving Jalal ad-Din
253:Battle of Parwan (Afghanistan)
1:
1784:The Cambridge History of Iran
300:Mongol invasion of Khwarazmia
2081:. Da Capo Press. p. 94.
1892:. Rutgers University Press.
1862:. HarperCollins Publishers.
1754:Atwood, Christopher (2004).
1476:"Bataille de Vâliyân (1221)"
996:Battle near the Irghiz River
1998:10.7827/TurkishStudies.9728
860:, Rashid al-Din, 1410-1430.
815:, and then wintered in the
2180:
1782:Boyle, J. A., ed. (1968).
656:
589:was fought between Sultan
220:Location within South Asia
2144:1221 in the Mongol Empire
1877:Elliot, Henry M. (1869).
539:
411:
308:
188:
175:
156:
145:Jalal-ad-Din Khwarazmshah
133:
116:
38:
30:
2110:. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO.
2077:Tanner, Stephen (2009).
2058:Tanner, Stephen (2002).
2014:Saunders, J. J. (2001).
1979:Şahi̇n, Mustafa (2016).
1886:Grousset, René (2003) .
1820:Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015).
1689:, pp. 29, 163, 168.
605:in September 1221 AD at
2039:Sverdrup, Carl (2017).
1839:De Hartog, Leo (2004).
256:Show map of Afghanistan
1960:Mclynn, Frank (2015).
1933:Mirza Muhammad Qazwini
1714:Al-Athir, Ibn (1231).
1052:Dupuy & Dupuy 1993
961:
953:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
929:
861:
669:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
591:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
223:Show map of South Asia
134:Commanders and leaders
1907:Jaques, Tony (2007).
1801:Bregel, Yuri (2003).
1773:Barthold, W. (1968).
853:
637:, and in the ensuing
176:Casualties and losses
915:Aftermath and legacy
416:Rise of Genghis Khan
217:class=notpageimage|
181:Over 50% of the army
1824:. IICAS Samarkand.
1405:, pp. 143–146.
1282:, pp. 270–272.
1255:, pp. 260–261.
945:Battle of the Indus
740:and then to India.
82: /
1929:Juvaini, Ata-Malik
862:
595:Khwarazmian Empire
148:Saif al-Din Ighraq
128:Khwarazmian Empire
60:Khwarezmian Empire
2159:Conflicts in 1221
2062:. DA CAPO Press.
2050:978-1-910777-71-8
2027:978-0-8122-1766-7
1971:978-0-306-82396-1
1964:. Da Capo Press.
1952:978-0-7190-5144-9
1943:John Andrew Boyle
1920:978-0-313-33539-6
1899:978-0-8135-1304-1
1850:978-1-86064-972-1
1831:978-9943-357-21-1
1812:978-90-04-12321-2
1805:. Brill, Boston.
1793:978-0-521-06936-6
1765:978-1-4381-2922-8
1746:978-1-5275-0082-2
1662:, pp. 47–48.
1660:Toshmurodova 2021
1480:mandragore.bnf.fr
1292:Bregel, Yuri 2003
1195:, pp. 84–85.
877:Ata Malik Juvayni
857:Jami' al-tawarikh
613:, in present-day
582:
581:
495:
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365:
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264:
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1956:
1941:. Translated by
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1238:
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710:defence in depth
587:Battle of Parwan
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508:
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247:Battle of Parwan
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209:Battle of Parwan
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163:30,000 - 70,000
97:
96:
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83:
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78:
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40:
39:
26:Battle of Parwan
23:
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2013:
1991:(16): 115–130.
1985:Turkish Studies
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1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
993:
989:
984:
917:
904:
848:
750:Kyzylkum Desert
674:siege engineers
661:
655:
583:
578:
535:
530:
528:
526:
496:
491:
407:
401:
399:
369:
368:
367:
362:
304:
299:
297:
295:
261:
260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
244:
227:
226:
225:
222:
221:
219:
213:
212:
211:
210:
206:
149:
147:
90:
88:
84:
81:
76:
73:
71:
69:
68:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2112:
2103:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2055:
2049:
2036:
2026:
2011:
1976:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1925:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1798:
1792:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1751:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1691:
1676:
1674:, p. 158.
1664:
1652:
1650:, p. 118.
1640:
1638:, p. 229.
1628:
1626:, p. 551.
1616:
1604:
1602:, p. 162.
1592:
1590:, p. 117.
1575:
1573:, p. 273.
1560:
1558:, p. 273.
1548:
1546:, p. 113.
1544:De Hartog 2004
1536:
1534:, p. 115.
1519:
1517:, p. 436.
1502:
1485:
1467:
1465:, p. 126.
1463:Buniyatov 2015
1455:
1453:, p. 317.
1443:
1441:, p. 127.
1439:Buniyatov 2015
1431:
1429:, p. 295.
1419:
1417:, p. 313.
1407:
1395:
1393:, p. 121.
1391:Buniyatov 2015
1383:
1381:, p. 307.
1371:
1369:, p. 282.
1359:
1357:, p. 284.
1347:
1345:, p. 119.
1343:Buniyatov 2015
1335:
1333:, p. 416.
1323:
1321:, p. 311.
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1270:, p. 306.
1257:
1245:
1243:, p. 238.
1233:
1231:, p. 419.
1221:
1219:, p. 439.
1209:
1207:, p. 261.
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1147:, p. 115.
1145:Buniyatov 2015
1134:
1132:, p. 404.
1119:
1107:
1105:, p. 778.
1095:
1093:, p. 306.
1080:
1076:De Hartog 2004
1068:
1056:
1054:, p. 366.
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
986:
985:
983:
980:
916:
913:
903:
900:
847:
844:
828:Karakum Desert
817:Mughan steppes
657:Main article:
654:
651:
580:
579:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
540:
537:
536:
527:
525:
524:
517:
510:
502:
493:
492:
490:
489:
484:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
447:
442:
441:
440:
430:
425:
424:
423:
412:
409:
408:
400:
398:
397:
390:
383:
375:
364:
363:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
306:
305:
296:
294:
293:
286:
279:
271:
263:
262:
252:
246:
245:
238:
237:
231:
230:
229:
228:
215:
214:
208:
207:
200:
199:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
166:
159:
158:
154:
153:
142:
136:
135:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
103:
99:
98:
54:
52:
48:
47:
46:September 1221
44:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2176:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2128:
2126:9781610697866
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2069:0-306-81233-9
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1869:9780062700568
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1725:9780754640790
1721:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1701:, p. 61.
1700:
1699:Saunders 2001
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:Sverdrup 2017
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:Sverdrup 2017
1668:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:Al-Athir 1231
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1614:, p. 94.
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:Sverdrup 2017
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:Sverdrup 2017
1492:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:Barthold 1968
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1306:, p. 90.
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:, p. 36.
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:Grousset 2003
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:Barthold 1968
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:Barthold 1968
1213:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1183:, p. 80.
1182:
1177:
1174:
1171:, p. 89.
1170:
1165:
1162:
1159:, p. 83.
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Barthold 1968
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:, p. 88.
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
981:
979:
976:
972:
967:
960:
956:
954:
948:
946:
940:
938:
934:
928:
924:
922:
919:According to
914:
912:
908:
901:
899:
895:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
859:
858:
852:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
660:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
533:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
503:
500:
488:
487:Volga Bulgars
485:
483:
480:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
429:
426:
422:
419:
418:
417:
414:
413:
410:
404:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
376:
373:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
307:
302:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
273:
272:
269:
235:
218:
197:
187:
183:
180:
179:
174:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
152:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
124:
123:Mongol Empire
121:
120:
115:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
65:
62:(present-day
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
42:
41:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2078:
2059:
2040:
2031:
2016:
1988:
1984:
1961:
1937:
1909:
1888:
1878:
1859:
1840:
1821:
1802:
1783:
1774:
1755:
1735:
1715:
1694:
1667:
1655:
1648:Asayesh 2017
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1551:
1539:
1479:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1403:Juvaini 1997
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1110:
1098:
1071:
1059:
1021:
1012:
1003:
990:
975:Oghedei Khan
962:
958:
949:
941:
930:
926:
921:Ibn Al-Athir
918:
909:
905:
896:
891:
889:
885:Ibn al-Athir
874:
870:Shigi Qutuqu
863:
855:
821:
778:
742:
702:
662:
619:Shigi Qutuqu
603:Genghis Khan
586:
584:
553:
469:
405:'s campaigns
403:Genghis Khan
352:
313:Irghiz River
168:
162:
140:Shigi Qutuqu
117:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
1624:Elliot 1869
1612:Tanner 2009
1588:Tucker 2015
1571:Tucker 2010
1556:Tucker 2010
1532:Şahi̇n 2016
1515:Atwood 2004
1427:Mclynn 2015
1367:Mclynn 2015
1355:Mclynn 2015
1304:Tanner 2002
1280:Mclynn 2015
1253:Mclynn 2015
1205:Mclynn 2015
1193:Tanner 2002
1181:Mclynn 2015
1169:Tanner 2002
1157:Tanner 2002
1115:Tanner 2002
1103:Jaques 2007
1091:Mclynn 2015
1064:Şahi̇n 2016
933:white horse
734:Transoxania
635:Indus River
615:Afghanistan
609:, north of
482:Kalka River
445:Qara Khitai
433:Jin dynasty
428:Western Xia
151:Timur Malik
106:Khwarazmian
89: /
64:Afghanistan
2138:Categories
1451:Boyle 1968
1415:Boyle 1968
1379:Boyle 1968
1319:Boyle 1968
1268:Boyle 1968
1033:References
752:to attack
653:Background
574:Yasi Cemen
450:Khwarazmia
421:Chakirmaut
2095:JournalNX
2007:1308-2140
730:Amu Darya
726:Samarkand
601:ruled by
460:Samarkand
328:Samarkand
86:35°N 69°E
1931:(1997).
836:Nishapur
781:Nishapur
682:Chagatai
597:and the
438:Yehuling
338:Khorasan
157:Strength
51:Location
1935:(ed.).
1708:Sources
971:Baghlan
881:Juzjani
866:Bamiyan
846:Prelude
824:Gurganj
813:Ardabil
793:Baghdad
789:Subutai
774:Subutai
762:Sighnaq
754:Bukhara
746:Banakat
722:Banakat
718:Bukhara
698:Subutai
599:Mongols
593:of the
569:Bolnisi
549:Waliyan
455:Bukhara
348:Waliyan
333:Gurganj
323:Bukhara
184:Unknown
108:victory
2123:
2066:
2047:
2024:
2005:
1968:
1949:
1917:
1896:
1866:
1847:
1828:
1809:
1790:
1762:
1743:
1722:
937:Qanqli
902:Battle
809:Qazvin
801:Quchan
738:Ghazni
706:Qanqli
686:Ogedei
643:Punjab
639:battle
631:Ghazni
607:Parwan
554:Parwan
544:Irghiz
470:Parwan
353:Parwan
102:Result
91:35; 69
56:Parwan
2091:(PDF)
982:Notes
797:Zaveh
758:Nasaf
714:Otrar
690:Tolui
678:Jochi
665:Otrar
647:Sindh
627:Herat
611:Kabul
564:Garni
559:Indus
475:Indus
358:Indus
318:Otrar
2121:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2022:ISBN
2003:ISSN
1966:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1720:ISBN
966:Merv
840:Bost
832:Nisa
811:and
787:and
785:Jebe
772:and
770:Jebe
766:Jend
764:and
724:and
696:and
694:Jebe
688:and
645:and
625:and
623:Merv
585:The
465:Merv
343:Merv
77:69°E
74:35°N
43:Date
1993:doi
805:Tus
2140::
2097:.
2093:.
2030:.
2001:.
1989:11
1987:.
1983:.
1679:^
1578:^
1563:^
1522:^
1505:^
1488:^
1478:.
1311:^
1260:^
1137:^
1122:^
1083:^
1040:^
947:.
819:.
807:,
803:,
799:,
720:,
716:,
684:,
680:,
649:.
58:,
2129:.
2099:7
2072:.
2053:.
2033:.
2009:.
1995::
1974:.
1955:.
1923:.
1902:.
1872:.
1853:.
1834:.
1815:.
1796:.
1768:.
1749:.
1728:.
1078:.
1066:.
998:.
521:e
514:t
507:v
394:e
387:t
380:v
290:e
283:t
276:v
66:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
