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figure in the child's life and not the father as proposed by Freud. This also allowed for a break with the masculine dominance of
Freudian psychology without blurring the traditional distinctions between masculine and feminine psychosexual roles. About this particular Jung's assertion, Dr. Hinkle expressed: "Jung's development of this point of view shows very clearly that, just as the problem of the father is the great fact of Freud's psychology, the problem of the mother is the essence of Jung's, with the struggle carried on between the two great forces of love and power" (Karier, 1986, p. 291). Thus Jung's consideration of the female psyche as independent from males, attracted the admiration of Dr. Hinkle in such degree that she became the official translator of his work in America.
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responsibility. In 1908 she moved East to New York City and (along with Dr. Charles R. Dana) founded the country's first therapeutic clinic in the United States in 1908 at
Cornell Medical School (McHenry 1980). In 1909 she decided to study with Freud and left for Vienna. While she admired Freud's contributions to psychoanalysis, she later broke with his teachings finding herself at odds with the rigid sexual hypotheses of the strictly Freudian analysts (Karier, 1986). Freud's lack of recognition to women's psychological autonomy led her to change her mind about Freud's understanding of the human psyche. Thus Freud's thinking pushed her to align herself with the psychoanalytic group that supported
160:. She was a fundamental part of the book since her own ideas were included in this work. She renewed these theories and remained a constant contributor. Dr. Hinkle added several theories of her own that were constructed through her personal experience with both Freud and Jung. She broadened the context of terms such as "complex" and "repression." She explained that " This important group of ideas or impressions, those that come out from the patient's mind while being psychoanalyzed, with the feelings and emotions clustered around them which are betrayed through this painful process, was called by Jung a complex" (Hinkle, 1916, p. 14).
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Dr. Hinkle thought that one of the most attractive parts of Jung's theories was referred to the relief for those in revolt against the repressive character of the patriarchal society that under girded Freud's worldview (Karier, 1986). In this aspect, Jung proposed that the mother is the real dominant
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One of Dr. Beatrice Moses Hinkle's major distinction is that she was the first to present Carl Jung's writing to the
English-speaking world. Jung's consideration of the female psyche as independent from males, attracted the admiration of Dr. Hinkle in such degree that she became the official
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In 1905, Hinkle became the first woman physician in the country to hold a public health position (McHenry, 1980). She was appointed as San
Francisco's city physician. This particular fact was very important in her career because this was the very first time a female doctor was given such a
175:, lending credence to the group by being the only professionally trained and practicing psychoanalyst. It was as a member of this group that she began writing, including occasional contributions to
152:'s theories. Tired of hearing Freud's assertion that female psyche was a derivation of the male's, Dr. Hinkle returned to New York in 1915 determined to spread Jung's words in America.
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Jay Sherry, “Beatrice Hinkle and the Early
History of Jungian Psychology in New York”, Behav Sci (Basel). 2013 Sep; 3(3): 492–500.
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199:. She wrote often of the need for women to liberate themselves from what she called the "psychic bondage" of women to men.
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131:. Hinkle had considered studying law, but after being discouraged by her husband "with a good hardy laugh", she entered
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The feminist uses of psychoanalysis: Beatrice M. Hinkle and the foreshadowing of modern feminism in the United States
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The Re-Creating of the
Individual: A Study of Psychological Types and Their Relation to Psychoanalysis
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The Re-Creating of the
Individual: A Study of Psychological Types and Their Relation to Psychoanalysis
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in 1923. In addition to her own writing and Jung translations, she also contributed to the books
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Psychology of the
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Psychology of the
Unconscious: A Study of the Transformations and Symbolisms of the Libido
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These Modern Women: Autobiographical Essays from the
Twenties Second Edition
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These Modern Women: Autobiographical Essays from the Twenties
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translator of his work in America. In 1916, she translated
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Her autobiographical essay was published in 2003 in
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107:(1874–1953) was a pioneering American
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369:19th-century American women writers
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384:20th-century American writers
374:19th-century American writers
16:American Jungian psychiatrist
399:American women psychiatrists
283:The Chaos of Modern Marriage
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171:based feminist network, the
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404:Analysands of Sigmund Freud
307:City University of New York
167:Hinkle was a member of the
129:assistant district attorney
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337:Harper's Magazine articles
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305:, The Feminist Press at
277:Partial list of articles
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301:Showalter, Elaine, ed.
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394:American psychiatrists
218:Hermann von Keyserling
133:Cooper Medical College
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222:Our Changing Morality
105:Beatrice Moses Hinkle
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341:Wittenstein, Kate.
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214:The Book of Marriage
137:Stanford University
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331:References
202:Her book,
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264:Carl Jung
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109:feminist
76:American
143:Writing
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