858:
640:(a fortified Slavic town or castle) were built in Poland along the borders, near the crossings of main trade routes, in naturally defensive locations (hills, river curves), as centers of administration, and defensive strongholds in case of enemy invasion. In the very beginning they were simple earthworks and later evolved into wooden-earth constructions of two types: grate and case,) and finally built of brick or stone. Many of these brick-and-stone built castles can still be found in
2726:
2735:
2747:
75:
33:
317:
624:, 15 July 1410, most of Polish knights were less armoured than their competitors from the West, due to the fact that many of the members of szlachta were relatively poor. In the 15th century however, knights became much wealthier as export of grains and forest goods grew rapidly during this period which became a source of wealth for the szlachta.
914:
113:
925:
unconventional uses of cavalry and infantry units to surprise the enemy. In those days commanders stayed away from the fight, observing battle from a carefully selected place (mostly at the top of the hill), from where they had a wide view over the surroundings. All detachments were led by known, experienced knights named
990:
or bastards). On the contrary armour transformed significantly. Mail was gradually enriched with iron plates, which covered the most of endangered parts of the body, and in the beginning of 15th century was replaced with full plate armour. Worth to know that the armour was covered with outer garment
971:
created under king's order by a particular, rich and famous commandander. Infantry was made up of peasants (one of five men of royal villages: four remaining in the village had to equip and arm the fifth). Burghers had to defend their cities, and different guilds were responsible for particular part
123:
In the military history of Poland in the Middle Ages one has to separate three different periods: early, transitional, and late, each demarcated by the reign of particular princes and kings. The early medieval period was enclosed between times of
Mieszko I and Bolesław III Wrymouth, the transitional
627:
An important element of medieval army equipment was the horse. Horses were bred in Poland from prehistoric times. Imported from abroad or taken during the war high blood stallions and mares were incorporated into szlachta's herds for the quality improvement of Polish horse breeds. The size of these
904:
Tactics of the battlefield were not complicated. Knights (along with their squires) stayed in close order formation with infantry on the flanks, and – after the initial shots of bowmen or crossbowmen – started the charge. In the same moment the commander – who was fighting at the head of the main
701:. A Władyka was a leader who had enough power to overwhelm previous senior tribal leaders of particular tribes, or who distinguished himself during the war and thanks to it gained hereditary sovereignty. In later times however – with more and more towns and villages – this hereditary ruler, now a
430:
Different armament was used by infantry, which marched onto the battlefield in close order formations of shield-bearers covering heavy cavalry detachments, or mobile units of bowmen and cross-bowmen, and sometimes irregulars, who used different weapons specialized to fight both foot soldiers and
1092:
The gunpowder domination of the battlefield became almost complete in Europe. Armour, of little use against either small arms or artillery fire, was gradually disappearing, but not everywhere: in the nearest future light hussars of the battle of Orsha would eventually wore heavier breastplates,
869:
In the 12th century the process of creation of the knighthood began in Poland (and lasted more than a century), which was strictly connected with a tenure of land. In order to recreate the picture of the army of those times, it is essential to know the duties of particular classes of society:
715:
of free landowners, who later transformed into the szlachta. The drużyna was equipped and armed by the duke, but a levy-en-masse went to war armed quite arbitrarily: weapons and armour had to be bought privately or captured in the battle. Hence the weapons of the pospolite ruszenie were quite
799:. It is quite possible that mounted soldiers of Mieszko's army were not numerous, or that only the cadre had horses. In the opinion of some historians cavalry units made up 1/3 of the army: about 800 horsemen in proportion to 2400 infantry. Following Gallus Anonimus one can recognize 3900
924:
The 14th and the beginning of 15th centuries were characterized by fast development of arms, tactics and strategy as well. Knighthood of the
Kingdom of Poland strengthened for good, and in the battlefield developed and dominated maneuverability, with full scale outflanking, surrounding,
576:, the most experienced of whom (mainly from the impoverished szlachta) had to protect their master during the battle, and to hand him the most convenient weapons. Other servants had to deliver fresh horses, spears, shields, and take care of wounded men. All were armed with swords or
655:
Grody, castles, and fortified towns were built in Poland from prehistoric times, but the true blossoming of modern castle construction can be observed from the archeological record in the 13th and 14th centuries after the
Mongolian invasion. During this time many cities (like
591:
Wealthy knights of
Wielkopolska and Śląsk did not differ much – in the sense of weapons and armour – from the western knighthood. Novelties were accepted quickly, and the only constraining factor was the wealth of the knight. Travelers from the West (as for example
905:
detachment - usually lost control over the army and the battle degenerated into a melée in the scourge and disarray. In such circumstances the possibility of panic was the crucial element of the fight, and the battle - supposedly won - could be lost.
1064:
Also the armament has been changed. The heavy cavalryman's armour (of both knight and horse) was thicker, and heavier, but weapons remained the same. In the same time light cavalryman dropped out the armour at all (like first
226:). In such circumstances the criteria for the end of the chivalry ethos - as the end of medieval times in Poland - has to be rejected. Rather, the appropriate moment is more likely the time when heavy cavalry, with its full
972:
of the walls' defense. They, as much richer than peasants, were able to get much better armours and weapons: light helmets, mail, or mail-plate armours; in addition they were taught how to fight, for which purpose the
250:(1531) there was only light cavalry present on the Polish side. It is possible (but speculative) that these two dates are the border points; the last medieval battle (Orsha) and first battle of modern times (Obertyn).
932:
Polish army of that period consisted - as before - of knights, burghers, and peasants, with obvious division of labor and specialization: cavalry, infantry, and fortified cities defenders. The knight, along with his
546:. Previously, the szabla evoked aversion on the part of the noblemen; it was even forbidden to present it during formal reviews. This change would not probably have happened so widely and so quickly without the
541:
With increasing tension and fighting along the eastern border, Poles adopted many eastern-style war customs and weapons. This is why the sword was so easily and so commonly replaced in the 16th century with the
2785:
3695:
2421:
Marian Biskup, Druga faza wojny trzynastoletniej (1462-1466). , in: Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia
Pomorza. , Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 1972, - description of the battle of Świecino: p. 738.
827:, whose members came from the former free landowners (now mounted knights), as well as peasant infantry. We know almost nothing about the tactics of those times, or about the human resources.
986:
with grips over 15 cm in length (providing room for two hands), straight double-edged blades often over 90 cm in length, and weigh typically between 1.2 and 1.4 kg (so called
788:, which the Prince could mobilize in the northern part of Poland. Calculations, based on estimated population numbers demonstrate that Bolesław Chrobry was able to call 16-18 thousand men.
276:
in the early 15th century, were able to hire an army of mercenaries form western Europe strong enough to endanger the much bigger Duchy of
Lithuania and the stronger Kingdom of Poland.
1053:). Burghers kept their privileges to defend their towns, but only three cities in all of Poland had a right to send troops to the battlefield. Another novelty was also the so-called
399:, which by the end of 16th century gained its perfect form, protecting the whole of a knight's body, and sometimes his horse. There were some differences between the rich knights of
1786:
In the grate construction wooden boards were laid alternately along and across the wall; in case construction the row of wooden cases was built, and then filled with stone and earth
487:, but more often thick felt caps. Camp followers were used mainly for field work and sometimes to defend fortified camps or trains. Their armament was simple and coincidental.
2659:
2702:
3228:
2864:
838:
and full mail armours. Cavalry was the basic element of the army, which improved the speed of the march: in 1103 Wrymouth's army covered a distance of 330 km (from
167:
in 972. However it is much more difficult to establish the end of the era as there is no definite turning point in the history of Poland, parallel to events such as the
664:, when internal peace and growing wealth of the state allowed the construction of new castles. In the same time period, (especially along the Northern border and in
1911:
The latter in the near future – because of progressive pauperisation of the peasantry, and higher demands on armaments – gradually lost their quality and importance
889:
has such rich iconography, that it is possible to attempt to make some estimates. Armour of an ordinary soldier changed very little, but eminent knights (including
743:. According to the second, Polish forces around 1000 AD were much bigger, which may support the theory of escalating militarization of the state during the rule of
3554:
1486:
143:
There are some difficulties with establishing the time-frame of the epoch, and the territory of the state, especially in the earliest period, and in the time of
2992:
3131:
3550:
2758:
2412:(Polish) Jacek Knopek, Bogdan Kuffel: Bitwa pod Chojnicami 18 IX 1454 r. w tradycji historycznej i regionalnej. Chojnice: Biblioteka Chojnicka, 2004.
2935:
2920:
2886:
3464:
2948:
3250:
3233:
3223:
3211:
3164:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3060:
3055:
2898:
2692:
2652:
797:...this country lies by the sea in the middle of dense forests, which are difficult to an army to cross, so mentioned Mśko has foot soldiers only.
260:
spontaneity, impetuosity, and discontinuation of the chivalric fighting code (knight against knight, henchman against henchman) for, instead, the
3031:
2881:
2925:
2790:
2780:
1017:; a high, rectangle shield, from behind which a foot soldier could safely shoot at the enemy. The very last inventions of the 15th century were
3645:
54:
41:
1033:
in 1383. Bombards of that times, which shot stone projectiles, were quite good against fortifications, but almost useless on the battlefield.
364:), was 3,5 - 4,5 m long, had a spearhead of lancet-like or leaf-like shape, but there were also heavier, armour-piercing rhomboid spearheads.
2616:
2310:
2065:
882:. The first type of duty rested mainly in soldiers' hands. The other two were the responsibility of the burghers and (most of) the peasants.
3655:
2953:
257:
tactics (from the end of the 14th century) different from those of the
Western Europe - with the use of natural obstacles and the manoeuvre;
3435:
660:) and towns had to be rebuilt from ashes, and as a result acquired solid, brick walls. This was particularly noticeable during the rule of
268:, originally invited by the duchy of Masovia but soon taken steps against their Polish hosts, who although had only about 1200 brethren in
3723:
1013:
The crossbows of infantry became heavier, and more dangerous for the knights, and the ordinary shield of the past was replaced with the
3683:
3663:
3206:
3009:
2975:
2645:
514:
and throwing axes were also in use. During sieges both defenders and attackers commonly used a variety of heavy hurling machines like
3632:
3546:
3516:
3356:
3290:
561:
The most visible armour transformation in medieval times was that of the helmet, which changed its shape from a conical shape into a
2631:
2594:
2579:
2564:
2550:
2535:
2520:
2505:
2490:
2463:
2439:
2382:
2362:
2259:
2238:
2195:
2141:
1690:
1555:
3322:
2283:(German) Friedrich Borchert: "Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen." In: Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 October 2001.
705:, began to form his own drużyna. A drużyna became the basic formation of the state. However, to build an army a ruler had to send
2838:
1041:
The most characteristic changes of this period was the appearance – at the side of heavy cavalry – of light horse detachments of
849:
We do not know how big the army was, but it had to be quite big, since it could wage war on two, or even three different fronts.
834:
and heavy hurling weapons appeared. The defensive armament did not change a lot, but generally knights wore conical helmets with
125:
116:
1061:) organized to defend royal lands and – in a general sense – the whole territory of the state against incursions from the East.
3596:
2843:
2833:
641:
620:("Zawisza the Black") gained eternal fame and became known for his bravery, chivalry, and his black armour. However, until the
3337:
3415:
815:
of the 12th century no longer formed the nucleus of the army. Instead it became the guard of the ruler; some of magnates had
3583:
3089:
2980:
857:
2697:
2668:
3578:
3533:
3327:
3038:
1425:
179:(1517) in Western and Southern Europe. Most historians agree, that the end of the medieval age and the beginning of the
3469:
547:
3690:
3439:
3384:
3379:
2930:
427:, partially adopted their fighting manners, and lighter armament as well. Even their horses were smaller and lighter.
191:). It is much more difficult to establish a single unique battle of that period that can be considered a "final one."
719:
Information about the size of an army at the beginning of Polish statehood comes basically from two written sources:
3718:
3668:
3403:
3391:
2687:
2060:
Stephen
Turnbull (2003), Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights, Campaign Series, 122, London: Osprey,
507:
93:
3501:
2817:
2209:
697:
In the prehistoric times the main military force of the state consisted of all the grown males subject of a local
3408:
1401:
1353:
235:
82:
3459:
2795:
3496:
1449:
617:
551:
3198:
3018:
2873:
2770:
1900:
1049:(Armored Companions), as well as a gradual termination of the call of peasants (now permanently enslaved into
3506:
3484:
3474:
3238:
3216:
1284:
348:, and many others. The Polish sword was no different than swords used in the West – it was straight, with a
253:
Polish medieval battles, fought mainly (though not only) in the territory of Poland, were distinguished by:
144:
133:
46:
85:, unknown author of 16th century. Observe the masses of heavy armoured cavalry and lightly equipped hussars
3573:
3451:
3342:
3176:
3159:
3126:
3119:
3048:
1506:
Due to fluctuations of the borders and almost instant gains and losses of – sometimes large – territories
1190:
1145:
223:
176:
168:
3479:
1920:
1170:
3678:
3606:
3489:
3315:
3043:
1413:
991:
of tunic form, open at the sides and so usually belted, usually emblazoned with coats of arms, known as
597:
452:
129:
2806:
1437:
1160:
1125:
609:
1247:
332:(heavy, thrusting weapon). Besides these, a typical arsenal included a number of small armaments from
3640:
3310:
3186:
3181:
3146:
2682:
1314:
1257:
1207:
649:
479:), quilted jackets and gambesons or brigandines. A characteristic helmet of the foot soldier was the
292:- were not large fights, and most of them can be called skirmishes rather than battles. However, the
156:
3280:
2891:
2707:
1377:
1267:
1227:
1217:
1180:
744:
707:
188:
172:
264:, which the Polish knight adopted during frequent border conflicts in the East, and wars with the
3540:
3302:
3169:
3154:
3101:
3065:
2958:
2903:
1559:
1531:
1324:
1304:
1294:
1026:
890:
712:
621:
593:
580:
and often bows or cross bows. They all formed the smallest element in the army's structure − the
285:
219:
195:
1365:
345:
2302:
2263:
210:, and its method of fighting. In Poland, as well as in some other countries of Eastern Europe,
3601:
3420:
3396:
3332:
3245:
3136:
2848:
2775:
2627:
2612:
2590:
2575:
2560:
2546:
2531:
2516:
2501:
2486:
2459:
2435:
2378:
2358:
2306:
2255:
2234:
2191:
2137:
2061:
1686:
1551:
1237:
1115:
1029:, when followers of one of candidates to the throne besieged their opponents in the castle of
886:
862:
724:
716:
different in origin and quality; predominately spears and javelins, war axes, bows and maces.
281:
247:
184:
164:
101:
2453:
3611:
3565:
3425:
3364:
3297:
3275:
3255:
3114:
3094:
2963:
1827:
1459:
1135:
1081:. The infantry of that times was formed of the mercenary regiments of "foreign style" (pol.
1058:
893:) had their hauberks enriched with iron plate elements, and great helms, nicely ornamented.
661:
555:
527:
265:
1899:
For example, the private army of voivode
Sieciech, who played a major role in the times of
3616:
3369:
2985:
2968:
1469:
1334:
934:
732:
585:
519:
341:
289:
243:
242:
depicts the common fighting formations of heavy, armoured cavalry, and light hussars. The
78:
17:
766:
502:
in the 13th century. Before their invasion, the Poles used straight, long, yew bows. The
791:
The exact number of horse warriors remains unclear. According to one compilation of the
3374:
2725:
2295:
1547:
681:
491:
297:
293:
199:
2734:
2162:
1822:
Builders traveled from one location to another, for example; castles in
Ciechanów and
963:
of a particular land, where knights had their estates. Poorer knights enlisted to the
3712:
1976:
The defeat in the battle of Legnica was caused by outflanking movement of the Mongols
1389:
894:
499:
495:
444:
416:
400:
97:
3528:
3285:
3026:
2746:
1018:
404:
380:
227:
939:
843:
839:
677:
483:- an iron hat with board brim. Earlier infantry units wore conical helmets, later
1865:
1 recruit of every 10 families: such reckoning was in use hundred years later in
3430:
2455:
A People Born to Slavery: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1478-1748
1823:
918:
665:
408:
388:
180:
151:
of the medieval period of Polish history – it was at the start of the reign of
74:
2915:
2910:
979:
The weapon of the knight changed a little: swords were longer, some with long
835:
613:
562:
480:
436:
432:
376:
357:
337:
2637:
1866:
987:
980:
948:
831:
736:
605:
523:
420:
152:
137:
2094:
2086:
1518:
There were 18 000 Polish cavalrymen, each of them with at least two horses
1025:. The latter was for the first time used in Poland after the death of king
898:
752:
657:
32:
352:
80–120 cm long, 1,0 - 1,8 kg of weight, having an almond-shaped
124:
period spanned the times of the Fragmentation of the State to the rule of
3673:
1046:
1000:
996:
995:. Uncomfortable great helms went out of use, replaced with first visored
956:
740:
645:
601:
577:
566:
531:
515:
503:
464:
456:
412:
392:
372:
300:
simultaneously attacked Polish-Lithuanian frontier, at one time reaching
215:
203:
2343:(Polish) P. Derdej, "Koronowo 1410", Wydawnictwo Bellona, Warszawa 2008.
2123:
Stone, p. 39: One soldier of one field-patch of the king's owned village
316:
2801:
2190:, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1050:
926:
759:
698:
669:
637:
511:
472:
460:
396:
384:
305:
273:
269:
231:
211:
861:
Battle of Legnica, 1241 (miniature of the Picturesque Legend of saint
2357:. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 311–313.
1094:
1078:
1074:
1042:
1030:
1022:
1014:
992:
819:
comparable to that of the Prince. By this time the army consisted of
676:) appeared. However, until the 17th century, when such fortresses as
573:
535:
484:
476:
468:
440:
424:
368:
333:
301:
160:
959:
of moderate means, able to arm and support the lance, enlisted to a
913:
684:
were constructed, there were no unconquerable stronghold in Poland.
280:
Battles of the Middle Ages in Poland - not counting such battles as
304:. To fight successfully this new enemy, light (or semi-light, like
202:
the end of the medieval period is strictly connected to the end of
1967:
Poczet królów i książąt polskich, Czytelnik, Warszawa 1978, p.201.
1622:
H.Samsonowicz, Historia Polski do roku 1795, Warszawa 1976, p. 130
1586:
H.Samsonowicz, Historia Polski do roku 1795, Warszawa 1976, p. 129
1007:
1004:
912:
885:
This period is - as the previous one - little understood, but the
773:
543:
448:
349:
329:
325:
315:
207:
112:
111:
73:
1826:
were built by the same people, who earlier built castles for the
780:
These numbers probably did not refer to the regular army, but to
2090:
1149:
983:
944:
702:
353:
308:) cavalry became the most important element of the Polish army.
2641:
2559:, ed. Andrew Ayton, J.L. Price, Barnes & Noble Books 1998,
795:
Mieszko provided his men with horses, but according to another
360:. The spear, in Poland of the time referred to as "wood" (pol.
222:) until the end of the 18th century, or until the end of the (
26:
2176:, by Oskar Halecki, Edit: F. Reddaway, J. H. Penson, p. 28.
2002:- to lead, much later this became an administrative position
830:
There were some changes in the armament of soldiers, as the
506:
reached Poland relatively early, undoubtedly during wars of
1104:
1073:). The novelty was personal fire weapon of the soldier, as
967:
created and maintained by magnates, or to a few mercenary
2786:
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis
747:. Gall Anonym wrote, that the Prince had at his command:
729:
Chronicles and Deeds of the Dukes or Princes of the Poles
490:
There were many different types of throwing weapons. The
823:
of the Prince, the detachments of the magnates, and the
572:
The knight was usually accompanied by one, two or more
415:, who, because they faced enemies from the East, like
897:, who died in 1288, is depicted on his gravestone in
2432:
Chanat Krymski i jego stosunki z Polską w XV-XVIIIw.
803:
as cavalry, and 13 000 shield-warriors as infantry.
467:). Defensive armaments of the infantry consisted of
155:, and the first historically annotated battles with
3654:
3631:
3564:
3515:
3450:
3355:
3197:
3017:
3008:
2872:
2863:
2826:
2757:
2675:
668:) szlachta's strongholds, sometimes in the form of
2626:, University of Washington Press, Seattle-London,
2294:
387:, and then mail with some plate elements, such as
2483:Arms and Armour in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
1958:observe the coats of arms on shields and banners
951:, and the best warriors were called to lead the
616:of European Western kingdoms, the Polish knight
324:The basic weapon of the European knight was the
230:, was replaced with lighter formations like the
1534:was keeping part of Polish troops in the woods
2997:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland
2703:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1685:Zuzanna Sawicka, Koń w życiu szlachty, Toruń,
1487:Military of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
569:with different shapes in following centuries.
558:, the eastern style was adopted much earlier.
2653:
1558:) bombards were used in the beginning of the
8:
846:) in five days, proving its great mobility.
183:in Poland took place during the rule of the
2993:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)
2981:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)
2528:The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History
2031:Kraków i jego Bractwo Kurkowe przez 750 lat
526:etc., and from the end of the 14th century
246:took place in the Fall of 1514. During the
119:in the composite armour of the 14th century
3521:
3014:
2869:
2839:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)
2763:
2660:
2646:
2638:
187:, probably in its waning period (times of
2844:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)
2834:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)
1886:
1884:
807:During the times of Bolesław III Wrymouth
3132:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)
2458:. Cornell University Press. p. 21.
856:
498:did not appear until the arrival of the
57:of all important aspects of the article.
2693:History of Polish intelligence services
2513:Arms and Armours of the Medieval Knight
1847:Best armoured, equipped and experienced
1710:
1708:
1570:
147:as well. There are no doubts as to the
3646:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
762:1500 pancerni and 5000 shield-warriors
755:1300 pancerni and 4000 shield-warriors
471:(wooden, round or oval, through light
53:Please consider expanding the lead to
3039:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)
2624:The Polish-Lithuanian State 1386-1795
1562:, but without any significant effect
876:specified works for army's needs duty
776:300 pancerni and 2000 shield-warriors
769:800 pancerni and 2000 shield-warriors
565:(11th-12th century) and later to the
234:. The painting, in the collection of
7:
3229:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)
2882:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)
2589:, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 1995,
2301:. Indiana University Press. p.
1869:: Nowak,Wimmer, p. 32; Labuda, p. 61
1085:), or of the "field infantry" (pol.
628:herds is unknown, but likely large.
171:(1453), the discovery of America by
3465:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
2574:, Hippocrene Books, New York 2008,
2254:, Columbia University Press, 2005,
2163:Thietmar, Chronicon, Liber Secundus
1345:Battles of the Thirteen Years' War
1101:List of the most important battles
917:Battle of Grunwald (fragment), by
880:services in kind for the army duty
25:
2530:, HarperCollins Publishers 1993,
2526:R.Ernest Dupuy, Trevor N. Dupuy:
2498:Historia oręża polskiego 963-1795
721:Description of Slavic Territories
3251:War of the Holy League 1683–1699
2954:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)
2745:
2733:
2724:
2607:Witold Sarnecki, David Nicolle:
2557:The Medieval Military Revolution
2224:, Warsaw 1902, vol. XII, p. 406.
1530:Such surprising maneuver in the
1077:and arquebuss, soon replaced by
1069:) or stayed with the mail (like
853:In the time of Mongol's invasion
735:. The first of these wrote that
175:(1492), or the beginning of the
31:
3234:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676
3224:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634
3212:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621
3165:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618
3083:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629
3078:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625
3073:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618
3061:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611
3056:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629
2949:Władysław the White's rebellion
2936:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
2921:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)
2887:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)
2609:Medieval Polish Armies 966-1500
2174:The Cambridge History of Poland
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1361:
1349:
45:may be too short to adequately
3416:Greater Poland uprising (1848)
3207:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
2976:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
2572:Poland, An Illustrated History
2430:(Polish) Leszek Podhorodecki,
2029:G.Lichończak-Nurek, M.Satała,
1541:
1525:
1513:
1501:
909:In the 14th and 15th centuries
288:, Battle of Varna or the last
55:provide an accessible overview
1:
3323:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667
3291:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)
2964:1444 war against the Ottomans
2791:German–Polish War (1028–1031)
2781:German–Polish War (1003–1018)
2698:List of wars involving Poland
2293:Halperin, Charles J. (1987).
1750:"Res gestae saxonicae" author
793:"Description of Slavic Lands"
600:), wrote with respect of the
3333:War of the Bar Confederation
3328:War of the Polish Succession
2602:Historia Polski do roku 1795
2511:David Edge, John M Paddock:
2394:Dupuy&Dupuy, p. 472,474.
2132:J.Cichowski, A.Szulczyński:
642:Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska
3691:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3584:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
3380:War of the Fourth Coalition
3032:campaign of Stephen Báthory
2496:Tadeusz Nowak, Jan Wimmer:
2377:The Annals of Jan Długosz,
2297:Russia and the Golden Horde
2233:The Annals of Jan Długosz,
2042:Edge&Paddock, p. 88-89.
1089:) recruited from peasants.
1083:cudzoziemskiego autoramentu
999:, typically fitted with an
128:, and the late period from
3740:
3724:Military history of Poland
3669:Operation Uphold Democracy
3404:War of the Sixth Coalition
3392:War of the Fifth Coalition
3338:Polish–Russian War of 1792
2713:Warfare in Medieval Poland
2688:History of the Polish Army
2611:, Osprey Publishing 2009,
2545:, Czytelnik, Kraków 1989,
1640:Military Revolution, p. 15
1037:In the times of Jagiellons
375:, then developed into the
126:Władysław I the Elbow-high
117:Władysław I the Elbow-high
94:military history of Poland
90:Warfare in Medieval Poland
18:Battles of Medieval Poland
3592:
3579:Białystok Ghetto uprising
3524:
3409:French invasion of Russia
3268:
3110:
3090:Northern War of 1655–1660
2944:
2766:
2719:
2669:Polish wars and conflicts
2452:Poe, Marshall T. (2001).
2188:Medieval Russia, 970-1584
1856:Sarnecki, Nicolle, p. 11.
1741:Sarnecki, Niclooe, p. 14.
1468:
1458:
1426:Battle of Pruszcz Gdański
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1107:
688:Human sources and tactics
494:went out of use, and the
236:National Museum in Warsaw
83:National Museum in Warsaw
3497:Second Silesian Uprising
2814:1156 war against Germany
2811:1146 war against Germany
2543:Pierwsze państwo polskie
2485:, Combined Books, 1996,
2325:Dupuy&Dupuy, p. 471.
2274:Dupuy&Dupuy, p. 377.
2077:Sarnecki, Nicolle, p. 18
2020:Sarnecki, Nicolle, p. 17
1994:Pogonowski, p. 27: from
1949:Sarnecki, Nicolle, p. 14
1732:Sarnecki, Nicolle, p. 21
1723:Sarnecki, Nicolle, p. 38
1702:Sarnecki, Nicolle, p. 20
1676:Sarnecki, Nicolle, p.23.
1595:Nowak, Wimmer, s. 29-30.
1450:Battle of Vistula Lagoon
852:
737:Mesko, King of the North
618:Zawisza Czarny z Garbowa
552:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
371:– at first included the
3696:Military aid to Ukraine
3507:Third Silesian Uprising
3475:First Silesian Uprising
3470:Polish–Czechoslovak War
3239:Battle of Chocim (1673)
3217:Battle of Chocim (1621)
2353:Urban, William (2003).
2222:Encyklopedia Powszechna
2051:Sarnecki,Nicolle, p. 10
1667:Sarnecki,Nicolle, p. 22
1285:Battle of Vorskla River
548:Polish–Lithuanian union
508:Bolesław III Krzywousty
218:) were called for war (
145:Fragmentation of Poland
104:(10th–16th centuries).
3574:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
3517:World War II in Poland
3177:Zebrzydowski rebellion
3160:Moldavian Magnate Wars
3127:Siege of Danzig (1577)
2587:Bitwy świata: Leksykon
1777:Nowak, Wimmer, p. 183.
1759:Author of "Chronicles"
1097:, and forearm pieces.
921:
901:in full plate armour.
866:
321:
320:Armors of 15th century
214:(noblemen, the Polish
169:Fall of Constantinople
120:
86:
3679:2003 invasion of Iraq
3607:Operation Ostra Brama
3502:Polish–Lithuanian War
3316:Battle of Berestechko
3044:War against Sigismund
2818:Galicia–Volhynia Wars
2186:Janet Martin (1995),
1940:Nowak, Wimmer, p. 82.
1931:Nowak, Wimmer, p. 78.
1613:Nowak, Wimmer, p. 233
916:
860:
598:Thietmar of Merseburg
510:in the 12th century.
367:Defensive armament -
319:
132:through dynasties of
130:Casimir III the Great
115:
77:
3460:Polish–Ukrainian War
3311:Khmelnytsky Uprising
2874:Polish–Teutonic wars
2683:Early modern warfare
2600:Henryk Samsonowicz:
2355:Tannenberg and After
1985:Dupuy, Dupuy, p. 377
1768:Samsonowicz, p. 140.
1714:Nowak, Wimmer, p. 67
1315:Battle of Wilkomierz
1191:Battle of Sajó River
937:belonged to his own
157:Wichmann the Younger
3557:during World War II
3343:Kościuszko Uprising
3307:1644 Tatar Invasion
3281:Fedorovych uprising
3272:1624 Tatar Invasion
3199:Polish–Ottoman wars
3151:1593 Tatar Invasion
3143:1589 Tatar Invasion
3120:Battle of Lubieszów
3049:Battle of Stångebro
3019:Polish–Swedish wars
2926:Thirteen Years' War
2796:Miecław's Rebellion
2771:Polish–Veletian War
2708:Polish Armed Forces
2676:General and related
2585:Zygmunt Ryniewicz:
2570:Iwo C. Pogonowski:
1838:Nowak/Wimmer, p. 67
1649:Dupuy,Dupuy, p. 472
1631:Nowak, Wimer, p.289
1378:Battle for Kneiphof
1228:Battle of Chmielnik
1218:Battle of Zawichost
1201:Transitional Period
1181:Battle of Psie Pole
943:(or rota) of land,
240:The Battle of Orsza
189:Sigismund I the Old
173:Cristopher Columbus
102:Jagiellon dynasties
3684:Occupation of Iraq
3664:War in Afghanistan
3541:Invasion of Poland
3436:fighting in Poland
3357:Poland partitioned
3303:Ostryanyn uprising
3155:Nalyvaiko Uprising
3102:Great Northern War
3066:Battle of Kircholm
2959:Battle of Grotniki
2931:War of the Priests
2904:Battle of Grunwald
2515:, Greenwich 1988,
2403:Ryniewicz, p. 586.
2334:Ryniewicz, p. 217.
2264:Google Print, p.71
2153:Ryniewicz, p. 116.
1901:Władysław I Herman
1604:Ayton, Price, p. 7
1560:Battle of Grunwald
1532:Battle of Grunwald
1438:Battle of Świecino
1414:Battle of Sępopole
1402:Battle of Bornholm
1354:Battle of Chojnice
1325:Battle of Grotniki
1305:Battle of Koronowo
1295:Battle of Grunwald
1027:Louis I of Hungary
922:
891:Henry II the Pious
867:
825:pospolite ruszenie
786:pospolite ruszenie
713:pospolite ruszenie
711:to call to arms a
622:battle of Grunwald
610:Bolesław I Chrobry
594:Widukind of Corvey
322:
286:Battle of Grunwald
220:pospolite ruszenie
196:history of warfare
121:
87:
3719:Kingdom of Poland
3706:
3705:
3641:Racibórz Conflict
3633:People's Republic
3627:
3626:
3602:Operation Tempest
3480:Polish–Soviet War
3421:November Uprising
3397:Austro-Polish War
3385:Prussian campaign
3351:
3350:
3246:Great Turkish War
3187:Battle of Humenné
3182:Thirty Years' War
3170:Battle of Kłuszyn
3147:Kosiński uprising
3137:Battle of Byczyna
3004:
3003:
2916:Gollub War (1422)
2911:Hunger War (1414)
2859:
2858:
2849:Battle of Legnica
2800:1072 war against
2776:Battle of Cedynia
2617:978-1-84603-014-7
2481:Charles Boutell:
2434:, Warszawa 1987,
2312:978-0-253-20445-5
2066:978-1-84176-561-7
2011:Pogonowski, p. 29
1813:Pogonowski, p. 34
1804:Pogonowski, p. 20
1795:Pogonowski, p. 35
1546:Ex. according to
1478:
1477:
1258:Battle of Goźlice
1238:Battle of Legnica
1208:Battle of Mozgawa
1161:Battle of Drzycim
1126:Battle on Szprewa
1116:Battle of Cedynia
1109:Early Middle Ages
974:shot brotherhoods
887:Battle of Legnica
863:Hedwig of Andechs
725:Ibrahim ibn Jakub
612:. Much later, at
282:Battle of Legnica
248:battle of Obertyn
185:Jagiellon dynasty
165:battle of Cedynia
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
3731:
3597:Italian Campaign
3566:Ghetto uprisings
3553:, and
3522:
3485:Battle of Warsaw
3426:January Uprising
3365:Denisko uprising
3298:Pavlyuk uprising
3276:Zhmaylo uprising
3256:Battle of Vienna
3115:Danzig rebellion
3015:
2892:Battle of Płowce
2870:
2865:Jagiellon Poland
2827:Mongol invasions
2764:
2749:
2737:
2728:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2470:
2469:
2449:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2300:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2252:God's Playground
2248:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2210:Battle of Głogów
2207:
2201:
2200:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1921:Battle of Głogów
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1828:Teutonic Knights
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1550:(The Annals...,
1545:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1460:Battle of Kletsk
1278:Late Middle Ages
1268:Battle of Płowce
1248:Battle of Stolec
1171:Battle of Głogów
1136:Siege of Niemcza
1105:
1059:wojsko kwarciane
969:royal chorągiews
745:Bolesław Chrobry
662:Kazimierz Wielki
554:, especially in
346:horseman's picks
266:Teutonic Knights
67:
64:
58:
35:
27:
21:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3650:
3623:
3617:Warsaw Uprising
3588:
3560:
3511:
3452:Second Republic
3446:
3370:Napoleonic Wars
3347:
3264:
3193:
3106:
3000:
2986:Battle of Orsha
2969:Battle of Varna
2940:
2855:
2822:
2807:Siege of Głogów
2753:
2752:
2741:
2717:
2671:
2666:
2541:Gerard Labuda:
2500:, Warsaw 1981,
2478:
2476:Further reading
2473:
2466:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2250:Norman Davies,
2249:
2245:
2232:
2228:
2220:S. Orgelbrand,
2219:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
1998:- warrior, and
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1540:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1495:
1483:
1470:Battle of Orsha
1366:Battle of Iława
1335:Battle of Varna
1146:Battle of Kijów
1103:
1087:piechota łanowa
1055:obrona potoczna
1039:
911:
855:
809:
695:
690:
634:
586:Lances fournies
314:
290:Battle of Orsha
244:Battle of Orsha
110:
79:Battle of Orsza
68:
62:
59:
52:
40:This article's
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3656:Third Republic
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3490:Kiev offensive
3487:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3375:Peninsular War
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2622:Daniel Stone:
2620:
2605:
2604:, Warsaw 1976.
2598:
2583:
2568:
2554:
2539:
2524:
2509:
2494:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2444:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2370:
2363:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2243:
2226:
2213:
2202:
2196:
2178:
2166:
2155:
2146:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2079:
2070:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1913:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1871:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1704:
1695:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1038:
1035:
976:were created.
910:
907:
854:
851:
808:
805:
778:
777:
770:
763:
756:
694:
693:Earliest times
691:
689:
686:
650:Świętokrzyskie
633:
632:Fortifications
630:
534:, and finally
475:, up to heavy
395:, and finally
383:, followed by
313:
310:
294:Crimean Tatars
278:
277:
258:
200:Western Europe
109:
106:
70:
69:
49:the key points
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Lwów uprising
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3555:contributions
3552:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3534:Eastern Front
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3440:Eastern Front
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2633:
2632:0-295-98093-1
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:83-214-1046-4
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:0-7818-1200-3
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:0-7607-0766-9
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:83-03-02969-X
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:0-06-270056-1
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:0-517-10319-2
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:83-214-0133-3
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:0-938289-61-6
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2465:0-8014-3798-9
2461:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:83-05-11618-2
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2385:, p. 202-206.
2384:
2383:1-901019-00-4
2380:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2364:0-929700-25-2
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:0-231-12817-7
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2241:, p. 153-154.
2240:
2239:1-901019-00-4
2236:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2197:0-521-36832-4
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:83-11-06568-3
2139:
2136:, WMON 1981,
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2033:, Kraków 2007
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1878:Labuda, p. 61
1875:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:83-7174-839-6
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1577:Stone, p. 37.
1574:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:1-901019-00-4
1553:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1390:Battle of Ryn
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:, also Kiev)
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
982:
977:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:of the army.
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
936:
930:
928:
920:
915:
908:
906:
902:
900:
896:
895:Leszek Czarny
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
872:military duty
864:
859:
850:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
749:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
692:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
631:
629:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:composite bow
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
417:Old Prussians
414:
411:and those of
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
118:
114:
108:Periodization
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
84:
80:
76:
66:
63:February 2020
56:
50:
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
3545:Polish
3529:World War II
3286:Smolensk War
3027:Livonian War
3010:Commonwealth
2759:Piast Poland
2740:
2712:
2623:
2608:
2601:
2586:
2571:
2556:
2542:
2527:
2512:
2497:
2482:
2454:
2447:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2251:
2246:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2205:
2187:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2149:
2133:
2128:
2119:
2114:Stone, p. 27
2110:
2105:Stone, p. 32
2101:
2082:
2073:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1916:
1907:
1895:
1890:Labuda p. 62
1874:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1698:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1658:Stone, p. 38
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1344:
1277:
1200:
1108:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1054:
1045:and the new
1040:
1019:black powder
1012:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
952:
938:
931:
923:
903:
884:
879:
875:
871:
868:
848:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
810:
800:
796:
792:
790:
785:
781:
779:
728:
720:
718:
706:
696:
673:
654:
635:
626:
596:, or bishop
590:
581:
571:
560:
540:
489:
429:
405:Wielkopolska
389:breastplates
381:scale armour
366:
361:
323:
279:
261:
252:
239:
228:plate armour
193:
148:
142:
140:up to 1514.
122:
89:
88:
60:
44:
42:lead section
3431:World War I
2442:, p. 85-86.
1548:Jan Długosz
919:Jan Matejko
733:Gall Anonym
648:and in the
614:tournaments
453:morgenstern
421:Lithuanians
338:battle axes
238:, known as
224:Saxon times
181:Renaissance
177:Reformation
96:during the
92:covers the
3713:Categories
3551:resistance
3095:The Deluge
1566:References
988:longswords
965:chorągiews
953:chorągiews
636:Fortified
563:great helm
532:arquebuses
524:trebuchets
481:kettle hat
437:war scythe
433:war hammer
431:cavalry: (
401:Małopolska
377:brigandine
358:crossguard
356:and a bar
163:, and the
159:(967) the
138:Jagiellons
2899:Great War
1867:Pomerania
1093:helmets,
1047:pancernis
997:bascinets
981:cruciform
961:chorągiew
949:mercenary
940:chorągiew
844:Kołobrzeg
832:cross bow
767:Włocławek
739:had 3000
606:Mieszko I
578:falchions
550:. In the
516:catapults
393:brassards
262:total war
153:Mieszko I
149:beginning
47:summarize
3674:Iraq War
2068:, p. 69.
1481:See also
1071:pancerni
1001:aventail
957:Szlachta
927:voyvodes
817:drużynas
801:pancerni
741:pancerni
670:dungeons
652:region.
646:Mazowsze
602:pancerni
567:bascinet
528:bombards
512:Javelins
504:crossbow
473:bucklers
465:bardiche
457:guisarme
413:Mazowsze
373:gambeson
328:and the
312:Armament
296:and the
216:szlachta
204:chivalry
134:Angevins
3549:,
3547:history
3438:on the
2802:Bohemia
2134:Husaria
1693:, p. 52
1095:gorgets
1067:hussars
1057:(later
1043:hussars
821:drużyna
813:Drużyna
782:drużyna
760:Gniezno
699:Władyka
574:squires
536:cannons
520:onagers
500:Mongols
485:sallets
477:pavises
469:shields
461:halberd
397:panoply
385:hauberk
334:daggers
306:husaria
274:Prussia
270:Livonia
232:husaria
212:knights
194:In the
2630:
2615:
2593:
2578:
2563:
2549:
2534:
2519:
2504:
2489:
2462:
2438:
2381:
2361:
2309:
2258:
2237:
2194:
2144:, p. 9
2140:
2095:Gdańsk
2087:Kraków
2064:
2000:wodzić
1689:
1554:
1079:musket
1075:pistol
1031:Pyzdry
1023:cannon
1015:pavise
1005:hinged
993:tabard
899:Kraków
840:Głogów
836:nasals
753:Poznań
678:Zamość
672:(pol.
658:Kraków
638:grodys
608:, and
544:szabla
441:glaive
425:Tatars
423:, and
369:armour
362:drzewo
354:pommel
302:Lublin
206:, its
161:Veleti
81:1514.
1493:Notes
1474:1514
1464:1506
1454:1463
1442:1462
1430:1460
1418:1457
1406:1457
1394:1456
1382:1455
1370:1455
1358:1454
1339:1444
1329:1439
1319:1435
1309:1410
1299:1410
1289:1399
1272:1331
1262:1280
1252:1277
1242:1241
1232:1241
1222:1205
1212:1195
1195:1132
1185:1109
1175:1109
1165:1091
1155:1018
1140:1017
1130:1005
1051:serfs
1008:visor
984:hilts
947:, or
935:lance
774:Giecz
772:from
765:from
758:from
751:from
682:Kudak
674:stołp
666:Śląsk
584:, or
582:kopia
492:sling
449:flail
409:Śląsk
350:blade
342:maces
330:spear
326:sword
298:Turks
208:ethos
98:Piast
2628:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2517:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2093:and
2091:Lviv
2062:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1150:Kyiv
1120:972
1021:and
1003:and
945:clan
878:and
811:The
784:and
727:and
708:wici
703:duke
556:Rus'
445:fork
391:and
379:and
272:and
136:and
100:and
1996:woj
1824:Liw
842:to
731:of
723:of
680:or
604:of
407:or
336:to
198:in
3715::
2305:.
2303:57
2262:,
2089:,
1883:^
1707:^
1010:.
929:.
874:,
644:,
588:.
538:.
530:,
522:,
518:,
463:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
447:,
443:,
439:,
435:,
419:,
403:,
344:,
340:,
284:,
2661:e
2654:t
2647:v
2634:.
2619:.
2597:.
2582:.
2567:.
2553:.
2538:.
2523:.
2508:.
2493:.
2468:.
2367:.
2315:.
1538:d
1522:c
1510:b
1498:a
1148:(
865:)
65:)
61:(
51:.
20:)
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