256:
754:, besieged the city for six days. On the seventh day, he assaulted Merv. However, the garrison beat back the assault and launched their own counter-attack against the Mongols. The garrison force was similarly forced back into the city. The next day, the city's governor surrendered the city on Tolui's promise that the lives of the citizens would be spared. As soon as the city was handed over, however, Tolui slaughtered almost every person who surrendered, in a massacre possibly on a greater scale than that at Gurganj. The
711:
216:
781:
771:
day for shrieking and weeping and wailing. They took the wealthy people and beat them and tortured them with all sorts of cruelties in the search for wealth ... Then they set fire to the city and burned the tomb of Sultan Sanjar and dug up his grave looking for money. They said, 'These people have resisted us' so they killed them all. Then
Genghis Khan ordered that the dead should be counted and there were around 700,000 corpses.
801:
790:
735:, whose military skill had been critical at the Irghiz River skirmish the previous year. If the Khwarazmshah sought open battle, as many of his commanders wished, he would have been outmatched by the Mongol army, in both the size of the army and its skill. The Shah thus decided to distribute his forces as garrison troops in the empire's most important cities.
263:
223:
770:
Genghis Khan sat on a golden throne and ordered the troops who had been seized should be brought before him. When they were in front of him, they were executed and the people looked on and wept. When it came to the common people, they separated men, women, children and possessions. It was a memorable
859:
Excavations revealed the drastic rebuilding of the city's fortifications in the aftermath of their destruction, but the city's prosperity had passed. The Mongol invasion spelled the eclipse of Merv and other major centres for more than a century. After the Mongol conquest, Merv became part of the
632:
counted as many as 10 giant libraries in Merv, including one within a major mosque that contained 12,000 volumes. During the 12th–13th centuries, just before the Mongol conquest, Merv may have been the world's largest city, with a population of up to 500,000. During this period, Merv was known as
616:
and the capital of the entire
Islamic caliphate in the beginning of the 9th century. In the 11th–12th centuries, Merv was the capital of the Great Seljuk Empire. Around this time, Merv turned into a chief centre of Islamic science and culture, attracting as well as producing renowned poets,
442:
1298:
And the Khalaj of Ghazna and the
Afghans, who had been pressed into the levy, set their hands to such tortures as no man has ever seen the Eke* Some they laid on fire and some they killed with other torments, sparing not a single
827:
who, because of their town's enmity toward Merv, "exceeded the ferocity of the heathen
Mongols in the slaughter of their fellow-Muslims." Almost the entire population of Merv, and refugees arriving from the other parts of the
633:"Marw al-Shāhijān" (Merv the Great), and frequently referred to as the "capital of the eastern Islamic world". According to geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, the city and its structures were visible from a day's journey away.
581:
Historical accounts contend that Merv's entire population, including refugees, who had previously fled from other besieged towns of the empire, were killed. Mongols are reputed to have slaughtered 700,000 people, while
730:
termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother "an uneasy diarchy", which often acted to
Muhammad's disadvantage. The Shah distrusted most of his commanders, the only exception being his eldest son and heir
435:
703:, and split the invasion force into four divisions: while Chagatai and Ogedai were to remain besieging Otrar, Jochi was to head northwest in the direction of Gurganj. A minor detachment was also sent to take
315:
565:
The city of Merv was a major center of learning, trade and culture of
Khorasan, then part of the extensive Khwarazmian Empire. A Mongol force, estimated to number between 30,000 and 50,000 men and led by
428:
823:, put the figure at more than 1,300,000. Each individual soldier of the conquering army "was allotted the execution of three to four hundred persons," many of those soldiers being levies from
848:. As a result of the tactics adopted by Jalal ad-Din, the Mongol army was destroyed in a two-day battle. The Khwarazmians started an insurgency after the news of Shigi Qutuqu's defeat at the
2032:
1114:
558:. While the Shah planned to defend his major cities individually and divided his army to station in several garrisons, the Mongols laid siege to one town after another deep into
308:
1960:
2986:
2971:
2027:
762:
parts of the Mongol army led unimaginable tortures that "no man has ever seen the like." They lit citizens on fire, and exacted other torture methods. Arab historian
301:
255:
918:
The city of Merv fell in
February 1221 to Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son, who is said to have massacred 700,000 persons while sparing some eighty craftsmen.
647:
There are conflicting reports as to the size of the total Mongol invasion force. The highest figures were calculated by classical Muslim historians such as
2966:
2510:
2278:
2270:
1022:
Al-Maʾmūn, having become caliph of the entire ʿAbbāsid empire, decided to continue to reside at Merv, assisted by his faithful
Iranian vizier al-Faḍl.
723:
642:
539:
452:
372:
30:
1757:
852:
spread throughout the empire. Inspired by Jalal al-Din's back-to-back victories against the Mongol army, Kush Tegin
Pahlawan led an insurgency in
2518:
2574:
1494:
1415:
1291:
1104:
2601:
2550:
2526:
2325:
1975:
238:
671:) had often been overestimated in size. The Mongol armies arrived in Khwarazmia in waves: first, a vanguard led by Genghis' eldest son
2976:
2309:
2262:
1725:
367:
355:
2558:
2470:
1665:
1574:
1551:
1524:
964:
939:
911:
409:
215:
2486:
2542:
2502:
2566:
2494:
2400:
2236:
722:
The
Khwarazmshah faced many problems. His empire was vast and newly formed, with a still-developing administration. His mother
2617:
2462:
2374:
2366:
2299:
2291:
1970:
350:
63:
2673:
2017:
1009:
2947:
2644:
2534:
1990:
1985:
578:
in the north. According to several contemporary historians, Merv's defenders surrendered to Mongols within 7 to 10 days.
2454:
2252:
1995:
1980:
982:
663:
gives an estimates of around 130,000. The minimum figure of 75,000 is given by Carl Sverdrup, who hypothesizes that the
628:
wrote of Merv: "Of all the countries of Iran, these people were noted for their talents and education." Arab geographer
2625:
2593:
2444:
2392:
2244:
1750:
1310:
491:
1405:
844:
attacked a detachment of Mongols near Wilan, which provoked Genghis Khan into sending an army of 30,000 troops under
707:, but Genghis himself took Tolui and around half of the army — between 30,000 and 50,000 men — and headed westwards.
2981:
1566:
1039:
2478:
2436:
2419:
2353:
2333:
2317:
2079:
743:
The garrison at Merv was only about 12,000 men, and the city was inundated with refugees from eastern Khwarazm.
481:
404:
382:
624:, among others, spent a number of years working at the observatory in Merv. As Persian geographer and traveller
2343:
1396:
1392:
1644:
Sverdrup, Carl (2010). France, John; J. Rogers, Clifford; DeVries, Kelly (eds.). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare".
1088:
The Seljuks were to establish a mighty empire stretching right to the Mediterranean, with Merv as its capital.
590:, puts the figure at more than 1,300,000, making it one of the bloodiest captures of a city in world history.
612:, situated in Khorasan. Capital of several polities throughout its rich history, Merv became the seat of the
2384:
1459:
1004:
555:
2022:
1743:
1425:
1372:
841:
732:
652:
648:
2765:
2709:
2042:
1504:
727:
466:
2665:
2657:
660:
604:
Merv, also formerly known as "Alexandria", "Antiochia in Margiana" and "Marw al-Shāhijān", was a major
868:. In the early part of the 14th century, the town became the seat of a Christian archbishopric of the
2137:
1438:
1377:
869:
810:
343:
338:
167:
2903:
1314:, Vol. V, Ch. 4, "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans" (John Andrew Boyle), p.313 (1968).
2913:
1867:
1593:
1083:
511:
397:
1789:
1700:
1671:
1632:
1580:
829:
551:
360:
117:
2735:
2067:
2007:
957:
Islamic Geometric Patterns Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction
2102:
1721:
1661:
1570:
1547:
1520:
1490:
1463:
1411:
1389:
1287:
960:
935:
907:
820:
755:
587:
501:
471:
2649:
2609:
2062:
1704:
1692:
1653:
1624:
1539:
1512:
1430:
1061:
865:
849:
710:
559:
531:
506:
486:
476:
392:
377:
2743:
629:
605:
832:, were slaughtered, making it one of the bloodiest captures of a city in world history.
659:
have indicated that the total Mongol invasion force cannot have been more than 200,000;
2756:
2730:
2012:
1584:
1066:
Hence under 125000 and probably under 100000—as Merv rose very fast as a Seljuk capital
780:
696:
684:
656:
571:
2991:
2960:
2817:
2812:
2748:
2055:
1873:
1766:
1675:
1475:
759:
688:
668:
575:
547:
158:
112:
293:
2717:
2157:
2074:
2050:
1965:
1899:
1822:
1802:
1109:
873:
845:
763:
751:
715:
664:
621:
543:
325:
163:
132:
57:
2162:
1105:"Lost cities #5: how the magnificent city of Merv was razed – and never recovered"
613:
1696:
1543:
1516:
1281:
1036:
Lost Enlightenment. Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane
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1862:
1044:
Sanjar's capital at Merv was not the ancient center around the ErkKala but a ...
999:
420:
2928:
2837:
2187:
2172:
1909:
1657:
78:
65:
2797:
2787:
2152:
2132:
2127:
2086:
861:
800:
680:
609:
1467:
809:
Buildings which survived the siege. Clockwise from top left: Seljuq sultan
789:
1714:
The Mongol Conquests: The Military Campaigns of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei
1489:]. Translated by Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka.
2923:
2142:
2002:
1884:
766:
described the event basing his report on the narrative of Merv refugees:
625:
583:
176:
856:
and seized it successfully, followed by a successful attack on Bukhara.
2893:
2888:
2878:
2863:
2167:
2122:
2117:
1904:
1894:
1832:
1717:
1636:
824:
704:
2873:
2847:
2842:
2177:
2147:
2107:
1857:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1797:
1615:
Smith, John Masson (1975). "Mongol Manpower and Persian Population".
692:
1628:
1487:
A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231
1480:
A History of the Khorezmian State Under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231
876:, vassals of the Ilkhanids. By 1380, Merv belonged to the empire of
1283:
The History of the World Conqueror Vol I - Scholar's Choice Edition
2918:
2898:
2827:
2807:
2802:
2782:
2722:
1889:
1879:
1827:
1683:
Sverdrup, Carl (2013). "Sübe'etei Ba'atur, Anonymous Strategist".
877:
747:
709:
700:
672:
567:
137:
2868:
2822:
2182:
2112:
1735:
853:
676:
599:
526:
53:
2697:
2208:
1930:
1777:
1739:
1534:
Jackson, Peter (2009). "The Mongol Age in Eastern Inner Asia".
424:
297:
2908:
932:
Winning the War on War The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide
683:
passes, and started laying waste to the towns of the eastern
2303:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
987:, J.A. Boyle, transl., pp.163-4 (Harvard Univ. Press. 1968).
1388:] (in Arabic and Persian). Vol. 2. Translated by
1617:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
617:
musicians, physicians, mathematicians and astronomers.
2033:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1561:
May, Timothy (2018). "The Mongols outside Mongolia".
242:
Location of the siege on a map of modern Turkmenistan
2856:
2775:
2708:
2637:
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2435:
2412:
2365:
2290:
2235:
2228:
2095:
2041:
1953:
1841:
1788:
16:Seizure and destruction of Merv by the Mongol army
2028:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
1483:Государство Хорезмшахов-Ануштегинидов: 1097-1231
2448:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
23:
1280:Juvaini, 'Ala ad-Din 'Ata Malik (2015-02-15).
1751:
1437:(in Persian). Vol. XXIII. Translated by
1098:
1096:
726:still wielded substantial power in the realm—
699:. Genghis soon arrived with his youngest son
574:after destroying the former imperial capital
436:
309:
8:
934:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 45–63.
188:Modern estimates range from 30,000 to 50,000
2705:
2694:
2232:
2225:
2205:
1950:
1927:
1785:
1774:
1758:
1744:
1736:
813:; Great Kyz Qala, and the Little Kyz qala.
443:
429:
421:
316:
302:
294:
20:
2987:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
2972:Battles involving the Khwarazmian dynasty
1324:Stubbs, Kim. "Facing the Wrath of Khan."
1195:
978:
976:
643:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
540:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
31:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
1349:
1255:
1219:
1207:
1183:
1243:
1159:
1135:
906:. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
894:
538:) took place in April 1221, during the
2378:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2337:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1337:
1231:
1147:
840:Some time later in 1221, Khwarazmshah
1456:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1407:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z
1171:
570:, son of Genghis Khan, traversed the
7:
1961:Administrative divisions and vassals
1646:Journal of Medieval Military History
864:, and it was consistently looted by
1536:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
1509:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
1267:
1103:Tharoor, Kanishk (12 August 2016).
562:, heart of the Khwarazmian Empire.
535:
2967:Sieges involving the Mongol Empire
1117:from the original on 29 April 2021
959:. Springer New York. p. 115.
14:
1691:(1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 33–49.
283:Show map of West and Central Asia
1012:from the original on 7 June 2021
983:Alāʼ al-Dīn ʻAṭā Malik Juvaynī,
799:
788:
779:
261:
254:
221:
214:
1652:. Boydell and Brewer: 109–117.
1410:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
985:History of the World Conqueror
1:
2948:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
2645:Division of the Mongol Empire
1538:. The Chinggisid Age: 26–45.
1507:(2009). "Inner Asia c.1200".
454:Mongol invasion of Khwarazmia
1705:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033
1697:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033
1544:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.005
1517:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.004
1511:. The Chinggisid Age: 9–25.
1174:, pp. 273–274, 280–284.
695:then descended on Otrar and
262:
222:
1895:Manghit / Mangudai
1458:(Second ed.). London:
1000:"Al-Maʾmūn, Abbāsid caliph"
3008:
2674:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
1567:Edinburgh University Press
1454:Barthold, Vasily (1968) .
1058:3000 Years of Urban Growth
1056:Chandler, Tertius (2013).
1040:Princeton University Press
930:Goldstein, Joshua (2011).
655:. Modern scholars such as
640:
597:
2977:1220 in the Mongol Empire
2945:
2704:
2693:
2489:(1223 / 1236–40)
2395:(1257 / 1284–88)
2224:
2204:
2018:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
1949:
1926:
1784:
1773:
1658:10.1515/9781846159022-004
1312:Cambridge History of Iran
1034:Starr, Frederick (2015).
462:
334:
208:
195:
182:
168:Chinese gunpowder weapons
149:
123:
106:
36:
28:
1720:: Helion & Company.
1685:Journal of Asian History
1592:Rossabi, Morris (1994).
1482:
1434:
1397:Harvard University Press
1386:Compendium of Chronicles
1381:
1352:, pp. 29, 163, 168.
904:Genocide A World History
902:Naimark, Norman (2017).
811:Ahmad Sanjar's mausoleum
245:Show map of Turkmenistan
1971:Invasions and conquests
1890:Paiza / Gerege
1712:Sverdrup, Carl (2017).
1594:"All the Khan's Horses"
1585:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11
1460:Oxford University Press
1426:Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj
1005:Encyclopedia Britannica
620:Great Persian polymath
608:city on the historical
280:(West and Central Asia)
2628:(1260 / 1301)
2356:(1274 / 1281)
2023:Franco-Mongol alliance
1328:, May, 2006. p. 30–37.
1078:Brummel, Paul (2005).
872:under the rule of the
773:
719:
124:Commanders and leaders
1676:10.7722/j.ctt7zstnd.6
1404:Jaques, Tony (2007).
819:A Persian historian,
768:
718:between 1207 and 1225
713:
196:Casualties and losses
79:37.66278°N 62.19250°E
2519:Serbia and Bulgaria
1286:. Scholar's Choice.
1186:, pp. 109, 113.
998:Sourdel, Dominique.
955:Bonner, Jay (2017).
667:(the largest Mongol
339:Rise of Genghis Khan
239:class=notpageimage|
2766:Khagans of the Yuan
2495:Poland and Bohemia
2271:Khwarazmian Empire
1996:Society and economy
1222:, pp. 373–380.
1084:Bradt Travel Guides
687:. Jochi's brothers
75: /
2511:Holy Roman Empire
1966:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
1569:. pp. 44–75.
1462:, Luzac & Co.
830:Khwarazmian Empire
720:
552:Khwarazmian Empire
118:Khwarazmian Empire
84:37.66278; 62.19250
2982:Conflicts in 1220
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
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2688:
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2684:
2666:Kaidu–Kublai war
2658:Berke–Hulagu war
2650:Toluid Civil War
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2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2003:House of Borjigin
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1563:The Mongol Empire
1496:978-9943-357-21-1
1417:978-0-313-33539-6
1378:Jami' al-tawarikh
1293:978-1-297-02704-8
1270:, pp. 60–61.
1234:, pp. 14–15.
1162:, pp. 49–50.
661:John Masson Smith
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519:
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101:
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2158:Sarai Batu/Berke
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1951:
1928:
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1476:Buniyatov, Z. M.
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1421:
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1390:Thackston, W. M.
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850:battle of Parwan
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675:and the general
614:caliph al-Ma'mun
556:Shah Muhammad II
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2219:
2192:
2091:
2068:House of Ögedei
2037:
2008:House of Ögedei
1976:Destructiveness
1945:
1944:
1914:
1851:
1837:
1780:
1769:
1764:
1734:
1728:
1711:
1682:
1668:
1643:
1629:10.2307/3632138
1614:
1605:
1603:
1601:Natural History
1596:
1591:
1577:
1560:
1554:
1533:
1527:
1503:
1497:
1484:
1474:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1424:
1418:
1403:
1383:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1294:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1064:. p. 232.
1055:
1054:
1050:
1042:. p. 425.
1033:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1013:
997:
996:
992:
981:
974:
967:
954:
953:
949:
942:
929:
928:
924:
914:
901:
900:
896:
891:
886:
838:
817:
816:
815:
814:
806:
805:
804:
795:
794:
793:
785:
784:
746:In April 1221,
741:
645:
639:
630:Yaqut al-Hamawi
602:
596:
546:, ruler of the
521:
516:
458:
453:
451:
449:
419:
414:
330:
324:
322:
288:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
273:
272:
266:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
241:
235:
234:
233:
232:
226:
172:
142:
83:
81:
77:
74:
69:
66:
64:
62:
61:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2749:Oghul Qaimish
2746:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:Mongol Armenia
2010:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1727:978-1913336059
1726:
1709:
1680:
1666:
1641:
1623:(3): 271–299.
1612:
1589:
1575:
1558:
1552:
1531:
1525:
1501:
1495:
1472:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1439:Raverty, H. G.
1422:
1416:
1401:
1373:al-Din, Rashid
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1340:, p. 778.
1330:
1317:
1303:
1292:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1210:, p. 113.
1200:
1198:, p. 114.
1196:Buniyatov 2015
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1138:, p. 968.
1128:
1092:
1070:
1048:
1026:
990:
972:
965:
947:
940:
922:
912:
893:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
870:Eastern Church
837:
834:
808:
807:
798:
797:
796:
787:
786:
778:
777:
776:
775:
774:
740:
737:
685:Fergana Valley
657:Morris Rossabi
638:
635:
598:Main article:
595:
592:
572:Karakum Desert
550:, invaded the
518:
517:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
463:
460:
459:
450:
448:
447:
440:
433:
425:
416:
415:
413:
412:
407:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
370:
365:
364:
363:
353:
348:
347:
346:
335:
332:
331:
323:
321:
320:
313:
306:
298:
290:
289:
276:
268:
267:
260:
259:
253:
252:
251:
250:
237:
236:
228:
227:
220:
219:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
173:
171:
170:
161:
155:
152:
151:
150:Units involved
147:
146:
143:
141:
140:
135:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:Mongol victory
96:
92:
91:
56:, present-day
52:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3004:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2949:
2944:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Chagatai Khan
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:Latin Empire
2525:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:Northern Yuan
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Imperial Seal
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1874:Pax Mongolica
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:Mongol Empire
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1667:9781843835967
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:9780748642373
1572:
1568:
1565:. Edinburgh:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1553:9781139056045
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1526:9781139056045
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:Golden, Peter
1502:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:جامع التواريخ
1380:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1350:Sverdrup 2017
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1258:, p. 37.
1257:
1256:Sverdrup 2013
1252:
1249:
1246:, p. 31.
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:Barthold 1968
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:Sverdrup 2010
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:Sverdrup 2010
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:. p. 7.
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
994:
991:
988:
986:
979:
977:
973:
968:
966:9781441902177
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
941:9781101549087
937:
933:
926:
923:
919:
915:
913:9780199765263
909:
905:
898:
895:
888:
883:
881:
880:(Tamerlane).
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
826:
822:
812:
802:
791:
782:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
738:
736:
734:
729:
725:
724:Terken Khatun
717:
714:Campaigns of
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:military unit
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Rashid al-Din
650:
644:
636:
634:
631:
627:
623:
618:
615:
611:
607:
601:
593:
591:
589:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Mongol Empire
545:
541:
533:
529:
528:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
456:
446:
441:
439:
434:
432:
427:
426:
423:
411:
410:Volga Bulgars
408:
406:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
371:
369:
366:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
352:
349:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
327:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
299:
296:
279:
271:
257:
240:
231:
217:
207:
203:
200:
199:
194:
190:
187:
186:
181:
178:
174:
169:
165:
164:Siege engines
162:
160:
159:Horse archers
157:
156:
154:
153:
148:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
122:
119:
116:
114:
113:Mongol Empire
111:
110:
105:
97:
94:
93:
88:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:Siege of Merv
22:
19:
2718:Genghis Khan
2487:Kievan Rus'
2465:(1237–1300s)
2457:(1237–1300s)
2301:Western Xia
2263:Qara Khitai
2096:Major cities
2075:Golden Horde
2051:Yuan dynasty
1938:Organization
1872:
1823:Khong Tayiji
1713:
1688:
1684:
1649:
1645:
1620:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:
1562:
1535:
1508:
1486:
1479:
1455:
1429:
1406:
1385:
1376:
1345:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1297:
1282:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1244:Jackson 2009
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1160:Rossabi 1994
1155:
1143:
1136:Juzjani 1873
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1110:The Guardian
1108:
1087:
1080:Turkmenistan
1079:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1014:. Retrieved
1003:
993:
984:
956:
950:
931:
925:
917:
903:
897:
858:
846:Shigi Qutuqu
842:Jalal ad-Din
839:
818:
769:
764:Ibn al-Athir
752:Genghis Khan
745:
742:
733:Jalal al-Din
728:Peter Golden
721:
716:Genghis Khan
679:crossed the
646:
622:Omar Khayyam
619:
603:
580:
564:
544:Genghis Khan
524:
522:
496:
467:Irghiz River
387:
328:'s campaigns
326:Genghis Khan
277:
269:
229:
166:, including
133:Genghis Khan
107:Belligerents
58:Turkmenistan
29:Part of the
18:
2793:Sartaq Khan
2762:Kublai Khan
2757:Möngke Khan
2731:Ögedei Khan
2710:Great Khans
2676:(1314–1318)
2668:(1268–1301)
2620:(1260–1323)
2604:(1253–1256)
2587:Middle East
2481:(1238–1239)
2422:(1221–1327)
2281:(1219–1256)
2273:(1219–1221)
2255:(1264–1308)
2247:(1207-1308)
2113:Azov (Azaq)
1779:Terminology
1435:طبقات ناصری
1338:Jaques 2007
1232:Golden 2009
1148:al-Din 1998
697:besieged it
626:al-Istakhri
586:historian,
542:. In 1219,
405:Kalka River
368:Qara Khitai
356:Jin dynasty
351:Western Xia
204:10000-15000
82: /
44:April, 1221
2961:Categories
2929:Nogai Khan
2813:Özbeg Khan
2744:Güyük Khan
2638:Civil wars
2626:Palestine
2535:Lithuania
2455:Circassia
2188:Xacitarxan
2173:Soltaniyeh
1910:Darughachi
1606:3 February
1172:Smith 1975
884:References
641:See also:
594:Background
536:محاصره مرو
373:Khwarazmia
344:Chakirmaut
70:62°11′33″E
67:37°39′46″N
2798:Orda Khan
2788:Batu Khan
2652:(1260–64)
2596:(1241–43)
2594:Anatolia
2569:(1287–88)
2561:(1285–86)
2553:(1264–65)
2545:(1259–60)
2537:(1258–59)
2513:(1241–42)
2505:(1241–42)
2497:(1240–41)
2473:(1229–36)
2463:Chechnya
2403:(1300–02)
2367:Southeast
2346:(1253–56)
2328:(1235–79)
2320:(1231–60)
2312:(1211–34)
2265:(1216–18)
2253:Sakhalin
2213:Campaigns
2163:Saray-Jük
2153:Samarkand
2128:Karakorum
2087:Ilkhanate
1845:Political
1478:(2015) .
1428:(1873) .
1393:Cambridge
1375:(1998) .
1299:creature.
889:Citations
862:Ilkhanate
836:Aftermath
750:, son of
681:Tien Shan
610:Silk Road
554:ruled by
525:siege of
482:Samarkand
383:Samarkand
2924:Boroldai
2904:Khubilai
2884:Bo'orchu
2857:Military
2751:(regent)
2738:(regent)
2725:(regent)
2610:Baghdad
2559:Hungary
2503:Hungary
2446:Georgia
2393:Vietnam
2245:Siberia
2143:Maragheh
2043:Khanates
1991:Religion
1986:Military
1935:Politics
1885:Kurultai
1848:Military
1365:Medieval
1268:May 2018
1121:18 March
1115:Archived
1010:Archived
689:Chagatai
560:Khorasan
492:Khorasan
361:Yehuling
183:Strength
177:garrison
49:Location
2894:Boroqul
2889:Guo Kan
2879:Negudar
2864:Subutai
2764: (
2602:Alamut
2575:Serbia
2567:Poland
2551:Thrace
2543:Poland
2479:Alania
2344:Yunnan
2279:Persia
2237:Central
2216:Battles
2123:Bolghar
2118:Bukhara
2103:Almalik
1905:Kheshig
1833:Tarkhan
1718:Warwick
1637:3632138
1468:4523164
1360:Sources
874:Kartids
825:Sarakhs
821:Juvayni
705:Khujand
649:Juzjani
637:Prelude
606:Iranian
588:Juvayni
584:Persian
576:Gurganj
532:Persian
502:Waliyan
487:Gurganj
477:Bukhara
378:Bukhara
201:Unknown
2874:Muqali
2848:Ghazan
2843:Arghun
2833:Hulegu
2723:Tolui
2699:People
2660:(1262)
2618:Syria
2612:(1258)
2577:(1291)
2529:(1242)
2521:(1242)
2437:Europe
2420:India
2401:Burma
2387:(1293)
2376:Burma
2354:Japan
2335:Tibet
2318:Korea
2178:Tabriz
2148:Qarshi
2108:Avarga
1954:Topics
1858:Jarlig
1818:Jinong
1813:Khanum
1808:Khatun
1798:Khagan
1790:Titles
1724:
1703:
1674:
1664:
1635:
1583:
1573:
1550:
1523:
1493:
1466:
1447:Modern
1414:
1290:
1150:, 346.
1016:9 June
963:
938:
910:
760:Khalaj
756:Afghan
693:Ogedai
507:Parwan
393:Parwan
191:12,000
95:Result
2919:Kadan
2914:Bayan
2899:Jelme
2838:Abaqa
2828:Kebek
2808:Toqta
2803:Berke
2783:Jochi
2776:Khans
2413:South
2385:Java
2138:Majar
2080:Wings
1900:Tümen
1880:Yassa
1863:Örtöö
1828:Noyan
1701:JSTOR
1672:JSTOR
1633:JSTOR
1597:(PDF)
1581:JSTOR
1485:[
1384:[
878:Timur
748:Tolui
739:Siege
701:Tolui
673:Jochi
665:tumen
568:Tolui
512:Indus
472:Otrar
398:Indus
175:City
138:Tolui
2992:Merv
2869:Jebe
2823:Duwa
2292:East
2229:Asia
2183:Ukek
2133:Dadu
1941:Life
1868:Orda
1803:Khan
1722:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1650:VIII
1608:2022
1571:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1464:OCLC
1412:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1123:2019
1018:2021
961:ISBN
936:ISBN
908:ISBN
854:Merv
758:and
691:and
677:Jebe
651:and
600:Merv
527:Merv
523:The
497:Merv
388:Merv
278:Merv
270:Merv
230:Merv
54:Merv
41:Date
2909:Aju
1693:doi
1654:doi
1625:doi
1540:doi
1513:doi
2963::
1716:.
1699:.
1689:47
1687:.
1670:.
1660:.
1648:.
1631:.
1621:18
1619:.
1599:.
1579:.
1546:.
1519:.
1395::
1296:.
1113:.
1107:.
1095:^
1082:.
1060:.
1038:.
1020:.
1008:.
1002:.
975:^
916:.
534::
2768:)
1759:e
1752:t
1745:v
1730:.
1707:.
1695::
1678:.
1656::
1639:.
1627::
1610:.
1587:.
1556:.
1542::
1529:.
1515::
1499:.
1470:.
1420:.
1399:.
1125:.
969:.
944:.
530:(
444:e
437:t
430:v
317:e
310:t
303:v
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