338:
871:
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759:, obligate asexuals will be driven extinct by rapidly changing parasites and pathogens, because they cannot change their genotypes quickly enough to keep up in this never-ending race. In populations of bdelloid rotifers, however, many parasites are destroyed during periods of extended desiccation. Moreover, desiccated bdelloid rotifers are easily blown away from parasite-infested habitats by wind, and establish new, healthy populations elsewhere, which allows them to escape the Red Queen by moving in time and space instead of using sex to change their genotype.
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288:) at any life stage. They are often referred to as "ancient asexuals" due to their unique asexual history that spans back to over 25 million years ago through fossil evidence. Bdelloid rotifers are microscopic organisms, typically between 150 and 700 μm in length. Most are slightly too small to be seen with the naked eye, but appear as tiny white dots through even a weak
120:
431:
Bdelloids can only be identified by eye while they are alive because many of the characteristics significant to classification are related to feeding and crawling; however, genetic identification of bdelloids is possible on dead individuals. Once preserved, the individuals contract into "blobs" which
456:
There are three main regions of the body of bdelloids: head, trunk and foot. The adjacent image depicts each area to show how body parts can be very different although they are named the same depending on the species involved. Bdelloids typically have a well-developed corona, divided into two parts,
743:
or quiescence. Bdelloids have been known to survive in this state for up to 9 years while waiting for favourable conditions to return. In addition to surviving desiccation through anhydrobiosis, desiccation stress on two bdelloid species actually helped to maintain fitness and even improved their
701:
arose in bdelloid rotifers was that parthenogenic lineages lost the ability to respond to sex-inducing signal, which is why these lineages retained their asexuality. The obligate parthenogenetic strains of bdelloid rotifers produce a sex-inducing signal but have lost the ability to respond to that
770:
When they desiccate completely, their DNA breaks up into many pieces. And when they come back to life after being rehydrated, it creates an opportunity for alien DNA fragments to enter their genome. This process was improved 60 million years ago when they captured a bacterial gene this way, which
382:
The position of
Bdelloidea within Syndermata (or Rotifera) is not entirely clear. Alternative possible phylogenetic relationships within the clade are illustrated by the accompanying cladograms. As of 2014, the "most comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of syndermatan relationships" to date was
766:
occurs, resulting in a significant proportion of the bdelloid genome, up to 10%, having been obtained through horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, fungi and plants. How and why horizontal gene transfer occur in bdelloids is under much debate at present; particularly with regards to possible
374:
group with
Bdelloidea, Monogononta and Seisonidea. To accommodate this finding, some authors extend the term 'Rotifera' to include the highly modified, parasitic 'acanthocephalan rotifers' alongside bdelloid, monogonont and seisonid rotifers. Others refer to the grouping of the four taxa as
738:
which enables the organism to rapidly dehydrate and thus resist desiccation. While preparing for this dormant state many metabolic processes are adjusted to equate for the change in state; e.g. the production of protective chemicals. The bdelloid can remain in this state, which is known as a
387:
data from all four groups, and provided "strong support" for the hypothesis illustrated in the bottom left of the figure, in which
Seisonidea and Acanthocephala are sister taxa. The study further indicated that the sister group to this taxon is Bdelloidea, whereas Monogononta is the
722:
529:) the bdelloid can actually be identified by the appearance of distinct spherical pellets within the stomach, which will be released as faeces. These pellets are a distinguishing characteristic since all the other genera release faeces as loose material.
739:'xerosome' until the return of a sufficient amount of water, at which point they will rehydrate and become active within hours. Hatching of the young will only occur when conditions are at their most favourable. These forms of dormancy are also known as
569:
345:
results published in 2014 support a refined version of the scenario in the bottom left, with
Bdelloidea as a sister group to Seisonidea + Acanthocephala, and Monogononta as an outgroup. Cladograms modified from Fig. 3, Lasek-Nesselquist 2012.
782:
due to the same DNA-preserving adaptations used to survive dormancy. These adaptations include an extremely efficient mechanism for repairing DNA double-strand breaks. This repair mechanism was studied in two
Bdelloidea species,
392:
to all three. This would mean that the closest living relatives of bdelloid rotifers are not monogonont rotifers, as previously believed, but seisonid rotifers and acanthocephalans, despite their highly modified morphology.
432:
restricts analysis. There are currently three morphological identification methodologies, two of which are considered dated: Bartoš (1951) and Donner (1965). The third method is a diagnostic key developed in 1995 by Shiel.
726:
724:
1049:"This Tiny Creature Survived 24,000 Years Frozen in Siberian Permafrost - The microscopic animals were frozen when woolly mammoths still roamed the planet, but were restored as though no time had passed"
428:
in these organisms is based on a mixture of morphological and molecular data instead. DNA studies suggest that the diversity is much greater than the original morphological classifications suggest.
1156:
Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Herlyn, Holger; Rieger, Benjamin; Rosenkranz, David; Witek, Alexander; Welch, David B. Mark; Ebersberger, Ingo; Hankeln, Thomas; Schmitz, Jürgen (10 February 2014).
725:
2558:
1484:
Fontaneto, Diego; Kaya, Murat; Herniou, Elisabeth A. & Barraclough, Timothy G. (2009). "Extreme levels of hidden diversity in microscopic animals (Rotifera) revealed by DNA taxonomy".
799:
Large-scale horizontal transfer of bacterial, plant and fungal genes into bdelloid rotifers has been documented, and may represent an important factor in bdelloid evolution.
1075:
King, Charles E.; Ricci, Claudia; Schonfeld, Justin; Serra, Manuel (September 2005). "Evolutionary
Dynamics of 'the' Bdelloid and Monogonont Rotifer Life-history Patterns".
656:. Despite having been asexual for millions of years, they have diversified into more than 450 species and are fairly similar to other sexually reproducing rotifer species.
870:
1584:
Klusemann, J.; Kleinow, W.; Peters, W. (1990). "The hard parts (trophi) of the rotifer mastax do contain chitin: evidence from studies on
Brachionus plicatilis".
2737:
2125:
Wilson, Christopher G.; Sherman, Paul W. (29 January 2010). "Anciently
Asexual Bdelloid Rotifers Escape Lethal Fungal Parasites by Drying Up and Blowing Away".
689:
take on a meiotic-like juxtaposed configuration. This germline DNA repair results in accurate reconstitution of the genetic material transmitted to offspring.
337:
858:
723:
2269:
330:
studies based on morphology seemed to indicate that the sister group to bdelloid rotifers was
Monogononta, with seisonid rotifers as an early-diverging
509:
The bdelloid digestive and reproductive systems can be found within the trunk sections of their bodies, with the stomach being the most visible of the
2698:
2724:
2555:
292:, especially in bright light. In June 2021, biologists reported the restoration of bdelloid rotifers after being frozen for 24,000 years in the
1120:
Wallace, Robert Lee; Colburn, Rebecca Arlene (December 1989). "Phylogenetic relationships within phylum
Rotifera: orders and genus Notholca".
1549:
952:
593:
of bdelloids is varied but most use rings of cilia in the corona organ to create currents of water which blow food through the mouth to the
2524:
1158:"Transcriptome Data Reveal Syndermatan Relationships and Suggest the Evolution of Endoparasitism in Acanthocephala via an Epizoic Stage"
915:
Segers, Hendrik (2007). "Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution".
2550:
1364:
1427:
834:
767:
connections between the foreign genes and the desiccation process as well as possible connections to bdelloids' ancient asexuality.
2536:
2783:
2545:
1756:
Terwagne, M.; Nicolas, E.; Hespeels, B.; Herter, L.; Virgo, J.; Demazy, C.; Heuskin, A. C.; Hallet, B.; Van Doninck, K. (2022).
2344:
1993:
1815:"Phylogenetic relationships between parthenogens and their sexual relatives: the possible routes to parthenogenesis in animals"
751:
Bdelloidea have evolved a unique mechanism to help overcome one of the major perils of asexual reproduction. According to the
581:
The behaviour of bdelloids can be split into four categories: feeding, locomotion, reproduction and stress-induced behaviours.
762:
When these creatures recover from desiccation, it has been shown that they undergo a potentially unique genetic process where
822:
597:
which has been adapted specifically for grinding food. Food includes suspended bacteria, algae, detritus, and other things.
2729:
1012:
Poinar Jr., G. O.; Ricci, Claudia (1992). "Bdelloid rotifers in Dominican amber: Evidence for parthenogenetic continuity".
1671:
1274:
Welch, David B. Mark (2001). "Early contributions of molecular phylogenetics to understanding the evolution of Rotifera".
648:, a form of asexual reproduction where embryos grow and develop without the need for fertilization; this is akin to the
445:
2826:
2646:
2633:
2345:"Gateway to genetic exchange? DNA double-strand breaks in the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga submitted to desiccation"
137:
2690:
2227:"Foreign genes and novel hydrophilic protein genes participate in the desiccation response of the bdelloid rotifer
846:
2742:
2178:"Spatial and temporal escape from fungal parasitism in natural communities of anciently asexual bdelloid rotifers"
697:
In 2003, the mode of asexual reproduction in the bdelloid rotifers was wholly unknown. One theory of how obligate
370:, molecular and morphological evidence accumulated between 1994 and 2014 to indicate that Acanthocephala forms a
810:
763:
941:
Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution
2343:
Hespeels B, Knapen M, Hanot-Mambres D, Heuskin AC, Pineux F, LUCAS S, Koszul R, Van Doninck K (July 2014).
412:, consisting of three orders: Philodinavida, Philodinida and Adinetida. These orders are divided into four
2573:
2005:
1084:
1048:
351:
2821:
2651:
707:
686:
389:
331:
194:
748:. The rotifers that were consistently kept hydrated fared worse than those desiccated and rehydrated.
2816:
2752:
2672:
2620:
2459:
2400:
2294:
2134:
2079:
1900:
1769:
1709:
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1493:
1456:
1228:
1169:
772:
752:
269:
2788:
2010:
1089:
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791:. and appears to involve mitotic recombination between homologous DNA regions within each species.
613:. Inch-worming (or crawling) involves taking alternate steps with the head and tail, as do certain
610:
500:
1698:"Genomic signatures of recombination in a natural population of the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga"
2491:
2158:
1971:
1963:
1609:
1397:
1337:
1291:
1133:
1102:
1053:
1029:
994:
779:
659:
However, a new study provided evidence for interindividual genetic exchange and recombination in
280:
and the ability to survive in dry, harsh environments by entering a state of desiccation-induced
132:
2521:
2225:
Boschetti, Chiara; Pouchkina-Stantcheva, Natalia; Hoffmann, Pia & Tunnacliffe, Alan (2011).
1445:"Inconsistent estimates of diversity between traditional and DNA taxonomy in bdelloid rotifers"
494:
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2659:
2483:
2475:
2428:
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2322:
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2150:
2107:
1928:
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1795:
1735:
1652:
1601:
1545:
1509:
1423:
1360:
1256:
1217:"A Mitogenomic Re-Evaluation of the Bdelloid Phylogeny and Relationships among the Syndermata"
1197:
948:
904:
734:
Bdelloids are able to survive environmental stresses by entering a state of dormancy known as
31:
2775:
1542:
A guide to identification of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods from Australian inland waters
424:
as a group of organisms capable of creating fertile offspring is inapplicable, therefore the
2765:
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2467:
2418:
2408:
2359:
2312:
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2197:
2189:
2142:
2097:
2087:
2046:
2015:
1955:
1918:
1908:
1887:
Stelzer, Claus-Peter; Schmidt, Johanna; Wiedlroither, Anneliese; Riss, Simone (2010-09-20).
1859:
1826:
1785:
1777:
1725:
1717:
1644:
1593:
1501:
1464:
1389:
1329:
1283:
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1177:
1125:
1094:
1021:
986:
641:
628:, meaning leech). This video demonstrates how bdelloids move in three different situations:
532:
Most bdelloids retract the foot while they eat, but there are four genera that lack a foot:
413:
268:
of bdelloid rotifers (or 'bdelloids'), distinguished from each other mainly on the basis of
209:
2611:
1443:
Kaya, Murat; Herniou, Elisabeth A.; Barraclough, Timothy G. & Fontaneto, Diego (2009).
2562:
2540:
2528:
2035:"The importance of being a bdelloid: ecological and evolutionary consequences of dormancy"
703:
698:
645:
510:
425:
402:
315:
277:
253:
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signal. It was later discovered that the inability to respond to sex-inducing signals in
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1904:
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1923:
1888:
1790:
1757:
1730:
1697:
1251:
1216:
1192:
1157:
977:
Ricci, Claudia (2000). "Key to the identification of the genera of bdelloid rotifers".
939:
618:
363:
341:
Cladograms showing alternative possible relationships within Syndermata (or Rotifera).
242:
2068:"Stress and fitness in parthenogens: is dormancy a key feature for bdelloid rotifers?"
2805:
2447:
2387:
Welch, David B. Mark; Welch, Jessica L. Mark & Meselson, Matthew (1 April 2008).
1864:
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384:
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77:
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371:
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327:
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1813:
Simon, Jean-Christophe; Delmotte, François; Rispe, Claude; Crease, Teresa (2003).
1913:
1241:
1182:
354:
studies demonstrate that this classic understanding of 'Rotifera' is incomplete (
2711:
2664:
2605:
1505:
925:
756:
488:
319:
179:
52:
1721:
1380:
Melone, Giulio & Ricci, Claudia (1995). "Rotatory apparatus in Bdelloids".
2092:
2051:
2034:
2019:
1758:"DNA repair during nonreductional meiosis in the asexual rotifer Adineta vaga"
1565:
Bartoš, Emanuel (1951). "The Czechoslovak Rotatoria of the order Bdelloidea".
1469:
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1098:
990:
670:
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468:
323:
296:
261:
97:
62:
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2479:
2270:
60-M-Year-Old Bacteria Shed Light on 'New' DNA Modification System in Animals
644:
because a male has never been observed, and females reproduce exclusively by
2471:
2413:
2307:
2146:
1627:
Judson, Olivia P.; Normark, Benjamin B. (1996). "Ancient asexual scandals".
878:
745:
682:
548:. This affects not only how they feed but also how they crawl; for instance
376:
289:
149:
102:
2556:
Tiny Creature Comes Back To Life After 24,000 Years In Siberian Deep Freeze
2487:
2446:
Gladyshev, Eugene A.; Meselson, Matthew; Arkhipova, Irina R. (2008-05-30).
2432:
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2111:
1932:
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1201:
908:
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1333:
2590:
1696:
Vakhrusheva, O.A.; Mnatsakanova, E.A.; Galimov, Y.R. (18 December 2020).
678:
649:
409:
311:
281:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
771:
gave them a new gene regulatory system. The new system was used to keep
127:
SEM showing morphological variation of bdelloid rotifers and their jaws
17:
2247:
2226:
1967:
1597:
1393:
1129:
1025:
674:
594:
590:
421:
417:
293:
265:
257:
169:
107:
82:
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2516:
2364:
1994:"Long-term anhydrobiotic survival in semi-terrestrial micrometazoans"
514:
406:
367:
308:
159:
2703:
2567:
899:
Donner, Josef (1965). "Ordnung Bdelloidea (Rotatoria, Rädertiere)".
119:
1959:
1320:, and a comparison of epidermal structures within the Gnathifera".
1544:. Australia: Co-operative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology.
720:
653:
614:
563:
477:
359:
336:
2677:
452:
with head (red), tail (white) and trunk (blue) areas highlighted
2571:
2283:"Extreme resistance of bdelloid rotifers to ionizing radiation"
778:
Bdelloid rotifers are extraordinarily resistant to damage from
366:, or thorny-headed worms. Originally classified as a separate
1889:"Loss of Sexual Reproduction and Dwarfing in a Small Metazoan"
1357:
Animal evolution : interrelationships of the living phyla
420:. Since these organisms are asexual the usual definition of a
224:
1946:
Crowe, John H. (1971). "Anhydrobiosis: an unsolved problem".
2066:
Ricci, Claudia; Caprioli, Manuela; Fontaneto, Diego (2007).
2176:
Wilson, Christopher G.; Sherman, Paul W. (22 August 2013).
1848:"Obligate asex in a rotifer and the role of sexual signals"
460:
Some identifiable features of the bdelloids include :
272:. The main characteristics that distinguish bdelloids from
264:
habitats all over the world. There are over 450 described
233:
230:
218:
2517:
Rotifer World Catalog, by Jersabek C.D. & Leitner M.F.
2389:"Evidence for degenerate tetraploidy in bdelloid rotifers"
2281:
Gladyshev, Eugene & Meselson, Matthew (1 April 2008).
1567:
Mémoiresde la Société Zoologique Tchécoslovaque de Prague
1312:
Ahlrichs, Wilko H. (1997). "Epidermal ultrastructure of
663:, a species previously thought to be anciently asexual.
2448:"Massive horizontal gene transfer in bdelloid rotifers"
1992:
Guidetti, Roberto & Jönsson, K. Ingemar (2002).
227:
221:
215:
2580:
605:There appear to be three main methods of movement:
212:
901:Bestimmungsbücher zur Bodenfauna Europas, volume 6
693:Evolution of obligate parthenogenetic reproduction
1359:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
652:seen in some plants. Each individual has paired
2393:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2338:
2336:
2287:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1987:
1985:
1751:
1749:
1307:
1305:
730:Video of a rotifer transforming into a xerosome
273:
2546:An Evolutionary Scandal, from Harvard Magazine
2033:Ricci, Claudia & Fontaneto, Diego (2009).
864:Lateral view of a bdelloid in algae-rich water
640:Bdelloids are of interest in the study of the
1672:"Bdelloids: No sex for over 40 million years"
1413:
1411:
375:Syndermata, a term derived from their shared
8:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
27:Class of parthenogenetic freshwater rotifers
2534:Bdelloids: No sex for over 40 million years
1215:Lasek-Nesselquist, Erica (23 August 2012).
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
630:locomotion and feeding of bdelloid rotifers
2568:
681:DNA repair occurs in a specific period of
118:
38:
2422:
2412:
2363:
2316:
2306:
2246:
2201:
2101:
2091:
2050:
2009:
1922:
1912:
1863:
1830:
1819:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1789:
1729:
1468:
1250:
1240:
1191:
1181:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1088:
473:Strong teeth (labelled by a tooth index)
439:
891:
806:
448:pictures of some species of the genus
1486:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
609:, inch-worming along a substrate, or
556:slide whereas the other genera loop.
7:
2753:6c7b9e9b-f156-43b6-acbe-6c095b4435a4
828:Frontal view of a bdelloid's corona.
617:, which gives the group their name (
2235:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1449:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
497:consist of a ventral ciliated field
2182:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
362:of closely related organisms: the
25:
1670:Milius, Susan (1 November 2002).
1629:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
397:Classification and identification
2551:Who Needs Sex (or Males) Anyway?
1865:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01437.x
1832:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00175.x
1422:. Akademie-Verlag. p. 297.
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
482:Species-specific upper lip shape
208:
136:
1852:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1047:Renault, Marion (7 June 2021).
30:For the mite superfamily, see
1:
1846:Stelzer, Claus-Peter (2008).
491:consist of two ciliated discs
358:), because it omits a fourth
314:traditionally included three
1914:10.1371/journal.pone.0012854
1649:10.1016/0169-5347(96)81040-8
1242:10.1371/journal.pone.0043554
1183:10.1371/journal.pone.0088618
947:. Auckland: Magnolia Press.
467:A mouth opening with a long
278:parthenogenetic reproduction
1506:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.011
903:. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
852:Lateral view of a bdelloid.
840:Lateral view of a bdelloid.
816:Lateral view of a bdelloid.
669:is capable of carrying out
485:Order-specific corona type
2843:
2039:Italian Journal of Zoology
1722:10.1038/s41467-020-19614-y
1540:Shiel, Russell J. (1995).
464:Well-developed foot glands
303:Evolutionary relationships
274:related groups of rotifers
29:
2093:10.1186/1471-2148-7-S2-S9
2052:10.1080/11250000902773484
2020:10.1017/s095283690200078x
1470:10.1016/j.ode.2008.10.002
1099:10.1007/s10750-005-4102-9
938:Segers, Hendrick (2007).
133:Scientific classification
131:
126:
117:
41:
2512:Introduction to rotifers
2072:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1124:. 186–187 (1): 311–318.
795:Horizontal gene transfer
764:horizontal gene transfer
717:Stress-induced behaviour
2472:10.1126/science.1156407
2414:10.1073/pnas.0800972105
2308:10.1073/pnas.0800966105
2147:10.1126/science.1179252
1355:Nielsen, Claus (2012).
1288:10.1023/A:1017502923286
991:10.1023/A:1003840216827
457:on a retractable head.
2194:10.1098/rspb.2013.1255
1782:10.1126/sciadv.adc8829
1418:Donner, Josef (1965).
876:Specimen of the genus
731:
687:homologous chromosomes
578:
453:
352:molecular phylogenetic
347:
1334:10.1007/s004350050028
729:
708:Mendelian inheritance
706:was caused by simple
704:obligate parthenogens
576:
443:
340:
1586:Histochem. Cell Biol
753:Red Queen hypothesis
673:by a nonreductional
2464:2008Sci...320.1210G
2458:(5880): 1210–1213.
2405:2008PNAS..105.5145M
2299:2008PNAS..105.5139G
2139:2010Sci...327..574W
2084:2007BMCEE...7S...9R
1948:American Naturalist
1905:2010PLoSO...512854S
1774:2022SciA....8C8829T
1714:2020NatCo..11.6421V
1641:1996TEcoE..11...41J
1498:2009MolPE..53..182F
1461:2009ODivE...9....3K
1233:2012PLoSO...743554L
1174:2014PLoSO...988618W
503:have a small corona
2827:Protostome classes
2561:2021-06-28 at the
2539:2008-04-23 at the
2527:2015-10-01 at the
2248:10.1242/jeb.050328
2188:(1765): 20131255.
1998:Journal of Zoology
1598:10.1007/bf00266628
1420:Ordnung Bdelloidea
1394:10.1007/BF00025935
1130:10.1007/BF00048926
1054:the New York Times
1026:10.1007/BF01923444
780:ionizing radiation
732:
579:
577:A bdelloid feeding
454:
348:
326:. Prior to 1990,
2799:
2798:
2761:Open Tree of Life
2574:Taxon identifiers
2522:The Weird Sisters
2365:10.1111/jeb.12326
2293:(13): 5139–5144.
2133:(5965): 574–576.
1551:978-0-646-22410-7
954:978-1-86977-129-4
789:Philodina roseola
727:
591:feeding behaviour
574:
202:
201:
198:
42:Bdelloid rotifers
32:Bdelloidea (mite)
16:(Redirected from
2834:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2720:
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2707:
2706:
2694:
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2641:
2629:
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2569:
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2416:
2384:
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2367:
2349:
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2278:
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2250:
2222:
2216:
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2205:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1954:(946): 563–573.
1943:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1768:(48): eadc8829.
1762:Science Advances
1753:
1744:
1743:
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1693:
1687:
1686:
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1682:
1667:
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1581:
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1562:
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1555:
1537:
1518:
1517:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1318:Seison annulatus
1309:
1300:
1299:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1185:
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1117:
1111:
1110:
1092:
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1066:
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1061:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1009:
1003:
1002:
974:
959:
958:
946:
935:
929:
924:
912:
896:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
813:
728:
642:evolution of sex
575:
401:Bdelloidea is a
276:are exclusively
252:, "leech") is a
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
193:
141:
140:
122:
112:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
2842:
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2802:
2801:
2800:
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2624:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2576:
2563:Wayback Machine
2541:Wayback Machine
2529:Wayback Machine
2508:
2503:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2264:
2229:Adineta ricciae
2224:
2223:
2219:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2078:(Suppl 2): S9.
2065:
2064:
2060:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2011:10.1.1.630.9839
1991:
1990:
1983:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1695:
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1690:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1521:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1314:Seison nebaliae
1311:
1310:
1303:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1090:10.1.1.455.6499
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1011:
1010:
1006:
976:
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962:
955:
944:
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936:
932:
914:
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897:
893:
889:
882:
874:
865:
862:
853:
850:
841:
838:
829:
826:
817:
814:
805:
797:
721:
719:
699:parthenogenesis
695:
646:parthenogenesis
638:
603:
587:
564:
562:
438:
426:species concept
399:
305:
211:
207:
192:
135:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
48:Miocene–present
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2780:
2770:
2757:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2695:
2686:Fauna Europaea
2682:
2669:
2656:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2602:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2506:External links
2504:
2502:
2501:
2438:
2399:(13): 5145–9.
2379:
2358:(7): 1334–45.
2332:
2273:
2262:
2217:
2168:
2117:
2058:
2045:(3): 240–249.
2025:
2004:(2): 181–187.
1981:
1960:10.1086/282745
1938:
1879:
1858:(1): 287–293.
1838:
1825:(1): 151–163.
1805:
1745:
1688:
1662:
1619:
1592:(3): 277–283.
1576:
1557:
1550:
1519:
1492:(1): 182–189.
1476:
1435:
1428:
1407:
1372:
1366:978-0199606030
1365:
1347:
1301:
1266:
1207:
1143:
1112:
1067:
1039:
1020:(4): 408–410.
1004:
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492:
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416:and about 450
398:
395:
364:Acanthocephala
318:: Bdelloidea,
304:
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2398:
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2383:
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2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:J. Evol. Biol
2346:
2339:
2337:
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2328:
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2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:(9): e12854.
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
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1677:
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1623:
1620:
1615:
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1607:
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1587:
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1577:
1572:
1568:
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1547:
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1534:
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1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1429:9789031908851
1425:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:Hydrobiologia
1376:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Zoomorphology
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:Hydrobiologia
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:(8): e43554.
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:(2): e88618.
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:Hydrobiologia
1116:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Hydrobiologia
1071:
1068:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:Hydrobiologia
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
961:
956:
950:
943:
942:
934:
931:
927:
922:
918:
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
886:
881:
880:
872:
867:
860:
855:
848:
843:
836:
831:
824:
819:
812:
807:
802:
800:
794:
792:
790:
786:
781:
776:
774:
768:
765:
760:
758:
754:
749:
747:
742:
737:
736:anhydrobiosis
716:
714:
713:
709:
705:
700:
692:
690:
688:
685:during which
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:free swimming
600:
598:
596:
592:
589:The specific
584:
582:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
527:Scepanotrocha
524:
520:
516:
513:. In certain
512:
502:
501:Philodinavida
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
484:
481:
479:
475:
472:
470:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
451:
447:
442:
435:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
404:
396:
394:
391:
386:
385:transcriptome
380:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
344:
343:Transcriptome
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
302:
300:
298:
295:
291:
287:
286:anhydrobiosis
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
238:
206:
196:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2822:Radiodurants
2581:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2355:
2351:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2265:
2241:(1): 59–68.
2238:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2001:
1997:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1765:
1761:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1676:Science News
1675:
1665:
1635:(2): 41–46.
1632:
1628:
1622:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1541:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1419:
1388:(1): 91–98.
1385:
1381:
1375:
1356:
1350:
1328:(1): 41–48.
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1165:
1161:
1121:
1115:
1083:(1): 55–70.
1080:
1076:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1052:
1042:
1017:
1013:
1007:
982:
978:
940:
933:
920:
916:
900:
894:
877:
798:
788:
785:Adineta vaga
784:
777:
769:
761:
757:co-evolution
750:
741:cryptobiosis
733:
711:
710:of the gene
696:
667:Adineta vaga
666:
665:
661:Adineta vaga
660:
658:
639:
636:Reproduction
625:
621:
604:
595:mastax organ
588:
580:
553:
549:
546:Philodinavus
545:
541:
537:
533:
531:
526:
523:Otostephanos
522:
518:
508:
459:
455:
449:
430:
400:
381:
372:monophyletic
356:paraphyletic
349:
328:phylogenetic
306:
249:
245:
204:
203:
189:
176:Superclass:
36:
2817:Eurotatoria
2712:iNaturalist
2606:Wikispecies
1708:(1): 6421.
1455:(1): 3–12.
1282:: 315–322.
1014:Experientia
773:transposons
519:Habrotrocha
489:Philodinida
379:epidermis.
320:Monogononta
180:Eurotatoria
2812:Bdelloidea
2806:Categories
2639:Bdelloidea
2626:Bdelloidea
2612:Bdelloidea
2582:Bdelloidea
1681:6 November
1573:: 241–500.
887:References
775:in check.
671:DNA repair
601:Locomotion
554:Bradyscela
538:Bradyscela
469:oesophagus
444:Figure 1:
436:Morphology
324:Seisonidea
297:permafrost
270:morphology
262:freshwater
205:Bdelloidea
190:Bdelloidea
2480:1095-9203
2006:CiteSeerX
1085:CiteSeerX
985:: 73–80.
879:Philodina
746:fecundity
683:oogenesis
611:sessility
560:Behaviour
542:Henoceros
495:Adinetida
383:based on
377:syncytial
290:hand lens
260:found in
156:Kingdom:
150:Eukaryota
2678:46974924
2591:Wikidata
2559:Archived
2537:Archived
2525:Archived
2496:11862013
2488:18511688
2433:18362354
2374:25105197
2327:18362355
2257:21147969
2212:23825214
2163:43898914
2155:20110504
2112:17767737
1976:84512992
1933:20862222
1893:PLOS ONE
1874:17995949
1800:36449626
1740:33339818
1657:21237759
1614:26501940
1514:19398026
1402:35937088
1342:24719056
1296:28895228
1261:22927990
1221:PLOS ONE
1202:24520404
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