173:
162:
150:
139:
106:
194:
183:
118:
1170:
Ambleve. Hacquin however quickly marched even further east for a crossing at
Nonceveux, from which he was able to get around Latour's extreme left, capture the heights on the opposite bank of the Ambleve and march towards Louveigne to threaten Latour's rear. While this was happening, Bonnet had crossed at Esneux, and with Latour fully occupied on the Ambleve, this was the final straw. Threatened from multiple directions, in danger of encirclement and with no reserves left to counterattack, Latour ordered a withdrawal towards Clerfayt's main body.
1131:
39:
1101:
971:
890:
years. The Allied
Coalition army of Austrians, British and Dutch troops aimed to use it as an invasion route to Paris, while the French armies defending that sector aimed to push them back and capture a natural defensive boundary that would protect France in the north while forcing the Allies to make peace.
1066:
Scherer refused to carry them out, instead permitting the garrison to surrender with full honours if they did so quickly, aware that the garrisons were aware no relief was coming and resistance was futile. The quick surrender of
Landrecies on 16 July after 3 days of siege seemed to vindicate his approach.
1113:
and secure the eastern bank of the river Meuse. However, with
Clerfayt disposed along that bank from Maastricht to Sprimont on the Ourthe river, it would be very difficult to cross such a wide river with an army, especially in the face of strong resistance, since Liège was in the centre of Clerfayt's
994:
On 1 July, Jourdan commenced his offensive by capturing Mons with his left wing, driving away the Dutch defending the city. This had been the main objective of the attacks on the Sambre throughout the spring of 1794, and its capture cut the direct line of communication between the interior fortresses
961:
This
Austrian strategic decision created serious division in the Allied ranks, as the Austrian, Dutch and British forces had very different strategic priorities and lines of retreat from the start. While the Austrian priority was to ultimately defend the Rhine and Germany in the east, the British and
957:
by
Jourdan, who commanded the French forces on the Sambre. After an intense spring full of fighting, Fleurus was the last straw for the morale of the Austrian high command. Already shaky in their resolve to defend Flanders, Austrian diplomats decided to abandon the Low Countries after the battle, and
889:
Flanders, then owned by
Austria, was a key theatre of the war due to its relatively open terrain and its proximity to the French northern border, which was the only sector where there was no strong natural defensive boundary to protect from invasion. By 1794, both sides had already fought over it for
1165:
Marceau crossed at
Halleux, and eventually overcame the resistance in his front after 2 hours of fighting. Mayer's division had an easy crossing at Aywaille and used the broken terrain in his sector, which gave the attacker cover against a defender's fire, to advance towards Sprimont in open order.
1037:
This attack split the Allied army into two operationally separate units for good. Pichegru's capture of
Malines on the 15th caused the Dutch army defending that sector to retreat north to defend their home together with the British troops under the Duke of York, while Coburg decided to pull his army
1161:
At 6 am on 18 September, Scherer launched his attack with an opening bombardment, followed by river crossings. Unlike past battles where river crossings were made by massed waves of men rushing across, Scherer's corps adopted a more methodical approach. Skirmishers crossed first to screen and
1065:
Scherer had spent July and August besieging and recapturing the interior fortresses held by the
Austrians. In a decree on 4 July, Scherer had been ordered to execute the garrisons of these fortresses if they did not surrender within 24 hours when summoned to do so. Uncomfortable with these orders,
1178:
Latour's retreat compromised Clerfayt's entire position on the Meuse as his left flank was now exposed and unprotected. As Jourdan had expected, this led Clerfayt to order a general retreat from the Meuse, permitting Jourdan to cross unopposed at Liege as planned. Leaving 15,000 men under General
1153:
However, Jourdan had actually amassed some 40,000 men, most of which comprised his entire Right Wing corps, against Latour, and he planned to launch four division-sized attacks across both the Ourthe and its subsidiary, the Ambleve river. The main attack was to be made by Generals Marceau's, Jean
885:
waged against the French Revolution, European monarchies such as Austria and Prussia, financed by Britain, attempted to invade France and restore the abolished French monarchy. Fighting raged on multiple fronts, from the Pyrenees to the Alps, the Rhine and Flanders (approximately modern Belgium).
1169:
Hacquin's crossing was more strongly contested. With the limited forces of men available to him, Latour was only able to launch one concentrated counterattack, and he had chosen Hacquin's crossing furthest east at Sougnee (modern Sougné) as its target. This quickly pushed Hacquin back across the
1117:
Jourdan saw the opportunity to accomplish his mission by turning the Allied left flank with his right wing, which was already across the Meuse. To maximise his chances of success, he ordered Kleber to launch a diversionary attack on Clerfayt's right and centre around Maastricht on 17 September.
983:
on 29 June by the Committee of Public Safety which then governed France, and placed under the full command of Jourdan. The Army was given the objective of defeating the Austrians where possible, and ultimately to secure the Meuse river, as the minister of war, Lazare Carnot, saw it as the ideal
1104:
Map showing the approximate positions of the French and Allied armies facing each other across the Meuse and Ourthe. After a diversionary attack on 17 Sep convinces Clerfayt that Jourdan will attack his right, he weakens his left flank to strengthen the other wing, with fateful consequences as
1022:
on the Meuse. Forcing it back to Ramillies and isolating Namur, Jourdan then besieged Namur while entering Brussels in triumph alongside Pichegru on the 10th. Fearing Jourdan would advance along the Meuse via Namur and Liege and cut off his retreat, Coburg pulled his centre and left wing back
1069:
The siege of Le Quesnoy did not go as quickly. Beginning on 17 July, the fortress only surrendered on 15 August, giving rise to criticism of Scherer's slowness. Valenciennes and Conde then fell in quick succession on the 20 and 30 August, completing Scherer's mission.
926:. On the Allied left flank, they were also pushed back after repeated attacks across the Sambre by the combined forces of the right wing of the Army of the North, the Army of the Ardennes, and later on the left wing of the Army of the Moselle as well, in the battles of
1058:
After reaching the Rhine, the Army of Sambre-and-Meuse remained on the defensive for most of August, awaiting the return of Scherer's siege corps to reinforce the army and give it enough strength to attack across the Meuse and drive the Austrians away from it.
974:
Map showing the retreat and various defensive positions taken by the different components of the Allied army after the battle of Fleurus, together with the dates in July that successive retreats were conducted. Coburg's Austrians are in dark
1338:
1179:
Duhesme to besiege Maastricht, now isolated by Clerfayt's retreat, Jourdan crossed the Meuse with the rest of the army in pursuit of Clerfayt, who had retreated completely out of Flanders and withdrawn to the Roer river in Germany.
1121:
Clerfayt was tricked by this attack into thinking the main threat lay in that direction, and pulled thousands of troops from his left wing to reinforce his right. The very next day, Jourdan attacked the now-weakened left wing.
1150:. Misestimating that the French forces in his front numbered less than 30,000 men, Latour wrote to Clerfayt that he remained "full of confidence in the excellence of my position" despite the evidence of French activity.
870:
187:
532:
906:
in their centre, they were in turn pushed back on their right flank by General Charles Pichegru's left wing of the Army of the North, which captured Menin, Courtrai and Ypres and fought the battles of
1344:
1134:
The battle of Sprimont, 18 September 1794. Latour's left wing of the Austrian army is outflanked and forced to retreat by superior numbers, compromising Clerfayt's entire Austrian line of the Rhine.
991:
to retake the interior fortresses of Landrecies, Le Quesnoy, Valenciennes and Conde, Allied footholds in France which were now isolated by the victory at Fleurus and the Allied withdrawal.
1062:
On the Austrian side, Coburg had resigned as field marshal on 9 August, due to his disagreement with how the war was being run by the leaders in Vienna. He was replaced by Count Clerfayt.
899:
542:
439:
257:
1428:
1034:, Jourdan attacked Coburg's line, capturing Louvain on 15 July and Jodoigne either on the 16th or 17th. Meanwhile, Namur, which had been under siege, surrendered on the 19th.
469:
1092:
On the eve of the Battle of Sprimont, Kleber's left corps had some 35,000 men, Jourdan had 50,000 men in the centre corps, and Scherer had some 30,000 men in the right corps.
525:
474:
464:
1453:
273:
1073:
With the interior of France purged of enemy presence, Scherer returned to Jourdan, where a celebratory festival was held in the army on 4 September to welcome them.
518:
198:
1158:(also spelled Bonet) would launch a subsidiary frontal attack on Latour's front at Esneux, and the four divisions were to encircle Latour from two directions.
1389:
1081:
After the battle of Fleurus, the army of Sambre-and-Meuse had been divided into three wings, which were termed corps d’armee, under the command of General
166:
962:
Dutch priority was to defend the Netherlands to the north. This ultimately led to the Austrian and Anglo-Dutch contingents going their separate ways.
250:
841:
346:
979:
After Fleurus, Jourdan's forces at Charleroi, most of which were still nominally under the command of Pichegru, were officially constituted as the
449:
1139:
987:
However, at the same time, Jourdan was ordered to detach between 30,000 to 40,000 of his approximately 140,000 strong field force under General
1438:
1433:
1458:
950:
873:. The battle was fought to outflank and force the Austrian army away from their defensive line on the Meuse river, and was a French victory.
988:
154:
1089:
on the left. Following Scherer's return, he took over command of the Left Wing from Marceau, who returned to command of his own division.
243:
416:
1018:). From 7–8 July, the right wing of the Army of Sambre-and-Meuse attacked Coburg's left wing, which was still anchored on the city of
828:
499:
755:
836:
1082:
1155:
685:
494:
479:
341:
331:
291:
636:
611:
406:
1183:
813:
779:
591:
586:
336:
1311:
1222:
Conquering the Natural Frontier: French Expansion to the Rhine River During the War of the First Coalition, 1792–1797
1443:
903:
882:
862:
808:
750:
680:
672:
631:
616:
576:
431:
306:
267:
30:
774:
1154:
Mayer's and Honore Hacquin's divisions on the Ambleve, which curved around Latour's flank, while the division of
915:
705:
690:
651:
411:
762:
1162:
secure the crossing points, before being followed by the main force deployed in disciplined marching columns.
1010:, which caused Coburg to abandon his plan to defend Brussels, and retreat further eastwards to Malines (modern
980:
954:
943:
923:
823:
745:
656:
641:
601:
561:
426:
401:
361:
596:
1367:
791:
1086:
767:
626:
391:
301:
211:
786:
646:
489:
484:
356:
931:
866:
735:
725:
581:
571:
371:
321:
316:
286:
143:
110:
995:
held by the Austrians, and their main base in Brussels. On 2 July, he advanced it further and captured
396:
927:
661:
566:
454:
85:
1293:
Revolutionary France's War of Conquest in the Rhineland: Conquering the Natural Frontier, 1792–1797
984:
defensible natural boundary on which to anchor France's northern frontier after a peace settlement
939:
935:
919:
740:
730:
715:
710:
621:
459:
421:
381:
376:
1006:
On 6–7 July, Jourdan's centre launched attacks along Coburg's entire line from Braine-le-Comte to
907:
818:
695:
556:
366:
351:
326:
296:
1030:
Together with 18,000 men from Pichegru, the rest of whose Army of the North was away besieging
1448:
911:
720:
700:
193:
123:
798:
606:
386:
1000:
311:
1130:
1422:
902:
had not gone well for the Allies. Despite initial successes in capturing the fort of
1109:
Jourdan had been ordered by the Committee of Public Safety on 22 August to cross at
235:
865:
between a corps of the French revolutionary Army of Sambre-and-Meuse under General
38:
444:
1100:
1042:
970:
1404:
1391:
1307:
1224:. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library.
958:
began to plan for a retreat to the Meuse to exit the theatre to the east.
1143:
1142:. Now left with only about 25,000 men, Latour occupied positions between
1110:
1011:
1007:
996:
68:
64:
1147:
1024:
1015:
172:
161:
149:
138:
105:
1265:
Les opérations militaires sur la Sambre en 1794: Bataille de Fleurus
510:
1371:
1129:
1099:
1031:
1019:
969:
1045:
on 24 July, and occupied a defensive line along the east bank.
514:
239:
871:
François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt
1085:
on the right, Jourdan in person in the centre, and General
1267:(in French). Paris: R. Chapelot & Cie. pp. 316–9.
1038:
east towards the Meuse to defend the Rhine and Germany.
1368:"Centre liégeois d'Histoire et d'Archéologie militaire"
949:
On 26 June, the Allied army, then under the command of
1182:
Jourdan would storm Clerfayt's Roer defences at the
1077:
The corps structure of the Army of Sambre-and-Meuse
869:, and the left wing of an Austrian army under the
1306:KBR: The Royal Library of Belgium (1770–1778).
23:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
999:, forcing Prince Coburg's right wing back to
526:
251:
8:
16:1794 battle of the French Revolutionary Wars
1429:French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
533:
519:
511:
258:
244:
236:
20:
1343:(in French). Falk fils ed. Archived from
1454:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
1295:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1250:British Campaigns in Flanders 1690–1794
1195:
1140:Theodor Franz, Count Baillet von Latour
861:(18 Sep 1794), was a battle during the
1138:Clerfayt's left wing was commanded by
951:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
7:
965:
14:
1105:Jourdan attacks it the next day..
1314:from the original on 30 May 2019
953:, was defeated in the climactic
192:
181:
171:
160:
148:
137:
116:
104:
37:
155:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
84:France completes annexation of
1023:further, to Tirlemont (modern
1:
1439:1794 in the Holy Roman Empire
1434:1794 in the Habsburg monarchy
966:Coburg's retreat to the Meuse
495:Italian campaign of 1796-1797
1041:Coburg crossed the Meuse at
1370:(in French). Archived from
1291:Hayworth, Jordan R (2019).
1252:. London: Macmillan and Co.
1248:Fortescue, Sir J W (1918).
1220:Hayworth, Jordan R (2015).
1156:Jean Pierre Francois Bonnet
1475:
883:War of the First Coalition
863:War of the First Coalition
269:War of the First Coalition
31:War of the First Coalition
1459:History of Liège Province
1310:. p. #193: Sougnee.
552:
475:Rhine campaign of 1793–94
282:
221:
204:
129:
97:
47:
36:
28:
1083:Francois Severin Marceau
981:Army of Sambre-and-Meuse
1340:La Bataille de Sprimont
1263:Dupuis, Victor (1907).
212:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
199:Count Baillet de Latour
43:Monument to the battle.
1135:
1106:
1053:
1014:) and Louvain (modern
976:
900:1794 Flanders campaign
490:Rhine campaign of 1796
485:Rhine campaign of 1795
450:Mediterranean campaign
130:Commanders and leaders
1337:Thiry, Louis (1936).
1133:
1103:
973:
867:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
677:Battle of Vaux (1794)
144:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
1405:50.49111°N 5.70500°E
1347:on 20 September 2019
1184:Battle of Aldenhoven
1095:
1087:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
859:Battle of the Ourthe
86:Austrian Netherlands
1401: /
686:Villers-en-Cauchies
470:East Indies Theatre
460:War of the Pyrenees
1308:"The Ferraris Map"
1136:
1107:
989:Barthelemy Schérer
977:
855:Battle of Sprimont
669:Marchiennes (1793)
24:Battle of Sprimont
1444:Conflicts in 1794
1410:50.49111; 5.70500
1049:Prelude to battle
955:Battle of Fleurus
894:The 1794 campaign
850:
849:
544:Flanders campaign
508:
507:
500:Anglo-Spanish War
480:Atlantic campaign
465:Italian campaigns
455:War in the Vendée
440:Flanders campaign
234:
233:
188:Count of Clerfayt
124:Habsburg Monarchy
93:
92:
55:18 September 1794
1466:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:on 11 March 2012
1356:
1354:
1352:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1054:Scherer's return
795:
783:
775:2nd Valenciennes
771:
759:
612:1st Valenciennes
547:
545:
535:
528:
521:
512:
277:
270:
260:
253:
246:
237:
197:
196:
186:
185:
184:
176:
175:
167:François Marceau
165:
164:
153:
152:
142:
141:
122:
120:
119:
109:
108:
49:
48:
41:
21:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1350:
1348:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1197:
1192:
1176:
1128:
1098:
1079:
1056:
1051:
1001:Braine-le-Comte
968:
896:
879:
851:
846:
789:
777:
765:
753:
548:
543:
541:
539:
509:
504:
436:
278:
268:
266:
264:
191:
190:
182:
180:
170:
169:
159:
157:
147:
146:
136:
117:
115:
111:French Republic
103:
80:French victory
71:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
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1441:
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1361:External links
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1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:on 2 October.
1175:
1172:
1127:
1124:
1097:
1096:Jourdan's ruse
1094:
1078:
1075:
1055:
1052:
1050:
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964:
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892:
878:
875:
848:
847:
845:
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826:
821:
816:
814:2nd Aldenhoven
811:
809:2nd Maastricht
806:
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796:
784:
772:
763:2nd Le Quesnoy
760:
751:2nd Landrecies
748:
743:
738:
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728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
681:1st Landrecies
678:
675:
670:
667:
666:Cysoing (1793)
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
642:Avesnes-le-Sec
639:
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632:1st Le Quesnoy
629:
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619:
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609:
604:
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589:
587:1st Aldenhoven
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577:1st Maastricht
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1417:
1414:
1373:
1369:
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1335:
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1196:
1189:
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1125:
1123:
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1115:
1112:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
985:
982:
972:
963:
959:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
893:
891:
887:
884:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
843:
840:
838:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
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815:
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742:
739:
737:
734:
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1376:. Retrieved
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1349:. Retrieved
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1331:Bibliography
1316:. Retrieved
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706:2nd Courtrai
652:1st Courtrai
392:Newfoundland
357:Altenkirchen
210:
135:
98:Belligerents
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29:Part of the
18:
1408: /
1378:14 November
1351:7 September
932:Erquelinnes
881:During the
790: [
778: [
766: [
754: [
726:Erquelinnes
637:Hondschoote
562:1st Limburg
445:Chouannerie
1423:Categories
1393:50°29′28″N
1318:19 January
1190:References
1043:Maastricht
928:Grand-Reng
904:Landrecies
877:Background
842:Den Helder
829:Luxembourg
662:Wattignies
592:Neerwinden
567:Anderlecht
347:Den Helder
342:Guadeloupe
337:Martinique
307:Thionville
287:Porrentruy
1396:5°42′18″E
1174:Aftermath
940:Lambusart
936:Gosselies
920:Tourcoing
837:Amsterdam
787:2nd Condé
741:Lambusart
731:Gosselies
716:Tourcoing
711:Grandreng
673:Le Cateau
622:Lincelles
597:1st Condé
432:Diersheim
422:Fishguard
382:Neresheim
292:Quiévrain
1449:Sprimont
1312:Archived
1144:Sprimont
1012:Mechelen
1008:Gembloux
997:Soignies
916:Courtrai
908:Mouscron
824:Nijmegen
819:Puiflijk
804:Sprimont
696:Mouscron
691:Beaumont
657:Maubeuge
557:Jemappes
412:Biberach
407:2nd Kehl
397:Würzburg
372:1st Kehl
367:Kircheib
352:Siegburg
332:Sardinia
327:Jemappes
297:Marquain
222:Strength
65:Sprimont
60:Location
1114:line.
944:Fleurus
924:Tournai
912:Willems
746:Fleurus
721:Tournay
701:Willems
627:Dunkirk
602:Raismes
427:Neuwied
417:Ireland
402:Limburg
362:Wetzlar
67:, near
1148:Esneux
1126:Battle
1025:Tienen
1016:Leuven
975:brown.
799:Boxtel
607:Famars
387:Amberg
377:Malsch
302:Verdun
230:25,000
227:40,000
121:
76:Result
1111:Liège
1032:Sluys
1020:Namur
857:, or
794:]
782:]
770:]
758:]
736:Ypres
647:Menin
582:Breda
572:Namur
322:Mainz
317:Lille
312:Valmy
69:Liège
1380:2012
1353:2010
1320:2022
1146:and
942:and
922:and
898:The
853:The
274:List
52:Date
1027:).
1425::
1273:^
1230:^
1198:^
1003:.
946:.
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918:,
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792:fr
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1382:.
1355:.
1322:.
534:e
527:t
520:v
276:)
272:(
259:e
252:t
245:v
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