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the
Australian forward positions, but finding their way blocked by wire obstacles and lacking any equipment to deal with them the Japanese attack stalled. Quickly, the situation was turned back in favour of the Australians, and the Japanese were cut down by heavy defensive artillery fire and by well-sited machine guns. A further attack was launched by a smaller force along the Buin Road and aimed at two of the forward companies positioned there. This attack was beaten back also. After regrouping, the surviving members of the 13th Infantry Regiment began preparing for a final charge, determined to fight to the last man. Their commander, Colonel Muta, in a final act of defiance wrapped his unit's banner around his waist and armed himself with a grenade with which to blow himself up during the assault. Elsewhere, the remaining officers of the 23rd Infantry made a pact to hurl themselves against the Australians one last time in a suicidal charge. Nevertheless, Akinaga, realising that further assaults were futile, finally dispatched the order to cancel the attack. At around 08:30, the Australians realised that the Japanese had decided that they had had enough. Just after midday, two tanks were dispatched from the 'B' Echelon perimeter, escorted by a company from the 61st Infantry Battalion, arriving on the knoll by 13:45 where they were used as fire support as the Australians began to carry out mopping up operations, flushing out small groups of survivors all around the position.
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Colonel Toyoji Muta's 13th
Infantry Regiment, which was attempting to launch an assault across the Puriata. At this point, the river was about 100 m (110 yd) across and 1 m (3.3 ft) deep, while the opposite bank was about 1 m (3.3 ft) high. The crossing began at 03:00 on 1 April, and the three battalions made heavy work of it. When they were halfway across, the two forward battalions were spotted by the Australians in the moonlight and engaged with machine gun and rifle fire. The Japanese quickly deployed and attempted to launch an attack; however, in the confusion the 1st Battalion, 23rd Infantry Regiment was cut off from the rest of the assault force. As daylight came, the Australians were able to call down mortar fire on the Japanese, causing considerable casualties. Running low on ammunition and having suffered considerable losses, the 23rd Infantry were forced to withdraw. The 1st Battalion remained cut off until the evening of 1 April, when it was able to re-establish contact with the other two battalions and report to the divisional commander that the attack had been unsuccessful.
1143:. The first raid came on the night of 27/28 March, when a force of about 100 Japanese exploited a gap between the 25th Infantry Battalion's main defensive position and its 'B' Echelon—which included its transport and logistics elements and was protected by a company from the 61st Infantry Battalion—fixed bayonets and then assaulted the rear of the Australian perimeter. The Australians had been alerted to their approach after the communication line between the two positions had been cut, and when the attack began the men had already been roused and the weapons pits fully manned. As a result, the attack failed and was turned back. A number of Japanese survivors managed to dig-in near the perimeter and later fired upon the Australian clearing patrol that was sent out the following morning, as well as snipe at the company defending 'B' Echelon's position. Afterwards, the Australians counted 19 dead Japanese around their position, while they also managed to capture one of the wounded. Against this, the 25th Infantry Battalion had lost three killed and seven wounded.
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Infantry
Battalion, McKinna, had spread out his companies effectively and went forward to direct the fighting at several points. Fields of fire had been cleared, perimeters set and patrolling had been maintained. Nevertheless, the Australians had also failed to seize opportunities as they arose, for after the battle they did not follow up their success immediately. After the failure of the final assault, the Japanese had possessed no forces in the immediate vicinity that would have been capable of resisting any follow up forces that the Australians might have been able to bring up, and it is possible that an advance could have been carried all the way to the Hongorai River. As it was, however, the Australian line of supply was stretched and it was necessary for a pause before the advance could continue in earnest.
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infantry, set up a form-up position 50 m (55 yd) to the front of the
Australian company holding the perimeter to the south of Slater's Knoll at a location the Japanese called Pain, which lay along the Buin Road. Before the attack could be launched, the Australians detected the movement of the Japanese and began firing upon them. Shortly after 12:40, the Japanese gunners launched their assault. Firing their weapons from the hip, they rushed the Australian position, pushing the defenders back, leaving dead and wounded behind. That evening, the Australians launched a series of determined counterattacks in order to re-establish contact between Slater's Knoll and the forward companies, however, these were turned back.
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was under fire, they were forced to link up with one of the other companies further north. Meanwhile, the company was attacked four times throughout the day. The first three attacks were repulsed before the last attack came at 13:00, preceded by a heavy mortar bombardment. Twelve
Japanese were killed in the attack, while one Australian was killed and two were missing in action. Nevertheless, the Australian position had been made untenable and they were forced to withdraw and link up with the company to the north. In doing so they left behind three mortars and a quantity of ammunition which the Japanese later brought into action against them.
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1259:. Casualties for the Australians included 10 officers and 179 other ranks killed or wounded, while there had been a further 81 Australians evacuated due to non-combat related issues. Wartime Japanese casualty estimates vary from these figures, though, claiming to have killed 1,800 Australians, while placing their own losses at 280 killed and 320 wounded. Long argues that these figures are problematic, as based upon the same report, the Japanese believed that there were only 400 Australians in the region during the battle, and yet they claimed to have killed almost five times that number.
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the crossing. On 6 March, Japanese shelling of the knoll wounded an
Australian, Private Carl Slater, who held his post until relieved. He was the only casualty during this period, and the knoll was named after him. Throughout March, the 25th Infantry Battalion continued to expand its perimeter, to the north and south, along the Buin Road, while the 9th moved west from Mosigetta to link up with them and the 61st skirted east around Makapeka. By late March, though, heavy rain temporarily stopped the Australian advance, as the main road became impassable due to thick mud.
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1159:, and possessing only four Bren light machine guns for direct fire support, they were nevertheless able to hold off the initial attack. Following this, sporadic fighting continued into the early morning, when at 04:45 on 29 March a force of about 100 Japanese attacked the position supported by sustained machine gun and rifle fire. Rushing the Australian position with bayonets, they were beaten back by stiff defence and fell back from the position, leaving behind 23 dead but taking their wounded with them. Four Australians were wounded in this encounter.
900:, and in the end these proved decisive. Commencing in late March, after the Australian advance had been halted by wet weather, over the course of several days the Japanese launched several probing raids followed by heavy attacks against the Australians. The final assault on the knoll came on the night of 4/5 April when 129 men from 'B' Company, 25th Infantry Battalion repulsed an attack by a force of about 1,100 Japanese, killing 292. This proved to be the 7th Brigade's final involvement in the campaign as they were relieved by the
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the headquarters also came under attack. The company from the 61st
Infantry Battalion protecting the 25th Infantry Battalion's line of communications also came under attack from the 70 Japanese that were believed to be entrenched between the 'B' Echelon and the 25th's main positions, suffering two killed and two wounded. Later, it became clear to the Australians that the Japanese were preparing for a major attack against Slater's Knoll, following the capture of a Japanese sergeant who confirmed that the probes were, in the words of
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1105:—ordered the 6th Division commander—Akinaga—to delay the Australian advance towards the south. Akinaga assessed that a counterattack against the Australian forces at this point with the entire weight of his division might be successful at this time and consequently he gave the order for his division to begin an attack across the Puriata. Akinaga planned to commit 2,000 men to the assault, while 1,300 would be held back to act as ammunition carriers.
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in the area surrounding the
Puriata ford. The attack was scheduled for 5 April, and over the course of the following three days, contact was minimal. In this time, there were a few minor skirmishes, and small groups of Japanese were seen by the Australians around Barara, Slater's Knoll and Mosigetta. As further intelligence reports came in, it became clear to the Australian commanders that the Japanese were about to deliver the main attack.
1275:, where they were reorganised due to the heavy losses, with several infantry, engineer and artillery units being amalgamated. Lacking food, suffering the effects of disease, and isolated from home, morale amongst the Japanese troops fell heavily, with many realising that the war was lost. There was an increase in desertions at this time, although the vast majority continued to fight, if only because they were under orders to do so.
1010:, which had been patrolling the Jaba River to protect the 29th Brigade's rear while they pushed south, was subsequently tasked to "take Mosigetta, clear the enemy from the Kupon–Nigitan–Sisiruai area, and patrol along the Puriata". Each of the brigade's three infantry battalions was marginally below full strength at the time, with frontages of between 600 and 700 personnel around the start of the battle.
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and destroyed them so that they could not be used against the
Australians again, but the jeeps carrying the wounded ran into a Japanese ambush in which five Australians were killed. McKinna then organised a quick counterattack, taking a force up the road along with three tanks and subsequently attacking the ambushing force, killing 11, before forming a harbour around the tanks for the night.
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quickly re-roled as riflemen. In the meantime, the
Australians on Slater's Knoll, having been alerted to the possibility of a large-scale attack, began adjusting their defences. The soldiers cleared fields of fire and set out clear engagement areas to the north, northwest and south of the knoll, to allow maximum effectiveness of their supporting
950:. Although incorrect, at the time the Allies believed that the Japanese forces on the island numbered around 17,500 men and while these forces were understrength, they were still considered to be capable of carrying out effective combat operations. In order to counter this, it was decided that the Australian II Corps—consisting of
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Japanese clarified that the Australians had come up against a force of at least 2,400 troops. The commander of the 23rd Infantry Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Kawano Koji, was among the dead, as was a senior divisional staff officer, Lieutenant Colonel Honda Matsuo. Four wounded Japanese were also taken
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On the night of 4/5 April, the Japanese heavily shelled the Australian artillery battery, while communications between brigade headquarters and the 25th Infantry Battalion headquarters were severed, as were the lines from the 25th Infantry Battalion's headquarters to its forward companies. Suspecting
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On 2 April, the Japanese divisional commander, Akinaga, called the 13th and 23rd Infantry Regiments back across the Puriata, to a position south-west of the Pain feature. At this point, the decision was made to launch a fresh attack aimed at taking Slater's Knoll and eliminating the Australian forces
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at the 7th Brigade commander's disposal, and over the course of the day these tanks were brought up towards the 25th's position from Toko where they had been put ashore from landing craft. Engineers were used to bridge a number of creeks and streams, while bulldozers were also employed to improve the
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These probes intensified on 30 March, as one of the 25th Infantry Battalion's companies was strongly attacked by the Japanese. The Australian position had been weakened by having about a third of its strength out on patrol at the time of the attack. Unable to return to the perimeter while the company
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Throughout 29 March, the Japanese continued the tactic of using small-scale attacks to test the Australian defences and isolate the 25th Infantry Battalion's forward companies from its headquarters and rear. Over the course of the morning and into the afternoon, one of its companies was probed, while
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As the Australians began to prepare for the next stage of the offensive, important intelligence confirmed that the Japanese were planning a large-scale counterattack in the area. Believing that the Australian forces in the area surrounding the knoll were limited to just 400 men and observing that the
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from the 25th Infantry Battalion crossed the Puriata River southward—at the point where the Buin Road crossed—on a north-facing bend, later known as Galvin's Crossing. The following day the Japanese were forced off a small knoll close to the river and the road, about 1 km (0.62 mi) south of
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In the days immediately after the battle, the Australians continued to carry out patrolling operations around the knoll. On 7 April, a patrol from the 9th Infantry Battalion clashed with a Japanese force of about 30 men and in the ensuing engagement four Japanese were killed, while a patrol from the
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Meanwhile, the Japanese 23rd Infantry Regiment, which had advanced on the right flank from Barara attempted to move on Slater's Knoll from the north. Finding its way blocked by wire obstacles and lacking the equipment necessary to remove them, it was forced to halt its advance and cover the flank of
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Communications between the brigade and battalion headquarters and the forward company positions broke down at this stage and runners had to be dispatched to pass a message asking for artillery support. Meanwhile, the supply situation for the Australians also became desperate as they had consumed all
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would give the Australians control of the east–west thoroughfares and protection against further counterattacks, while also opening the way for a drive to the east coast; and the main campaign would take place in the south, where the bulk of the Japanese forces were concentrated. Consequently, on 21
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At 05:00 on 5 April, the Japanese launched an attack from the north. This was followed almost simultaneously by a stronger attack from the south-west. For the next 80 minutes, 900–1,100 Japanese from the 13th and 23rd Infantry Regiments attacked the small Australian force in waves. They overwhelmed
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The next morning, 1 April, the Australians extended across the Kero Creek and advanced north to the Puriata where they established a perimeter 1,000 yd (910 m) south of Slater's Knoll. Around 12:00, the Japanese 6th Field Artillery Regiment, whose gunners had been converted to the role of
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from the headquarters company and moved out again, once again using bulldozers to improve the ground in front of them. Just as they did, the Japanese launched an attack on one of the isolated companies. When they were 400 yd (370 m) from the forward positions, the infantry deployed to the
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Another probe was made early on the morning of 28 March on the positions of the Australian 5th Field Battery, whose eight guns were located east of Toko, on the west bank of the Puriata River from where they could provide defensive fires in support of the 25th Infantry Battalion's main positions on
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The day after the final Japanese assault on the knoll, 292 dead Japanese were counted around 'B' Company's perimeter. In total, over the course of the battle, the Australians counted 620 Japanese killed, and estimated that another 1,000 had probably been wounded. Information obtained from captured
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As the forward companies began to move back towards the main defensive position, jeeps were sent up to collect the wounded while McKinna led a force of two platoons and two tanks out to the perimeter at the Hatai junction. There they were able to reclaim the mortars that had earlier been abandoned
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to take "swift and vigorous action" to destroy Japanese forces in southern Bougainville. The division's immediate task was to advance south to the Puriata, and send patrols across it. Savige considered that the Japanese division was "weak and off balance" due to casualties and disease as well as a
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to carry out the wounded had also been quite effective. While the Japanese soldiers and officers on the ground fought bravely, continuing the assault even when it was clear it had failed, ultimately the battle proved to be a decisive Australian victory; however, James notes that poor planning and
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that the Australians had set around their perimeter to provide early warning was set off and one of the sentries opened fire upon what he believed to be a Japanese probe. A short time later, a small section of Japanese stumbled into one of the forward positions and fire was exchanged. Later, as a
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of "Slater's Knoll" was awarded to the 25th Infantry Battalion and the 2/4th Armoured Regiment. Neither the 9th or 61st Infantry Battalions were similarly credited, although according to Gordon Maitland there seems to be no explanation as to why. For his actions during the attack on the Japanese
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The Japanese launched a number of attacks on the Australians between 15 and 17 March. Under fire from three sides and in danger of being enveloped, on 19 March the Australians launched an attack of their own along the Buin Road, and although they had some success in clearing the forward Japanese
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the knoll during March, there were no further Australian casualties. The 25th Infantry Battalion, which had established its headquarters and main defensive position around the knoll, in front of the Puriata River, sent out patrols every day, and on 9 March, one of these reported having killed 10
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According to Karl James, no detailed orders were produced for the attack and deliberate planning was hastily completed with little or no co-ordination between the attacking infantry regiments. In addition, to increase the size of the infantry force, troops from the field artillery regiment were
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There were tactical deficiencies as well, particularly the predictability of cutting Australian signals lines just before an attack and bunching together in tight groups during an assault, allowing the Australians to take full toll with their machine guns. The Australian commander of the 25th
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unreliable communications had also contributed to the result. Long goes on to argue that if the Japanese commander had been more flexible in his tactics, the result might have been different. The Australian right flank had been vulnerable, but Akinaga did not exploit this opportunity.
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The result of the battle had a profound effect on the Japanese commanders. According to James, Kanda had been "so certain of victory......had not developed any plans for...subsequent activities". After the battle, the Japanese forces in the area pulled back to the
999:, outflanking the Tuju, Tavera, Adele and Hupai Rivers, in what became dubbed the "Battle of the Swamps" by the Australians. The fighting during this time resulted in 240 Japanese killed, and 148 Australian casualties. Monaghan was also relieved of his command.
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coast and had cleared towards Matsunkei. On 2 February, the battalion carried out another landing at Toko, and advanced northeast from there towards Batara, and then along the west bank of the Puriata, towards the Buin Road. Meanwhile, further to the east, the
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This was the first time tanks had been used in the campaign and the going was slow. By 19:00 on 30 March they reached the 'B' Echelon position. Early on 31 March the tanks moved up to the battalion headquarters on Slater's Knoll where they were escorted by a
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anti-tank weapons. A two-hour fire-fight and a bayonet charge followed. This attack was ultimately beaten back by the defenders with the loss of eight Australians killed and 14 wounded. A second attack was launched on 22 March. Supported by heavy artillery,
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of their rations and had run out of water. The water situation was solved by digging a well within the perimeter, but it became clear that reinforcements were required. The Australian divisional commander, Bridgeford, subsequently placed a squadron of
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would approach by stealth, set up and fire on the Australian positions, then retire to their own lines, 250 yd (230 m) away. As the advance was halted, the Australians began to expect a major attack in the area of the knoll.
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The main attack was planned for 1 April, but as the various Japanese units moved into position, a number of minor probes were made by elements of the Japanese 6th Engineer Regiment in the Australian rear areas and along their
931:—600 and 700-strong respectively—as well as the 6th Field Artillery Regiment, the 6th Engineer Regiment, the 6th Transport Regiment and the 4th Field Heavy Artillery Regiment, Akinaga's division consisted of 3,300 men.
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in early May. The fighting on Bougainville continued throughout April as the Japanese resisted the Australian advance, and continued until July when the fighting petered out due to heavy rain and flooding.
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Operationally, the battle proved to the Australian high command how effective armour could be when used in close co-operation with infantry and in protecting the lines of communication. The use of
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positions, they then encountered a system of pillboxes and trenches around the Hatai Road junction. The 25th Infantry Battalion's commander, McKinna, ordered the two platoons led by Lieutenant
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was moved by truck from Torokina to the Jaba River and then moved by barge along the Empress Augusta Bay coast, landing at Mawaraka from where they advanced towards Mosigetta, and the
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Allied intelligence reports and estimates on this matter varied greatly and indeed after the war it was found that there had been more than 40,000 Japanese on the island at the time.
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That evening, around 23:00, the 9th Infantry Battalion's rear echelon at Barara, along the Toko–Mosigetta–Buin Road, came under attack. Under the command of the battalion
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As a result, the Australian campaign on the island developed into three separate drives: in the north, it was planned that Japanese forces would be forced into the narrow
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shortly afterwards. Overall, 620 Japanese were killed in the battle with another 1,000 estimated to have been wounded, while the Australians suffered 189 casualties.
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that the attack was about to commence, runners were sent and the men defending Slater's Knoll, now consisting of a force of only 129 men from 'B' Company, stood-to.
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61st Infantry Battalion on 8 April killed another five. On 13 April, the order was given that the 7th Brigade would be gradually withdrawn and relieved by the
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869:, including artillery and other supporting elements, launched a counterattack against the main Australian offensive which had been pushing south towards
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also conducted a landing on the coast, on the 25th Battalion's left flank, to the north of Toko, and advanced to Makaku and then towards Mosigetta.
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Men from the 61st Infantry Battalion patrol along the Mosigetta River on Bougainville in March 1945 in the lead up to the Battle of Slater's Knoll.
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had opened the campaign in the south in mid-December, crossing the Jaba River, before conducting a series of landings by barge along the coast of
2530:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 1—Army. Volume VII (1st ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial.
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left and right of the tanks and they began their advance to contact, arriving just in time to help defeat the Japanese attack.
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team was sent out to disarm the remaining booby traps, this team was fired upon and sporadic fighting continued until midday.
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Operations of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in the Papua New Guinea Theater During World War II
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also proceeded towards there, setting off from the junction of the Jaba and Pagana Rivers while the
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History of the 61st Australian Infantry Battalion (AIF): Queensland Cameron Highlanders 1938–1945
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tanks of the Australian 2/4th Armoured Regiment advancing towards Slater's Knoll on 30 March 1945
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Australians had not had time to reorganise, the Japanese XVII Army commander—Lieutenant General
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Japanese soldiers without loss to itself. The Japanese also began making dawn attacks, in which
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Japanese killed during the final assault on Slater's Knoll are buried the day after the battle
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and machine guns, it proved successful, largely after the individual efforts of Corporal
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terrain or to pull the tanks along when they were unable to move under their own power.
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The view forward from Australian positions on Slater's Knoll, Bougainville, 5 April 1945
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resumed the advance along the Buin Road on 17 April, subsequently taking part in the
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At the beginning of 1945, the south-eastern part of Bougainville was occupied by the
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The Japanese called the knoll "Goshu-dai", which translates as "Australian Heights".
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1324:. Initially, his battalion commander, McKinna, had nominated him for the lesser
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Against Japanese tactics that included massed attacks, the Australians utilised
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Also attached to the Australian corps were two field artillery regiments, the
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to attack the pillboxes, supported by a section of machine guns, and several
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The Australian estimate of this force was between 2,400 and 2,700 men.
2624:. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications.
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Location of the Battle of Slater's Knoll in south west Bougainville.
2424:
Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles
2366:"AWM52 8/3/63/23: 25th Infantry Battalion: March, May – June 1945"
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865:, the battle occurred as a force of about 3,300 Japanese from the
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Battles and operations of World War II involving Papua New Guinea
2445:(3rd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press.
2386:"AWM52 8/3/96/21: 61st Infantry Battalion: February – March 1945"
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The Hard Slog: Australians in the Bougainville Campaign, 1944–45
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AWM52 8/3/63/23: 25th Infantry Battalion: March, May – June 1945
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893:
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AWM52 8/3/96/21: 61st Infantry Battalion: February – March 1945
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January, Savige directed the 3rd Division under Major General
2346:"AWM52 8/3/46/25: 9th Infantry Battalion: March – April 1945"
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provided flank security further to the east. Elements of the
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The Second World War and its Australian Army Battle Honours
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AWM52 8/3/46/25: 9th Infantry Battalion: March – April 1945
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2464:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press.
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The Blue Diamonds: The History of 7th Brigade, 1915–2008
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replaced the 25th in occupation of the knoll, while the
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The Japanese name for this location was "Bara Bara".
2568:. East Roseville, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press.
2426:. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
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2607:. Tokyo: Japan Papua New Guinea Goodwill Society.
845:(28 March – 6 April 1945) was fought between
1426:The Japanese name for the Buin Road was "A Road".
1320:pillboxes on 22 March, Rattey later received the
1117:. Barbed wire was laid out, and booby traps set.
2544:"London Gazette (Supplement) no. 37194, p. 3857"
2508:. Melbourne, Victoria: Grayflower Publications.
2409:. Puckapunyal, Victoria: Department of Defence.
1134:Some key locations in the Bougainville campaign.
1097:, who single-handedly silenced several bunkers.
2129:
2117:
1361:when Kanda was promoted to take over XVII Army.
1018:In late January, a company from the Australian
25:
1417:The Japanese name for this river was "Priaka".
881:being the most heavily engaged, although the
449:
285:
8:
2144:
1885:
1849:
2665:Battles of World War II involving Australia
1167:, the "prelude to a full-scale offensive".
946:, who had been transferred to fight in the
2680:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
1404:, and a squadron of Matilda II tanks from
1147:the knoll. Shortly before dawn one of the
467:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
456:
442:
434:
292:
278:
270:
22:
2586:. Australian War Memorial. Archived from
2300:
2288:
2276:
1897:
1837:
1605:
1590:
1353:Akinaga, formerly chief of staff of the
2660:Battles of World War II involving Japan
1457:
1346:
1233:Lull in the battle and secondary attack
16:1945 battle between Australia and Japan
2051:
1957:
1926:
1741:
1629:
1505:
1488:
2675:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
2486:. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2405:Belham, David; Denham, Peter (2009).
2327:
2264:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2156:
2090:
1938:
1799:
1787:
1753:
1653:
7:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2168:
2105:
2078:
2063:
2039:
2018:
2006:
1991:
1976:
1914:
1873:
1861:
1814:
1770:
1718:
1665:
1641:
1617:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1476:
1190:under Major Kenneth Arnott from the
2484:The Australian Army in World War II
1066:Although the Japanese sporadically
977:and contained; in the centre, the
370:Hellzapoppin Ridge & Hill 600A
14:
2685:Autonomous Region of Bougainville
1398:1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion
1305:fighting along the Hongorai River
1045:1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion
987:shortage of supplies. Brigadier
889:also took part in the fighting.
743:Philippines campaign (1944–1945)
480:Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
203:
192:
180:
169:
148:
135:
48:
2443:A Military History of Australia
2422:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998).
1:
1309:57th/60th Infantry Battalion
1297:58th/59th Infantry Battalion
66:28 March – 6 April 1945
1326:Distinguished Conduct Medal
1111:Vickers medium machine guns
934:The previous November, the
2711:
2506:South West Pacific 1941–45
2145:Belham & Denham (2009)
1886:Belham & Denham (2009)
1850:Belham & Denham (2009)
1295:. Shortly afterwards, the
1022:—under Lieutenant Colonel
504:Dutch East Indies campaign
2564:Maitland, Gordon (1999).
2392:. Australian War Memorial
2372:. Australian War Memorial
2352:. Australian War Memorial
956:Australian Imperial Force
938:under Lieutenant General
475:
311:
251:
232:
215:
162:
128:
58:
47:
30:
2655:1945 in Papua New Guinea
2603:Tanaka, Kengoro (1980).
843:Battle of Slater's Knoll
721:Neutralisation of Rabaul
587:Solomon Islands campaign
26:Battle of Slater's Knoll
1465:Australian War Memorial
1406:2/4th Armoured Regiment
1402:2/8th Commando Squadron
1301:24th Infantry Battalion
1192:2/4th Armoured Regiment
1115:Bren light machine guns
1041:2/8th Commando Squadron
1037:61st Infantry Battalion
1020:25th Infantry Battalion
929:23rd Infantry Regiments
916:, under the command of
887:61st Infantry Battalion
879:25th Infantry Battalion
2441:Grey, Jeffrey (2008).
2130:Coulthard-Clark (1998)
2118:Coulthard-Clark (1998)
1267:
1225:
1182:
1141:line of communications
1135:
1055:
1033:9th Infantry Battalion
979:seizure of Pearl Ridge
883:9th Infantry Battalion
257:189 killed and wounded
163:Commanders and leaders
1396:, a company from the
1265:
1223:
1177:
1133:
1073:light machine gunners
1053:
1002:In late January, the
914:Japanese 6th Division
867:Japanese 6th Division
863:Bougainville campaign
303:Bougainville campaign
252:Casualties and losses
101:6.62000°S 155.31000°E
33:Bougainville Campaign
2620:Watt, James (2001).
2460:James, Karl (2012).
1280:machine gun carriers
699:New Britain campaign
2527:The Final Campaigns
2291:, pp. 122–123.
2219:, pp. 211–212.
2195:, pp. 210–219.
2171:, pp. 163–164.
2081:, pp. 226–229.
2066:, pp. 162–163.
2054:, pp. 284–285.
2021:, pp. 161–162.
1941:, pp. 193–195.
1888:, pp. 134–135.
1864:, pp. 154–155.
1656:, pp. 158–167.
1394:4th Field Regiments
1315:After the war, the
1212:First major assault
997:Empress Augusta Bay
936:Australian II Corps
855:Bougainville Island
706:Operation Cartwheel
616:New Guinea campaign
335:Empress Augusta Bay
106:-6.62000; 155.31000
97: /
1268:
1226:
1183:
1136:
1056:
1006:, under Brigadier
984:William Bridgeford
918:Lieutenant General
643:Nassau Bay Landing
120:Australian victory
2695:April 1945 events
2690:March 1945 events
2650:Conflicts in 1945
2493:978-1-84603-123-6
2471:978-1-107-01732-0
2452:978-0-521-69791-0
1608:, pp. 30–31.
1157:second-in-command
923:. Made up of the
836:
835:
736:Wide Bay–Open Bay
658:Admiralty Islands
431:
430:
418:Porton Plantation
384:2nd Cape Torokina
340:Koromokina Lagoon
330:1st Cape Torokina
316:Japanese Invasion
268:
267:
124:
123:
2702:
2635:
2616:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2590:on 29 April 2010
2584:"Slater's Knoll"
2579:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2539:
2517:
2497:
2475:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2390:Unit war diaries
2381:
2379:
2377:
2370:Unit war diaries
2361:
2359:
2357:
2350:Unit war diaries
2331:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1961:
1955:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1722:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1509:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1351:
989:Raymond Monaghan
958:troops from the
859:Second World War
604:Treasury Islands
470:
468:
458:
451:
444:
435:
306:
304:
294:
287:
280:
271:
208:
207:
197:
196:
185:
184:
174:
173:
158:
154:
152:
151:
140:
139:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
60:
59:
52:
23:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2619:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2542:
2520:
2500:
2494:
2478:
2472:
2459:
2453:
2440:
2434:
2421:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:, p. 3857.
2311:
2307:
2301:Maitland (1999)
2299:
2295:
2289:Maitland (1999)
2287:
2283:
2277:Maitland (1999)
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1964:
1956:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1904:
1898:Johnston (2007)
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1838:Maitland (1999)
1836:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1777:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1725:
1717:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1606:Johnston (2007)
1604:
1597:
1591:Maitland (1999)
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1512:
1504:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1257:prisoner of war
1252:
1235:
1214:
1128:
1123:
1016:
975:Bonis Peninsula
921:Tsutomu Akinaga
910:
839:
838:
837:
832:
787:Borneo campaign
716:Cape Gloucester
471:
466:
464:
462:
432:
427:
360:Cape St. George
307:
302:
300:
298:
263:
261:
210:Tsutomu Akinaga
202:
201:
191:
179:
178:
168:
149:
147:
146:
134:
105:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
82:
53:
37:Pacific Theater
17:
12:
11:
5:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2617:
2600:
2580:
2574:
2561:
2549:London Gazette
2540:
2518:
2502:Keogh, Eustace
2498:
2492:
2480:Johnston, Mark
2476:
2470:
2457:
2451:
2438:
2432:
2419:
2402:
2382:
2362:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:, p. 212.
2320:
2314:London Gazette
2305:
2303:, p. 145.
2293:
2281:
2279:, p. 122.
2269:
2267:, p. 419.
2257:
2255:, p. 231.
2245:
2243:, p. 166.
2233:
2231:, p. 165.
2221:
2209:
2207:, p. 210.
2197:
2185:
2183:, p. 218.
2173:
2161:
2159:, p. 208.
2149:
2147:, p. 140.
2134:
2132:, p. 251.
2122:
2120:, p. 250.
2110:
2108:, p. 163.
2095:
2093:, p. 211.
2083:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2042:, p. 162.
2023:
2011:
2009:, p. 161.
1996:
1994:, p. 160.
1981:
1979:, p. 159.
1962:
1960:, p. 285.
1943:
1931:
1929:, p. 281.
1919:
1917:, p. 158.
1902:
1890:
1878:
1876:, p. 155.
1866:
1854:
1852:, p. 134.
1842:
1840:, p. 121.
1819:
1817:, p. 154.
1804:
1802:, p. 193.
1792:
1790:, p. 191.
1775:
1773:, p. 153.
1758:
1756:, Map, p. 173.
1746:
1744:, p. 284.
1723:
1721:, p. 144.
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1668:, p. 142.
1658:
1646:
1644:, p. 141.
1634:
1632:, p. 282.
1622:
1620:, p. 113.
1610:
1595:
1593:, p. 108.
1583:
1571:
1559:
1557:, p. 191.
1547:
1545:, p. 102.
1535:
1533:, p. 164.
1510:
1508:, p. 283.
1493:
1491:, p. 286.
1481:
1479:, p. 211.
1469:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1359:Masatane Kanda
1345:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:in July 1945.
1330:London Gazette
1322:Victoria Cross
1273:Hongorai River
1251:
1248:
1234:
1231:
1213:
1210:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1103:Masatane Kanda
1082:Dick Jefferies
1058:On 4 March, a
1015:
1012:
940:Stanley Savige
909:
906:
861:. Part of the
834:
833:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
798:
790:
789:
783:
782:
777:
772:
770:2nd Corregidor
767:
762:
757:
752:
746:
745:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
702:
701:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
672:
665:
660:
655:
653:Huon Peninsula
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
619:
618:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
590:
589:
583:
582:
581:
580:
578:2nd Balikpapan
575:
570:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
524:
523:
521:1st Balikpapan
518:
507:
506:
500:
499:
497:1st Corregidor
494:
489:
483:
482:
476:
473:
472:
463:
461:
460:
453:
446:
438:
429:
428:
426:
425:
420:
415:
413:Hongorai River
410:
408:Slater's Knoll
405:
399:
398:
396:
392:
391:
386:
380:
379:
377:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
326:
325:
323:
319:
318:
312:
309:
308:
299:
297:
296:
289:
282:
274:
266:
265:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
242:
235:
234:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
216:Units involved
213:
212:
199:Masatane Kanda
189:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:Imperial Japan
144:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
45:
44:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2707:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2633:
2631:1-876439-31-9
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2575:0-86417-975-8
2571:
2567:
2562:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2433:1-86448-611-2
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:Tanaka (1980)
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:Tanaka (1980)
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:Tanaka (1980)
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:, p. 31.
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1742:Tanaka (1980)
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:Tanaka (1980)
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:, p. 99.
1580:
1575:
1572:
1569:, p. 92.
1568:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:Tanaka (1980)
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:Tanaka (1980)
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:battle honour
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:Matilda tanks
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1132:
1126:Probing raids
1125:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
971:
969:
968:23rd Brigades
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
919:
915:
907:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
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856:
852:
848:
844:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:
799:
797:
796:
792:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Lingayen Gulf
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
744:
741:
740:
737:
734:
732:
731:Jacquinot Bay
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
700:
697:
696:
693:
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673:
671:
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666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
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639:
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634:
631:
629:
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621:
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614:
613:
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584:
579:
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574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Badung Strait
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
502:
501:
498:
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493:
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488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
477:
474:
469:
459:
454:
452:
447:
445:
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439:
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424:
421:
419:
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406:
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397:
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387:
385:
382:
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378:
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374:
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368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:Coconut Grove
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
320:
317:
314:
313:
310:
305:
295:
290:
288:
283:
281:
276:
275:
272:
262:1,000 wounded
259:
256:
255:
250:
247:
243:
241:
237:
236:
231:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
214:
211:
206:
200:
195:
190:
188:
183:
177:
172:
167:
166:
161:
157:
145:
143:
138:
133:
132:
127:
119:
116:
115:
110:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2621:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:the original
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2547:
2526:
2505:
2483:
2461:
2442:
2423:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2389:
2374:. Retrieved
2369:
2354:. Retrieved
2349:
2328:James (2012)
2323:
2316:24 July 1945
2313:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2265:Keogh (1965)
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2217:James (2012)
2212:
2205:James (2012)
2200:
2193:James (2012)
2188:
2181:James (2012)
2176:
2164:
2157:James (2012)
2152:
2125:
2113:
2091:James (2012)
2086:
2059:
2047:
2014:
1939:James (2012)
1934:
1922:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1800:James (2012)
1795:
1788:James (2012)
1754:James (2012)
1749:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1654:James (2012)
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1349:
1329:
1314:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1184:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1137:
1107:
1099:
1078:
1065:
1057:
1024:John McKinna
1017:
1001:
993:29th Brigade
972:
960:3rd Division
933:
911:
902:15th Brigade
891:
842:
840:
813:North Borneo
801:
794:
675:
668:
663:Aitape-Wewak
648:Salamaua-Lae
638:Bismarck Sea
628:Kokoda Track
609:Bougainville
573:North Borneo
407:
403:Tsimba Ridge
227:6th Division
187:John McKinna
129:Belligerents
76:Bougainville
41:World War II
31:Part of the
18:
2594:11 November
2522:Long, Gavin
2253:Watt (2001)
2241:Long (1963)
2229:Long (1963)
2169:Long (1963)
2106:Long (1963)
2079:Watt (2001)
2064:Long (1963)
2040:Long (1963)
2019:Long (1963)
2007:Long (1963)
1992:Long (1963)
1977:Long (1963)
1915:Long (1963)
1874:Long (1963)
1862:Long (1963)
1815:Long (1963)
1771:Long (1963)
1719:Long (1963)
1666:Long (1963)
1642:Long (1963)
1618:Long (1963)
1567:Long (1963)
1555:Grey (2008)
1543:Long (1963)
1531:Long (1963)
1477:Watt (2001)
1149:booby traps
1028:Solomon Sea
1004:7th Brigade
948:Philippines
877:, with the
875:7th Brigade
857:during the
676:Persecution
599:New Georgia
594:Guadalcanal
568:2nd Tarakan
516:1st Tarakan
389:Pearl Ridge
365:Koiari Raid
222:7th Brigade
104: /
92:155°18′36″E
2644:Categories
2338:References
1179:Matilda II
1165:Gavin Long
1095:Reg Rattey
1008:John Field
908:Background
853:forces on
847:Australian
828:Balikpapan
755:Leyte Gulf
563:2nd Borneo
511:1st Borneo
492:1st Bataan
355:Piva Forks
345:Piva Trail
264:4 captured
260:620 killed
176:John Field
89:06°37′12″S
80:New Guinea
2415:525034269
1579:Long 1963
1452:Citations
1355:XVII Army
1341:Footnotes
1250:Aftermath
944:XIV Corps
898:artillery
669:Recklesss
633:Buna–Gona
623:Coral Sea
487:Lamon Bay
142:Australia
2524:(1963).
2504:(1965).
2482:(2007).
2396:24 April
2376:24 April
2356:24 April
962:and the
885:and the
851:Japanese
823:Beaufort
780:Mindanao
687:Noemfoor
553:Java Sea
246:division
233:Strength
71:Location
2613:9206229
2555:30 June
2536:1297619
2514:7185705
1201:platoon
1091:mortars
1068:shelled
1060:company
1014:Prelude
952:Militia
808:Tarakan
775:Visayas
726:Talasea
692:Morotai
538:Sumatra
240:brigade
35:of the
2628:
2611:
2572:
2534:
2512:
2490:
2468:
2449:
2430:
2413:
1400:, the
1121:Battle
894:armour
818:Labuan
528:Manado
423:Ratsua
153:
117:Result
1336:Notes
802:Semut
765:Luzon
750:Leyte
711:Arawe
548:Timor
533:Ambon
2626:ISBN
2609:OCLC
2596:2009
2570:ISBN
2557:2015
2532:OCLC
2510:OCLC
2488:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2411:OCLC
2398:2016
2378:2016
2358:2016
1392:and
1293:15th
1113:and
1086:PIAT
966:and
964:11th
954:and
927:and
925:13th
896:and
871:Buin
849:and
841:The
795:Agas
682:Biak
558:Java
395:1945
376:1944
322:1943
63:Date
1390:2nd
991:'s
2646::
2546:.
2388:.
2368:.
2348:.
2137:^
2098:^
2071:^
2026:^
1999:^
1984:^
1965:^
1946:^
1905:^
1822:^
1807:^
1778:^
1761:^
1726:^
1709:^
1598:^
1513:^
1496:^
244:1
238:1
78:,
2634:.
2615:.
2598:.
2578:.
2559:.
2538:.
2516:.
2496:.
2474:.
2455:.
2436:.
2417:.
2400:.
2380:.
2360:.
1704:.
1692:.
1680:.
1467:.
1408:.
457:e
450:t
443:v
293:e
286:t
279:v
43:)
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
