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adults emerges in late August until mid
September. This generation will continue to lay eggs and emerge until the last plants in the fields lose their leaves. The last generation of adults then overwinter, with egg laying rarely occurring. Most regions of the United States have three or four emergences, but colder areas like Canada and Minnesota have been found to have two, and warmer areas near the gulf have five.
296:
568:
predict difficulty growing soybean in more southern areas of the
American Midwest, also decreasing beetle abundance. In contrast, Northern Ontario, Manitoba, and the other Prairie provinces are increasing their soybean production as response to improving climate for soybean growth. As the climate continues to get warmer, beetle infestation will likely move northward into these parts of Canada.
31:
453:. In contrast, beans that kept their trichome density saw less feeding by the beetle. In addition, less feeding resulted in less inoculation by pathogens such as bean pod mottle virus and fungi. The study suggests that more trichome density could be incorporated into soybean cultivars as a way to decrease damage by
420:
beetles colonize a satisfactory habitat. This is beneficial in avoiding infestation and disease propagation because it means the beetles don’t often migrate, which would contribute to the spread of feeding and pathogens. It also suggests that spread of bean pod mottle virus is not from migration but from primary
563:
is a prominent example for the global spread of pests towards the poles as climate change causes winters to become milder and growing seasons to increase in length. It has spread from its native region of the
Mississippi Delta into the American Midwest and Southern Ontario. Bean leaf beetle abundance
498:
The virus is rarely spread directly between beetles, and individuals often pick it up by eating infected plants. There are three possibilities for the primary inoculum, or the source of the virus at the beginning of the season. Overwintered beetles and soybean seeds are possible primary inoculum, but
385:
beetles appear on soybeans but after emergence, which suggests the possibility of alfalfa being an important crop in early spring before the emergence of soybean seedlings. These adults mate and lay their eggs 5-6 days after soybean emergence and decline in abundance by mid July. The second emergence
369:
Beetle emergence begins in late May and early June, before soybean emergence. A study by
Loughran and Ragsdale in Southern Minnesota found widespread consumption of alfalfa by the beetles when they first emerge, and then a migration to soybeans when the seedlings emerge in early June, with almost no
427:
Flight length increases as the season goes on, usually peaking in August. Beetles flying long distances at the end of the season often had more fat content, suggesting that they were traveling to forests for overwintering. Trapping in overwintering habitats can help to control beetle populations at
390:
is that of new adults in mid to late July. The time from egg laying to full adult has been found to vary quite a bit, and can be anywhere from 25-55 days. These first adults mate and lay eggs to produce another generation. First generation adult abundance declines in August. Another generation of
490:
and mild leaf puckering. This can reduce seed size and pod set, which causes a decrease in crop yields. The exact mechanisms of virus spread is currently unknown, but it’s suspected to be specifically due to adult feeding of beetles. Larvae have not been found to transmit the virus. Other beetle
419:
is dependent on beetle movement. A majority of beetle flights are short, usually less than 30 minutes and moving less than 50 meters. However, some beetles will make longer, unidirectional flights for more than 30 minutes, moving a kilometer on average. Typically, these flights don’t occur after
567:
The availability of soybean is the primary constraint for the beetles, so the beetles can’t live in an area that doesn’t have soybeans. As the climate of the
Mississippi Delta region gets warmer, it will become less hospitable for soybean and therefore for the bean leaf beetle. Some models even
548:. The first is done in late May or early June to target overwintered beetles and the second is done in July to target first generation individuals. This prevents primary inoculation of the field with the first spray and mid-season inoculation and virus spread with the second spray.
474:, and early in the season adults will feed on leaves. Neither of these have a considerable economic impact except in unusually heavy infestations. Later in the season, as leaves mature, adult beetles will begin to feed on the outer layer of soybean pods. This leaves only the
411:
after emergence to fields for feeding and mating. Future generations of adults in later seasons will migrate back to forests to overwinter. Knowledge of bean leaf beetle flight capacity is important because the beetles are the primary vector for bean pod mottle virus, and
551:
Delayed planting has also been shown to have positive effects in reducing beetle abundance. This keeps overwintered beetles from their most important food source after emergence. However, results vary in areas with alternative crop sources, particularly alfalfa.
356:
Adult beetles deposit eggs in the upper two inches of the soil at the base of crops, typically soybean. Eggs hatch in about a week, depending on temperature, and larvae feed on roots and root nodules. These larvae need highly
624:
Berzitis, Emily A.; Minigan, Jordan N.; Hallett, Rebecca H.; Newman, Jonathan A. (September 2014). "Climate and host plant availability impact the future distribution of the bean leaf beetle ( Cerotoma trifurcata )".
543:
insecticides, or insecticides applied directly to leaves as opposed to soil, are typically used. Insecticide strategy is modified when bean pod mottle virus is suspected. In this strategy, two sprays are done of
997:
Hopkins, John D.; Mueller, A. J. (October 1983). "Distribution of Bean Pod Mottle Virus in
Arkansas Soybean as Related to the Bean Leaf Beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata , (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Population 1".
448:
grown in the United States have simple trichomes. The immature beans have more trichome density, but the density decreases as the beans mature. In this study, these cultivars saw an increase in feeding by
515:, have been found to carry bean pod mottle virus. However, all three primary inoculums likely play a role in seasonal transmission, which adds to the difficulty of preventing transmission in crops.
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at their posterior region. Morphs can have colors ranging from light gray to shades of yellow, brown, orange, or red. The elytra has a black triangle in the middle behind the
335:
Eggs are orange and spindle shaped, and laid in the soil around the base of crops, typically soybeans. Larvae are white and cylindrical, with a dark brown head and a brown
361:
soil to survive, and a high clay content prevents larval growth because of the lack of organic material. After approximately three weeks, larvae will pupate in the soil.
1244:
1188:
970:
Smelser, Richard B.; Pedigo, Larry P. (December 1992). "Bean Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Herbivory on Leaf, Stem, and Pod
Components of Soybean".
875:
Lam, Wai-Ki F.; Pedigo, Larry P. (December 2001). "Effect of
Trichome Density on Soybean Pod Feeding by Adult Bean Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)".
478:, which is a thin tissue layer, over the seed. This leaves the seeds vulnerable to excess moisture and pathogens, causing shrinking, discoloration, and mold.
910:
War, Abdul Rashid; Paulraj, Michael
Gabriel; Ahmad, Tariq; Buhroo, Abdul Ahad; Hussain, Barkat; Ignacimuthu, Savarimuthu; Sharma, Hari Chand (October 2012).
799:
Loughran, James C.; Ragsdale, David W. (1986). "Life Cycle of the Bean Leaf Beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in
Southern Minnesota".
564:
increased with the increase of soybean production in the 20th century, but their spread northward was prevented by the inhospitality of northern climates.
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is the primary concern because of its ability to spread the virus up to 8 days after acquiring it, a much longer duration than any other beetle.
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A major concern with bean leaf beetle infestation is that they’re the primary vector for bean pod mottle virus. This virus causes severe systemic
440:
density. Trichomes, or surface hairs, are a form of plant defense that interfere with the movement of insects, reducing their access to the leaf
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and typically has six additional black spots with a black band around the edges, though non-spotted morphs also occur. The head is always black.
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The beetle exhibits overwintering behaviors. Overwintering is associated with mating behavior and regulates when the beetle lays its eggs.
1234:
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681:
Waldbauer, G. P.; Kogan, M. (February 1976). "Bean Leaf Beetle: 1 Phenological Relationship with Soybean in Illinois 2".
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Ecology of the bean leaf beetle Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster): improving preventive and curative insect management
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A study by Lam and Pedigo (2001) found that bean leaf beetles preferred to feed on soybeans with less
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Typically, crop damage doesn’t occur until late in the season. Larvae feed on soybean roots and
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Various waves of emergence typically occur depending on region. The first is the emergence of
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infestation is the lack of consistent biological controls. The beetle has a few natural
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beetles remaining on alfalfa by the end of June. Males emerge earlier than females.
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beetles are 3.5–5.5 millimeters (0.14–0.22 in) in length, and have a punctuated
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sources and the subsequent spread of viruses by localized beetle populations.
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are the primary management strategies for bean leaf beetle infestation.
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at the base of the abdomen. The larvae live and develop in the soil.
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plants is best supported. Other plants from the legume family
258:. It damages crops due to pod damage and being a vector for
912:"Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores"
407:
adults overwinter in leaf litter in forests, and must
847:
Bean pod mottle virus ecology and management in Iowa
1059:
767:"Bean Leaf Beetle | Integrated Crop Management"
801:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
222:. It has spread from its native region of the
491:species have been identified as vectors, but
218:, the past 30 years have seen an increase in
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461:Interactions with humans and livestock
1245:Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster
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242:as a host, but it has been found on
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203:family that can be found in the
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343:pupae are white and immobile.
972:Journal of Economic Entomology
916:Plant Signaling & Behavior
877:Journal of Economic Entomology
214:Previously considered a minor
1:
1025:Zeiss, Michael Ralph (1995).
845:Krell, Rayda Kathryn (2002).
1240:Beetles of the United States
889:10.1603/0022-0493-94.6.1459
771:crops.extension.iastate.edu
1261:
740:November 25, 2010, at the
523:One of the struggles with
381:development occurs before
1235:Beetles described in 1771
1036:10.31274/rtd-180813-12157
714:extension.entm.purdue.edu
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39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
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1000:Environmental Entomology
683:Environmental Entomology
546:pyrethroid insecticides
984:10.1093/jee/85.6.2408
627:Global Change Biology
519:Management strategies
482:Bean pod mottle virus
260:bean pod mottle virus
174:Chrysomela trifurcata
1012:10.1093/ee/12.5.1564
813:10.1093/aesa/79.1.34
377:adults in late May.
220:population abundance
1061:Cerotoma trifurcata
928:2012PlSiB...7.1306W
708:Krupke, Christian.
639:2014GCBio..20.2778B
512:Desmodium canadense
191:(also known as the
188:Cerotoma trifurcata
148:Cerotoma trifurcata
710:"Bean Leaf Beetle"
499:transmission from
209:West United States
195:) is a species of
130:C. trifurcata
1217:
1216:
1202:Open Tree of Life
1053:Taxon identifiers
936:10.4161/psb.21663
922:(10): 1306–1320.
695:10.1093/ee/5.1.35
647:10.1111/gcb.12557
224:Mississippi Delta
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24:Bean leaf beetle
16:Species of beetle
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177:Forster, 1771
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139:Binomial name
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807:(1): 34–38.
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774:. Retrieved
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720:17 September
718:. Retrieved
713:
703:
689:(1): 35–44.
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596:Distribution
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537:Insecticides
524:
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472:root nodules
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417:epidemiology
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375:overwintered
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347:Life history
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1230:Galerucinae
1176:NatureServe
1150:iNaturalist
735:Description
585:Common name
466:Crop Damage
422:inoculation
352:Development
313:brown morph
269:Description
1224:Categories
1029:(Thesis).
849:(Thesis).
776:2024-04-03
572:References
395:Physiology
331:Early life
252:snap beans
96:Coleoptera
76:Arthropoda
855:305571983
533:predators
529:parasites
501:perennial
457:feeding.
446:cultivars
442:epidermis
365:Emergence
301:red morph
256:cucurbits
226:into the
124:Species:
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1181:2.744042
1098:BugGuide
1076:Q2193436
1070:Wikidata
954:22895106
897:11777049
851:ProQuest
738:Archived
716:. Purdue
655:24616016
506:Fabaceae
488:mottling
476:endocarp
438:trichome
414:pathogen
337:sclerite
240:soybeans
238:prefers
165:Synonyms
117:Cerotoma
102:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1142:1048531
1116:1172596
945:3493419
924:Bibcode
635:Bibcode
409:migrate
379:Ovarian
359:organic
244:alfalfa
205:Eastern
199:in the
158:, 1771)
156:Forster
112:Genus:
92:Order:
86:Insecta
82:Class:
1207:149638
1168:720277
1155:216533
1129:CERMTR
952:
942:
895:
853:
653:
541:Foliar
400:Flight
287:thorax
283:elytra
274:Adults
254:, and
248:cowpea
232:Canada
197:beetle
1194:27441
1090:32642
279:Adult
1189:NCBI
1163:ITIS
1137:GBIF
1124:EPPO
1103:6903
1085:BOLD
950:PMID
893:PMID
722:2017
651:PMID
531:and
230:and
216:pest
207:and
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