396:. The glacial beds are valley fill or occur as sheets. This is followed by the Misthound Coal Measures (150 m) in the Darwin Mountains and the Permian Weller Coal Measures (250 m) in South Victoria Land. A disconformity separates the Misthound Coal Measures from the overlying Ellis Formation (177 m), consisting of conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone. The Pyramid Erosion Surface separates the Mitschell Tillite and the Weller Coal Measures, which are overlain by the Feather Conglomerate (215 m) and the Triassic Lashly Formation (520 m). The Pagoda Tillite is overlain by the MacKellar Formation (140 m) of
543:). The presence of crawling traces in such well sorted sands is problematic. The arthropod trackways are thought to have been formed in shallow water, and supersaturated sand has a shallow angle of repose. Thus either a layer of organic matter, perhaps in the form of an algal slime, must have supported the sediment, or the sediment must have been partially dry. In the context of subaerial features such as raindrop marks and desiccation cracks on associated horizons, the best explanation is that the trackways were formed on bedforms produced on a river bed, but while they were exposed by a low-flow period.
25:
259:
17:
498:
966:
Derek Pullan; Frances
Westall; Beda A. Hofmann; John Parnell; Charles S. Cockell; Howell G.M. Edwards; Susana E. Jorge Villar; Christian Schroder; Gordon Cressey; Lucia Marinangeli; Lutz Richter; Gostar Klingelhofer. (2008). "Identification of Morphological Biosignatures in Martian Analogue Field
189:
The location of the formation in a cold, desert environment and the lack of nutrients or soil (due to the purity of the sandstone) has led to the Beacon
Sandstone being considered the closest analogue on Earth to Martian conditions; therefore, many studies have been performed on life's survival
335:. Drainage was to the north east, with the depositional environment presumed to be marine, though also present are subaerial features such as desiccation cracks, rain drop impressions, surface run-off channels, muddy veneers, and redbeds, besides river-like features such as small channels.
574:
Large (~30 cm wide) trails with a scrape mark from a central tail. Three to four footprint pits diverge from these tracks at a high angle. The feet making the footprints had spines on their rears. These may have been formed by
282:. The conglomerate is poorly sorted at the base, with influxes of coarser material. Coarseness is laterally variable, with pebbles in places and sands in others at the same horizon. The conglomerate includes planar beds, trough
613:, whose body fossils are found only in marine assemblages. Could also have been made by other arthropods, or the lower parts of the Beacon Sandstone may have been marine. They have been found in many other non-marine instances.
592:
trackways: double rows of fossils previously attributed to marine trilobites but now thought to perhaps be formed by annelids or myriapods. Here they appear on metre-scale crossbeds that may represent sub-fluvial
1612:
Geevers TW & Twomey (1982). "Sedimentology and palaeocurrent analysis of the basal part of the Beacon
Supergroup (Devonian (and older?) to Triassic) in south Victoria Land, Antarctica". In Craddock, C (ed.).
746:
1603:
Plume, R.W. (1982). "Sedimentology and palaeocurrent analysis of the basal part of the Beacon
Supergroup (Devonian (and older?) to Triassic) in south Victoria Land, Antarctica". In Craddock, C. (ed.).
278:
region include the Brown Hills
Conglomerate (34 m), which overlies pre-Devonian plutonic rocks of igneous and metamorphic nature, with over 30 m of erosional relief, and igneous and metamorphic
1372:
Isbell, J.L.; Lenaker, P.A.; Askin, R.A.; Miller, M.F.; Babcock, L.E. (2003). "Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late
Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains".
384:(0–70 m) in South Victoria Land and continues with the Darwin Tillite (82 m) in the Darwin Mountains, the Pagoda Tillite (395 m) at the Beardmore Glacier, the Scott Glacier Formation (93 m) on the
552:: narrow, parallel grooves, about an inch apart, disappearing into elliptical pits; created by shovelling the surface sediment aside before burrowing into the sediment. Occasionally branch.
1622:
Sherwood, A.M.; Woolfe, K.J.; Kirk, P.A. (1988). "Geological mapping and preliminary paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Taylor Group in the knobhead area, Southern
Victoria Land".
1472:
Evidence for a low-gradient alluvial fan from the palaeo-Pacific margin in the Upper
Permian Buckley Formation, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica, in Geological Evolution of Antarctica
59:). The unit was originally described as either a formation or sandstone, and upgraded to group and supergroup as time passed. It contains a sandy member known as the Beacon Heights
1085:
Gevers, T.W.; Frakes, L.A.; Edwards, L.N.; Marzolf, J.E. (1971). "Trace
Fossils in the Lower Beacon Sediments (Devonian), Darwin Mountains, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica".
314:(82 m), and the New Mountain Sandstone (250 m), which are separated from the overlying Altar Mountain Formation (235 m) and Arena Sandstone (385 m) by a disconformity.
1497:
Provenance and tectonic implications of sandstones within the
Permian Mackellar Formation, Beacon Supergroup of East Antarctica, in Geological Evolution of Antarctica
357:
The Aztec Siltstone (125–220 m) is found both in South Victoria Land and the Darwin Mountains. The siltstone includes interbedded sandstones, fish-bearing shales,
750:
1674:
Bradshaw MA (1981). "Paleoenvironmental interpretations and systematics of Devonian trace fossils from the Taylor Group (lower Beacon Supergroup), Antarctica".
368:
Within the Beardmore Glacier region, the Devonian Alexandra Formation (0–320 m), which constitutes the entire Taylor Group, is a quartz sandstone to siltstone.
221:
show that shallow water was also commonly present. Heat from burial is modest, though the rock could have been heated to over 160 °C by intrusion of
1704:
559:: more widely spaced grooves (~3 cm); small footprints visible. Implies many walking limbs and an approximately rectangular shape — reminiscent of
1217:
The paleoenvironmental significance of trace fossils in Devonian sediments (Taylor Group), Darwin Mountains to the Dry Valleys, southern Victoria Land
904:
The Devonian to Jurassic Beacon Supergroup of the Transantarctic Mountains and correlatives in other parts of Antarctica, in The Geology of Antarctica
128:
to similar sequences on neighboring continents. Generally flat lying, the supergroup is up to 3.2 km thick and is fairly continuous from south
205:
nature of the unit suggests that it was probably deposited close to the shoreline, in a high-energy environment. Features such as the presence of
1635:
Plume, RW (1978). "A revision of the existing stratigraphy of the New Mountain Sandstone (Beacon Supergroup), South Victoria Land, Antarctica".
1154:
Banerjee, M.; Whitton, BA; Wynn-Williams, DD (2000). "Phosphatase Activities of Endolithic Communities in Rocks of the Antarctic Dry Valleys".
489:, indicating a seasonal environment, and is large enough to represent a temperate climate, though glacial just before Beacon deposition.
1029:
Angino, E.E.; Owen, D.E. (1962). "Sedimentologic Study of Two Members of the Beacon Formation, Windy Gully, Victoria Land, Antarctica".
1564:
Turner, S.; Young, G.C. (2004). "Thelodont scales from the Middle-Late Devonian Aztec Siltstone, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica".
771:
Friedmann, E.I.; Weed, R. (1987). "Microbial trace-fossil formation, biogenous, and abiotic weathering in the Antarctic cold desert".
1504:
1479:
1419:
1529:
Woolfe, K.J. (2004). "Cycles of erosion and deposition during the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation in the Transantarctic Mountains".
1286:
Woolfe, K.J. (1994). "Cycles of erosion and deposition during the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation in the Transantarctic Mountains".
338:
The Beacon Heights Orthoquartzite (330 m) is found in the South Victoria Land region between the Arena Sandstone and the overlying
1709:
1435:
PR Pinet; DB Matz; MO Hayes (1971). "An Upper Paleozoic Tillite in the Dry Valleys, South Victoria Land, Antarctica: NOTES".
949:
911:
513:. The size of the arthropod tracks (less than 91 cm) is taken to imply that water must have been required for support.
317:
Within the Darwin Mountains region, the Junction Sandstone (290 m) overlies the Brown Hills Conglomerate, with abundant
1113:
854:
Kamp, P.J.J.; Lowe, D.J. (1982). "Geology and terrestrial age of the Derrick Peak meteorite occurrence, Antarctica".
1334:
Woolfe, K.J. (1990). "Trace fossils as paleoenvironmental indicators in the Taylor Group (Devonian) of Antarctica".
1714:
509:-dominated facies to wide diversity and abundance, including vertical and horizontal burrows and huge arthropod
342:
Aztec Siltstone. It is well sorted and cemented, with medium to coarse grain sizes and trough cross-beds, with
198:
137:
1719:
1246:
Woolfe, K.J. (1993). "Devonian depositional environments in the Darwin Mountains: Marine or non-marine?".
1114:"Diagenetic history of Triassic sandstone from the Beacon Supergroup in central Victoria Land, Antarctica"
431:
99:
1573:
1538:
1444:
1381:
1343:
1295:
1255:
980:
863:
820:
650:
107:
310:. Equivalent strata in South Victoria Land include the Wind Gully Sandstone (80 m), the Terra Cotta
24:
271:
145:
1179:
1136:
1094:
1046:
836:
666:
202:
141:
87:
1456:
811:
Elliott, R.B.; Evans, W.D. (1963). "A Beacon Sandstone: its Petrology and Hydrocarbon Content".
505:
Trace fossils are sparse below, but become common in the Hatherton Sandstone. They change from
1500:
1475:
1415:
1171:
1006:
945:
907:
788:
419:
299:
210:
133:
103:
1412:
The palaeo-Pacific margin as seen from East Antarctica, in Geological Evolution of Antarctica
1215:
331:
shell fragments in places. Trough cross beds and current rippling are present, with abundant
1683:
1644:
1581:
1546:
1452:
1389:
1351:
1303:
1263:
1163:
1128:
1038:
996:
988:
871:
828:
780:
658:
275:
179:
579:
but are not a perfect match to known eurypterid trails; they may also have been formed by
536:
510:
423:
389:
307:
1577:
1542:
1448:
1385:
1347:
1299:
1259:
984:
942:
Antarctica-Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential, in Future Petroleum Provinces of the World
867:
824:
654:
1495:
Frisch, R.S.; Miller, M.F. (1991). Thomson, M.R.A.; Crame, J.A.; Thomson, J.W. (eds.).
875:
416:
385:
295:
233:
229:
225:
175:
111:
91:
1698:
1355:
1140:
670:
463:
412:
404:
358:
283:
267:
218:
157:
129:
29:
1183:
840:
1687:
1648:
588:
475:
397:
303:
291:
262:
Cross-bedding in sandstone of the Beacon Supergroup suggests a fluvial environment.
258:
183:
161:
116:
72:
1132:
695:
567:; burrow deeply into sediment. Probably produced by a very different arthropod to
638:
576:
517:
481:
470:
452:
400:
344:
214:
153:
149:
1585:
1550:
1307:
1267:
728:
619:: traditionally thought to be marine; however, there are many counterexamples.
605:
547:
521:
459:
455:
393:
377:
350:
324:
287:
247:
16:
784:
1410:
Collinson, J.W. (1991). Thomson, M.R.A.; Crame, J.A.; Thomson, J.W. (eds.).
639:"The Taylor Group (Beacon Supergroup): the Devonian sediments of Antarctica"
610:
580:
560:
540:
497:
486:
332:
319:
311:
125:
83:
80:
60:
1175:
1010:
792:
1223:. 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Vol. 1047
1167:
992:
473:
implies freshwater. Also present are charred wood remnants and the plants
1470:
Isbell, J.L. (1991). Thomson, M.R.A.; Crame, J.A.; Thomson, J.W. (eds.).
599:
427:
362:
339:
237:
222:
206:
172:
165:
76:
54:
49:
45:
530:
Longer, larger forms, reaching 13 cm across and 1 m in length.
1098:
1050:
944:. Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. pp. 61–72.
381:
328:
121:
44:
is a geological formation exposed in Antarctica and deposited from the
33:
1001:
1393:
832:
662:
408:
279:
266:
The Taylor Group is separated from the overlying Victoria Group by a
241:
191:
168:
1042:
696:"The Petrography of the Beacon Sandstone of the South Victoria Land"
32:. The tan bands are Beacon Sandstone layers and the dark layers are
496:
257:
213:
suggest that parts of the unit were deposited subaerially, though
95:
23:
15:
451:
The Aztec sandstone contains units bearing body fossils of fish:
435:
306:, though unidirectional flow and sheet-like deposition point to
302:
in places. The depositional environment is probably that of an
1667:
Proceedings of the 4th International Gondwana Symposium (1977)
365:
implying subaerial periods within an alluvial plain sequence.
236:
during the early Jurassic as a consequence of the breakup of
527:
Narrow, sinuous, near-surface forms on flat bedding surfaces
323:. This is followed by the Hatherton Sandstone (330 m), with
1617:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 639–648.
1499:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–223.
1474:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–217.
1414:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–204.
197:
The supergroup originated in a shallow marine sedimentary
94:
Victoria Group, consisting of glacial beds, sandstone,
729:"Type section of the Beacon Sandstone of Antarctica"
643:Geological Society of London, Special Publications
156:assemblages age date Devonian, Late Carboniferous–
71:The base of the Beacon Supergroup is marked by an
1336:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1656:Barrett PJ, Kohn BP (1975). Campbell KSW (ed.).
1676:New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics
1637:New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
940:St. John, Bill (1986). Halbouty, Michel (ed.).
294:, U-shaped burrows and escape structures, with
1080:
722:
720:
718:
270:called the Maya Erosion Surface. Taylor Group
194:communities that form the modern inhabitants.
102:, and coal. The Beacon Sandstone was named by
1367:
1365:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1121:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1031:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1024:
1022:
1020:
906:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 120–152.
806:
804:
802:
524:, featuring evidence of rhythmic defecation.
388:, and the Buckeye Tillite (140–308 m) in the
148:have been correlated with the Taylor Group.
20:The Beacon Supergroup and diabase intrusions.
8:
1405:
1403:
902:Barrett, P.J. (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.).
36:sills, intruded about 180 million years ago.
1457:10.1306/74D7236A-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
1607:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1000:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
747:"Scott's Terra Nova Antarctic Expedition"
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
637:Bradshaw, Margaret A. (August 6, 2013).
629:
1660:. Canberra: ANU Press. pp. 15–35.
1214:Bradshaw, M.A.; Harmsen, F.J. (2007).
689:
687:
520:: feeding burrows, probably of marine
415:Buckley Formation (750 m), the Middle-
430:Prebble Formation (0–460 m) volcanic
7:
1519:Allowing dating to late Mid Devonian
380:-bearing unit known as the Metschel
182:and Kirkpatrick Basalts within the
120:fossils dated the sandstone to the
876:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1982.tb00563.x
14:
1705:Geologic formations of Antarctica
501:Burrows in the Beacon Supergroup.
426:Falla Formation (530 m), and the
376:The Victoria Group begins with a
1437:Journal of Sedimentary Research
1688:10.1080/00288306.1981.10421537
1649:10.1080/00288306.1978.10424048
1112:Bernet, M.; Gaupp, R. (2005).
190:there, mainly focusing on the
1:
1669:. Calcutta. pp. 478–480.
1133:10.1080/00288306.2005.9515125
727:Hamilton W, Hayes PT (1963).
462:, abundant in fish beds, and
178:at various levels, while the
144:and the Neptune Group in the
114:survey points as reference.
1624:New Zealand Antarctic Record
1356:10.1016/0031-0182(90)90139-X
971:Planetary Instrumentation".
407:Fairchild Formation (220 m)
186:cap the Beacon Supergroup.
1736:
609:: thought to be formed by
438:and tuffaceous sandstone.
1586:10.1017/S0954102092000142
1551:10.1017/S095410209400012X
1308:10.1017/S095410209400012X
1268:10.1017/S0954102093000276
733:US Geol Survey Prof Paper
703:The American Mineralogist
563:. Extend laterally up to
403:and fine sandstones, the
785:10.1126/science.11536571
199:depositional environment
138:Transantarctic Mountains
1087:Journal of Paleontology
485:. The wood bears clear
244: million years ago
140:. The Urfjell Group in
110:(1901–1904), using the
75:and is composed of the
1710:Geological supergroups
502:
263:
246:. The rock is low in
37:
21:
1168:10.1007/s002489900188
993:10.1089/ast.2006.0037
500:
290:, mud-drapes on some
261:
28:Beacon Supergroup in
27:
19:
1665:Barrett, PJ (1979).
1615:Antarctic Geoscience
1605:Antarctic Geoscience
694:Stewart, Duncan Jr.
108:Discovery Expedition
55:400 to 250
1578:1992AntSc...4...89T
1543:1994AntSc...6...93W
1449:1971JSedR..41..835P
1386:2003Geo....31..977I
1348:1990PPP....80..301W
1300:1994AntSc...6...93W
1260:1993AntSc...5..211W
985:2008AsBio...8..119P
868:1982Metic..17..119K
825:1963Natur.199..686E
655:2013GSLSP.381...67B
422:(650 m), the Upper-
146:Pensacola Mountains
503:
466:. The presence of
300:desiccation cracks
264:
211:desiccation cracks
142:Dronning Maud Land
88:Late Carboniferous
86:sequence; and the
38:
22:
1566:Antarctic Science
1531:Antarctic Science
1288:Antarctic Science
1248:Antarctic Science
1156:Microbial Ecology
819:(4894): 686–687.
779:(4802): 703–705.
420:Fremouw Formation
298:cycles topped by
184:Ferrar Supergroup
134:Beardmore Glacier
104:Hartley T. Ferrar
57:million years ago
42:Beacon Supergroup
1727:
1715:Fossil trackways
1691:
1682:(5–6): 615–652.
1670:
1661:
1658:Gondwana Geology
1652:
1631:
1618:
1608:
1590:
1589:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1394:10.1130/G19810.1
1369:
1360:
1359:
1342:(3–4): 301–310.
1331:
1312:
1311:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1211:
1188:
1187:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1082:
1055:
1054:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1004:
967:Specimens Using
962:
956:
955:
937:
918:
917:
899:
880:
879:
851:
845:
844:
833:10.1038/199686b0
808:
797:
796:
768:
762:
761:
759:
758:
749:. Archived from
743:
737:
736:
724:
713:
712:
710:
709:
700:
691:
682:
681:
679:
677:
663:10.1144/SP381.23
634:
566:
308:braided channels
276:Darwin Mountains
245:
180:Mawson Formation
79:Taylor Group, a
58:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1695:
1694:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1634:
1621:
1611:
1602:
1599:
1597:Further reading
1594:
1593:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1380:(11): 977–980.
1371:
1370:
1363:
1333:
1332:
1315:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1191:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1084:
1083:
1058:
1043:10.2307/3626470
1028:
1027:
1018:
965:
963:
959:
952:
939:
938:
921:
914:
901:
900:
883:
853:
852:
848:
810:
809:
800:
770:
769:
765:
756:
754:
745:
744:
740:
726:
725:
716:
707:
705:
698:
693:
692:
685:
675:
673:
636:
635:
631:
626:
564:
539:of arthropods (
495:
449:
444:
424:Middle Triassic
411:sandstone, the
390:Wisconsin Range
374:
256:
240:
124:and linked the
106:during Scott's
69:
53:
12:
11:
5:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1643:(2): 167–173.
1632:
1619:
1609:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1556:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1487:
1480:
1462:
1443:(3): 835–838.
1427:
1420:
1399:
1361:
1313:
1273:
1254:(2): 211–220.
1233:
1189:
1146:
1127:(3): 447–458.
1104:
1056:
1016:
957:
950:
919:
912:
881:
862:(3): 119–127.
846:
798:
763:
738:
735:. 456-A: 1–18.
714:
683:
628:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
614:
595:
594:
585:
584:
583:
572:
569:B. antarcticus
553:
533:
532:
531:
528:
494:
491:
464:conchostracans
448:
445:
443:
440:
417:Lower Triassic
386:Nilsen Plateau
373:
372:Victoria Group
370:
359:conchostracans
288:flaser bedding
255:
252:
112:Beacon Heights
92:Early Jurassic
68:
65:
61:Orthoquartzite
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1732:
1721:
1720:Trace fossils
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:(1): 89–105.
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:(1): 93–104.
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1506:9780521372664
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1481:9780521372664
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1421:9780521372664
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:(1): 93–104.
1293:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:(1): 119–56.
978:
974:
970:
961:
958:
953:
947:
943:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
920:
915:
909:
905:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
805:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
764:
753:on 2008-03-20
752:
748:
742:
739:
734:
730:
723:
721:
719:
715:
704:
697:
690:
688:
684:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
630:
623:
618:
615:
612:
608:
607:
602:
601:
597:
596:
591:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
570:
562:
558:
554:
551:
549:
545:
544:
542:
538:
534:
529:
526:
525:
523:
519:
516:
515:
514:
512:
508:
499:
493:Trace fossils
492:
490:
488:
484:
483:
478:
477:
472:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
446:
441:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
413:Upper Permian
410:
406:
405:Lower Permian
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
371:
369:
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:cross-bedding
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:disconformity
260:
253:
251:
249:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
219:cross bedding
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
187:
185:
181:
177:
174:
171:. The Ferrar
170:
167:
163:
159:
158:Early Permian
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Victoria Land
127:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
66:
64:
62:
56:
51:
47:
43:
35:
31:
30:Taylor Valley
26:
18:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1604:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1471:
1465:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1411:
1377:
1373:
1339:
1335:
1291:
1287:
1251:
1247:
1225:. Retrieved
1216:
1162:(1): 80–91.
1159:
1155:
1149:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1093:(1): 81–94.
1090:
1086:
1037:(1): 61–69.
1034:
1030:
976:
973:Astrobiology
972:
968:
960:
941:
903:
859:
855:
849:
816:
812:
776:
772:
766:
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
741:
732:
706:. Retrieved
702:
676:December 13,
674:. Retrieved
649:(1): 67–97.
646:
642:
632:
616:
604:
598:
589:Diplichnites
587:
568:
556:
546:
506:
504:
487:growth rings
480:
476:Glossopteris
474:
467:
450:
447:Body fossils
442:Paleontology
432:conglomerate
401:black shales
375:
367:
356:
349:
343:
337:
318:
316:
304:alluvial fan
265:
254:Taylor Group
215:ripple marks
196:
188:
162:Late Permian
150:Macrofossils
117:Glossopteris
115:
100:conglomerate
73:unconformity
70:
41:
39:
1630:(2): 60–61.
856:Meteoritics
581:xiphosurans
577:eurypterids
557:B. barretti
550:antarcticus
522:polychaetes
518:Fodinichnia
482:Haplostigma
471:ichnofacies
453:Phyllolepid
398:interbedded
345:Haplostigma
203:well-sorted
154:palynomorph
1699:Categories
1227:2008-04-22
1002:1893/17124
951:0891813179
913:0198544677
757:2008-04-23
708:2008-04-23
624:References
611:trilobites
606:Rusophycus
565:1.7 m
561:trilobites
548:Beaconites
460:thelodonts
456:placoderms
394:Ohio Range
378:diamictite
354:remnants.
351:Beaconites
333:ichnofauna
325:brachiopod
272:formations
248:phosphorus
136:along the
1141:128596281
671:128566638
617:Skolithos
541:Repichnia
537:trackways
511:trackways
507:Skolithos
363:paleosols
320:Skolithos
312:Siltstone
296:fining-up
207:coal beds
126:lithology
84:sandstone
81:quartzose
1184:25215310
1176:10790521
1011:18211229
841:40903387
793:11536571
600:Cruziana
555:Perhaps
535:Walking
468:Scoyenia
428:Jurassic
340:Devonian
238:Gondwana
223:dolerite
176:intrudes
173:Dolerite
166:Triassic
77:Devonian
67:Overview
50:Triassic
46:Devonian
1574:Bibcode
1539:Bibcode
1445:Bibcode
1382:Bibcode
1374:Geology
1344:Bibcode
1296:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1099:1302754
1051:3626470
981:Bibcode
969:In Situ
864:Bibcode
821:Bibcode
773:Science
651:Bibcode
409:arkosic
382:Tillite
329:bivalve
292:ripples
274:in the
132:to the
122:Permian
48:to the
34:diabase
1503:
1478:
1418:
1182:
1174:
1139:
1097:
1049:
1009:
948:
910:
839:
813:Nature
791:
669:
593:dunes.
458:, and
361:, and
280:clasts
234:lenses
201:. The
192:lichen
169:strata
1221:(PDF)
1180:S2CID
1137:S2CID
1117:(PDF)
1095:JSTOR
1047:JSTOR
964:e.g.
837:S2CID
699:(PDF)
667:S2CID
230:dykes
226:sills
96:shale
1501:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1172:PMID
1007:PMID
946:ISBN
908:ISBN
789:PMID
678:2013
603:and
479:and
436:tuff
392:and
348:and
327:and
232:and
217:and
209:and
164:and
152:and
40:The
1684:doi
1645:doi
1582:doi
1547:doi
1453:doi
1390:doi
1352:doi
1304:doi
1264:doi
1164:doi
1129:doi
1039:doi
997:hdl
989:doi
872:doi
829:doi
817:199
781:doi
777:236
659:doi
242:180
90:to
1701::
1680:24
1678:.
1641:21
1639:.
1626:.
1580:.
1568:.
1545:.
1533:.
1451:.
1441:41
1439:.
1402:^
1388:.
1378:31
1376:.
1364:^
1350:.
1340:80
1338:.
1316:^
1302:.
1290:.
1276:^
1262:.
1250:.
1236:^
1192:^
1178:.
1170:.
1160:39
1158:.
1135:.
1125:48
1123:.
1119:.
1091:45
1089:.
1059:^
1045:.
1035:65
1033:.
1019:^
1005:.
995:.
987:.
975:.
922:^
884:^
870:.
860:17
858:.
835:.
827:.
815:.
801:^
787:.
775:.
731:.
717:^
701:.
686:^
665:.
657:.
647:81
645:.
641:.
434:,
286:,
250:.
228:,
160:,
98:,
63:.
1690:.
1686::
1651:.
1647::
1628:8
1588:.
1584::
1576::
1570:4
1553:.
1549::
1541::
1535:6
1509:.
1484:.
1459:.
1455::
1447::
1424:.
1396:.
1392::
1384::
1358:.
1354::
1346::
1310:.
1306::
1298::
1292:6
1270:.
1266::
1258::
1252:5
1230:.
1186:.
1166::
1143:.
1131::
1101:.
1053:.
1041::
1013:.
999::
991::
983::
977:8
954:.
916:.
878:.
874::
866::
843:.
831::
823::
795:.
783::
760:.
711:.
680:.
661::
653::
571:.
52:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
