713:, later entering into talks with Bulnes about a possible alliance against Santa Cruz. But both chiefs distrusted each other and actually wanted to buy time: Orbegoso wanted to improve his military situation, while Bulnes wanted to give rest to his troops fatigued by the long journey from Valparaíso. Finally, alleging the vandalism to which the Chileans had indulged, Orbegoso's secretary declared the negotiations broken. According to these antecedents, Manuel Bulnes decided to disembark in Ancón, north of Lima, on August 7 and 8, 1838, in order to cut the enemy line. According to the Chilean agents who returned from the negotiations, the Peruvian forces amounted to 4,136 men on July 11, distributed as follows: 2,036 in Lima, 900 in
137:
812:
106:
761:, for which it was necessary to garrison the Lima portals of Juan Simón and Guadalupe, while the gate of Callao was defended by Nieto and that of Monserrate by Vidal. Orbegoso stood in the Gamboa garden. The flat roofs near the walls were crowded with onlookers, who wanted to see the invaders. General Orbegoso, who had gone to the outskirts of Lima from Nieto's position, immediately gathered his forces, which were distributed along the wide road that connects La Legua with the Callao gate.
1026:
horseback and commanded by
General Ramón Castilla, reached a rocky area when they were attacked by enemy guerrillas. With the counterattack of the squadrons of lancers and jägers, the Restoration Army managed to continue its advance to Guías, but after an hour and a half of fighting, they ran out of ammunition. At that time they received the reinforcement of the 1st Restoration Division, whose
800:
125:
94:
37:
1089:
The occupation of Lima allowed the validity of the
Peruvian Constitution of 1834 to be restored and the election of the Great Marshal Agustín Gamarra as provisional president of Peru by decision of a meeting of neighbors, on August 24, 1838. Along with this, the organization of a Peruvian army began,
1025:
On August 21, General
Orbegoso had ordered his soldiers to hide behind trees, rough terrain, and buildings. He also sent 500 horsemen with orders to embitter the restorative forces. At 02:30 in the afternoon, after having crossed a long gorge, the Restoration Army's vanguard, preceded by 25 jägers on
1080:
Peruvian historiography narrates that, after the battle, the city was subjected to looting and burning; while on the battlefield the wounded were "reviewed"—i.e. executed—which would explain the large number of dead and the small number of wounded on the
Peruvian side. The victims included women and
1050:
to crown a height on the left, in order to break the North-Peruvian resistance. Given this, General
Orbegoso ordered his cavalry to charge, but all his attempts failed, so it dispersed in retreat towards Lima. This abandonment of the cavalry affected the morale of the Peruvian defenders who quickly
768:
were located behind and on the wings of the Legion battalion. The main bridge of Lima was occupied by 200 men from the
Serenos battalion, who hid on the roofs of the houses and in the ornamental arch that existed over the bridge. On the other side of the river and part of the old city walls, at the
741:
On the afternoon of August 18, the
Chilean leader established his headquarters in La Legua, between Lima and Callao, and remained there on the 19th and 20th. Based on the reports that he obtained from the squadron that blocked the port of Callao and a reconnaissance carried out, Bulnes was informed
728:
for the defense of the capital, while the
Restoration Army began their advance towards Lima. Meanwhile, General Domingo Nieto had placed himself in a good defensive position, in Chacra Cerro, a quarter of a league from the Copacabana Valley (place that the restorers occupied to start the march to
776:
The
Peruvian general, learning that the restorative army was approaching the Portada de Guías, moved there and ordered his forces to go out and take up positions. Orbegoso and his officers had agreed days before not to fight in the open field and limit themselves to defending the city, since the
745:
At noon on August 21, by order of Bulnes, the restorers advanced to the Palao estate since he wanted to avoid a direct clash with the
Orbegozo positions. At three in the afternoon the restoration forces, plus half of the flankers and two companies under the command of Generals Ramón Castilla and
1034:
battalions, with the support of 2 artillery pieces, charged into the center of the north-Peruvian line. The fight was extraordinary violent, since the restoration troops felt the fire from the front, from the flanks and from the surrounding buildings, maintaining this situation for a long time.
742:
that both Lima and Callao were almost unguarded, so he had the possibility of occupying both cities without fighting. But since he had General Nieto's forces to the north (in Aznapuquio) he did not do it, since he would have had to divide his forces to occupy the cities and confront Nieto.
777:
number of the enemy was overwhelming. But such an agreement was not fulfilled and the combat was engaged in an improvised manner, without any planning. According to a statement made by Nieto, Orbegoso was pushed into fighting by the Santacrucistas who surrounded him.
1138:, the fight against the guerrillas around the capital and the increase in the army with the formation of Peruvian units. Meanwhile, the protector Andrés de Santa Cruz was preparing to move his army to attack Lima, occupied by the Restorationists, with his forces.
1058:
battalion. Unable to rebuild or withdraw, Bulnes ordered Colonel Pedro Godoy, forcing the bridge that connects Malambo with Lima, to pursue them with the 2nd division, with which a massive bayonet charge was made, achieving at 08:30 the occupation of the
1102:, only managed to recruit barely 500 men, distributed in 4 companies. This was due to the fact that in the area, most of the men were followers of General Orbegoso or the protector Andrés de Santa Cruz. Due to these events Ramón Castilla went to
733:
in 1821. Given this, Bulnes left Collico at 11 a.m. on August 16 and deployed his forces in front of the northern positions. Peruvians, doing everything on his side so that Nieto would attack him. After 45 minutes he continued his march towards
1125:
Regarding their bosses, General Francisco Vidal would be proclaimed supreme boss in Huaraz, but after an agreement with Gamarra he became part of the Restorationist forces. On his side, General Nieto managed to go from Callao to
729:
Lima) with a total of approximately 3,200 men. Noticing it, General Bulnes paraded to the right and went to rest in the Collico hacienda. Nieto moved south, towards the Huaca Aznapuquio position, used by the
1130:
in the hope of gathering a new army to face the restorers. Orbegoso, after being hidden for a few days in Lima, went in disguise to the fortress in Callao, where he decided to confront the Restorationists.
1121:
As for Orbegoso's army, several of those dispersed from the battle of Guías would take refuge in the Callao fortress, others would escape to the outskirts of Lima to form guerrillas to face the restorers.
202:
1167:
Colonel Nicolas José Prieto points out in his diary that at that time not all the military forces were available, thus discounting from the army those who were still on board the ships, sick, etc.
769:
height of Monserrate, the 1st Battalion of Ayacucho was located, under the command of General Domingo Nieto. The heights on the right were occupied by a company of grenadiers. And the
1077:
According to Chilean sources, the casualties of Orbegoso's forces were around 1,000 men, including dead, wounded and prisoners. Restorative casualties were 40 dead and 141 wounded.
531:
686:
1197:
This title was used by the Restorationists, since on the Confederate side there were presidents for each constituent state of the Confederation and the Supreme Protector,
195:
1411:
1051:
began to give way, falling back to the Lima stone bridge. During the combat, Peruvian Colonel Javier Panizo y Ramírez defended the bridge over the Rímac and was shot.
997:
188:
1070:
with the remains of his troops; For his part, General Orbegoso hid in the city; and as for Vidal, who was wounded, he withdrew from the battle and returned to
1090:
with calls for the defeated fighters of Guías to join the Restorationists, which did not bear fruit. Similarly, in the first days of September, Colonel
240:
730:
526:
816:
710:
627:
110:
66:
417:
837:
675:
519:
1416:
1279:
1421:
312:
1110:
towards the department of La Libertad to recruit men for the army but they did not succeed. Of course, the departments of
410:
282:
1155:
651:
352:
1305:
857:
500:
449:
289:
252:
307:
1426:
1091:
758:
553:
1223:
1188:
opposed to the Confederation that would fight in the next actions together with the Chilean restoration divisions.
495:
442:
247:
235:
1111:
663:
512:
1103:
631:
437:
263:
212:
28:
1134:
Now, Bulnes and Gamarra would have to face, in the meantime, three problems that were difficult to solve: The
1054:
At the end of the day, the Restoration Army moved to the main square where General Domingo Nieto was with the
949:
702:
548:
543:
141:
357:
342:
1198:
1177:
682:
507:
428:
1436:
1256:
901:
694:
690:
372:
272:
1310:(in Spanish). Vol. II: Guerra contra la Confederación Perú-boliviana hasta la Guerra Civil de 1891.
367:
337:
1431:
1135:
978:
667:
466:
461:
362:
319:
347:
538:
1115:
1067:
483:
478:
389:
377:
277:
1107:
1060:
989:
765:
671:
1176:
In this battle there were a few dissident Peruvians who joined the ranks of the Chilean Army. The
16:
1838 battle between Chile and the Restoration Army of Peru, and the secessionist Peruvian Republic
1154:
On July 30, 1838, Orbegoso declared North Peru independent of "all foreign domination", i.e. the
906:
1181:
659:
471:
1038:
Already at almost nightfall the situation was still indecisive, so General Bulnes ordered the
747:
1240:
770:
764:
In a single line from right to left were the 2nd Ayacucho, Legion and No. 4 battalions. The
615:
603:
591:
570:
750:) halted in front of the Portada de Guías. The restorative army supported its right on the
565:
405:
488:
382:
757:
On August 18, 1838, the restorers occupied the Concha farm and extended their lines to
751:
560:
1184:
as Provisional President of Peru, who would be given the task of forming units of the
1405:
1185:
1127:
828:
773:
was defended by three pieces of artillery, a company and a group of armed neighbors.
706:
655:
129:
1311:
804:
623:
735:
328:
36:
718:
693:. Only one division, which was to operate in combination with the troops of
180:
724:
Aware of the Chilean arrival, General Orbegoso concentrated his forces in
725:
1071:
714:
799:
674:, among other Peruvian exiles who proposed the restoration of the
647:
124:
98:
93:
698:
654:, was made up of 5,400 men under the command of Chilean General
643:
136:
62:
1383:(in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Santiago: Nascimento. p. 380.
1046:
battalions to advance on the right side and a company from the
184:
1276:
Libro de oro. San Martín de Porres: Historia del distrito
1245:(in Spanish). Santiago: Imprenta Los Tiempos. p. 37.
1106:
and General Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente embarked in
1066:
General Nieto, seeing the battle lost, retired to the
1081:
children, whose bodies were collected the next day.
41:
19th century painting of one of the old gates of Lima
1228:(in Spanish). Lima: Editorial Huascarán. p. 68.
787:
746:
Remigio Deustua (father of the Peruvian philosopher
642:The Second Restoring Expedition, made up of allied
1381:Historia de Chile: desde la prehistoria hasta 1891
1225:Diez años de historia política del Perú, 1834-1844
175:3 pieces of artillery and a weapons cache captured
1263:(in Spanish). Lima: Editorial Lumen. p. 256.
21:
196:
8:
1365:
1363:
681:The Supreme Protector of the Confederation,
1180:would be formed after the establishment of
1074:. The remaining Peruvian forces scattered.
793:
788:
224:
203:
189:
181:
18:
1118:declared themselves in favor of Gamarra.
1412:Battles of the War of the Confederation
1356:(in Spanish). Vol. II. p. 69.
1300:
1298:
1242:Historia de la Campaña del Perú en 1838
1214:
1147:
701:. The president of said state, Marshal
427:
397:
327:
299:
262:
227:
1369:Vargas Ugarte 1971, Vol. VIII, p. 200.
1333:Vargas Ugarte 1971, Vol. VIII, p. 197.
1324:Vargas Ugarte 1971, Vol. VIII, p. 195.
650:forces with the purpose of ending the
1280:Municipalidad de San Martín de Porres
7:
1354:Historia militar de Chile, 1541-1883
1261:Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú
785:The order of battle was as follows:
711:declared the Confederation dissolved
754:and its left on the Amancaes hill.
1379:Encina, Francisco Antonio (1952).
14:
709:, rose up against Santa Cruz and
1098:, and Colonel Frisancho, of the
810:
798:
705:, at the instigation of General
135:
123:
104:
92:
35:
1274:Chipana Rivas, Jhonny (2013).
1094:, in charge of organizing the
838:Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
1:
429:Second restoration expedition
1312:Academia de Historia Militar
685:, was directing most of the
676:previous political situation
300:Confederate naval expedition
264:First restoration expedition
1156:Peru-Bolivian Confederation
652:Peru-Bolivian Confederation
596:Batalla de Portada de Guías
1453:
933:Carabineros de la Frontera
622:), took place between the
588:Battle of Portada de Guías
398:Roberto Simpson naval raid
228:Blanco Encalada naval raid
22:Battle of Portada de Guías
1307:Historia militar de Chile
1222:Basadre, Modesto (1953).
791:
664:Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
222:
162:
147:
116:
85:
45:
34:
26:
1239:Bulnes, Gonzalo (1878).
658:. He was accompanied by
632:War of the Confederation
236:Guayaquil and 1st Callao
214:War of the Confederation
29:War of the Confederation
1417:Battles involving Chile
1178:United Restoration Army
1092:Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
1422:Battles involving Peru
619:
607:
595:
353:Rincón de las Casillas
117:Commanders and leaders
1393:Basadre 1998, p. 327.
1292:Basadre 1998, p. 326.
1005:4 pieces of artillery
950:Luis José de Orbegoso
938:2 pieces of artillery
898:2nd Reserve Division:
893:2 pieces of artillery
858:José María de la Cruz
703:Luis José de Orbegoso
668:Felipe Pardo y Aliaga
626:and the secessionist
598:), also known as the
163:Casualties and losses
158:4 pieces of artillery
142:Luis José de Orbegoso
1342:Basadre 1998, p. 327
1278:(in Spanish). Lima:
1257:Tamayo Herrera, José
1199:Andrés de Santa Cruz
1068:Real Felipe Fortress
902:Pedro Godoy Palacios
683:Andrés de Santa Cruz
630:in 1838, during the
1352:Téllez, Indalicio.
1314:. 1997. p. 28.
1061:Plaza Mayor de Lima
947:Commander in Chief:
826:Commander in Chief:
672:Manuel de Mendiburu
620:Batalla de Piñonate
111:Orbegoso government
1100:Cazadores del Perú
612:Battle of Piñonate
156:3,200–3,500 troops
153:4,000–4,700 troops
1427:Conflicts in 1838
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
748:Alejandro Deustua
628:Peruvian Republic
583:
582:
578:
577:
179:
178:
173:~1,000 casualties
81:
80:
67:Peruvian Republic
1444:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1152:
991:Húsares de Junín
910:
815:
814:
813:
803:
802:
794:
789:
766:Hussars of Junín
697:, remained near
687:Confederate army
557:
535:
523:
504:
492:
475:
457:Portada de Guías
453:
421:
386:
316:
293:
256:
244:
225:
217:
215:
205:
198:
191:
182:
140:
139:
128:
127:
109:
108:
107:
97:
96:
47:
46:
39:
19:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1182:Agustín Gamarra
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1136:siege of Callao
1096:Peruvian Legion
1087:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
999:Police Dragoons
980:Peruvian Legion
941:
904:
849:Lancer Squadron
811:
809:
797:
783:
781:Order of battle
717:, and 1,200 in
660:Agustín Gamarra
640:
608:Batalla de Guía
584:
579:
551:
529:
517:
498:
486:
469:
447:
415:
380:
329:Argentine Front
310:
287:
250:
238:
218:
213:
211:
209:
174:
169:
157:
134:
122:
105:
103:
91:
77:Chilean victory
69:
53:August 21, 1838
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1371:
1359:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1294:
1285:
1266:
1248:
1231:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1169:
1160:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1086:
1083:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1003:
995:
987:
984:
976:
969:
962:
961:Shooting Corps
956:
955:1 Jäger Column
944:
942:
940:
939:
936:
930:
924:
918:
895:
894:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
851:
850:
847:
846:Jäger Squadron
844:
843:1 Jäger Column
823:
820:
819:
807:
792:
782:
779:
639:
636:
600:Battle of Guía
581:
580:
576:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
549:Llaclla Bridge
546:
541:
536:
524:
510:
505:
493:
481:
476:
464:
459:
454:
440:
432:
431:
425:
424:
423:
422:
408:
400:
399:
395:
394:
393:
392:
387:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
332:
331:
325:
324:
323:
322:
317:
308:Juan Fernández
302:
301:
297:
296:
295:
294:
280:
275:
267:
266:
260:
259:
258:
257:
245:
230:
229:
223:
220:
219:
210:
208:
207:
200:
193:
185:
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
145:
144:
132:
119:
118:
114:
113:
101:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1449:
1438:
1437:1838 in Chile
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:Peruvian Army
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
994:
992:
988:
986:4th Battalion
985:
983:
981:
977:
974:
970:
967:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
952:
951:
948:
943:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
912:
911:
908:
903:
899:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
861:
860:
859:
855:
854:1st Division:
848:
845:
842:
841:
840:
839:
835:
831:
830:
829:Manuel Bulnes
827:
822:
821:
818:
817:Orbegoso Army
808:
806:
801:
796:
795:
790:
786:
780:
778:
774:
772:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
749:
743:
739:
737:
732:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:Domingo Nieto
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:southern Peru
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:Manuel Bulnes
653:
649:
645:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
555:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
533:
528:
525:
521:
516:
515:
511:
509:
506:
502:
497:
494:
490:
485:
482:
480:
477:
473:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
451:
446:
445:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:
430:
426:
419:
414:
413:
412:Confederación
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
396:
391:
388:
384:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Lake Acambuco
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130:Manuel Bulnes
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1432:1838 in Peru
1399:
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824:
805:Chilean Army
784:
775:
771:stone bridge
763:
759:La Magdalena
756:
744:
740:
723:
680:
641:
624:Chilean Army
611:
599:
587:
585:
513:
456:
443:
411:
283:
86:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1112:La Libertad
1048:Carampangue
1028:Carampangue
905: [
864:Carampangue
752:Rímac river
552: [
530: [
518: [
499: [
487: [
470: [
448: [
416: [
381: [
311: [
288: [
251: [
248:San Lorenzo
239: [
170:141 wounded
1406:Categories
1209:References
1108:Chorrillos
1044:Valparaíso
888:Grenadiers
870:Valparaíso
695:North Peru
638:Background
514:Arequipeño
508:4th Callao
462:3rd Callao
438:2nd Callao
390:Montenegro
373:El Pajonal
320:Talcahuano
278:Paucarpata
1085:Aftermath
1032:Colchagua
982:Battalion
975:Battalion
968:Battalion
929:Battalion
927:Aconcagua
923:Battalion
917:Battalion
884:Battalion
878:Battalion
876:Colchagua
872:Battalion
866:Battalion
834:Vanguard:
731:royalists
719:Pativilca
678:in Peru.
368:San Diego
338:Humahuaca
284:Peruviana
1259:(1985).
1056:Ayacucho
1040:Portales
1001:Squadron
993:Regiment
973:Ayacucho
966:Ayacucho
935:Squadron
921:Santiago
915:Valdivia
900:Colonel
890:Squadron
882:Portales
856:General
836:General
736:Naranjal
644:Peruvian
544:Chiquián
467:Matucana
444:Socabaya
363:Zapatera
148:Strength
58:Location
1116:Huaylas
1104:Chancay
959:Serenos
726:Chancay
648:Chilean
616:Spanish
604:Spanish
592:Spanish
527:Samanco
348:Vicuñay
168:40 dead
1072:Huaraz
1021:Battle
715:Callao
571:Yungay
539:Cañete
496:Sierpe
273:Cobija
74:Result
1142:Notes
909:]
610:) or
566:Casma
556:]
534:]
522:]
503:]
491:]
484:Pisco
479:Piura
474:]
452:]
420:]
406:Islay
385:]
378:Iruya
315:]
292:]
255:]
243:]
99:Chile
1128:Supe
1114:and
1042:and
1030:and
971:2nd
964:1st
699:Lima
646:and
586:The
561:Buin
63:Lima
50:Date
689:in
1408::
1362:^
1297:^
1063:.
907:es
738:.
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670:,
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634:.
618::
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65:,
1282:.
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614:(
602:(
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204:e
197:t
190:v
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