907:
1600:, U.S. torpedo bombers were taught to aim for either the bow or the stern, where the protective belt did not extend. For torpedo bombers to make their runs successfully, fighters strafed the battleship to suppress AA guns, and dive bombers wreaked havoc on the upper decks, destroying AA weapons and fire control systems. Pilots were also instructed to focus on one side of the ship, causing massive flooding which was difficult to counteract, leading to the ship capsizing. A bow hit was deadly, since the onrushing water from the battleship's high speed could wrench the hole open wider and collapse compartment bulkheads, which was why
22:
1352:
1375:
would be simultaneously facing both destroyers and aircraft, but it would take up too much space to have separate types of guns to deal with both threats. Both weapons had similar calibers and so they could be merged into a single battery type, and the turret mountings were less susceptible to flooding and had a better firing arc than casemates. The space saved from combining the two types of guns added to simplification of supply, increased deck armor coverage, stowage of other equipment, more light anti-aircraft batteries, and other needs.
494:
1528:
became common and aerial threats increased, crash programs to improve deck and turret roof protection started. US Navy "all-or-nothing" armor layout introduced a flat heavy armor deck, which abutted the upper edges of the armored belt, and light armored weather and lower decks: this design was used by all World War II ships except
Reichsmarine units, that kept a heavier lower deck and a lighter upper deck. Main deck armor thickness ranged from 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) or even 9 inches (23 cm) for
604:. Five out of eight U.S. battleships were quickly either sunk or sinking, with the rest seriously damaged (of those sunk two were total losses). The Japanese thus neutralized the U.S. battleship force in the Pacific by an air attack and showed the vulnerability to air attack of warships lying at anchor, as at Taranto. The loss of the battleships led the US Navy to rely on aircraft carriers as capital ships to make counterattacks against the Japanese, such as the
725:
485:. Additionally, the presence of Allied battleships effectively inhibited the movement of German reinforcements along the French coastline because of the suppressive potential of their main batteries. Battleships also proved their continued worth as vessels of sea control by deterring the sortie of the remaining heavy German warships into the North Atlantic during the operation.
1505:
thickness along the waterline ranged from 10 to 15 inches (25 to 38 cm), upper belt thickness ranged from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 cm). Most ships of the World War II period had a sloped main belt (internal in some classes), to increase resistance to incoming shells; and no upper belt, to save weight. Thicknesses of belt armor ranged from 10 inches (25 cm) for
1224:
1057:
481:, being used to bombard German coastal defences. Battleships proved instrumental in destroying the heaviest and most inland fortifications that could not be neutralised by smaller warships such as destroyers due to their lesser firepower and range and which aircraft were less efficient at reducing due to frequent cloud cover and poor visibility in the
163:
1849:. The bomb penetrated six decks before exploding against the bottom of the ship, blowing a large hole in her. The ship took in a total of 5,000 tonnes of water, lost steam (and thus all power, both to the ship herself and to all her systems), and had to be taken in tow. She reached Malta but was out of action for the next 12 months.
542:, battleships were either absent or overshadowed as carriers launched wave after wave of planes into the attack at a range of hundreds of miles. The primary tasks for battleships in the Pacific became shore bombardment and anti-aircraft defense for the carriers. The two largest battleships ever constructed, Japan's
1392:, was the first design to include a dual-purpose secondary battery, useful against both surface and airborne attacks. Compared to light AA they had a slower rate of fire, but they had a greater range and sufficient punch to knock enemy planes out of the sky. This proved a crucial defense against Japanese
1504:
along the waterline. It was intended to stop shells that hit their sides and to prevent flooding by underwater explosions due to near misses. World War I battleship, German and
Italian World War II battleships had lighter upper armored belts to protect sides up to the main or weather deck. Main belt
686:
Initially, when the U.S. entered the war in
December 1941, none of the nine Pacific Fleet battleships were available. One was being overhauled at Puget Sound Navy Yard from June 1941 until March 1942. Of the eight at Pearl Harbor, two were total losses and six had been sunk or crippled and were sent
1303:
shot down between 26 and 32. The battleships' presence was crucial during these engagements in 1942, as the U.S. were still months from being able to realize their material advantage, with too few planes and ships to interdict enough of the skilled
Japanese pilots. No American battleships were lost
1408:
for instance had a battery of twelve 5.9-inch (15 cm) cannon and another sixteen 4.1 inches (10 cm) battery was mounted to deal with air threats. The cannon could be used against ships only, as they could not be elevated to fire on high-level targets. This tended to complicate ammunition
1374:
or 6-inch caliber). Secondaries were initially designed to deal with rushing destroyers and torpedo boats, but there arose a need for heavy anti-aircraft armament as the potency of aircraft grew, particularly dive bombers and torpedo bombers. The rationale was that it is unlikely that a battleship
1837:
amidship between 90 mm AA gun mounts, piercing deck and side, then exploded, halving her speed; the other one hit above deck between turret #2 and the conning tower. It caused an explosion that threw the turret overboard and affected the boilers, starting a major fire that detonated the main
1469:
schemes that protected against ordnance dropped by aircraft or submarines. World War I ships fired at direct 90 degree trajectories. The introduction of high-angle battleship fire and plane bombings forced shipbuilders to consider adding significant armor to the top of battleships. The five
1527:
World War I ships had a light upper armored deck to protect the secondary guns and a main armored deck whose sides sloped down to meet the lower edge of the belt, but their thickness was usually no more than 1.5 or 2.0 inches (3.8 or 5.1 cm) for the slopes. As soon as long-range engagements
1538:
From the lessons of
Jutland, the protection scheme incorporated a sophisticated torpedo defense system (TDS). By adopting a turbo-electric drive, this allowed a wholesale rearrangement and close subdivision of the machinery spaces, while simultaneously narrowing them and permitting more space
120:. In the Atlantic, the Germans experimented with taking the battleship beyond conventional fleet action, using their fast battleships as independent commerce raiders. Although there were a few battleship-on-battleship engagements, battleships had little impact on the destroyer and submarine
62:
in 1941. The resultant
Pacific War saw aircraft carriers and submarines take precedence. There were just two engagements in the Pacific Theater when battleships fought each other, and only three such engagements in the Atlantic. Instead, they were used to add to fleet air defense, for shore
828:
in fall 1942, Japan and the U.S. were both forced to commit their battleships to surface combat, due to the need to carry out night operations, and because of the exhaustion of their carrier forces. The
Japanese used battleships a single time for shore bombardment, sending
1708:
In a well-planned attack, fighter planes strafed the battleship to suppress the AA guns, while dive bombers used their armor-piercing bombs to cause topside damage and havoc. The fighters and dive bombers, however, were diversions to allow the delivery of
1698:
between the aircraft catapult and the funnel blew a massive hole into the ship's side and bottom, destroying the entire section of belt armour abreast of the bomb hit, which caused significant flooding and contributed to the ship's rapid list and eventual
66:
Battleships remained the most heavily protected ships afloat; nonetheless, sixteen were sunk or crippled by bombs or torpedoes delivered by aircraft, while three more were sunk by submarine-launched torpedoes. The war also saw the development of the first
986:
was hit by the US battleships and retired without being able to fire on them. After the battleships had ceased fire she was sunk by a torpedo fired by a US destroyer. This engagement marked the last time in history when battleship faced battleship.
668:(and they would have been too slow to keep up with him in any case). Yet, when Nagumo's carriers were sunk, Yamamoto lost an opportunity to salvage something. Carriers, for all their evident potency, were virtually defenseless at night, and
1396:
in the latter years of World War II. They could also fire into the sea to create waterspouts that slapped low-flying torpedo bombers with tonnes of water. Battleships could mount many more of these DP batteries than cruisers or carriers.
940:, two Japanese battleship forces converged on the American landing forces at Leyte Gulf. The Center Force of five fast battleships attacked from the north; the Southern Force of two slower old battleships attacked from the south. In the
1483:
had considerably improved underwater hull protection over previous battleships, as the result of extensive experimentation and testing. The new class of
Battleship was to include 40 inches (100 cm) of armored plating. The proposed
1539:
outboard for a layered system of voids, liquid-filled tanks and thin armored bulkheads. By contrast, "thin-skinned" cruisers and carriers relied only on numerous compartments to prevent flooding from spreading. Some were upgraded with
1894:, two of the bombs penetrated her armor, one holing her portside and the other starting a fire that eventually detonated her magazines and blew off her Caesar turret, causing her to capsize and killing 1,000 of the 1,700 men aboard.
1734:
eventually succumbed to damage caused by waves of U.S. carrier aircraft in the
Sibuyan Sea. The U.S. planes would have accomplished less if they spread out to attack the rest of the ships in Kurita's powerful force. By contrast, the
190:. In that battle, British carrier-deployed torpedo bombers damaged an Italian battleship sufficiently to force it to withdraw from the main force, and then at night British battleships sank the Italian force's three heavy cruisers.
50:
era decades before—were one of the decisive forces in naval thinking. By the end of the war, battleship construction was all but halted, and almost every remaining battleship was retired or scrapped within a few years of its end.
3099:
304:. The superior numbers of British surface units devoted themselves to protecting the convoys, and to seek-and-destroy missions against the German ships, assisted by both naval and land-based aircraft and by sabotage attacks.
1102:
made several attempts to neutralize the
Finnish coastal batteries to facilitate a full naval blockade. The Soviets inflicted little damage on the Finnish positions, and the defenders hit back, claiming at least one hit on
1496:
class. Not surprisingly, as many World War I battleships lacked such a protection system, they fared poorly against torpedoes, which in World War II were increasingly being delivered by submarines and aircraft.
636:, further demonstrated the vulnerability of a battleship to air attack, in this case while at sea without air cover. Both ships were on their way to assist in the defense of Singapore when Japanese land-based
861:
attempted a second bombardment of Henderson Field but were driven off by a force of U.S. cruisers and destroyers. Several USN ships were lost and others were crippled, but they inflicted critical damage on
182:
that took place on the night of 11–12 November 1940. A small number of Royal Navy aircraft attacked the Italian fleet at harbour, succeeding in sinking one Italian battleship and damaging two others.
1931:
was a radical development of Japanese strategy that only occurred in 1941. It is also likely the American plan for the Pacific involved a prompt battleship engagement. Evans and Peattie, p.471-7
1724:
are considered exceptional). Instead, battleships were defeated by attrition, when attackers overwhelmed them with repeated attacks inflicting accumulating damage. This notably occurred in the
1404:
class possessed dedicated secondary anti-ship batteries as well as dedicated heavy anti-aircraft batteries, rather than adopting the dual-purpose secondaries like the British or Americans.
3127:
1316:, and any attackers who managed to get through would face anti-aircraft fire from a line of screening battleships and cruisers. This exacted such a heavy toll on the Japanese during the
1449:
waters in December of that year rendered her AA FC radars unserviceable and her 2-pounder ammunition had deteriorated as well. Royal Air Force technicians were called in to examine the
1716:
Battleships were able to sustain more punishment and had fewer vulnerable spots than cruisers and carriers, so it was difficult to rely upon scoring a critical hit (the cases of the
1045:
1165:
With the German capital-ship raiders sunk or forced to remain in port, shore bombardment became the focus of Allied battleships in the Atlantic. It was while covering the Allied
687:
to West Coast shipyards for repair and reconstruction. With a top speed of only 21 knots, they would not have been able to keep up with the fleet carriers in any case. The new
1852:
The British further developed their ability to sink battleships in harbour with minisubs and very heavy bombs dropped by strategic bombers. The last active German battleship,
921:
in 1944, heavy aircraft losses had left the Japanese carrier fleet ineffectual and forced the Japanese to finally commit their dreadnoughts, both old and new, to the upcoming
2392:
1332:
At the outbreak of World War II, most battleships had large anti-aircraft batteries. The battleships used the same light AA guns (the Allies used autocannons such as the
557:
never fired her main guns at enemy ships. They were hampered by technical deficiencies (slow battleships were incapable of operating with fast carriers), faulty military
906:
2978:
1026:. American destroyers and aircraft attacked the battleships, enabling Taffy 3 to disengage and forcing the Center Force to withdraw, This battle marked the only time
1654:
There were limits to the battleship's protection scheme, since it could not keep pace with the faster pace of developments in ordnance. For instance, the TDS in the
3339:
3250:
3217:
3034:
2549:
The Loss of Battleship KONGO: As told in Chapter "November Woes" of "Total Eclipse: The Last Battles of the IJN - Leyte to Kure 1944 to 1945". (CombinedFleet.com)
845:. In the most successful Japanese battleship action of the war, this action killed 41 defenders and put the airfield out of action for about 12 hours. During the
1838:
magazines. 1,353 people died; only 596 survivors, most badly burned, were rescued. Among those killed was the Italian Commander in Chief of Naval Battle Forces,
664:, considering his battleships the most valuable units, kept them far to the rear, in line with traditional practice. This placed them too far away to assist
105:. Between the two events, it became clear that battleships were now essentially irrelevant, and aircraft carriers were the new principal ships of the fleet.
186:
Importantly, the attack forced the Italian navy to change tactics and seek battle against the superior British Navy, which resulted in their defeat at the
1320:
that they failed to cause any significant damage to their main targets, the aircraft carriers. The most damage that the Japanese caused was a bomb hit on
1097:
1675:, carried a charge equivalent to 891 pounds (405 kg) of TNT. And no amount of armor that could be practically incorporated would have saved the
1138:
at her moorings on 23 September 1941. Still, the vessel was able to serve as a battery for the remainder of the siege. The Soviets later refloated
2889:
The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers - A Technical Directory of all the World's Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day
1543:, though these were much inferior to the battleship's armored belt. During the Pearl Harbor attack, TDS and damage control counterflooding saved
1811:, which were filled with explosives, aimed at the target, sped up to full speed, while the pilot catapulted himself out from the dashing craft.
2571:
1576:
into an aerial bomb specifically designed to penetrate the deck armor of the American battleships. It was one of these weapons, dropped from a
1246:
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had the advantage of a dozen operational battleships early in the war, but chose not to deploy them in any significant engagements. The two
1671:— the Navy's best guess in the 1930s about Japanese weapons. But unbeknownst to U.S. Naval Intelligence, the Japanese 24-inch (61 cm)
1655:
699:
590:
1048:
of several Japanese coastal cities. These attacks targeted major factories as well as the cities' harbors and nearby rail infrastructure.
1260:
in 1941 demonstrated that even the most modern battleships could not hold off aerial attacks without decent aerial defenses. The British
1022:
escort, surprised and attacked the seemingly much weaker American task force "Taffy 3", consisting of destroyers, destroyer escorts, and
3399:
1908:
2385:
1941:
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were slow World War I-era dreadnoughts and his force had far fewer screening ships, as he only faced a single wave from U.S. carriers
1563:
1181:
765:
battleships, despite their extensive modernization and respectable speeds, were relegated to training and home defense, while the two
3481:
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Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." (1994). Originally Classified and in two volumes.
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battlecruisers, which served mostly as carrier escorts due to their high speed and antiaircraft armament. U.S. fast battleships
21:
692:
2443:
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866:, which was abandoned after being subject to repeated air attacks that made salvage impossible. The following evening, at the
648:
had the unwanted distinction of being the first modern battleship sunk by aircraft while underway and able to defend herself.
1971:
1822:
1366:
Post–World War I battleships, particularly British and American, had discarded single purpose secondary batteries mounted in
1288:
714:
549:, which carried a main battery of nine 18.1-inch (460 millimetre) guns were designed to be a principal strategic weapon, but
46:
as the dominant force in the world's navies. At the outbreak of the war, large fleets of battleships—many inherited from the
970:
encountered a force including six American battleships (five of them raised and repaired from Pearl Harbor), led by Admiral
262:
was launched first, and so she is considered to be the lead ship by some sources; however, they are also referred to as the
581:
in Southeast Asia, since doing so would leave only a handful of ships to use against Nazi Germany. However, Prime Minister
191:
1903:
1264:
fire control system had been rendered inoperable by the extreme heat and humidity of the Malaya tropical climate, and the
1111:
965:
856:
247:
128:
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to call off its commerce raiding operation, as part of its fuel reserve had been contaminated with salt water. While the
2031:
1317:
1001:
918:
830:
783:
203:
1977:
1828:
1729:
1667:
battleships were designed to absorb the energy from an underwater explosion equivalent to 700 pounds (317 kg) of
1608:
1597:
1078:
harbor by a 1,000 kg aerial bomb but three of four main turrets continued to operate against the invading Germans
975:
945:
867:
846:
739:
594:
313:
253:
134:
117:
959:
3430:
1989:
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1471:
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The Japanese even used the "San Shiki" (the Beehive) Model 13 anti-aircraft shell for the main gun armament of the
1351:
1013:
1007:
995:
836:
733:
673:
355:
147:
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Before hostilities broke out in the Pacific Theatre, extensive pre-war planning centered around dreadnoughts. The
2001:
1983:
1853:
1839:
1815:
1686:
1676:
1544:
1477:
1170:
361:
349:
166:
782:, which never came. In fact, the only Japanese battleships to see much action in the early stages were the four
1965:
871:
850:
794:
623:
497:
375:
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in twin turrets. On 24 May 1941, during its attempt to break out into the North Atlantic as a commerce raider,
273:
was the first to be laid down and commissioned. They marked the beginning of German naval rearmament after the
209:
146:
off western Norway This engagement marked the first and last time surface gunnery sank a fleet carrier. In the
1740:
1430:, which would have in theory functioned as a super-sized "shotgun", though this was not considered a success.
1122:. The dense German and Finnish minefields and the submarine nets effectively restricted Soviet traffic in the
753:
493:
1821:, which scored some early successes. On 9 September 1943, the Germans managed to sink the Italian battleship
3392:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1647:—the so-called kamikaze—struck many U.S. battleships, none were seriously damaged due to their thick armor.
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1061:
1023:
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772:
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609:
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367:
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with their own heavy guns, and the fleeing French ships were then pursued by planes from aircraft carriers.
933:
from capturing the Philippines, which would cut off the Japanese oil supply and render their navy useless.
1995:
1928:
1808:
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Alan Matthews, 2006, "The sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse" (Force Z Survivors Association)
178:
The first example of the power of naval aviation was the British air attack on the Italian naval base at
124:, and aircraft carriers determined the outcome of most of the decisive fleet clashes of the Pacific War.
1863:
1756:
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1371:
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implemented some unconventional methods. The Italians used with success their tested method of having
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1959:
1750:
1736:
1725:
1614:
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1535:, usually increased over magazines: lighter decks were 1.5 to 2.0 inches (3.8 to 5.1 cm) thick.
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955:
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842:
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759:
521:
515:
503:
325:
274:
99:
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class - large battlecruisers rather than pure battleships - or from 12 inches (30 cm) for the
1305:
669:
1631:
planned to release their armor-piercing bombs from above a certain height so they would penetrate
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3333:
3244:
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suffered similar problems to the Germans', as their secondaries were too slow to track aircraft.
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630:
478:
430:
3168:. first published Seeley Service & Co, 1957, published United States Naval Institute Press.
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was heading for St. Nazaire, the Royal Navy continued to hunt it, and eventually an attack by
179:
1453:
radars but did not have sufficient time to make the repairs, rendering her HACS ineffective.
1370:
used to engage surface targets in favour of turret-mounted dual purpose secondary batteries (
1275:
proved to be the most effective form of defense against enemy bombers. Nonetheless, a modern
3425:
3420:
3095:
2821:
2149:
2135:
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Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945
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800:
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In late 1940 and 1941, a range of engagements saw battleships attacked by carrier aircraft.
55:
3445:
2447:
1883:
1672:
1668:
1644:
1643:
suffered extensive damage to her upperworks but her deck armor remained intact. While the
1409:
supplies, take up more space, and reduce the numbers of both guns (reducing the anti-ship
1276:
1166:
1123:
971:
688:
482:
451:
289:
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could provide point defense against attackers that broke through the fighter screen. The
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with its eight powerful battleships to Singapore in the event of hostilities with Japan.
585:
was optimistic about the improving situation in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean and
281:
guns in three triple turrets, though there were plans to replace these weapons with six
2140:
1710:
1446:
1341:
1257:
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later on 25 October 1944, the remaining four powerful battleships of the Center Force,
605:
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s rudder and significantly reduced her speed. This enabled two Royal Navy battleships (
426:
317:
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Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The steam warship 1815–1905 - Conway's History of the Ship
1866:
and shore based anti-aircraft guns. She was severely damaged in September 1943 during
1304:
or seriously damaged by aerial attacks in open seas in World War II. By 1944, Admiral
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was incapacitated early on by a faulty circuit breaker and suffered moderate damage,
779:
562:
527:
288:
The battleship war in the Atlantic was driven by the attempts of German capital ship
222:
2572:"Tirpitz: The History (www.bismarck-class.dk/tirpitz/history/tiropertungsten.html)"
2440:
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1639:. As the British pilots did not release their ordnance from the optimal altitude,
71:, which would make it much easier for aircraft to sink battleships in the future.
58:
as the capital ship of the future, a view which was reinforced by the devastating
954:, was sunk long before she could come within gun range of the American fleet. At
465:, but never managed to engage any ships and was sunk in port by British bombers.
3435:
1947:
1770:
1581:
982:
was sunk by torpedoes from US destroyers before the opposing battleships fired.
958:
early on 25 October, the Japanese Southern Force which included the battleships
944:
on 24 October 1944, the Center Force came under attack by American aircraft and
240:
113:
68:
47:
1194:
in June 1944. D-Day also saw the deliberate sacrifice of two old dreadnoughts (
3409:
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2154:
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were all put out of commission or destroyed by aerial attack including bombs,
1792:
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1573:
1427:
1385:
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was seen as a compromise. Furthermore, the U.S. Navy later agreed to send its
574:
226:
43:
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1340:) as those on smaller ships, but in greater number. The later development of
473:
Both British and American battleships participated in the Allied invasion of
3377:
2486:
1695:
1208:
1075:
803:
and played key roles in defending U.S. carriers against air attacks, though
244:
3045:
Battleships in Transition - The Creation of the Steam Battlefleet 1815–1860
2559:
2206:"The sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse (Forcez-survivors.org)"
1842:. One week later, the Germans scored another hit on the British battleship
1223:
1114:, the Soviet battleships served as convoy escorts during the evacuation of
713:
were ready by summer of 1942 and provided anti-aircraft defense during the
162:
150:, British capital ships opened fire on the French battleships harboured in
3101:
Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea
2373:
2362:
1739:
on Nishimura's southern pincer did little damage, even though both of his
1437:
had one of the most advanced naval anti-aircraft systems of the time, the
3080:(in Swedish). Avesta, Sweden: Svenska Tryckericentralen AB. p. 224.
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of the Japanese Empire took place aboard a United States Navy battleship
3147:
Sacred Vessels: the Cult of the Battleship and the Rise of the U.S. Navy
2932:. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1818:
1803:
until mid-1943. Other more or less successful Italian methods included
1777:
delivering explosive charges to the ships, managing to severely damage
1774:
1445:
in August and September 1941. However the extreme heat and humidity in
1441:, which demonstrated accurate long range radar directed AA fire during
1115:
1019:
423:
151:
3130:. Volume Fourteen. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
1324:
which caused many casualties but did little damage to the battleship.
1067:
637:
297:
553:
fired her main guns at enemy warships in only one engagement, while
63:
bombardment, and in several cases as fixed port defense batteries.
3309:(in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Bokförlaget Prisma. p. 279.
2910:(in German). Stuttgart, Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p. 260.
2498:
A Survey of the American "Standard Type" Battleship (navweaps.com)
1859:
1350:
1345:
1222:
1055:
905:
723:
492:
161:
86:
fired the first shots of World War II with the bombardment of the
20:
3351:(in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Nordstedts förlag. p. 312.
2803:
History of the Second World War The Defence of the United Kingdom
1438:
1261:
565:, which never came), and defective dispositions (as at Midway).
3381:
2767:(in Swedish). Espoo, Finland: Schildts förlag Ab. p. 285.
2672:(in Swedish). Espoo, Finland: Schildts förlag Ab. p. 261.
1814:
The Germans developed a series of stand-off weapons, e.g., the
328:
by a British force of destroyers, cruisers, and the battleship
1186:
on 27 October 1942. Six battleships came together as part of
1038:
During July and August 1945 several American battleships and
1030:
engaged enemy ships with her primary or secondary batteries.
534:
In many of the crucial battles of the Pacific, for instance
2710:(in Swedish). Lund, Sweden: Historiska media. p. 316.
2429:
Battleship: The Loss of the Prince of Wales and the Repulse
1833:, while they were underway to surrender. The first one hit
1126:, forcing the larger vessels to remain at port. The German
221:
were the first capital ships, alternatively referred to as
2487:
Best Battleship: Underwater Protection (CombinedFleet.com)
2470:
2468:
1617:. The stern attacks are best demonstrated by the cases of
744:(1 November 1940) were the largest battleships in history.
608:
in April 1942, and to engage Japanese naval forces at the
577:
could not achieve parity with the estimated nine Japanese
3128:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
2746:
The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922
660:
showed up deficiencies in Japanese operational planning.
139:
surprised and sank the lightly escorted aircraft carrier
108:
Still, battleships played a part in major engagements in
2988:
Dödligt angrepp - miniubåtsräden mot slagskeppet Tirpitz
1651:
were much more successful against lesser-armored ships.
882:
fought and defeated a bombardment force centered around
3071:(in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Forum AB. p. 160.
1580:
level bomber, which resulted in the destruction of the
1348:
vastly increased the effectiveness of these batteries.
1268:
had managed to shoot down only a handful of attackers.
3300:(in Swedish). Helsingborg: Bokfrämjandet. p. 159.
3298:
1900-talet: VĂĄr tids historia i ord och bild; Part 12
2727:
Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905
2319:
2317:
1465:
and post–World War I era, designers began drawing up
455:), cruisers and destroyers to close in for the kill.
1625:; the rudders and screws were similarly vulnerable.
1312:. The first line of protection was a radar-vectored
600:
On 7 December 1941 the Japanese launched a surprise
395:
s superior range-finding and accuracy, it soon sank
2786:. New Vanguard No. 126. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
870:on 15 November 1942, the United States battleships
738:(8 August 1940), seen in 1941, and her sister ship
678:the night of 6–7 June, had Yamamoto stayed closer.
2805:. University of California: H. M. Stationery Off.
2529:At Dawn We Slept: The untold story of Pearl Harbor
2096:
2094:
407:hit each other three times, the damage compelling
2891:. London, UK: Salamander Books Ltd. p. 272.
2849:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
2824:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
2531:. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981.
2510:800 kg armor-piercing bomb Type 99, No 80, Mark 5
338:was bombed while in dry dock and never repaired.
2866:Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, eds. (2001).
2363:Battle of the Philippine Sea (CombinedFleet.com)
2512:. The development of this bomb is described in
1488:was planned to incorporate a thoroughly tested
778:were being saved due to fuel limitations for a
2953:. London: Harper Collins Publishers. pp.
1858:, lurked until late into the war in Norwegian
1555:, which lacked it, capsized after just three.
894:accurate radar-directed fire fatally crippled
656:Commonly understood as a victory of carriers,
3393:
3296:Taylor, A. J. P. (Red.); et al. (1975).
3281:(in Swedish). Norstedts Förlag. p. 363.
3279:Slagskeppet Tirpitz - kampen om Norra Ishavet
3187:. London, UK: Random House Ltd. p. 320.
2820:Gray, Randal (1985). Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
2689:The Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1897–1984
2620:
2618:
2424:
2422:
1287:demonstrated just that in the battles of the
1231:(just left of center near the top border), a
8:
2977:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2414:The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean Convoys
2271:Imperial Japanese Navy Battleships 1941–1945
1211:as part of the breakwater around the Allied
2374:Japanese Naval Ordnance (CombinedFleet.com)
1566:adapted 16 inches (41 cm) shells from
300:supplying the United Kingdom and later the
3400:
3386:
3378:
3338:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3262:. New Your, USA: MetroBooks. p. 160.
3249:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3216:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3048:. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp.
3033:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3011:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery
2560:Best Battleship: Armor (CombinedFleet.com)
1517:classes to 16 inches (41 cm) for the
354:Germany's next two capital ships were the
3277:Tamelander, Michael; et al. (2006).
2947:Ireland, Bernard and Grove, Eric (1997).
2153:
1827:and severely damage her sister ship, the
672:might have been dealt a crushing blow by
644:found and sank them on 10 December 1941.
3347:Zetterling, Niklas; et al. (2004).
2474:
2459:
2136:"Battleships, D-Day, and naval strategy"
1878:, which was made with carrier aircraft,
1685:dropped by RAF Lancaster bombers during
2670:Finland i krig 1939–1940 - första delen
1920:
1874:. After several air strikes, including
1791:in the shallow waters of the harbor of
1681:from the massive 12,000 lb (5.4t)
1388:, incorporating many concepts from the
1299:downing between 7 and 14 planes, while
1118:, and as floating batteries during the
399:with an apparent hit to her magazines.
243:. The class comprised two vessels: the
3331:
3242:
3209:
3026:
2970:
2765:Finland i krig 1940–1944 - andra delen
79:The German pre-dreadnought battleship
16:Use of battleships during World War II
3185:Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II
807:was temporarily put out of action by
54:Some pre-war commanders had seen the
7:
2395:from the original on 13 October 2007
2298:Morison (1960), pp. 312–316, 331–332
1355:Oerlikon 20mm AA gun mount on board
3183:Preston, Antony (Foreword) (1989).
2708:Kamikaze - Japans självmordspiloter
2706:Axell, Albert; et al. (2004).
2273:. p 19, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2112:
1909:List of battleships of World War II
913:(1940) under air attack, March 1945
461:was positioned in Norway to attack
3078:Ofredens hav - Östersjön 1939–1992
2828:. Naval Institute Press. pp.
2763:Brunila, Kai; et al. (2000).
2100:
1112:German assault on the Soviet Union
868:Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
813:, which was credited with sinking
629:and her escort, the battlecruiser
312:conducted successful raids during
14:
3076:Linder, Jan; et al. (2002).
2668:Appel, Erik; et al. (2001).
2040:and missiles fired from aircraft.
1799:out of action until mid-1942 and
847:First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
277:. The ships were armed with nine
3305:Wetterholm, Claes-Göran (2002).
2748:. Caxton Editions. p. 208.
1890:. During that action, codenamed
1691:Notably a Tallboy bomb that hit
2450:. Access date: 13 October 2007.
1886:heavy bombers carrying massive
1882:was finally sunk in harbour by
1235:in this case, about to hit the
374:engaged the British battleship
368:38 cm (15 in) SK C/34
283:38 cm (15 in) SK C/34
279:28 cm (11 in) SK C/34
2847:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1980).
2784:British Battlecruisers 1914–18
1549:from nine torpedo hits, while
1492:, which was later used in the
1413:anti-aircraft broadside). The
705:were still undergoing trials.
1:
3349:Bismarck - Kampen om Atlanten
3145:O'Connell, Robert L. (1991).
2508:Note: This weapon was called
2195:(Annapolis: USNIPress, 1983).
1904:List of ships of World War II
1728:, when the super-dreadnought
824:During the later part of the
316:. While attempting to attack
35:in Poland on 1 September 1939
2687:Archibald, E. H. H. (1984).
2416:. A Naval Staff History, p26
2134:Benbow, Tim (22 June 2022).
1870:, a daring covert attack by
1318:Battle of the Philippine Sea
1308:had arrayed his forces in a
1046:conducted naval bombardments
956:the Battle of Surigao Strait
919:Battle of the Philippine Sea
204:Scharnhorst-class battleship
3456:Battleships in World War II
3326:Ironclads in Action - Vol 1
3307:Dödens hav - Östersjön 1945
3225:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).
3149:. Boulder: Westview Press.
2950:Jane's War At Sea 1897–1997
2872:. Book Sales. p. 192.
2069:O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009).
1400:German vessels such as the
561:(the Japanese waited for a
530:, Philippines, January 1945
3498:
3431:Pre-dreadnought battleship
2930:German Warships: 1815–1945
1158:
1052:Soviet and Finnish battles
622:of the British battleship
502:(1915) leading battleship
429:from the aircraft carrier
347:
269:in some other sources, as
207:
201:
3416:
3202:Russel, Scott J. (1861).
3009:Kennedy, Paul M. (1983).
2990:(in Swedish). Stockholm:
2986:Jacobsen, Alf R. (2005).
2851:. Conway Maritime Press.
2269:Stille, Cdr Mark (2008).
2155:10.1177/09683445211022765
2077:: Naval Institute Press.
1439:High Angle Control System
1310:complex defense formation
1090:, the Soviet battleships
942:Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
799:were available after the
350:Bismarck-class battleship
3482:World War II battleships
3042:Lambert, Andrew (1984).
2908:Schlachtschiffe der Welt
2351:Schlachtschiffe der Welt
2338:Finland i krig 1940–1944
2309:Finland i krig 1939–1940
1461:In the aftermath of the
1150:Capabilities and tactics
1146:served until the 1950s.
1144:Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya
1099:Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya
925:. The objective in this
210:Battle of the North Cape
3258:Stilwell, Paul (2001).
3227:Naval Warfare 1815–1914
3204:The Fleet of the Future
2801:Collier, Basil (1957).
2782:Burr, Lawrence (2006).
2446:7 February 2012 at the
2245:Barrier and the Javelin
2193:Barrier and the Javelin
1840:Admiral Carlo Bergamini
1784:and to a lesser extent
1266:anti-aircraft artillery
1070:prior to World War II.
610:Battle of the Coral Sea
148:Attack on Mers-el-KĂ©bir
3324:Wilson, H. W. (1898).
3164:Parkes, Oscar (1990).
3124:Victory in the Pacific
3069:Krigsfartyg efter 1860
3067:Lenton, H. T. (1971).
2887:Gibbons, Tony (1983).
2340:, pp. 100–108, 220–225
1864:anti-submarine weapons
1704:Coordination and waves
1560:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1490:torpedo defense scheme
1470:ships of the American
1415:Imperial Japanese Navy
1363:
1271:An aircraft carrier's
1242:
1079:
914:
750:Imperial Japanese Navy
745:
730:Imperial Japanese Navy
602:attack on Pearl Harbor
531:
381:and the battlecruiser
294:Battle of the Atlantic
285:guns in twin turrets.
188:Battle of Cape Matapan
172:
122:Battle of the Atlantic
118:Mediterranean theatres
36:
3120:Morison, Samuel Eliot
2906:Greger, René (1993).
2744:Brown, D. K. (2003).
2725:Brown, D. K. (2003).
2609:Tamelander, Michael:
2038:air-dropped torpedoes
1737:24 October air attack
1635:s thick armor during
1590:During the attack on
1541:anti-torpedo blisters
1354:
1338:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
1295:, respectively, with
1226:
1059:
909:
727:
496:
388:. Due in part to the
165:
24:
2260:Gibbons, pp. 262–263
2124:Gibbons, pp. 228–229
2058:Gibbons, pp. 246–247
1726:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1190:, in support of the
1176:fought and disabled
938:Battle of Leyte Gulf
826:Guadalcanal campaign
612:in May 1942 and the
587:allocating two ships
508:(1921) and cruisers
326:Battle of North Cape
275:Treaty of Versailles
3166:British Battleships
3104:. London: Pimlico.
2611:Slagskeppet Tirpitz
2075:Annapolis, Maryland
1929:Pearl Harbor attack
1892:Operation Catechism
1809:motor assault boats
1687:Operation Catechism
1645:suicide air attacks
1500:Battleships had an
1306:Raymond A. Spruance
1167:invasion of Morocco
917:By the time of the
489:The Pacific battles
366:, armed with eight
158:Taranto and Matapan
60:Pearl Harbor attack
42:saw the end of the
2992:Natur & Kultur
2649:Ireland, Bernard:
2636:Taylor, A. J. P.:
2624:Jacobsen, Alf R.:
2212:on 7 February 2012
1997:Schleswig-Holstein
1876:Operation Tungsten
1765:Innovative attacks
1637:Operation Tungsten
1364:
1293:Santa Cruz Islands
1243:
1120:siege of Leningrad
1080:
1060:Soviet battleship
976:U.S. Seventh Fleet
915:
746:
719:Santa Cruz Islands
589:to the defense of
532:
479:Operation Overlord
173:
83:Schleswig-Holstein
37:
28:Schleswig-Holstein
25:German battleship
3464:
3463:
3451:Treaty battleship
3358:978-91-1-301288-9
3316:978-91-518-3968-4
3288:978-91-1-301554-5
3269:978-1-58663-044-7
3236:978-0-415-21478-0
3194:978-1-85170-494-1
3175:978-1-55750-075-5
3156:978-0-8133-1116-6
3137:978-0-252-07065-5
3111:978-1-84413-411-3
3087:978-91-631-2035-0
3059:978-0-85177-315-5
3020:978-0-333-35094-2
3001:978-91-27-09897-8
2964:978-0-00-472065-4
2939:978-0-87021-790-6
2917:978-3-613-01459-6
2898:978-0-517-37810-6
2879:978-0-7858-1413-9
2858:978-0-85177-146-5
2839:978-0-87021-907-8
2812:978-0-87021-790-6
2793:978-1-84603-008-6
2774:978-951-50-1140-4
2755:978-1-84067-531-3
2736:978-1-84067-529-0
2717:978-91-85057-09-2
2698:978-0-7137-1348-0
2679:978-951-50-1182-4
2651:Jane's War at Sea
2526:Prange, Gordon W.
2462:, pp. 98–99.
2289:Tully, pp. 214–15
2279:978-1-84603-280-6
2084:978-1-59114-648-3
1872:British mini-subs
1596:, according to a
1463:Battle of Jutland
1443:Operation Halberd
1314:combat air patrol
1273:combat air patrol
1256:off the coast of
1213:Mulberry harbours
1188:Operation Neptune
1132:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
1066:(1914) moored in
950:, sister ship to
927:"decisive battle"
780:"decisive battle"
748:By contrast, the
721:carrier battles.
583:Winston Churchill
563:"decisive battle"
446:HMS King George V
292:to influence the
197:Scharnhorst class
3489:
3426:Ironclad warship
3421:Ship of the line
3402:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3362:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3320:
3301:
3292:
3273:
3254:
3248:
3240:
3221:
3215:
3207:
3198:
3179:
3160:
3141:
3115:
3091:
3072:
3063:
3038:
3032:
3024:
3005:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2943:
2921:
2902:
2883:
2862:
2843:
2827:
2816:
2797:
2778:
2759:
2740:
2721:
2702:
2683:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2574:. Archived from
2568:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2523:
2517:
2514:At Dawn We Slept
2506:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2390:
2386:"Jap Yamoto bat"
2382:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2208:. Archived from
2202:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2157:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
1940:The battleships
1938:
1932:
1925:
1868:Operation Source
1805:manned torpedoes
1711:aerial torpedoes
1700:
1606:
1486:G3 battlecruiser
1390:G3 battlecruiser
1334:Bofors 40 mm gun
1289:Eastern Solomons
1142:and both it and
1134:eventually sank
992:Battle off Samar
929:was to stop the
801:Battle of Midway
715:Eastern Solomons
689:fast battleships
614:Battle of Midway
442:
411:to withdraw and
394:
324:was sunk at the
314:Operation Berlin
290:commerce raiders
56:aircraft carrier
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3446:Fast battleship
3412:
3408:History of the
3406:
3376:
3359:
3346:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3304:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3241:
3237:
3224:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3182:
3176:
3163:
3157:
3144:
3138:
3118:
3112:
3094:
3088:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3008:
3002:
2994:. p. 282.
2985:
2969:
2965:
2946:
2940:
2924:
2918:
2905:
2899:
2886:
2880:
2865:
2859:
2846:
2840:
2819:
2813:
2800:
2794:
2781:
2775:
2762:
2756:
2743:
2737:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2686:
2680:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2626:Dödligt angrepp
2623:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:Axell, Albert:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2578:on 5 March 2018
2570:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2524:
2520:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2448:Wayback Machine
2439:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:. Ibiblio.org.
2388:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2242:
2238:
2230:Axell, Albert:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2191:Willmott, H.P.
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:Gibbons, p. 163
2048:
2044:
1967:Prince of Wales
1943:Conte di Cavour
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1900:
1801:Queen Elizabeth
1781:Queen Elizabeth
1767:
1722:Prince of Wales
1706:
1690:
1673:Type 93 torpedo
1623:Prince of Wales
1613:, foundered at
1604:
1598:PBS documentary
1459:
1435:Prince of Wales
1342:proximity fuses
1330:
1277:fast battleship
1249:Prince of Wales
1233:Mitsubishi Zero
1221:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1124:Gulf of Finland
1054:
1036:
1024:escort carriers
972:Jesse Oldendorf
904:
843:Henderson Field
821:escorting her.
684:
654:
646:Prince of Wales
626:Prince of Wales
571:
491:
483:English Channel
471:
440:
427:torpedo bombers
409:Prince of Wales
405:Prince of Wales
392:
378:Prince of Wales
352:
346:
212:
206:
200:
160:
96:final surrender
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3375:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3344:
3321:
3315:
3302:
3293:
3287:
3274:
3268:
3255:
3235:
3222:
3199:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3161:
3155:
3142:
3136:
3116:
3110:
3096:Massie, Robert
3092:
3086:
3073:
3064:
3058:
3039:
3019:
3006:
3000:
2983:
2963:
2944:
2938:
2922:
2916:
2903:
2897:
2884:
2878:
2863:
2857:
2844:
2838:
2817:
2811:
2798:
2792:
2779:
2773:
2760:
2754:
2741:
2735:
2729:. Book Sales.
2722:
2716:
2703:
2697:
2684:
2678:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2614:
2602:
2589:
2563:
2552:
2541:
2518:
2501:
2490:
2479:
2477:, p. 178.
2464:
2452:
2433:
2418:
2406:
2377:
2366:
2355:
2349:Greger, René:
2342:
2336:Brunila, Kai:
2329:
2313:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2262:
2253:
2236:
2223:
2197:
2184:
2148:(3): 684–703.
2141:War in History
2126:
2117:
2105:
2090:
2083:
2060:
2051:
2042:
1933:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1766:
1763:
1705:
1702:
1458:
1455:
1329:
1326:
1297:North Carolina
1281:North Carolina
1220:
1219:Aerial defense
1217:
1207:), which were
1192:D-Day landings
1159:Main article:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1053:
1050:
1035:
1034:Japanese Coast
1032:
923:Leyte Campaign
903:
900:
849:, battleships
819: (DD-415)
805:North Carolina
791:North Carolina
707:North Carolina
694:North Carolina
683:
680:
653:
650:
616:in June 1942.
606:Doolittle Raid
570:
567:
490:
487:
470:
467:
463:Arctic Convoys
348:Main article:
345:
343:Bismarck class
340:
318:Arctic Convoys
296:by destroying
223:battlecruisers
202:Main article:
199:
194:
159:
156:
76:
73:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3494:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Battlecruiser
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3372:
3371:1-55750-129-7
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:Gröner, Erich
2923:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:. Blandford.
2690:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2653:, pp. 190–191
2652:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2600:, pp. 205–213
2599:
2593:
2590:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:0-07-050669-8
2534:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:Gardiner 1980
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:Gardiner 1980
2456:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2431:, Middlebrook
2430:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:Linder, Jan:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:Appel, Erik:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2115:, p. 99.
2114:
2109:
2106:
2103:, p. 32.
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:Tallboy bombs
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:protected by
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:Fleet Air Arm
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:West Virginia
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1361: (BB-61)
1360:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1173:Massachusetts
1168:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:King George V
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
993:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:
963:
962:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
912:
908:
901:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:
875:
874:
869:
865:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
844:
840:
839:
834:
833:
827:
822:
820:
818:
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
786:
781:
777:
775:
770:
769:
764:
762:
757:
756:
751:
743:
742:
737:
736:
731:
726:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
681:
679:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
628:
627:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
595:Pacific Fleet
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:capital ships
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
541:
537:
529:
528:Lingayen Gulf
525:
524:
519:
518:
513:
512:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
454:
453:
448:
447:
439:
435:
434:
428:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
387:
386:
380:
379:
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
358:
351:
344:
341:
339:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
211:
205:
198:
195:
193:
192:
189:
184:
181:
176:
170:
169:
164:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
144:
138:
137:
132:
131:
127:In June 1940
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
74:
72:
70:
64:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
29:
23:
19:
3455:
3348:
3325:
3306:
3297:
3278:
3259:
3226:
3203:
3184:
3165:
3146:
3123:
3100:
3077:
3068:
3044:
3010:
2987:
2949:
2929:
2907:
2888:
2870:
2867:
2848:
2823:
2802:
2783:
2764:
2745:
2726:
2707:
2688:
2669:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:the original
2566:
2555:
2544:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2493:
2482:
2455:
2436:
2428:
2413:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2380:
2369:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2325:Ofredens hav
2324:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2210:the original
2200:
2192:
2187:
2177:13 September
2175:. Retrieved
2145:
2139:
2129:
2120:
2108:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1923:
1879:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1780:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1741:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1692:
1677:
1662:
1657:South Dakota
1656:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1601:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1578:Nakajima B5N
1568:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1511:South Dakota
1510:
1506:
1502:armored belt
1499:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1460:
1450:
1434:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1380:
1377:
1365:
1358:
1331:
1322:South Dakota
1321:
1301:South Dakota
1300:
1296:
1285:South Dakota
1284:
1280:
1270:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1203:
1196:
1182:
1178:Vichy French
1172:
1164:
1161:Fire support
1155:Fire support
1143:
1139:
1135:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1081:
1074:was sunk in
1071:
1062:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
979:
966:
960:
951:
946:
935:
916:
910:
895:
892:Washington's
891:
888:South Dakota
887:
883:
878:
873:South Dakota
872:
863:
857:
851:
837:
831:
823:
816:
809:
804:
796:South Dakota
795:
790:
784:
773:
767:
760:
754:
747:
740:
734:
711:South Dakota
710:
706:
701:South Dakota
700:
693:
685:
674:
655:
645:
632:
625:
618:
599:
572:
569:Pearl Harbor
554:
550:
544:
533:
526:(1941) into
522:
520:(1932), and
516:
510:
504:
499:Pennsylvania
498:
472:
458:
457:
450:
444:
437:
432:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
384:
377:
371:
362:
356:
353:
342:
335:
331:Duke of York
329:
321:
309:
305:
302:Soviet Union
287:
270:
264:
263:
259:
254:
248:
236:Kriegsmarine
234:
231:Nazi Germany
229:, built for
216:
215:
213:
196:
185:
177:
174:
167:
142:
135:
129:
126:
107:
101:
92:Westerplatte
90:garrison at
82:
78:
69:guided bombs
65:
53:
40:World War II
38:
33:Westerplatte
27:
18:
3477:Battleships
3436:Dreadnought
3260:Battleships
2327:, pp. 50–51
1816:guided bomb
1771:Axis powers
1747:battleships
1615:Sibuyan Sea
1574:battleships
1428:battleships
1247:sinking of
1180:battleship
1110:During the
1082:During the
886:. Although
682:Guadalcanal
620:The sinking
322:Scharnhorst
306:Scharnhorst
260:Scharnhorst
249:Scharnhorst
241:World War I
227:battleships
217:Scharnhorst
130:Scharnhorst
48:dreadnought
31:, shelling
3471:Categories
3410:battleship
3229:. London.
3013:. London.
2661:References
2638:1900-talet
2399:15 October
2243:Willmott,
1807:and small
1795:, putting
1793:Alexandria
1758:Enterprise
1699:capsizing.
1607:s sister,
1507:Strasbourg
1386:battleship
1088:Winter War
1018:and their
902:Leyte Gulf
879:Washington
575:Royal Navy
511:Louisville
452:HMS Rodney
208:See also:
94:; and the
75:Operations
44:battleship
3334:cite book
3328:. London.
3245:cite book
3212:cite book
3206:. London.
3029:cite book
2973:cite book
2353:, pp. 201
2172:237902151
2164:0968-3445
1844:HMS
1786:HMS
1779:HMS
1696:amidships
1582:USS
1473:Tennessee
1394:kamikazes
1368:casemates
1357:USS
1204:Centurion
1202:HMS
1183:Jean Bart
1171:USS
1169:that the
1086:-Finnish
1076:Kronstadt
1040:HMS
984:Yamashiro
967:Yamashiro
896:Kirishima
884:Kirishima
858:Kirishima
815:USS
631:HMS
624:HMS
591:Singapore
536:Coral Sea
436:disabled
433:Ark Royal
431:HMS
421:Swordfish
383:HMS
376:HMS
336:Gneisenau
310:Gneisenau
271:Gneisenau
265:Gneisenau
255:Gneisenau
245:lead ship
141:HMS
136:Gneisenau
100:USS
81:SMS
3122:(1960).
3098:(2005).
2928:(1990).
2640:, p. 139
2598:Kamikaze
2444:Archived
2393:Archived
2311:, p. 182
2232:Kamikaze
1961:Oklahoma
1898:See also
1846:Warspite
1752:Franklin
1718:Bismarck
1683:Tallboys
1649:Kamikaze
1633:Tirpitz'
1619:Bismarck
1558:For the
1552:Oklahoma
1479:Colorado
1451:Prince's
1406:Bismarck
1402:Bismarck
1238:Missouri
1229:kamikaze
1209:scuttled
841:against
771:and two
758:and two
670:Fletcher
662:Yamamoto
642:fighters
559:doctrine
523:Columbia
517:Portland
514:(1930),
505:Colorado
475:Normandy
469:Normandy
438:Bismarck
417:Bismarck
413:Bismarck
401:Bismarck
390:Bismarck
372:Bismarck
360:and the
357:Bismarck
143:Glorious
110:Atlantic
102:Missouri
2234:, p. 14
2113:Collier
1985:Tirpitz
1979:Musashi
1949:Arizona
1880:Tirpitz
1855:Tirpitz
1819:Fritz X
1797:Valiant
1788:Valiant
1775:frogmen
1731:Musashi
1693:Tirpitz
1678:Tirpitz
1641:Tirpitz
1610:Musashi
1584:Arizona
1481:classes
1447:Malayan
1328:AA guns
1253:Repulse
1197:Courbet
1116:Tallinn
1020:cruiser
990:In the
974:of the
947:Musashi
936:In the
817:O'Brien
741:Musashi
691:of the
638:bombers
633:Repulse
555:Musashi
477:during
459:Tirpitz
424:biplane
363:Tirpitz
298:convoys
180:Taranto
168:Tirpitz
152:Algeria
114:Pacific
3369:
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2216:27 May
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2081:
2015:Kilkis
2009:Lemnos
2003:Impero
1991:Yamato
1860:fjords
1830:Italia
1744:-class
1665:-class
1602:Yamato
1593:Yamato
1571:-class
1569:Nagato
1531:Yamato
1520:Yamato
1494:Nelson
1425:-class
1423:Yamato
1383:-class
1381:Nelson
1372:5-inch
1258:Malaya
1241:(1944)
1130:pilot
1084:Soviet
1068:Gdynia
1028:Yamato
1015:Nagato
1009:Haruna
997:Yamato
952:Yamato
931:Allies
911:Yamato
838:Haruna
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768:Nagato
763:-class
735:Yamato
675:Yamato
666:Nagumo
658:Midway
652:Midway
551:Yamato
545:Yamato
540:Midway
239:after
171:(1941)
88:Polish
2389:(txt)
2168:S2CID
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2021:Marat
1915:Notes
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1533:class
1522:class
1467:armor
1457:Armor
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1136:Marat
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1072:Marat
1063:Marat
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2674:ISBN
2584:2008
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2275:ISBN
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2160:ISSN
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1720:and
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