1001:
461:, but he did not record their melodies. For this reason, attempts are being made nowadays to recreate Adakale folk songs musically. Def, darbuka, and tanbur were used and songs were sang either by a group or individualy. According to Eugenia Popescu-Judetz traditional Bektashi music was also popular in Adakale. Kemal Altınkaya, who was deeply interested in Balkan Turkish music also collected 600 folk songs and dance tunes, including from the island. Romanian Ioan R. Nicola and his team were also interested in Adakale's folklore and published the research
31:
897:
791:
748:
847:
47:
779:; the seizure was never officially recognised by the Ottoman government. In the first and only census conducted in 1913, it is recorded in the archive documents that 637 people lived in 171 households in Adakale. Of these, 458 were the resident population living in the island's houses. After the Austro-Hungarian occupation, some Turkish Families left the Island in 1913 and went to
1863:
916:
960:
39:
854:
The population lived primarily on the cultivation of tobacco and fishery, and later on tourism. In its last years of existence, the island's population ranged between 600 and 1,000 inhabitants. Before the island was covered by the waters of the Iron Gates Dam, part of the population moved in 1967 to
830:
We, who had lost half of the past geography, felt a much deeper melancholy for the loss of this small island, much stronger than the loss of the Arabic Lands. The Danube, which could not be kept by the Turks, was still connected to us with this small island. We feel the pain of an injured vessel in
441:
Girls sing folk songs. They are trying to sing in higher tones by vibrating their crystallized voices . The fishermen are singing recitative tunes and finishing them with a sharp ending . Afterwards, evening comes and
Adakale rises through the phosphorescence of the
473:
Adakale Turksh belongs to the
Rumelian subgroup (also known as Balkan subgroup) of the Turkish language. Before 1970, Adakale used to be the northernmost part where Western Rumelian was spoken. Just like other Western Rumelian dialects spoken in North,
260:
officers, who were under the command of an
Ottoman pasha in Adakale, brought their families to Adakale. The people here are all descendants of these military families… This is why the native language of the people is Turkish.”
1084:. He built a 24-room mansion with a Harem for his four wives, next the Mosque. Around 1945 he fled to Turkey together with his Family, to escape the communist regime in Romania, but his property was confiscated
826:; by formally recognising the related provisions in the Treaty of Trianon. The loss of the island is remembered with pain in Turkish historigraphy as İsmail Habib Sevük wrote in his "From Danube to the West":
935:, including part of the masonry of the fortress' catacombs, the mosque, the bazaar, Mahmut Pasha's house, the graveyard, and various other objects. However, the Ada Kaleh community decided to emigrate to
771:
ensign and introduced
Hungarian administration by the representation of the Dual Monarchy. The island was transformed into a municipality known as Újorsova and assigned into the Orsova district of
1080:
Ali Kadri was the richest Turk on Ada Kaleh, he was an orphan and a former fisherman, later through his cigarette production he became very rich. He was a colorful personality, and was called
256:
took the island. In an
Ottoman archive document, a brief history of the island and its inhabitants is described as follows: “After the 1770s, no boats crossed the Danube, presumably, and the
1489:
1256:
1476:
Jungmayer, Mihály: Ada-Kaleh. in: Zsebatlasz naptárral és statisztikai adatokkal. Szerk.: Kogutowitz, Károly Dr. és
Hermann, Győző Dr. Magyar Földrajzi Intézet, Budapest, 1913.
979:), published in 1872, Ada Kaleh is called "No One's Isle" and it becomes an almost mythical symbol of peace, seclusion, and beauty, juxtaposed with the material outside world.
992:'s narrative of his journey across Europe, the author describes a delightful visit in 1934 with a group of elderly inhabitants and discusses the history of the island.
276:
was settled in 6 settlements that would be considered
Ottoman lands. Adakale became one of these six Turkish quarters, each of which was considered a township.
1077:
in 1849, across the Danube river on a boat. Bego
Mustafa's picture was often used for postcards from Ada Kaleh. He was the last Turkish Feudal Lord of Ada Kaleh
595:
2280:
2275:
429:
in
Romania. In the period of communism in the 1950s and 1960s, some Romanian, German, and Hungarian women from Orșova married Turkish men from Ada Kaleh.
1305:
668:
after 1878, due to the wars, and who did not even have a roof and lived in the
Catacombs under the Fortress arches. From a Romanian perspective as the
2201:
1622:
2250:
2187:
1243:"George Grigore. "Muslims in Romania", ISIM Newsletter (International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World) no. 3, Leiden. 1999: 34"
1593:
118:
1567:
1205:"Mustafa Bego, türkischer Nargileh-Raucher und ungarischer Nationalheld. Nationale Aneignung und internationale Vermarktung der Insel Ada-Kaleh"
1665:
2295:
1648:
Mustafa Bego, türkischer Nargileh-Raucher und ungarischer Nationalheld. Nationale Aneignung und internationale Vermarktung der Insel Ada-Kaleh
291:, due to exogamic marriages. A population census from 1913 shows that the majority of the inhabitans were Balkan Turks and Muslim Roma from
2285:
2240:
1426:
603:
657:
580:
296:
210:
2265:
1987:
1342:"The songs of the lost land: Re-envisioning the Turkish folk songs from Adakale through previous compilations and research studies"
564:
125:
and was less than two kilometers long and approximately half a kilometer wide (1.75 x 0.4–0.5 km). Ada Kaleh was inhabited by
2131:
2270:
1784:
1744:
1548:
2182:
1754:
1153:
984:
2260:
1062:
437:
Alscher, who was on the island in the early 1900, gave information about the folk songs of islanders:<citation needed>
772:
764:
2177:
1051:
741:
414:
324:
1681:
1017:
669:
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it became Ottoman again, followed by the Austrians re-conquering it in 1789, but they had to return the island with the
421:. In 1967, the entire remaining Turkish island population emigrated before the island was flooded. The majority went to
214:
1723:
1000:
931:
During the construction of the dam, some of the structures that were built on the island were relocated to the nearby
2136:
1709:
1440:
611:
2255:
1121:
850:
The fortress of Ada Kaleh, which gave its name to the island ("Island Fortress"). From a Hungarian postcard, 1912
453:; the island was his first stop for his research. He compiled a hundred and fifty Adakale folk songs, including
2290:
1739:
724:(judge) regularly. The island's inhabitants (officially citizens of the Ottoman Empire) enjoyed exemption from
2245:
923:
The Muslim Turkish inhabitants of the island were described by visitors as kind, friendly, and openhearted.
1607:
1323:
1306:"Die Erfahrung des Orients : Tourismus auf der gefluteten Donauinsel "Ada-Kaleh" (1919-1968, Teil II)"
1135:
30:
630:
626:
406:
273:
1862:
1837:
1817:
367:
352:
202:
896:
790:
2162:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1777:
1672:
1522:
1368:"Adakale'nin Saklı Türkülerinin Markov Zinciri Tabanlı Stokastik Yöntem ile Yeniden Yapılandırılması"
1281:
989:
634:
1623:"Die Erfahrung des Orients: Tourismus auf der gefluteten Donauinsel "Ada-Kaleh" (1878-1918, Teil I)"
2105:
1832:
1387:"ÜREM BEY İLE BİR PADİŞAH KIZI MASALININ MAX LUTHI'NİN EVRENSEL MASAL İLKELERİNE GÖRE ÇÖZÜMLENMESİ"
1370:[Reconstruction of Adakale's Hidden Folk Songs with Markov Chain Based Stochastic Method].
939:
after the evacuation of the island, instead of resettling on Șimian Island. A smaller part went to
909:
905:
646:
584:
576:
265:
418:
1549:"Ada-Kaleh: the Balkan Island Where People Once Lived with no State or Masters | libcom.org"
823:
819:
803:
708:
693:
673:
402:
398:
375:
206:
152:
96:
78:
932:
1688:
807:
747:
704:
607:
599:
560:
450:
391:
363:
65:
2100:
2055:
1386:
1367:
1074:
967:
Ada Kaleh plays an important part in the novel of one of the most famous Hungarian authors,
944:
886:
579:, the island came under Ottoman control, however, it was recaptured by the Austrians in the
344:
300:
241:
92:
70:
1408:
465:
in 1971, where they gave melodies of epic songs, war songs, love songs, wedding songs etc.
446:
Turkish folk songs, fairy tales, and lullabies from Adakale were recorded by the Hungarian
1770:
1727:
1713:
776:
768:
700:
689:
615:
575:, and that fort would remain a bone of contention for the two empires. In 1699, under the
304:
280:
269:
175:
968:
413:. In 1945, some Turks from Ada Kaleh went to Turkey, because they didn't want to live in
1570:[Ada Kaleh: The History of a Paradise Submerged by Water and the Flow of Time].
1341:
718:(administrative head of a unit smaller than a district and bigger than a village) and a
2090:
2020:
1947:
1503:
1013:
665:
660:, the biggest problem seen in the social life of the island was the poverty of the 179
619:
572:
455:Ötme bülbül ötme yaz bahar oldu (Don't sing nightingale, summer has turned into spring)
387:
292:
288:
253:
249:
224:
156:
141:
133:
126:
2234:
2110:
2075:
2005:
1962:
1066:
1005:
948:
729:
568:
356:
1004:
Bego Mustafa on an old postcard of Ada Kaleh. He helped the Hungarian national hero
2172:
2152:
2060:
2000:
1467:
Hürriyet Avrupa (European version of Hürriyet newspaper), 19–20 January 2013, p. 12
733:
589:
101:
1175:"(PDF) From Dobrudja to Ada-Kaleh: A Bridge between Empires | George Grigore"
1044:
890:
856:
846:
806:
unilaterally declared its sovereignty in 1919 and strengthened its claim with the
320:
2167:
2080:
2070:
2015:
1158:
840:
799:
775:. This was the last territorial expansion of Hungary before the outbreak of the
756:
661:
371:
264:
In 1830, when the Serbian Principality was established in the territory of the
46:
1907:
1887:
1882:
1026:
879:
332:
183:
2216:
2203:
1745:
Ada-Kaleh: the Balkan Island Where People Once Lived with no State or Masters
417:. In 1951, some Turkish Families from Ada Kaleh were forced to settle in the
1937:
882:
642:
447:
316:
190:
167:
1957:
1952:
1718:
699:
Between 1878 and 1918, the areas surrounding the island were controlled by
162:
that changed hands multiple times in the 18th and 19th centuries, it had a
122:
915:
17:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1697:
1655:
1058:
1038:
811:
780:
760:
737:
684:
656:
Even though the Ottomans lost the areas surrounding the island after the
650:
379:
336:
194:
171:
121:
in 1970. The island was about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) downstream from
1704:
1525:[Turkish Migration from Romania in the Atatürk Era (1923-1938)]
1444:
1411:[Opinions for the Classification of Western Rumelian Dialects].
682:
Ottoman territory and the Ottoman sultan's private possession, although
2157:
2035:
1922:
1912:
1034:
963:
General view of the island, coloured photograph (between 1890 and 1905)
940:
860:
815:
784:
720:
678:
426:
383:
348:
340:
219:
179:
159:
145:
136:, and there were also family ties to the Turkish Muslim populations of
129:
114:
959:
835:
From 1923 - 1938, Turkish Families from Ada Kaleh and Dobruja went to
38:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1902:
1892:
1793:
1224:"Adakale'ni̇n Nüfusu, Demografi̇k Özelli̇kleri̇ Ve Göçler (1878-1913"
1037:, who came to the island around 1786 and died there around 1851. His
1030:
936:
875:
871:
864:
836:
822:
officially ceded Ada Kaleh to Romania with Articles 25 and 26 of the
713:
638:
422:
410:
312:
257:
163:
110:
51:
2025:
1223:
1204:
1174:
1103:
885:
from 1699. The carpet of the mosque, a gift from the Turkish Sultan
867:, invited by Prime Minister Demirel during his visit to the island.
1242:
151:
The isle of Ada Kaleh is probably the most evocative victim of the
2095:
2065:
2045:
2040:
1995:
1942:
1070:
1009:
999:
958:
914:
895:
845:
789:
746:
328:
308:
284:
137:
45:
37:
29:
692:
unilaterally declared its sovereignty over the island, until the
672:, the island was totally forgotten during the peace talks at the
2115:
2085:
2050:
2030:
2010:
1897:
1257:"Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans — EGO"
707:
to the south, but the island was under Ottoman sovereignty. The
458:
187:
1766:
1568:"Ada Kaleh, istoria unui paradis îngropat de ape și de vremuri"
653:
and taken refuge on the island, thereby ending Dahije tyranny.
583:, and the fortress of New Orșova was built by Austrian colonel
409:, a lot of Turkish Families from Ada Kaleh and Dobruja went to
42:
General view from north, photo from the end of the 19th century
1877:
725:
622:
in 1864. Thereafter, the island lost its military importance.
198:
1762:
1047:, the Island was ruled by him and his Family from 1788 - 1816
1594:"Povestea prințului samanaid Mișkin Baba, mort pe Ada Kaleh"
1102:
Vainovski-Mihai, Irina and Grigore, George (January 2019).
1490:"Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans"
1409:"Batı Rumeli Ağızlarının Sınıflandırılması İçin Görüşler"
1523:"Atatürk Döneminde Romanya'dan Türk Göçleri (1923-1938)"
1282:"Atatürk Döneminde Romanya'dan Türk Göçleri (1923–1938)"
878:, dating from 1903, was built on the site of an earlier
205:. The existence of Ada Kaleh was overlooked at the 1878
1104:"From Dobrudja to Ada-Kaleh: A Bridge between Empires"
1029:
by the Turks of Ada Kaleh. Legend says that he was an
1683:
Supraviețuitorii de pe insula scufundată de Ceaușescu
1065:, was a Turk who helped the Hungarian revolutionary
810:
in 1920, at that time many Turkish Families went to
401:
in 1923, the island officially became a part of the
378:. Some Turkish families left the island and went to
117:, that was submerged during the construction of the
2145:
2124:
1986:
1870:
1800:
1504:"Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive"
794:People posing before the mosque of Ada Kaleh, 1964
1154:"Ada Kaleh: A Turkish island in the Danube River"
166:and numerous twisting alleys, and was known as a
1685:(Survivors of the Island Submerged by Ceaușescu)
86:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1122:"Ada Kaleh, an Ottoman Atlantis on the Danube"
1778:
1484:
1482:
1054:visit Ada Kaleh and the House of Mahmut Pasha
386:. These occupations were not accepted by the
323:until they were forbidden to do so under the
8:
1740:Ada Kaleh, an Ottoman Atlantis on the Danube
1720:The Rebuilding of Ada Kaleh on Șimian Island
1366:Güray, Cenk; Güvener, Duygu; Yıldız, Şule.
1785:
1771:
1763:
945:Romanian territory with a Turkish minority
1463:
1461:
755:On May 12, 1913, taking advantage of the
1756:Ada Kaleh: the lost island of the Danube
1346:The Balkans - Language, History, Culture
491:
366:in 1913, the island was occupied by the
1203:Blasen, Philippe Henri (January 2014).
1094:
1025:Miskin Baba, was considered the patron
217:, which allowed the island to remain a
1621:Ellensohn, Christian (December 2014).
1304:Ellensohn, Christian (December 2014).
1222:Ağanoğlu, H. Yıldırım (January 2008).
676:in 1878, which allowed it to remain a
1747:, Petar Georgiev Mandzhukov's memoir
1402:
1400:
1361:
1359:
1335:
1333:
1228:Köprüler Kurduk Balkanlara Sempozyumu
279:The islanders had family ties to the
64:
34:Early modern period map of the island
7:
1608:"Ali Kadri "Sultanul" din Ada Kaleh"
351:. The island was well known for its
614:). Ada Kaleh was introduced to the
606:between the Ottoman Empire and the
463:Folclorul Turc Din Insula Ada-Kaleh
295:, who came to the island after the
268:of the Ottoman Empire, the crowded
2281:Former populated places in Romania
2276:Turkish communities outside Turkey
25:
1669:(This is how it was on Ada Kaleh)
912:of Turkey on September 13, 1967.
742:Ottoman general elections of 1908
1861:
1441:"Adakale Island in River Danube"
1413:Journal of Turkish World Studies
1173:Grigore, George (January 2019).
947:, so the reconstruction of the "
711:continued to appoint and send a
664:refugees who came from the lost
174:'s nest. The islanders produced
2251:Historical geography of Romania
2183:List of crossings of the Danube
1008:cross the Danube and escape to
985:Between the Woods and the Water
908:in 1931, and by Prime Minister
904:The island was visited by King
900:Residents of the island in 1964
374:in 1919 it was occupied by the
339:. They also made a living from
1280:Dr. Önder Duman (2008-04-10).
1063:Military of the Ottoman Empire
119:Iron Gates hydroelectric plant
1:
2178:List of islands in the Danube
1427:"Balkan Türkleri - trakyanet"
1340:Güray, Cenk; Güvener, Duygu.
1052:Carl Heinrich Edmund von Berg
767:, sailed to the island under
736:. The islanders also had the
658:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
415:Socialist Republic of Romania
325:Socialist Republic of Romania
77:, meaning "Island Fortress";
1018:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
818:. On July 24, 1923, the new
670:Romanian War of Independence
571:there to defend it from the
501:Istanbul Turkish (official)
405:. From 1923 to 1938, due to
299:. The unifying bond was the
209:peace talks surrounding the
155:dam's construction. Once an
109:) was a small island on the
2286:Hungary under Habsburg rule
2241:Forced migrations in Europe
1706:The Old Island of Ada Kaleh
594:. After a four-month siege
457:, a Turkish folk song from
311:. The population practiced
201:. They were well-known for
27:Former island on the Danube
2312:
1650:. In: Spiegelungen, 2/2014
1041:was revered as a sanctuary
1016:) in the aftermath of the
919:Post office (left) in 1968
637:, caught and executed the
213:, known in Romania as the
1859:
1566:Mateescu, Mirela Sorina.
327:. The islanders produced
2296:Romania–Turkey relations
2266:River islands of Romania
839:, and settled mostly in
759:, dr. Zoltán Medve, the
732:and were not subject to
610:(and, by extension, the
602:(1791), which ended the
272:community living in the
2271:River islands of Serbia
2132:Rhine–Main–Danube Canal
1667:Așa a fost pe Ada Kaleh
1646:Philippe Henri Blasen:
1050:Around 1860 the German
988:, the second volume of
951:" was never completed.
889:, was relocated to the
618:, who was taken to the
252:began in 1699 when the
62:Romanian pronunciation:
2137:Danube–Black Sea Canal
1372:Etnomüzikoloji Dergisi
1021:
964:
920:
901:
851:
833:
795:
752:
627:First Serbian Uprising
444:
407:Anti-Turkish sentiment
274:Principality of Serbia
245:
132:from all parts of the
87:
82:
74:
54:
43:
35:
2261:Islands of the Danube
2217:44.71611°N 22.45556°E
1658:(in Serbian). Rastko.
1521:Duman, Önder (2008).
1057:Bego Mustafa, former
1003:
962:
918:
899:
849:
828:
798:Following the end of
793:
773:Krassó-Szörény County
765:Krassó-Szörény County
750:
612:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
482:were used instead of
439:
368:Austro-Hungarian Army
353:Turkish oil wrestling
248:). The settlement of
203:Turkish oil wrestling
49:
41:
33:
2188:Internationalization
1407:İğci, Alpay (2018).
990:Patrick Leigh Fermor
625:In 1804, during the
526:you are looking for
425:, others settled in
2213: /
1749:Harbingers of Storm
1610:. 2 September 2014.
1124:. 25 February 2015.
1082:Sultan of Ada Kaleh
906:Carol II of Romania
647:Sanjak of Smederevo
577:Treaty of Karlowitz
515:like this, such as
494:
315:. The men wore the
266:Sanjak of Smederevo
215:War of Independence
66:[ˈadakaˈle]
2222:44.71611; 22.45556
1751:(Sofia: FAB, 2013)
1726:2007-05-16 at the
1712:2011-07-25 at the
1654:Ранко Јаковљевић.
1162:. 22 January 2016.
1022:
1012:(then part of the
965:
921:
902:
852:
824:Treaty of Lausanne
820:Republic of Turkey
796:
753:
709:Ottoman Government
694:Treaty of Lausanne
674:Congress of Berlin
492:
403:Kingdom of Romania
399:Treaty of Lausanne
376:Kingdom of Romania
231:Turkish population
223:possession of the
207:Congress of Berlin
55:
44:
36:
2196:
2195:
1689:Evenimentul Zilei
1675:, 7 November 2005
1673:Jurnalul Național
1241:Grigore, George.
808:Treaty of Trianon
751:Ada Kaleh in 1912
703:to the north and
635:Milenko Stojković
608:Habsburg monarchy
600:Treaty of Sistova
561:Habsburg monarchy
552:
551:
392:Treaty of Trianon
364:Second Balkan War
297:Russo-Turkish War
211:Russo-Turkish War
16:(Redirected from
2303:
2256:Islam in Romania
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
1865:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1696:
1680:
1664:
1659:
1645:
1631:
1630:
1627:Regard Sur l'Est
1618:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1443:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1310:Regard Sur l'Est
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:The White Review
1132:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1075:Ottoman Bulgaria
910:Süleyman Demirel
893:Mosque in 1965.
863:and the rest to
769:Austro-Hungarian
649:) that had fled
593:
498:Adakale Turkish
495:
345:tobacco industry
301:Turkish language
246:Adakale Türkleri
105:
90:
68:
63:
21:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2291:Former exclaves
2231:
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2207:
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2197:
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1982:
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1728:Wayback Machine
1714:Wayback Machine
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1691:21 October 2006
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1572:www.historia.ro
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1508:wwi.lib.byu.edu
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1391:Folklor Akademi
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1120:
1119:
1115:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1091:
998:
971:. In the novel
957:
929:
777:First World War
761:lord-lieutenant
701:Austria-Hungary
690:Austria-Hungary
616:Sanjak of Vidin
587:
557:
471:
435:
305:Turkish culture
270:Turks in Serbia
240:Adakale Turks (
238:
233:
176:Turkish delight
157:Ottoman Turkish
100:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2309:
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2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
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2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
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2248:
2246:Former islands
2243:
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2194:
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2185:
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1759:- photogallery
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1734:External links
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1596:. 23 May 2015.
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1540:
1533:(in Turkish).
1513:
1495:
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1418:
1396:
1385:Çinko, Kemal.
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1179:Romano-Arabica
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1108:Romano-Arabica
1093:
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1085:
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1048:
1042:
1014:Ottoman Empire
997:
996:Notable people
994:
977:Az Arany Ember
973:The Golden Man
956:
953:
928:
925:
870:The Ada Kaleh
666:Danube vilayet
631:Serbian rebels
620:Danube vilayet
573:Ottoman Empire
556:
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388:Ottoman Empire
319:and women the
289:Ruse, Bulgaria
254:Ottoman Empire
237:
234:
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225:Ottoman Sultan
142:Ruse, Bulgaria
134:Ottoman Empire
26:
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1695:(in Romanian)
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1447:on 2011-07-25
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1067:Lajos Kossuth
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1006:Lajos Kossuth
1002:
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961:
955:In literature
954:
952:
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949:New Ada Kaleh
946:
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934:
933:Șimian Island
926:
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917:
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738:right to vote
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645:junta in the
644:
640:
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628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
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605:
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585:Nicolas Doxat
582:
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419:Bărăgan Plain
416:
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389:
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357:football team
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318:
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293:Rumeli Eyalet
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84:
80:
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53:
48:
40:
32:
19:
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2173:Danube Delta
2061:Great Morava
1755:
1748:
1719:
1705:
1698:
1682:
1666:
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1626:
1616:
1602:
1588:
1578:12 September
1576:. Retrieved
1571:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1472:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1435:
1421:
1412:
1390:
1380:
1371:
1349:
1345:
1318:
1309:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1251:
1236:
1227:
1217:
1209:Spiegelungen
1208:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:
1168:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1116:
1107:
1097:
1081:
1033:prince from
983:
981:
976:
972:
966:
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922:
903:
869:
853:
834:
829:
797:
754:
734:conscription
719:
712:
698:
683:
677:
655:
624:
558:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
462:
454:
445:
440:
436:
396:
370:, and after
361:
278:
263:
239:
227:until 1923.
218:
150:
106:
57:
56:
2220: /
2168:Danube Bend
2056:Timiș/Tamiš
1988:Tributaries
1644:(in German)
1324:"Ada Kaleh"
1159:Daily Sabah
1136:"Ada Kaleh"
841:East Thrace
800:World War I
757:Balkan Wars
740:during the
688:, in 1913,
662:Muslim Roma
604:1787–91 war
588: [
581:1716–18 war
451:Ignac Kunos
448:Turkologist
372:World War I
362:During the
148:marriages.
99:: Адакале,
2235:Categories
2208:22°27′20″E
2205:44°42′58″N
2046:Tisza/Tisa
2036:Ipeľ/Ipoly
1908:Bratislava
1888:Regensburg
1883:Ingolstadt
1794:The Danube
1656:"Ada Kale"
1638:References
1553:libcom.org
1451:2007-05-14
1290:2022-03-21
1266:2022-03-21
1261:ieg-ego.eu
1184:2022-03-21
1069:escape to
1027:Sufi saint
943:, another
880:Franciscan
831:our grief.
641:(renegade
523:arıyorsun
433:Folk music
397:After the
333:rose water
184:rose water
18:Bego Turks
1938:Smederevo
1801:Countries
1699:Ada Kaleh
1045:Receb Ağa
969:Mór Jókai
927:Aftermath
891:Constanța
883:monastery
857:Constanța
696:in 1923.
643:Janissary
633:, led by
493:Examples
191:marmalade
168:free port
153:Iron Gate
102:romanised
97:Bulgarian
88:Ada Kaleh
79:Hungarian
58:Ada Kaleh
2146:See also
2106:Ialomița
1933:Belgrade
1928:Novi Sad
1918:Budapest
1838:Bulgaria
1818:Slovakia
1724:Archived
1710:Archived
1537:: 23–44.
1059:Corporal
812:Istanbul
781:Istanbul
685:de facto
651:Belgrade
563:built a
520:araysın
504:English
380:Istanbul
337:rose oil
195:rose oil
172:smuggler
146:exogamic
83:Újorsova
2158:Brigach
1923:Vukovar
1853:Ukraine
1848:Moldova
1843:Romania
1828:Croatia
1823:Hungary
1813:Austria
1808:Germany
1035:Bukhara
941:Dobruja
861:Romania
816:Muhacir
804:Romania
785:Muhacir
730:customs
679:de jure
596:in 1738
555:History
469:Dialect
427:Dobruja
390:in the
384:Muhacir
349:fishery
341:tourism
242:Turkish
236:History
220:de jure
180:baklava
160:exclave
144:due to
130:Muslims
127:Turkish
115:Romania
107:Adakale
93:Serbian
75:Adakale
71:Turkish
69:; from
2163:Source
2125:Canals
2091:Yantra
2021:Morava
1978:Tulcea
1973:Kiliia
1968:Izmail
1958:Galați
1953:Brăila
1903:Vienna
1893:Passau
1871:Cities
1833:Serbia
937:Turkey
876:Hammam
872:Mosque
865:Turkey
837:Turkey
716:müdürü
714:nahiye
705:Serbia
639:Dahije
567:-type
565:Vauban
512:böyle
509:boyle
423:Turkey
411:Turkey
347:, and
343:, the
335:, and
321:çarşaf
313:Sufism
307:, and
258:Sipahi
170:and a
164:mosque
123:Orșova
111:Danube
52:bazaar
2111:Siret
2101:Argeș
2096:Vedea
2076:Iskar
2066:Timok
2041:Drava
2006:Regen
1996:Iller
1943:Vidin
1531:Bilig
1527:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
1089:Notes
1071:Vidin
1061:from
1039:Türbe
1031:Uzbek
1010:Vidin
874:with
726:taxes
592:]
545:yürü
542:yuru
537:four
534:dört
531:dort
459:Budin
442:water
329:lokum
309:Islam
285:Vidin
281:Turks
250:Turks
138:Vidin
2153:Breg
2116:Prut
2086:Osam
2051:Sava
2031:Hron
2011:Isar
2001:Lech
1963:Reni
1948:Ruse
1913:Győr
1898:Linz
1580:2021
1352:(1).
728:and
721:kadı
569:fort
559:The
486:and
478:and
355:and
287:and
197:and
188:rose
140:and
95:and
50:The
2081:Olt
2071:Jiu
2026:Váh
2016:Inn
1878:Ulm
1073:at
982:In
859:in
814:as
783:as
763:of
548:go
382:as
317:fez
283:of
199:fig
85:or
2237::
1687:,
1671:,
1625:.
1551:.
1535:45
1529:.
1506:.
1481:^
1460:^
1399:^
1389:.
1358:^
1348:.
1344:.
1332:^
1308:.
1259:.
1226:.
1207:.
1193:^
1177:.
1156:.
1138:.
1106:.
843:.
802:,
787:.
744:.
629:,
590:de
488:ü.
394:.
359:.
331:,
303:,
244::
193:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
91:;
81::
73::
1786:e
1779:t
1772:v
1629:.
1582:.
1555:.
1510:.
1492:.
1454:.
1429:.
1393:.
1374:.
1350:8
1326:.
1312:.
1293:.
1269:.
1245:.
1230:.
1211:.
1187:.
1142:.
1110:.
1020:.
975:(
484:ö
480:u
476:o
104::
60:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
