31:
295:, s is the relative particle density, d is an effective particle diameter which is entrained by the flow, and g is gravity. Meyer-Peter-Müller formula for the bed load capacity under equilibrium and uniform flow conditions states that the magnitude of the bed load flux
112:
described by Parker and
Klingeman (1982), wherein larger particles protrude from the bed whereas small particles are shielded and hidden by larger particles, with the result that nearly all grain sizes become entrained at nearly the same shear stress.
258:
433:
588:
350:
144:
183:
377:
320:
289:
1846:
116:
Experimental observations suggest that a uniform free-surface flow over a cohesion-less plane bed is unable to entrain sediments below a critical value
581:
819:
1187:
108:
required to entrain a grain is linearly proportional to the diameter of the grain. However, the degree of size selectivity is restricted by the
574:
1839:
1813:
380:
101:
1344:
1808:
191:
1510:
1460:
1354:
92:
which results from the stones colliding with each other and against the river channel, thus removing the rough texture (
1832:
1788:
559:. Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the International Association for Hydraulic Structures Research. pp. 39–64.
1874:
1014:
1798:
1750:
1633:
479:
Ashworth, Philip J.; Ferguson, Robert I. (1989). "Size-selective entrainment of bed load in gravel bed streams".
386:
100:
of sediments also plays a role in relation to downstream fining: smaller-than average particles are more easily
1783:
1500:
1465:
1307:
1793:
1485:
1250:
39:
80:
Generally, bed load downstream will be smaller and more rounded than bed load upstream (a process known as
2000:
1995:
1735:
1593:
1144:
1029:
97:
1573:
1420:
1382:
831:
770:
81:
1803:
1525:
1349:
1109:
916:
710:
527:
488:
1699:
1694:
1495:
1339:
961:
814:
735:
642:
93:
74:
30:
1855:
1725:
1638:
1603:
1455:
971:
876:
780:
672:
605:
89:
1445:
325:
119:
161:
1966:
1894:
1879:
1704:
1543:
1535:
1475:
1435:
1324:
1139:
901:
891:
677:
292:
155:
322:
for unit width is proportional to the excess of shear stress with respect to a critical one
1869:
1618:
1520:
1425:
1024:
1019:
936:
765:
637:
535:
496:
461:
355:
298:
267:
1915:
1623:
1583:
1578:
1369:
1182:
1069:
1064:
848:
785:
755:
720:
715:
682:
647:
618:
531:
492:
1889:
1684:
1568:
1548:
1430:
1415:
1302:
1287:
1282:
1242:
1222:
1134:
976:
966:
956:
921:
853:
838:
745:
667:
627:
63:
58:
describes particles in a flowing fluid (usually water) that are transported along the
1989:
1920:
1910:
1765:
1760:
1745:
1730:
1679:
1674:
1440:
1405:
1359:
1319:
1314:
1074:
946:
906:
652:
632:
1755:
1505:
1490:
1480:
1329:
1260:
1129:
1094:
1009:
951:
826:
725:
687:
662:
147:
105:
452:
Parker, Gary; Klingeman, Peter C. (2010). "On why gravel bed streams are paved".
1664:
1588:
1292:
1255:
1202:
926:
911:
886:
760:
151:
1951:
1770:
1450:
1334:
1274:
1232:
1104:
941:
809:
750:
740:
657:
566:
59:
1956:
1740:
1689:
1659:
1628:
1558:
1470:
1227:
1114:
1099:
1039:
986:
981:
881:
804:
794:
692:
500:
465:
67:
1410:
1377:
1054:
863:
540:
515:
1935:
1925:
1720:
1669:
1197:
1192:
1174:
1154:
1059:
996:
931:
868:
35:
17:
1824:
1515:
1387:
1212:
1207:
1159:
1149:
1119:
1044:
799:
730:
702:
601:
43:
1930:
1613:
1598:
1553:
1297:
1270:
1217:
1084:
1079:
1049:
1034:
843:
613:
597:
154:(stabilizing) forces acting on sediment particles, the so-called
1974:
1643:
1608:
1164:
1124:
1089:
85:
1828:
570:
27:
Particles in a flowing fluid that are transported along the bed
1563:
1004:
516:"Equal mobility of gravel in streams: The remains of the day"
253:{\displaystyle \tau _{*}={\frac {u_{*}^{2}}{(s-1)gd}}}
389:
358:
328:
301:
270:
194:
164:
122:
1965:
1944:
1903:
1862:
1713:
1652:
1534:
1396:
1368:
1269:
1241:
1173:
995:
862:
779:
701:
612:
96:) and reducing the size of the particles. However,
435:, typically expressed in the form of a power law.
427:
371:
344:
314:
283:
252:
177:
138:
514:Parker, Gary; Toro-Escobar, Carlos M. (2002).
104:than larger-than average particles, since the
1840:
582:
8:
428:{\displaystyle \phi (\tau _{*}-\tau _{*c})}
381:monotonically increasing nonlinear function
73:Bed load moves by rolling, sliding, and/or
1847:
1833:
1825:
589:
575:
567:
539:
413:
400:
388:
363:
357:
333:
327:
306:
300:
275:
269:
219:
214:
208:
199:
193:
169:
163:
127:
121:
29:
1188:International scale of river difficulty
444:
7:
555:Meyer-Peter, E; Müller, R. (1948).
25:
146:of the ratio between measures of
1345:Flooded grasslands and savannas
557:Formulas for bed-load transport
62:. Bed load is complementary to
422:
393:
238:
226:
1:
383:of the excess Shields stress
1511:Universal Soil Loss Equation
1461:Hydrological transport model
1355:Storm Water Management Model
84:). This is due in part to
2017:
1875:Coastal sediment transport
1015:Antecedent drainage stream
345:{\displaystyle \tau _{*c}}
185:. This quantity reads as:
139:{\displaystyle \tau _{*c}}
1779:
1751:River valley civilization
1634:Riparian-zone restoration
178:{\displaystyle \tau _{*}}
34:Bed load sediment in the
1814:Countries without rivers
1789:Rivers by discharge rate
1501:Runoff model (reservoir)
1466:Infiltration (hydrology)
520:Water Resources Research
481:Water Resources Research
454:Water Resources Research
1486:River Continuum Concept
1251:Agricultural wastewater
501:10.1029/WR025i004p00627
466:10.1029/WR018i005p01409
1809:River name etymologies
1736:Hydraulic civilization
1594:Floodplain restoration
1370:Point source pollution
1145:Sedimentary structures
429:
373:
346:
316:
285:
254:
179:
140:
47:
1421:Discharge (hydrology)
1383:Industrial wastewater
864:Sedimentary processes
430:
374:
372:{\displaystyle q_{s}}
347:
317:
315:{\displaystyle q_{s}}
286:
284:{\displaystyle u_{*}}
255:
180:
141:
33:
1526:Volumetric flow rate
1110:Riffle-pool sequence
541:10.1029/2001WR000669
387:
356:
326:
299:
268:
192:
162:
150:(destabilizing) and
120:
1700:Whitewater kayaking
1695:Whitewater canoeing
1496:Runoff curve number
1340:Flood pulse concept
532:2002WRR....38.1264P
493:1989WRR....25..627A
224:
98:selective transport
1856:Sediment transport
1726:Aquatic toxicology
1639:Stream restoration
1604:Infiltration basin
1456:Hydrological model
972:Sediment transport
795:Estavelle/Inversac
673:Subterranean river
425:
369:
342:
312:
281:
250:
210:
175:
136:
48:
1983:
1982:
1895:Bed material load
1880:Fluvial processes
1822:
1821:
1799:Whitewater rivers
1705:Whitewater slalom
1536:River engineering
1436:Groundwater model
1397:River measurement
1325:Flood forecasting
1140:Sedimentary basin
997:Fluvial landforms
902:Bed material load
678:River bifurcation
293:friction velocity
248:
82:downstream fining
16:(Redirected from
2008:
1870:Armored mud ball
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1784:Rivers by length
1619:River morphology
1521:Wetted perimeter
1426:Drainage density
937:Headward erosion
766:Perennial stream
638:Blackwater river
591:
584:
577:
568:
561:
560:
552:
546:
545:
543:
511:
505:
504:
476:
470:
469:
460:(5): 1409–1423.
449:
434:
432:
431:
426:
421:
420:
405:
404:
378:
376:
375:
370:
368:
367:
352:. Specifically,
351:
349:
348:
343:
341:
340:
321:
319:
318:
313:
311:
310:
290:
288:
287:
282:
280:
279:
259:
257:
256:
251:
249:
247:
223:
218:
209:
204:
203:
184:
182:
181:
176:
174:
173:
145:
143:
142:
137:
135:
134:
21:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1961:
1940:
1916:Glacial outwash
1899:
1858:
1853:
1823:
1818:
1794:Drainage basins
1775:
1709:
1648:
1624:Retention basin
1584:Erosion control
1579:Detention basin
1530:
1446:Hjulström curve
1398:
1392:
1364:
1308:Non-water flood
1265:
1237:
1183:Helicoidal flow
1169:
1070:Fluvial terrace
1065:Floating island
991:
866:
858:
849:Rhythmic spring
783:
775:
756:Stream gradient
697:
683:River ecosystem
648:Channel pattern
616:
608:
595:
565:
564:
554:
553:
549:
513:
512:
508:
478:
477:
473:
451:
450:
446:
441:
409:
396:
385:
384:
359:
354:
353:
329:
324:
323:
302:
297:
296:
271:
266:
265:
225:
195:
190:
189:
165:
160:
159:
123:
118:
117:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1890:Suspended load
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:Stone skipping
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Drop structure
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:Balancing lake
1546:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:Playfair's law
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1431:Exner equation
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Bradshaw model
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1303:Urban flooding
1295:
1290:
1288:Crevasse splay
1285:
1283:100-year flood
1279:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1243:Surface runoff
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:Stream capture
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:Rock-cut basin
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
977:Suspended load
974:
969:
967:Secondary flow
964:
959:
957:Retrogradation
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
922:Dissolved load
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
860:
859:
857:
856:
854:Spring horizon
851:
846:
841:
839:Mineral spring
836:
835:
834:
824:
823:
822:
820:list in the US
817:
807:
802:
797:
791:
789:
777:
776:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
746:Stream channel
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
705:
699:
698:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
668:Drainage basin
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
628:Alluvial river
624:
622:
610:
609:
596:
594:
593:
586:
579:
571:
563:
562:
547:
506:
487:(4): 627–634.
471:
443:
442:
440:
437:
424:
419:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
392:
366:
362:
339:
336:
332:
309:
305:
278:
274:
262:
261:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
222:
217:
213:
207:
202:
198:
172:
168:
133:
130:
126:
64:suspended load
40:Campbell Creek
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2013:
2002:
2001:Sedimentology
1999:
1997:
1996:Geomorphology
1994:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Braided river
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Glacial flour
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Surface water
1764:
1762:
1761:Sacred waters
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Riparian zone
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Body of water
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Riverboarding
1678:
1676:
1675:River surfing
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:and modelling
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1360:Return period
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Flood control
1318:
1316:
1315:Flood barrier
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:Palaeochannel
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:Granular flow
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
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865:
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829:
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653:Channel types
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633:Braided river
631:
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152:gravitational
149:
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110:hiding effect
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57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1884:
1804:Flash floods
1756:River cruise
1653:River sports
1506:Stream gauge
1491:Rouse number
1481:Relief ratio
1330:Flood-meadow
1261:Urban runoff
1175:Fluvial flow
1160:River valley
1130:River island
1095:Meander scar
1010:Alluvial fan
952:Progradation
896:
827:Karst spring
771:Winterbourne
726:Chalk stream
688:River source
663:Distributary
556:
550:
526:(11): 1264.
523:
519:
509:
484:
480:
474:
457:
453:
447:
263:
148:hydrodynamic
115:
109:
106:shear stress
79:
72:
55:
51:
49:
1665:Fly fishing
1589:Fish ladder
1574:Daylighting
1293:Flash flood
1256:First flush
1203:Plunge pool
927:Downcutting
912:Debris flow
887:Aggradation
761:Stream pool
77:(hopping).
1990:Categories
1952:Soil creep
1771:Wild river
1451:Hydrograph
1441:Hack's law
1406:Baer's law
1350:Inundation
1335:Floodplain
1275:stormwater
1233:Whitewater
1105:Oxbow lake
942:Knickpoint
917:Deposition
810:Hot spring
751:Streamflow
741:Stream bed
658:Confluence
439:References
60:stream bed
1957:Landslide
1945:Hillslope
1741:Limnology
1690:Triathlon
1660:Canyoning
1629:Revetment
1559:Check dam
1471:Main stem
1228:Waterfall
1115:Point bar
1100:Mouth bar
1040:Billabong
987:Water gap
982:Wash load
962:Saltation
882:Anabranch
805:Holy well
693:Tributary
415:∗
411:τ
407:−
402:∗
398:τ
391:ϕ
335:∗
331:τ
277:∗
233:−
216:∗
201:∗
197:τ
171:∗
167:τ
129:∗
125:τ
102:entrained
86:attrition
75:saltating
68:wash load
50:The term
1885:Bed load
1544:Aqueduct
1411:Baseflow
1378:Effluent
1055:Cut bank
1020:Avulsion
897:Bed load
877:Abrasion
158:stress
94:rounding
90:abrasion
52:bed load
1967:Aeolian
1936:Drumlin
1926:Moraine
1904:Glacial
1721:Aquifer
1714:Related
1670:Rafting
1198:Meander
1193:Log jam
1155:Thalweg
1060:Estuary
932:Erosion
869:erosion
781:Springs
736:Current
703:Streams
643:Channel
606:springs
602:streams
528:Bibcode
489:Bibcode
291:is the
156:Shields
56:bedload
36:thalweg
18:Bedload
1516:WAFLEX
1388:Sewage
1271:Floods
1213:Riffle
1208:Rapids
1150:Strath
1120:Ravine
1045:Canyon
800:Geyser
731:Coulee
716:Bourne
711:Arroyo
614:Rivers
598:Rivers
264:where
44:Alaska
1931:Esker
1863:Water
1614:Levee
1599:Flume
1554:Canal
1298:Flood
1218:Shoal
1085:Gully
1080:Gulch
1050:Chine
1035:Bayou
892:Armor
844:Ponor
619:lists
379:is a
1975:Dune
1644:Weir
1609:Leat
1273:and
1165:Wadi
1125:Rill
1090:Glen
1075:Gill
1025:Bank
867:and
832:list
815:list
786:list
721:Burn
604:and
88:and
66:and
1564:Dam
1030:Bar
1005:Ait
536:doi
497:doi
462:doi
54:or
42:in
38:of
1992::
600:,
534:.
524:38
522:.
518:.
495:.
485:25
483:.
458:18
456:.
70:.
1848:e
1841:t
1834:v
788:)
784:(
621:)
617:(
590:e
583:t
576:v
544:.
538::
530::
503:.
499::
491::
468:.
464::
423:)
418:c
394:(
365:s
361:q
338:c
308:s
304:q
273:u
260:,
245:d
242:g
239:)
236:1
230:s
227:(
221:2
212:u
206:=
132:c
46:.
20:)
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