825:
served in
Caucasus region before being rushed to the Mesopotamian theater. The 35th Division, on the other hand, was a pre-war division that had originally been assigned to defend the Basra and Baghdad vilayets. Along with the 38th Division, they had unsuccessfully opposed the I.E.F. "D" initial advances. After suffering heavy casualties, the survivors of the 35th and 38th Divisions had been consolidated into a single division. While this brought the 35th Division up to something close to an effective combat strength, it also brought with it the morale problems which had existed in the 38th Division. The 38th Division had been composed primarily of levies from the Arab and Kurdish populations. Neither group felt any particular attachment to the Ottoman government. Their loyalty was suspect, and discipline was always a problem. Between them, the 35th and 52nd Divisions would be able to muster approximately 9000 infantry, 20 artillery pieces, a brigade of cavalry, as well as a group of mounted Arab irregulars.
914:
an unseasonably hot day. As the
British and Indian battalions were cooking their food, the Ottoman forces launched a spoiling attack. Even though it was driven back, the left bank Tigris Corps' attack on the left bank was further delayed. Eventually, Younghusband's troops reached their positions and launched their attack. However, the objectives of their attack turned out to be the center of the left bank defenses. Through the rest of the afternoon, Younghusband's brigades failed to make much headway against the Ottoman defenders. With no cover on the ground, the assault battalions came under fire at long range from rifle, machinegun, and artillery. Few units made it closer than 300 yards before having to dig in for some cover.
869:, attacked the Ottoman positions on the right bank, while 19th and 35th Brigades attacked the Ottoman defenses on the right. Younghusband's forces had only a vague idea as to where the Ottoman positions were. Lacking any elevated ground, effective aerial reconnaissance, or sufficient cavalry, the British and Indian troops had to feel their to discover where the Ottoman positions started and ended. Trying to manage the battle on both sides of the river, Younghusband was unable to effectively manage his forces. On the right bank, Kemball's forces attempted to flank the Ottoman positions, but ended up attacking the center of defenses. Meanwhile, on the left bank Rice's brigade was ordered only to probe the Ottoman lines.
142:
653:, Force "D" defeated elements of the Ottoman Sixth Army. After the Battle of Es Sinn, the Anglo-Indian force controlled the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through much of what is now southern Iraq. Sensing that Baghdad was within their gasp, the commander of Force "D", supported by the Commander in Chief, India, in Simla, argued for permission to launch a final offensive to capture it. The situation looked promising. The nearest Ottoman reserves, according to British intelligence, were 400 miles distant in the Caucasus or 250 miles away at Aleppo in Syria. All that blocked the way to Baghdad were two demoralized, defeated divisions.
1901:
339:
251:
327:
956:
casualties, this number is suspect. Although
Kemball's force on the right bank was successful in breaking into the Ottoman defenses, the same did not happen on the left bank. Furthermore, there were many reports that the artillery fire, due to the lack of good observation points and the Ottoman camouflage efforts, was ineffective. When it became clear that their right bank defenses had fallen, they displaced in good order, taking with them all their artillery. Retreating seven miles upriver, they occupied the defenses being readied at the Wadi.
265:
714:. Muslim troops required food prepared in accordance with halal. Finally, there were the British troops, whose diet was decided by Whitehall. Along the North-West Frontier, where Indian Army units traditionally were assigned, the mixed dietary needs were manageable. But in Mesopotamia, at the end of a long and poorly developed supply line, the problem was significantly more difficult. At the start of the siege, in December 1915, Townshend reported he had enough food to feed the sepoys of his division for 54 days.
939:
291:
793:
division. What artillery that an Indian division did have was typically lighter, more suited for expeditions along the North-West
Frontier. Its troops were deliberately kept a generation behind in infantry weaponry. During their time in France, the Indian Corps divisions had been brought up to date with the latest weaponry, including flare guns and bombs. However, when withdrawn from France, most of this equipment was left behind in France for their replacements to use.
910:
in place on the left bank with demonstration by the 35th
Brigade. As this happened, the 19th and 21st Brigades would attack the left flank of the defenses. This would mean marching the 19th and 21st Brigades more than five miles to get to the jumping off point for the attack. On the right bank, Kemball's troops would try to retake the ground that they had given up the previous afternoon in order to bring enfilading fire against the left bank positions.
890:
784:
never been a need to quickly produce VCOs. Consequently, those who were promoted to the rank of VCO was typically a long service soldier of many years of experience. With the heavy casualties of France, the system had not yet caught up to the realities of the new type of war they were fighting. Confronted with a type of war they had never expected to be a part of, morale among the Indian troops plummeted. As an added insult, when the Meerut and
314:
302:
234:
204:
219:
881:
Furthermore, effective spotting for the artillery was still difficult as the Tigris Corps still had only an incomplete picture of exactly where the
Ottoman defenses were. The balance of the 35th Division and 52nd Division were rushed up to the Sheikh Sa'ad defenses. Additionally, a brigade of Ottoman cavalry was also moved up to support the defenses on the left bank. In all, both sides could field about 9000 men.
743:. With pressure from both Townshend in Kut and Nixon in Basra, Aylmer succumbed to their demands and began his advance upriver as soon as his he had collected three full brigades of infantry. Setting out on 4 January 1916, Aylmer would be able to commit approximately 9,900 infantry, 1340 cavalry, and 42 field guns. Additionally, along the Tigris there would be four gunboats to support the advance.
853:
aeroplanes, or other means of reconnoitering, and the country being as flat as a billiard table, the only way of reconnoitering the
Ottomans was to march on, till we bumped into them." On 5 January 1916, Younghusband's troops were informed by local Arabs that Ottoman forces had dug-in just upriver from their position. The next day, the Younghusband's force bumped into the Ottoman positions.
22:
771:. By December 1915, the division has suffered heavy casualties among the sepoys and their British officers. The Indian Army's reserve system, never fully developed before the war, was overtaxed trying to resupply the division's battalions with fresh, trained sepoys. Even more difficult was the problem of finding replacement officers to command the Indian troops.
960:
Although considered a
British victory (albeit a costly one), the Ottoman forces had achieved their goal in delaying the Tigris Corps. They had bloodied Aylmer's forces, using up time which the Kut garrison believed it did not have and reinforcements which were hard for the British and Indian governments to replace.
813:. Recalled from retirement to join the military mission to Germany's ally, von der Goltz had been given command of the Ottoman Sixth Army in October 1915. After two attempts to take Kut by storm failed, von der Goltz, over the objections of his senior Ottoman officers, opted to starve the defenders into submission.
917:
On the right bank, Kemball's forces had a better idea as to where the
Ottoman positions were. The morning fog, which would have helped to cover their advance was allowed to dissipate because Kemball was under orders to wait until the attack started on the left bank. Finally, at around 2:30 p.m.,
913:
As day broke, the Tigris Corps found itself advancing through a heavy fog. On left bank, Younghusband's brigades began their advance in the mid-morning. Approximately two hours into the advance, the brigades paused in their movements to break for lunch. At midday, the fog began to clear and turn into
876:
At around 4 p.m., Younghusband called off the attack and ordered his units to regroup. Ironically, this forced
Kemball to withdraw his troops from the Ottoman positions along the right bank, allowing the Ottoman forces to reoccupy them that night. In all, Younghusband's command suffered 600 dead that
909:
On 6 January, Younghusband had loosely controlled the action, allowing his brigade commanders wider latitude. On 7 January, with Aylmer now in command, he instituted tighter controls over the brigade commanders, trying to orchestrate a coordinated attack. Aylmer's plan was to hold the Ottoman forces
792:
Comparatively, the Indian units were even more ill-equipped for modern war than the rest of troops of Britain's empire. Indian divisions had less artillery assigned to it. At the start of the war, an Indian Division had one brigade of artillery, as opposed to the three assigned to a British European
717:
Although Townshend declared that his intent to engage in an active defense of Kut, the reality was completely different. Instead of launching any raids or sorties, Townshend dug his troops in around the town of Kut, and across the river at the village the soldier's nicknamed "Woolpress", and awaited
705:
The Kut garrison was made up of the 6th (Poona) Division. Unlike a typical British division, or even an Ottoman one, Indian Army divisions had a complex make up. Battalions would be made up of companies from the various Indian ethnic and religious groups. Each group had its own dietary requirements.
955:
Although the Aylmer's force had captured Sheikh Sa'ad, it had cost him nearly 4,400 dead and wounded to do so. The Ottoman forces on the left bank of the Tigris had not been broken. Although General Nixon, in his dispatch to the War Office, would estimate that the Ottoman forces had suffered 4,400
872:
The defenses were held by the Ottoman 35th Division who were heavily outnumbered by Younghusband's forces. Although outnumbered almost 4 to 1, the Ottoman forces were stubbornly defended the Sheikh Sa'ad defenses. On the left bank, the failure to push through a concerted attack allowed them to hold
828:
Establishing themselves as far downriver as possible, while still close enough to support and be supported by the XVIII Corps, the XIII Corps chose to fortify the position at Sheikh Sa'ad. There the 35th Division began creating a series of trench works to await the Anglo-Indian advance. The balance
664:
objected to the proposed advance because of his concern that even if Baghdad could be captured, it would only be lost again because no other troops were available to reinforce Force "D". Eventually, the question of a further advance was taken up by Asquith's War Cabinet. The decision to advance was
959:
Despite the casualties, Aylmer could not afford to spend much time waiting for the arrival of the second division of reinforcements still working its way upriver to the front. Every advance he made, put him further from his supply base at Basra, and closer to the Ottoman logistical hub at Baghdad.
880:
As Younghusband's troops started to regroup, reinforcements for both sides began to arrive. Aylmer arrived with the 9th Infantry Brigade, 6th Cavalry Brigade, and the support troops. The Tigris Corps had an edge in number of artillery available, but most were either older types or lighter pieces.
861:
The area of the Sheikh Sa'ad defenses was flat and featureless. The Ottoman positions were well camouflaged. There was no elevated ground to help provide observation posts for the advancing Tigris Corps. As Younghusband's troops advanced up both banks of the Tigris, they began to run into Ottoman
852:
Not only did Younghusband have any cavalry, but the weather made it impossible to take advantage of the few airplanes available to the Tigris Corps. The winter rains arrived along the lower Tigris, turning the terrain into a quagmire of mud. Younghusband would later write, ""Having no cavalry, or
816:
By the time the relief force began its advance, von der Goltz's Sixth Army could field two corps of infantry: XIII and XVIII Corps. Because Townshend's intentions were still unknown to the Sixth Army, von der Goltz had to commit a substantial portion of his command to maintaining the siege lines.
774:
Since the Sepoy Mutiny, British policy had been to ensure that senior officers of an Indian Army unit would always be British. Only European Britons could hold positions as company commanders, adjutants, quartermasters, and battalion commanders. However, not any British officer would be effective
929:
By the end of the day, the right bank defenses were completely in the hands of the Kemball's brigade. With their flank now open to enfilading fire from machineguns and artillery on the right bank, the left bank defenses were now untenable. Through the night and the raid of the next day, the XIII
918:
Kemball was given permission to launch his attack. Unlike the attacks on the left bank, the reinforced 28th Brigade quickly captured the outposts of the Ottoman positions. Following up on this initial success, the 92nd Punjabis broke through the main line of the Ottoman defenses, followed by 1st
783:
occupied a unique position between the junior British officers and the senior non-commissioned officers. During its year in France, the VCO's of the Meerut had also suffered heavy casualties. Prior to the war, when most operations of the Indian Army were along the North-West Frontier, there had
701:
The key to whether the Kut garrison would be able to hold out was food. After early attempts to storm the town failed, the Ottoman forces investing Kut opted to starve the defenders into submission. Townshend had ordered some of his forces to break out and regroup downriver where the remnants of
951:
At the time of the battle, the Tigris Corps had facilities to treat 250 wounded soldiers. By the end of 7 January 1916, the field ambulances were trying to deal with almost ten times that may. Some of the wounded had to wait as much as ten days before they were finally cleared through the field
947:
The Tigris Corps had taken the position, but the cost of breaking through the Ottoman defenses had heavy casualties. Aylmer's command suffered 1,962 dead and 2,300 wounded out of 13,300 men. The medical preparations for the relief force had been almost an afterthought. Most of the medical units
824:
XIII Corps, composed up of 35th and 52nd Infantry Divisions, moved down river to block any advance by the Tigris Corps. The 52nd Division had arrived in region in time to take part in the Battle of Ctesiphon and the early stages of the siege of Kut. It was a war formed division which originally
718:
rescue. At the first sign that the pontoon bridge, the primary link between Kut and Woolpress, was threatened by the Ottoman siege lines, Townshend ordered it destroyed. This left Townshend with only a few small launches and the gunboat Sumana to ferry men and supplies across the river.
702:
I.E.F. "D" were beginning to gather. However, even by decreasing the number of mouths to feed, the food problem was more complex than simply the amount available. As the siege began to drag on, Townshend sent word to Nixon that his food supply would only last until 15 January 1916.
801:. In addition to this staff, his collection of brigades would be under the command of the Major-General Sir George Younghusband, GOC of the 7th (Meerut) Division, who was without his staff. Just after the new year, Aylmer's ordered his force to move upriver from Ali Gharbi.
817:
This was needed to prevent Townshend's troops from attempting a breakout in coordination with Aylmer's offensive. In January 1916, the siege was being maintained by XVIII Corps, under the command of Colonel Kazime Pasha, was composed of the 45th and 51st Infantry Divisions.
841:, 28th, and 35th Indian Brigades on 3 January 1916. Aylmer remained behind at Ali Gharbi, awaiting further reinforcements already en route before moving to combine with Younghusband's force. At Ali Gharbi, Aylmer retained almost all of the Tigris Corps' cavalry, as well as
897:
With Aylmer present, the British began to concentrate their forces for a follow-up attack on 7 January 1916. On the left bank, Younghusband would command 19th, 21st, and 35th Brigades. On the right bank, Kemball would command the 28th Brigade, reinforced by the
796:
To manage the fighting of this ad hoc unit, Aylmer had almost no staff support. His staff for the relief force, designated as Tigris Corps, consisted of one staff officer, one wounded officer, and one brigadier who had failed to finish the
746:
Prior to arriving in theater, Meerut Division had briefly refit in Egypt after being withdrawn from France. Although prized by I.E.F. "D" as a veteran formation, the Meerut Division's experienced had come at a high price. As part of
942:
Hospital Ship No. 1, one of the few available, on the Tigris River in 1916 carrying British and Indian wounded back to the British clearing hospital at Falahiyah during the relief force's attempt to rescue the Kut
873:
their position without revealing the extent of the defenses. On the right bank, the Ottoman troops began to give way in the afternoon, allowing Kemball's brigade to occupy the forward trenches of the defenses.
862:
emplacements around 10:30 a.m. Without waiting to concentrate his forces, or for Aylmer to arrive with the rest of the Tigris Corps, Younghusband ordered his troops on both sides of the river to attack.
778:
Not only was it problematic finding qualified British officers to command the companies and battalions of the Indian Army, there was also a shortage of trained Indians to be granted a Viceroy's Commission.
726:
Downriver from Kut, at Ali Gharbi, Lieutenant-General Fenton Aylmer was collecting forces to relieve the Kut garrison. Initially, the only force available in theatre which were not already in Kut was the
788:
were withdrawn from France, they ceased receiving combat pay, even though they were being shipped Egypt, under threat from Ottoman force, and then to Mesopotamia, to actively take part in an offensive.
849:, some artillery, as well as Corps support troops. Although ordered to advance, Younghusband was also instructed not to become heavily engaged until Aylmer arrived with the rest of the Tigris Corps.
1889:
2693:
2673:
930:
Corps began withdrawing. It would retreat seven miles to positions being prepared at the Wadi, a tributary of the Tigris. On 9 January, the Tigris Corps would occupy the left bank positions.
656:
In London, the India Office was staunchly opposed to any further advance. At this point in the war, the Indian Office, and not the War Office, controlled the operations in Mesopotamia.
2698:
775:
commanding the Indian troops. It took time to teach language and cultural skills necessary to deal with the various castes, religions, and ethnicities that made up the Indian Army.
706:
Hindus, for example, would never touch meat from a cow or even allow their food to be cooked in pots which had cooked cow meat. Sikhs, while allowing meat to be eaten, could
426:
1882:
1867:
680:
against the Ottoman Sixth Army, but this proved to be a Pyrrhic victory. The Poona Division retreated to Kut. The Ottoman Sixth Army, now reinforced, followed and
2678:
2688:
2683:
2650:
2128:
1875:
645:
expanded gradually as local commanders saw a chance for victories which would burnish the British Empire's prestige in the Muslim world. At the battles of
290:
239:
1244:
39:
141:
829:
of the corps remained further upriver where it would be able to support both the siege operations around Kut and the defenses at Sheikh Sa'ad.
419:
1767:
1677:
1346:
1082:
1077:
2019:
1410:
David F. Burg and L. Edward Purcell, Almanac of World War I, part 522 (Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), p. 94.
86:
2713:
798:
58:
1827:
1806:
1748:
1698:
617:. The engagement was the first in a series of assaults by the Tigris Corps to try to break through the Ottoman lines to relieve the
412:
105:
2009:
780:
906:
from the 19th Brigade. Defending the right bank was 35th Division while the 52nd Division occupied the position on the left bank.
893:
British field artillery in action supporting the Anglo-Indian attack on the Ottoman positions during the Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad.
65:
1087:
2203:
1476:
673:
43:
2708:
2238:
810:
331:
72:
2553:
2408:
748:
657:
634:
2473:
2468:
2168:
1057:
1037:
614:
2089:
1258:
54:
2588:
2578:
2523:
2393:
2388:
2248:
2208:
2198:
2183:
2069:
2039:
1162:
1022:
728:
677:
490:
480:
32:
2608:
2044:
1930:
638:
2703:
2538:
2378:
2173:
1955:
1920:
1138:
1124:
1110:
979:
838:
760:
560:
555:
475:
1072:
2618:
2453:
2448:
2413:
2243:
2188:
2158:
2064:
1989:
1950:
1945:
1925:
1152:
1091:
1016:
919:
842:
764:
752:
707:
570:
495:
2628:
2568:
2438:
2423:
2403:
2353:
2338:
2288:
2193:
2138:
2123:
2004:
1940:
1195:
1185:
756:
545:
535:
525:
455:
2079:
1644:
2463:
2363:
2268:
2223:
2148:
2029:
2014:
1974:
1935:
1262:
1157:
889:
846:
785:
740:
642:
602:
565:
510:
436:
129:
79:
2623:
2528:
2488:
2483:
2398:
2358:
2343:
2313:
2218:
2178:
2113:
1062:
1010:
948:
attached to the Meerut Division were still working their way upriver or awaiting transport in Basra.
669:
530:
938:
2598:
2433:
2428:
2383:
2368:
2228:
2213:
2153:
1984:
1237:
1226:
1205:
997:
986:
736:
732:
550:
306:
1464:
Testimony of Lieutenant-General Sir F. J. Aylmer, Mesopotamian Commission, 9 January 1917, p. 852.
2558:
2508:
2503:
2443:
2323:
2293:
2283:
2108:
2059:
2049:
2034:
1999:
1994:
1819:
History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: The Campaign in Mesopotamia 1914–1918
1399:
History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: The Campaign in Mesopotamia 1914–1918
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661:
2633:
2613:
2548:
2498:
2493:
2348:
2278:
2263:
2233:
2143:
2118:
1979:
1911:
1823:
1802:
1763:
1744:
1694:
1673:
1342:
837:
Unable to resist pressure any longer, Aylmer ordered Younghusband to advance upriver with the
650:
575:
540:
520:
485:
637:
was ordered to secure the Shatt-al-Arab and Basra in order to safeguard the flow of oil from
2593:
2573:
2563:
2543:
2478:
2318:
2308:
2303:
2163:
2084:
2074:
2024:
594:
465:
2603:
2583:
2533:
2518:
2458:
2373:
2298:
2273:
2133:
1480:
646:
515:
470:
460:
1720:
1709:
1315:
Ottoman Cavalry Brigade (arriving during evening of 6 January 1916) Camel Corps Regiment
2513:
2328:
2054:
1900:
1817:
1290:
1200:
991:
768:
630:
338:
318:
256:
209:
2667:
2418:
2333:
1838:
1796:
1688:
1220:
1101:
1052:
1032:
903:
899:
866:
326:
295:
270:
755:, the Meerut Division had arrived in France in September 1914, participating in the
2253:
1849:
681:
618:
610:
500:
1473:
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1965:
1373:
Armies of the Raj: From the Great Indian Mutiny to Independence: 1858–1947
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ambulances before being sent to the hospitals established downriver at Basra.
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821:
676:, available for offensive operations. Although tactically successful at the
343:
845:, a collection of un-brigaded battalions that he would eventually form the
1798:
A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, Its Officers & Men
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Upriver waited the Ottoman Sixth Army under the command of Field Marshal
404:
668:
During the second half of 1915, Force "D" had only one division, the
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of the First World War. The battle took place along the banks of the
1760:
Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
1494:
Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
1401:, vol. II (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1923), p. 166.
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1741:
Ends and Means: The British Mesopotamian Campaign and Commission
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1871:
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1670:
The First Iraq War, 1914-1918: Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign
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Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study
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52nd Division (arriving during the evening of 6 January 1916)
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15:
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The Bastard War The Mesopotamian Campaign of 1914–1918
1362:, vol. I (New York: Cassell and Company, Ltd., 1919), p. 42.
739:. They would soon be joined by the first elements of the
1643:
Sir John Nixon, Dispatch to War Office 16 January 1916,
1496:(Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001), p. 149.
1848:
Townshend, Major General Charles Vere Ferrers (1920).
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British Campaigns In The Nearer East, 1914–1918
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Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
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Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
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1964:
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In Kut and Captivity With the Sixth Indian Division
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In Kut and Captivity With the Sixth Indian Division
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1596:With a Highland regiment in Mesopotamia, 1916-1917
1375:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989),p. 51.
1859:Wilson, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Arthur T. (1969).
1333:
1331:
146:A 1924 British map showing action at the battle.
601:) occurred between 6–8 January 1916 during the
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2699:Battles of World War I involving British India
1536:, (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1923) p. 288.
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8:
2651:List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1788:The "D" Force (Mesopotamia) In The Great War
633:to the First World War on 31 October 1914,
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1067:28th Battery, R.F.A. (9th Brigade R.F.A.)
1047:20th Battery, R.F.A. (9th Brigade R.F.A.)
1027:19th Battery, R.F.A. (9th Brigade R.F.A.)
427:
413:
405:
119:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1687:Burg, Peter; Purcell, L. Edward (1998).
1743:. Farleigh Dickinson University Press.
1327:
1245:33rd Queen Victoria's Own Light Cavalry
1861:Loyalties: Mesopotamia 1914–1917
1303:105th Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
1300:104th Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
1297:103rd Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
1001:(Brigadier-General Gerald B. H. Rice)
973:Younghusband's Force, 6 January 1916
710:in accordance with a ritual, such as
692:Situation at the end of December 1915
641:. Following the capture, Force "D"'s
7:
2679:Battles of the Mesopotamian campaign
1801:. Ebenezar Bayliss and Son Limited.
1722:The Navy in Mesopotamia 1914 to 1917
1645:Gazette, Issue number: 29576, p.4660
1388:, (London: John Murray, 1920) p. 478
1078:56th Punjabi Rifles (Frontier Force)
44:adding citations to reliable sources
2689:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
2684:Sieges involving the United Kingdom
1905:Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1822:. His Majesty's Stationery Office.
1532:Major-General George Younghusband,
1267:No. 6 Field Ambulance (2 sections)
1249:No. 5 Field Ambulance (2 sections)
1232:No. 1 Field Ambulance (2 sections)
865:The 28th Brigade, supported by the
1083:102nd King Edward's Own Grenadiers
14:
1816:Moberly, Brig.-Gen. F.J. (1923).
1567:, (New York: Dial Press, 1967) p.
1137:104th Heavy Battery (1 section),
639:British-owned oilfields in Persia
2209:Kirte Bağları (Krithia Vineyard)
1899:
1693:. University of Kentucky Press.
1483:at Turkey in the First World War
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1210:No. 18 Cavalry Field Ambulance
1146:Reinforcements, 7 January 1916
983:(Colonel William A. B. Dennys)
708:not eat any animals slaughtered
31:needs additional citations for
1863:. Greenwood Press, Publishers.
1781:. Vintage Canada and colophon.
1762:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
184:
1:
2184:3rd Arıburnu (3rd Anzac Cove)
2169:2nd Arıburnu (2nd Anzac Cove)
1837:Sandes, Major E.W.C. (1920).
1598:, (Bombay: Times Press, 1918)
811:Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz
781:Viceroy Commissioned Officers
751:, later re-designated as the
684:to the Anglo-Indian force at
332:Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz
2646:For the battles before 1900
2244:Yusufçuktepe (Scimitar Hill)
1758:Erickson, Edward J. (2001).
749:Indian Expeditionary Force A
658:Secretary of State for India
635:Indian Expeditionary Force D
613:and elements of the Ottoman
1786:Lee, J. Fitzgerald (1927).
1058:53rd Sikhs (Frontier Force)
1038:51st Sikhs (Frontier Force)
722:Collecting the relief force
399:2 artillery pieces captured
2730:
1854:. James A. McCann Company.
1672:. New York: Enigma Books.
1523:Mobberly, vol. II, p. 223.
1479:December 15, 2006, at the
1163:6th Indian Cavalry Brigade
1023:Buffs (East Kent Regiment)
729:6th Indian Cavalry Brigade
2714:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
2642:
2149:1st Arıburnu (Anzac Cove)
2139:Seddülbayır (Cape Helles)
1790:. Wm. May & Co., Ltd.
1514:Moberly, vol. II, p. 226.
969:Anglo-Indian Tigris Corps
609:between the Anglo-Indian
446:
380:
349:
281:
194:
150:
139:
127:
2249:Selman’ı Pak (Ctesiphon)
1990:Beşpınar (Pente Pigadia)
1725:. Constable and Company.
1711:The Long Road To Baghdad
1708:Candler, Edmund (1919).
1397:Brig.Gen. F.J. Moberly,
1360:The Long Road To Baghdad
1190:1st Provisional Battery
980:19th (Dehra Dun) Brigade
761:Battle of Neuve Chapelle
619:besieged garrison at Kut
55:"Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad"
2070:2nd Edirne (Adrianople)
2020:1st Edirne (Adrianople)
1739:Davis, Paul K. (1994).
1734:. Hodder and Stoughton.
1153:21st (Bareilly) Brigade
1104:(temporarily attached)
1017:Leicestershire Regiment
920:Leicestershire Regiment
843:21st (Bareilly) Brigade
1795:Mason, Philip (1974).
1714:. Cassell and Company.
1690:Almanac of World War I
1474:Kazım Paşa (Karabekir)
1419:Moberly, vol. I, p. 63
1278:61st Howitzer Battery
1196:6th Jat Light Infantry
944:
894:
833:6–8 January 1916
674:Charles V.F. Townshend
643:mission in Mesopotamia
591:Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad
282:Commanders and leaders
2469:Berukin and 1st Arara
2214:Kanlısırt (Lone Pine)
1777:Keegan, John (2000).
1730:Dane, Edmund (1919).
1719:Cato, Conrad (1917).
1668:Barker, A.J. (2009).
1534:Forty Years A Soldier
1384:Major E.W.C. Sandes,
1311:9 infantry battalions
1158:9th (Sirhind) Brigade
1073:125th Napier's Rifles
941:
892:
847:9th (Sirhind) Brigade
741:7th (Meerut) Division
603:Mesopotamian Campaign
438:Mesopotamian campaign
381:Casualties and losses
274:(Military Commanders)
130:Mesopotamian Campaign
2709:1916 in Ottoman Iraq
2234:Kılıçbayır (The Nek)
2109:Köprüköy (Bergmann)
1492:Edward J. Erickson,
1337:Edward J. Erickson,
1319:Artillery (20 guns)
1123:77th Heavy Battery,
1109:72nd Heavy Battery,
1088:1/1st Sussex Battery
1063:97th Deccan Infantry
1011:Seaforth Highlanders
805:Ottoman preparations
799:Quetta Staff College
737:28th Indian Brigades
672:under Major-General
670:6th (Poona) Division
376:1 brigade of cavalry
123:Battle of sheikh Ali
40:improve this article
1985:Kırcalı (Kardzhali)
1779:The First World War
1341:, Routledge, 2007,
1238:9th Bhopal Infantry
1227:7th Hariana Lancers
1186:14th King's Hussars
998:35th Indian Brigade
992:George Vero Kemball
987:28th Indian Brigade
757:Battle of La Bassée
678:Battle of Ctesiphon
374:20 artillery pieces
367:42 artillery pieces
307:George Younghusband
2409:Hareira and Sheria
1229:(less 1 squadron)
1180:Hampshire Regiment
945:
895:
662:Austen Chamberlain
629:With the entry of
2659:
2658:
2554:Afulah and Beisan
2524:German Expedition
2264:Erzurum offensive
2010:İşkodra (Scutari)
1912:Italo-Turkish War
1769:978-0-313-31516-9
1679:978-1-929631-86-5
1616:Mobberly, p. 228.
1347:978-0-415-77099-6
1282:
1281:
1223:(less 1 company)
1182:(less 1 company)
1178:1/4th Battalion,
1144:
1143:
1021:1/5th Battalion,
649:, Nasiriyeh, and
584:
583:
541:Samarra offensive
403:
402:
393:1,200 casualties:
386:4,262 casualties:
190:
189:
116:
115:
108:
90:
2721:
2589:Jisr Benat Yakub
2274:Felahiye (Hanna)
2164:Battle of Dilman
2129:Naval operations
2045:Varna (Kaliakra)
1904:
1903:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1844:
1833:
1812:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1754:
1735:
1726:
1715:
1704:
1683:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1585:Mobberly, p. 226
1583:
1577:
1576:Mobberly, p. 224
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:Erickson, p. 66.
1503:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1446:Farwell, p. 251.
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1358:Edmund Candler,
1356:
1350:
1335:
1293:) 35th Division
1291:Colonel Nureddin
1149:
976:
964:Orders of battle
786:Lahore Divisions
765:Battle of Aubers
697:Situation in Kut
441:
439:
429:
422:
415:
406:
356:13,330 men total
342:
341:
330:
329:
317:
316:
305:
304:
294:
293:
275:
269:
267:
266:
255:
253:
252:
242:
238:
236:
235:
227:
223:
221:
220:
208:
206:
205:
158:6–8 January 1916
152:
151:
144:
120:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2704:Battles in 1916
2664:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2638:
2474:2nd Transjordan
2100:First World War
2094:
1960:
1906:
1898:
1896:
1858:
1847:
1836:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1757:
1751:
1738:
1729:
1718:
1707:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1634:Candler, p. 46.
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1594:H. J Blampied,
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1554:Candler, p. 45.
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1481:Wayback Machine
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:Farwell, p.249.
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:Farwell, p.250.
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1371:Byron Farwell,
1370:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1317:Arab Irregulars
1316:
1287:
1172:2nd Battalion,
1015:2nd Battalion,
1009:1st Battalion,
1000:
990:(Major-General
989:
982:
971:
966:
936:
887:
859:
835:
807:
724:
699:
694:
627:
587:
586:
585:
580:
442:
437:
435:
433:
398:
396:
394:
389:
387:
375:
373:
357:
336:
334:
324:
311:
309:
299:
298:
288:
273:
264:
262:
250:
248:
233:
231:
230:
218:
216:
215:
203:
201:
175:
145:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:Jisr ed Damieh
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Bir el Hassana
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1845:
1843:. John Murray.
1834:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1755:
1749:
1736:
1727:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1655:Candler, p. 47
1648:
1636:
1627:
1625:Candler, p. 49
1618:
1609:
1607:Candler, p. 46
1600:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1563:A. J. Barker,
1556:
1547:
1545:Candler, p. 45
1538:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1485:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1437:Farwell, p. 30
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1286:
1285:Ottoman forces
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1201:107th Pioneers
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1002:
995:
984:
970:
967:
965:
962:
935:
932:
886:
885:7 January 1916
883:
858:
857:6 January 1916
855:
834:
831:
822:Khalil Pasha's
806:
803:
769:Battle of Loos
723:
720:
698:
695:
693:
690:
686:Kut-al-Amarrah
631:Ottoman Empire
626:
623:
582:
581:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
444:
443:
434:
432:
431:
424:
417:
409:
401:
400:
391:
383:
382:
378:
377:
372:3,400 infantry
370:
369:
368:
365:
362:
361:9,900 infantry
352:
351:
347:
346:
321:
319:George Kemball
284:
283:
279:
278:
277:
276:
257:Ottoman Empire
245:
244:
243:
240:United Kingdom
228:
210:British Empire
197:
196:
192:
191:
188:
187:
181:
177:
176:
166:
164:
160:
159:
156:
148:
147:
137:
136:
125:
124:
118:
117:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2726:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Khan Baghdadi
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Kara Killisse
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1829:0-89839-268-3
1825:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1808:0-03-012911-7
1804:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1750:0-8386-3530-X
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1700:0-8131-2072-1
1696:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1666:
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1661:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
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1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1489:
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1482:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
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1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
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1221:67th Punjabis
1219:
1217:
1214:
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1199:
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1189:
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1167:Corps Troops
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1102:62nd Punjabis
1100:
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1053:92nd Punjabis
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1033:28th Punjabis
1031:
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904:92nd Punjabis
901:
900:62nd Punjabis
891:
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867:92nd Punjabis
863:
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826:
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571:Khan Baghdadi
569:
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397:512 prisoners
395:Unknown dead,
392:
390:2,300 wounded
385:
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371:
366:
364:1,340 cavalry
363:
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296:Fenton Aylmer
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271:German Empire
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170:(present-day
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96:November 2022
88:
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60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2661:
2647:
2424:Mughar Ridge
2414:Wadi el Hesi
2354:Jebel Hamlin
2258:
2055:İmroz (Elli)
1860:
1850:
1839:
1818:
1797:
1787:
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1359:
1354:
1338:
1314:
1306:
1289:XIII Corps (
1288:
1145:
972:
958:
954:
950:
946:
928:
916:
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871:
864:
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851:
836:
827:
819:
815:
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795:
791:
777:
773:
753:Indian Corps
745:
725:
716:
704:
700:
667:
655:
628:
611:Tigris Corps
607:Tigris River
598:
590:
588:
546:Jebel Hamlin
506:Sheikh Sa'ad
505:
496:Umm at Tubal
355:
323:
287:
247:
200:
195:Belligerents
128:Part of the
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2219:Anafartalar
2102:(1914–1918)
2090:2nd Çatalca
2040:1st Çatalca
2005:Kirk Kilise
1975:Sarantaporo
1968:(1912–1913)
1966:Balkan Wars
1936:Kunfuda Bay
1914:(1911–1912)
1851:My Campaign
1216:41st Dogras
1206:4th Cavalry
1174:Black Watch
1092:15-pounders
1043:37th Dogras
451:Fao Landing
344:Halil Pasha
168:Mesopotamia
134:World War I
2668:Categories
2624:Khan Ayash
2529:Abu Tellul
2489:Karakilisa
2484:Sardarabad
2449:Tell 'Asur
2314:Bir el Abd
2124:Suez Canal
2114:Sarikamish
2015:Lüleburgaz
1323:References
1090:, R.F.A. (
1004:Artillery
924:51st Sikhs
682:laid siege
625:Background
615:Sixth Army
561:2nd Ramadi
556:1st Ramadi
388:1,962 dead
66:newspapers
2629:2nd Amman
2534:2nd Arara
2464:1st Amman
2434:Jerusalem
2429:Ayun Kara
2394:Khuweilfe
2389:Beersheba
2384:Wadi Musa
2369:Istabulat
2284:Trebizond
2259:Sağ Sahil
2229:Sarıbayır
2224:Conkbayır
2199:Manzikert
2194:Zığındere
2189:3rd Kirte
2179:No.3 Post
2174:2nd Kirte
2159:1st Kirte
1259:S Battery
943:garrison.
934:Aftermath
599:Sağ Sahil
551:Istabulat
491:Ctesiphon
481:Nasiriyah
185:aftermath
2599:Damascus
2579:Tiberias
2559:Nazareth
2509:Binagadi
2504:Kurdamir
2399:3rd Gaza
2364:2nd Gaza
2359:1st Gaza
2349:Samarrah
2324:Magdhaba
2294:Erzincan
2154:Baby 700
2050:Merhamli
2035:Monastir
2000:Kumanovo
1995:Sorovich
1931:Benghazi
1477:Archived
1349:, p. 93.
820:Colonel
731:and the
350:Strength
163:Location
2634:Haritan
2614:Sharqat
2549:Tulkarm
2539:Megiddo
2494:Goychay
2444:Jericho
2404:Baghdad
2344:2nd Kut
2254:1st Kut
2239:Hill 60
2144:Kumkale
2119:Ardahan
2075:Bolayır
2060:Korytsa
1980:Yenidje
1921:Preveza
1662:Sources
665:given.
651:Es Sinn
595:Turkish
576:Sharqat
536:Baghdad
531:2nd Kut
521:Dujaila
501:1st Kut
486:Es Sinn
476:Karbala
80:scholar
2619:Aleppo
2594:Kaukab
2574:Samakh
2544:Tabsor
2479:Abaran
2379:Ramadi
2309:Romani
2304:Bitlis
2085:Bizani
2080:Şarköy
2065:Lemnos
2030:Himara
2025:Prilep
1956:Zanzur
1951:Rhodes
1946:Beirut
1926:Tobruk
1826:
1805:
1766:
1747:
1697:
1676:
1345:
1139:R.G.A.
1125:R.G.A.
1111:R.G.A.
767:, and
466:Shaiba
268:
254:
237:
222:
207:
180:Result
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2604:Kiswe
2584:Irbid
2569:Haifa
2564:Jenin
2519:Arsuf
2499:Aghsu
2459:Hijla
2439:Jaffa
2374:Aqaba
2334:Nekhl
2319:Yanbu
2299:Aqaba
2289:Mecca
2279:Sabis
2134:Katya
1941:Derna
877:day.
712:halal
647:Qurna
566:Najaf
526:Hilla
516:Hanna
471:Amara
461:Qurna
456:Basra
225:India
87:JSTOR
73:books
2514:Baku
2329:Rafa
2269:Wadi
1824:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1343:ISBN
922:and
902:and
839:19th
735:and
733:35th
589:The
511:Wadi
183:See
172:Iraq
155:Date
59:news
2648:see
2419:Huj
1263:RHA
132:of
42:by
2670::
1330:^
1261:,
1094:)
994:)
926:.
763:,
759:,
688:.
660:,
621:.
597::
1891:e
1884:t
1877:v
1832:.
1811:.
1772:.
1753:.
1703:.
1682:.
593:(
428:e
421:t
414:v
174:)
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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