156:
144:
585:, and would not arrive for a few days), the situation for the Italians was rather dangerous, as a counterattack by the numerically superior Ottoman forces, that had retreated a few kilometres from Tripoli, could have overwhelmed the Italian bridgehead. Cagni, however, managed to trick the Turks into thinking that his forces were far more numerous than they actually were, by having his troops continually march from place to place in the city. This ruse managed to delay Ottoman counterattacks for a week; in the meantime, Admiral
39:
481:. The ships commenced their bombardment from a distance of 9,500 meters, outside of the range of the forts' guns, and gradually closened; at 16:15, when the distance had been reduced to 6,500 meters, the ships' 152 mm secondaries also opened fire. At 17:15 the ships ceased fire; all the Ottoman forts were severely damaged, and their guns silenced. No significant damage was inflicted to the civilian buildings. The only Ottoman
610:, south of Tripoli, the main source of water for the city. The attack was repelled with the help of gunfire from the warships moored in the roads. This attack prompted the Italian commands to speed up the transport of the Army troops to Tripoli, in order to reinforce the scarce Navy forces that were still holding the city; the armoured cruiser
390:; the Italian government wanted the fleet to bombard the forts of Tripoli, but Faravelli initially refrained from this, as he feared this would cause retaliation from the local Arab population against the Europeans living in the city, estimated to be about 2,000. Faravelli offered to take foreign citizens aboard his ships, but the
431:
to demand the surrender of the
Ottoman garrison and, in case of refusal, to commence hostilities; the admiral complained that the Army troops were not yet ready to be sent ashore and the landing parties of his ships were numerically insufficient, but Rome sent another telegram urging immediate action. Faravelli then invited the
507:
On the following day, 4 October, the
Italian squadron bombarded once more the Ottoman forts; only Fort Sultaniye returned fire, firing a few sporadic shots. An Italian patrol was sent ashore and found out that Fort Hamidiye had been abandoned; the German consul, Adrian Tilger, informed the members of
430:
On 2 October 1911, the
Italian squadron was deployed in front of Tripoli harbour, in anticipation of the arrival from Italy of an expeditionary force that would be landed in Libya; the ships were also tasked with preventing the arrival of supplies and reinforcements from Turkey. Faravelli was ordered
627:, being the fastest ships in the troop convoy that had sailed from Italy, detached from the convoy and proceeded towards Tripoli at a higher speed. They reached destination on 11 October, and they landed the 84th Infantry Regiment, two battalions of the 40th Infantry Regiment and a battalion of the
450:
Tripoli was defended by two main forts, Fort
Hamidiye east of the city and Fort Sultaniye west of the city, as well as smaller fortifications in the harbour area; following Colonel Neshat Bey's orders, however, these fortifications were only partially manned. At 15:30 on 3 October, the Italian
638:
Most of the
Turkish garrison, however, remained intact; having retreated into the desert, as planned beforehand, they established bases outside of the range of the warships' guns and started recruiting Arab volunteers. A few weeks later, the Turkish and Arab forces would attempt to retake
597:
leaders of the city, who accepted the occupation without much opposition. The mayor of
Tripoli Hassan Karamanli, whom had been appointed by the Ottoman authorities, was confirmed in his office and was also appointed as deputy governor of Tripolitania by the Italian authorities.
394:
of the neutral countries stated that they felt protected enough by the
Ottoman authorities, therefore only the Italian citizens, including many journalists that had rushed to Libya to follow the events as they unfolded (among them
576:
Captain Cagni organised immediately a defense line in order to safeguard the landing area. As the landing force was the only force available to hold the city (the convoy with the Army troops had not yet sailed from
631:, altogether 4,800 men. On the following day, the remainder of the convoy also reached Tripoli; with these reinforcements, the Italian forces occupying the city grew to 35,000 men, under the command of General
920:
561:
and by an artillery section. There was no reaction, and the men occupied Fort
Sultaniye and prepared the defenses. Afterwards, the men from the Re Umberto were also sent ashore with four
230:
935:
443:
and ask for instruction. During this encounter, Colonel Neshat Bey ordered all the
Ottoman troops in Tripoli, some 2,000 men, to leave the city and to quarter at
925:
940:
223:
606:
On the night between 9 and 10 October the
Ottoman troops, supported by Libyan irregulars, attacked the Italian positions in the area of the Bu Meliana
470:
945:
274:
216:
461:
354:), by Italian landing forces. It marked the beginning of the land campaign in Libya of the Italo-Turkish War as well as the beginning of the
569:
unit occupied Fort Hamidiye, at the other end of the harbour, and at 16:30 the entire second regiment was sent ashore and reached Tripoli's
269:
910:
85:
455:
439:, and he commanded him to surrender the city; Bessim Bey refused and tried to buy time, claiming that he was unable to contact
586:
551:) drew its personnel from the 1st and 2nd Naval Division. The landing began at 7:30 on 5 October; the men from battleship
476:
355:
930:
546:
545:) drew its personnel from the Training Ship Division, and the other (Commander Enrico Bonelli, from the battleship
844:
Cernuschi, Enrico (October 2012). "La guerra italo-turca sul mare" [The Italian-Turkish War on the Sea].
635:. After the arrival of the Army forces, Captain Cagni's naval landing personnel were re-embarked on their ships.
628:
540:
264:
508:
the patrol that the Ottoman troops had abandoned Tripoli, and asked them to occupy the city in order to prevent
552:
324:
319:
254:
854:
314:
299:
289:
915:
611:
309:
304:
520:
On 5 October, the Italian command took the decision of deploying the Italian Navy's landing force, under
294:
279:
396:
284:
652:
379:
343:
240:
38:
30:
536:
467:
367:
148:
143:
562:
500:
suffered the same fate (she was later raised and commissioned into the Italian Navy as an
383:
173:
640:
501:
432:
387:
375:
161:
74:
66:
904:
524:
407:
177:
444:
632:
590:
400:
347:
70:
570:
607:
452:
414:, that in the previous days had run the Italian blockade, carrying a cargo of
565:, and at noon the Italian flag was raised upon the fort. At the same time, a
100:
87:
617:
532:
493:
418:, and was now moored in the harbour. The rough seas, however, prevented the
528:
440:
436:
422:
from being embarked on the launch, therefore the attempt was abandoned.
382:. After the declaration of war, an Italian naval squadron under Admiral
378:, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 29 September 1911, starting the
582:
521:
509:
486:
482:
419:
415:
578:
566:
391:
406:
Between 29 and 30 September an attempt was made to launch a torpedo
208:
889:
Verso la quarta sponda la guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912)
594:
371:
351:
78:
16:
A battle that occurred during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912
833:
Gli italiani in Africa. Storia delle guerre coloniali 1882-1943
708:
706:
386:
was sent to patrol the Libyan coast, especially the waters off
212:
893:
Towards the Fourth Shore the Italian War for Libya (1911-1912)
837:
The Italians in Africa. History of the Colonial Wars 1882-1943
342:
was fought in October 1911, during the initial stages of the
771:
769:
882:] (in Italian). Rome: Italian Navy Historical Branch.
786:
784:
693:
691:
573:, where they met up with the men of the first regiment.
921:
Naval battles and operations of the Italo-Turkish War
895:] (in Italian). Rome: Italian Army General Staff.
643:
in the battle of Sciara Sciat, but without success.
602:
Fighting at Bu Meliana and arrival of reinforcements
496:
by her crew during the bombardment, and the steamer
346:, and saw the capture of Tripoli, capital city of
589:, who had been appointed provisional Governor of
557:were the first to land, followed by those from
410:with the aim of torpedoing the Turkish steamer
23:
839:] (in Italian). Milan: Longanesi & C.
460:fired first, soon followed by the battleship
224:
8:
814:
802:
775:
748:
712:
231:
217:
209:
20:
760:
736:
790:
724:
593:, tried to keep good relations with the
435:defterdar, Ahmed Bessim Bey, aboard his
697:
682:
670:
663:
451:squadron opened fire on the forts: the
936:Amphibious operations involving Italy
447:, about ten kilometres from Tripoli.
7:
926:Naval bombing operations and battles
941:Military history of Tripoli, Libya
876:La Marina nella guerra Italo-Turca
539:Mario Grassi, from the battleship
14:
880:The Navy in the Italo-Turkish War
154:
142:
37:
861:(in Italian). Giorgio Dell'Arti
946:20th century in Tripoli, Libya
527:. This force consisted of two
1:
356:Italian colonization of Libya
43:Italian Navy landing sailors
587:Raffaele Borea Ricci d'Olmo
962:
911:1911 in the Ottoman Empire
887:Vandervort, Bruce (2012).
874:Gabriele, Mariano (1998).
857:[The Libyan War].
629:11th Bersaglieri Regiment
250:
186:
167:
135:
101:32.8872278°N 13.1913444°E
49:
36:
28:
831:Bandini, Franco (1971).
485:present in Tripoli, the
125:Italians occupy Tripoli
45:on the beach of Tripoli
403:), were taken aboard.
168:Commanders and leaders
106:32.8872278; 13.1913444
531:, each made of three
370:, seeking to conquer
855:"La Guerra di Libia"
853:Dell'Arti, Giorgio.
931:October 1911 events
848:(in Italian) (229).
715:, pp. 261–262.
685:, pp. 214–267.
198:1 protected cruiser
196:4 armoured cruisers
97: /
472:Giuseppe Garibaldi
815:Vandervort (2012)
803:Vandervort (2012)
776:Vandervort (2012)
749:Vandervort (2012)
727:, pp. 50–51.
713:Vandervort (2012)
653:Italo-Turkish War
468:armoured cruisers
463:Emauele Filiberto
426:Naval bombardment
380:Italo-Turkish War
350:(and present-day
344:Italo-Turkish War
340:Battle of Tripoli
333:
332:
242:Italo-Turkish War
207:
206:
131:
130:
57:3–10 October 1911
31:Italo-Turkish War
24:Battle of Tripoli
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896:
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737:Cernuschi (2012)
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563:artillery pieces
535:, of which one (
368:Kingdom of Italy
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147:
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121:Italian victory
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21:
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846:Storia Militare
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791:Gabriele (1998)
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725:Gabriele (1998)
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518:
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384:Luigi Faravelli
364:
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246:
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174:Luigi Faravelli
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827:
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817:, p. 267.
807:
805:, p. 266.
795:
780:
778:, p. 264.
765:
753:
751:, p. 262.
741:
729:
717:
702:
700:, p. 215.
698:Bandini (1971)
687:
683:Bandini (1971)
675:
673:, p. 267.
671:Bandini (1971)
662:
660:
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502:auxiliary ship
457:Benedetto Brin
427:
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376:Ottoman Empire
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162:Ottoman Empire
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75:Ottoman Empire
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26:
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916:1911 in Libya
914:
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890:
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842:
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829:
828:
823:
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793:, p. 54.
792:
787:
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770:
766:
762:
757:
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739:, p. 59.
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525:Umberto Cagni
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478:Carlo Alberto
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397:Luigi Barzini
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275:Mechiya Oasis
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194:4 battleships
191:
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178:Umberto Cagni
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92:13°11′28.84″E
89:32°53′14.02″N
80:
76:
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68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
892:
888:
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875:
863:. Retrieved
858:
845:
836:
832:
810:
798:
756:
744:
732:
720:
678:
666:
637:
633:Carlo Caneva
624:
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591:Tripolitania
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558:
553:
547:
541:
519:
506:
497:
489:
477:
471:
462:
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449:
429:
411:
405:
401:Corrado Zoli
365:
348:Tripolitania
339:
337:
270:Sciara Sciat
259:
201:3,000 troops
192:1,700 troops
136:Belligerents
120:
71:Tripolitania
29:Part of the
571:marketplace
466:and by the
295:Kunfuda Bay
104: /
905:Categories
824:References
618:troopships
548:Re Umberto
533:battalions
453:battleship
362:Background
305:Al-Fwaihat
182:Neshat Bey
761:Dell'Arti
659:Citations
537:Commander
529:regiments
420:torpedoes
374:from the
203:1 gunboat
647:See also
616:and the
559:Sardegna
542:Sardegna
494:scuttled
445:‘Aziziya
441:Istanbul
437:flagship
285:Ain Zara
265:Benghazi
187:Strength
62:Location
859:Preview
641:Tripoli
621:America
583:Palermo
554:Sicilia
522:Captain
516:Landing
510:looting
487:gunboat
483:warship
433:Turkish
416:weapons
392:consuls
388:Tripoli
320:Misrata
280:Al-Hani
260:Tripoli
255:Preveza
67:Tripoli
865:17 May
625:Verona
613:Varese
579:Naples
567:sapper
492:, was
490:Seyyad
408:launch
325:Zanzur
315:Rhodes
300:Beirut
290:Tobruk
159:
117:Result
891:[
878:[
835:[
608:wells
498:Derna
412:Derna
372:Libya
352:Libya
310:Derna
149:Italy
79:Libya
77:(now
867:2021
623:and
595:Arab
581:and
475:and
399:and
366:The
338:The
54:Date
504:).
907::
783:^
768:^
705:^
690:^
512:.
358:.
73:,
69:,
869:.
763:.
232:e
225:t
218:v
81:)
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