394:
612:" in the North of England. A 2018 study found the bedroom tax "was not successful in encouraging residential moves", but "it did incentivise people who moved to downsize – suggesting some success in terms of one of the policy goals, namely reducing under-occupancy. The policy did not incentivise people to work more and we find no statistically significant effects on households' food consumption or saving behaviour".
574:
460:, rather than central government; in consequence there is an expectation from the government that costs arising out of care needs, including extra bedroom space, should be met by local council budgets. However, over the 20th century, central government took over the cost of providing benefits that cover housing costs; therefore, the government provided a new annual grant to councils, so that they can make
714:- "And Caroline Abrahams, charity director of Age UK, said: 'Imposing the cap on older tenants will not only cause them anxiety and distress, it is also pointless given the lack of affordable housing options available to them. It will create hardship without any significant financial gains for the Government.'"
497:
considered the question of what constituted a room for the purposes of the regulations. Judge Lloyd-Davies decided that a room "should be capable of accommodating a single adult bed, a bedside table and somewhere to store clothes, as well as providing space for dressing and undressing". This implies
301:
reported that the
Liberal Democrats plan to end the "bedroom tax" for all except those who refuse a suitable and reasonable offer of accommodation. This represents a change in position as the party voted against a similar amendment to the 2012 Welfare Reform Act. Liberal Democrat Tim Farron (at that
135:
The under-occupancy rules apply, from 1 April 2013, to all those of working age. The policy applies to working-age social housing tenants who receive housing benefit and are deemed to have more bedrooms than they need. If a tenant has one spare bedroom, their housing benefit is reduced by 14% of the
87:
Supporters of the changes have referred to the unreformed system as a "spare room subsidy" whereby tax-payers are said to have been subsidising social-housing tenants living in houses larger than they needed. The stated intention of the under-occupancy penalty policy was to reduce these costs and to
407:
newspaper released figures which (it argued) showed that 96% of the people who would be affected by the changes would be unable to move anywhere else due to the lack of available social housing. Although it is illegal to sub-let a social tenancy, it is legal for social tenants in this situation to
228:
I remind noble Lords of the core argumentation. We do not think that taxpayers should be expected to meet the cost of somewhere approaching 1 million spare bedrooms, a cost of around £0.5 billion every year. Clearly this is unfair, or certainly different, to those in the private rented sector who
420:
has estimated that the housing benefit bill could increase by £143 million if affected tenants were to downsize by moving into smaller privately rented accommodation. However the
Government argues that freeing up social housing would also reduce the cost of housing people in expensive temporary
216:
The official rationale of the policy is to encourage council tenants of homes that are supposedly too large for their needs to move to smaller homes so that the existing housing stock can be better used. A second rationale adopted by the
Department for Work and Pensions is to reduce the overall
139:
Critics argue that the policy has had a disproportionate impact on disabled people and other vulnerable groups, as well as increasing poverty and homelessness. Supporters of the policy argue that it is a fair way to manage social housing and encourage efficient use of housing resources.
507:, the Supreme Court ruled that "applying a 14% housing benefit reduction to a man, referred only as RR, was a breach of his right to home under the Human Rights Act. RR’s partner is severely disabled so 'it is accepted' that the couple need an extra bedroom for her medical equipment,
438:
has criticised how, under government proposals, parents living in social housing could become liable for what he calls the bedroom tax after only three months following the death of a child, something that inadvertently causes the creation of a "spare" room. In March 2015,
451:
The changes in housing benefit have been criticised for having a disproportionate effect on disabled families. Two-thirds of individuals affected by the under-occupancy penalty are disabled. Historically, most care and support for disabled individuals was provided by
188:
There is a further category of exempt accommodation defined as "accommodation provided by a housing association, a registered charity or voluntary association where that body, or a person acting on its behalf, also provides the claimant with care or support"
805:
277:
We need to put an end to the unfair situation where the taxpayer is subsidising people to have homes, paid for by the state, with spare rooms they do not need. This is effectively a spare room subsidy. Britain cannot afford it and nor can the
264:
has tended to refer to the under-occupancy penalty as the removal of a "spare room subsidy" (implicitly taking into consideration the entire housing benefit paid out for the tenancy, rather than the net payment made by the tenant). Writing in
295:, who was the first MP to speak out against the bill, voted against. At their 2013 Spring Conference, members voted to review the policy that looks at the "money saved, costs incurred and the effect on vulnerable tenants". In March 2014
686:
242:
found that more of the public supported than opposed the reduction of housing benefit for under-occupying social housing tenants. The policy was most popular among owner occupiers and least popular among social renters. In July 2014, a
1747:
302:
time
President of the party) has also criticised the distorting effect that the under occupancy changes have on the market. Following their change in policy, the Liberal Democrats voted with Labour on 5 September 2014, for Lib Dem MP
615:
The Centre for
Housing Policy at the University of York concluded that the under-occupation policy has saved money, but that the potential savings forecast by the Department for Work and Pensions have been overestimated. The use of
136:
eligible rent, and if they have two or more spare bedrooms, it is reduced by 25%. The aim of the policy was to encourage social housing tenants to downsize to smaller properties, freeing up larger homes for families who need them.
421:
accommodation; since those people would be more likely to find themselves in overcrowded accommodation as compared to those affected by the penalty, the combined impact should be to reduce net costs, and reduce net overcrowding.
1607:
490:. The father had separated from his partner but was able to argue that his "spare" room was occupied by his son who stayed with him three nights a week. However, it was believed that the Government would challenge the ruling.
201:
ruled that failing to provide a bedroom for the partner of a severely disabled tenant was a breach of that partner's human rights to a home. A room is needed in that tenancy for the disabled partner's medical equipment.
415:
The under-occupancy penalty has been criticised for potentially costing more than it saves by forcing individuals into the private rented sector, where rents are higher, thereby increasing the cost to the taxpayer. The
629:
In response to this report, the
Liberal Democrats signalled a change in their support for the policy, with both Nick Clegg and Danny Alexander stating that they would like to see changes to the way it is implemented.
83:
said: "Imposing the cap on older tenants will not only cause them anxiety and distress, it is also pointless given the lack of affordable housing options available to them". It has not been applied to pensioners.
813:
307:
623:
In July 2014, a report was published by the DWP that said only one in twenty claimants affected by the change had downsized their property. A study published four months earlier had similar results.
1324:
412:, to cover the extra cost. This is encouraged by the government; potentially, this provides the tenant with a net profit, and reduces the total number of people seeking alternative accommodation.
1733:
1264:
683:
1614:
33:, resulting in them being obliged to fund this reduction from their incomes, move home, or face rent arrears and potential eviction by their landlord (be that the local authority or a
181:
A number of types of housing are exempt from the changes. These include those living in temporary accommodation, shared ownership accommodation and non-standard accommodation such as
1682:
397:
Protesters opposing the under occupancy penalty outside the
Scottish Parliament. The term "bedroom tax" is used by critics to describe the changes to social housing occupancy rules.
882:
542:
1189:
1639:
767:
1159:
706:
1873:
1297:
1893:
108:
626:
The report also showed that there has been great demand for downsizing properties but there has been nowhere near sufficient supply of suitable sized housing.
147:
introduced by the Labour government in 2008 for benefit claimants in private sector tenancies, except for the rules involving disability or the armed forces.
1226:
518:
ruled the bedroom tax discriminatory and incompatible with
Article 14 in conjunction with Article 1 Protocol 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
1272:
325:
In their 2015 General
Election manifesto the Scottish National Party stated that: "We will vote for the immediate abolition of the unfair bedroom tax".
1740:
291:
leadership supported the
Welfare Reform Act 2012. However, of the party's 57 MPs, 38 voted in favour, 18 abstained and one, Manchester Withington MP
1883:
1868:
508:
346:
49:
is the most commonly used term for the policy, especially by critics of the changes who argue that they amount to a tax because of the lack of
205:
If a "spare" bedroom is created following a death then a council tenant's housing benefit will not be reduced until a year after the death.
1527:
788:
314:
26:
658:
995:
639:
480:
473:
370:
1486:
1467:
483:
would rule in March 2016 on whether the "bedroom tax" was illegal on the basis that it unfairly discriminated against disabled adults.
917:
374:
1021:
464:
for disabled people in this situation. The government has recently merged this grant into the general funding provided to councils.
549:
358:
53:(or in some areas, any rented accommodation) for affected tenants to downsize to (and the refusal to accept the risk of taking in
1888:
1878:
1842:
443:
reported that a woman had become liable for the bedroom tax after her son's death from a brain haemorrhage following an assault.
1643:
1046:
835:
746:
1700:
528:
935:
515:
972:
1847:
1821:
1800:
1415:
1244:
724:
617:
535:
461:
393:
124:
1167:
208:
The Welfare Supplementary Payments (Amendment) Bill provides protection to around 37,000 households in Northern Ireland.
1806:
1105:
1047:"What do the general election manifestos say about benefits? Labour, Lib Dem and Conservative policies in 2017 compared"
42:
104:
1301:
417:
1265:"Cochrane calls on Executive to explore all options to avoid 'Bedroom Tax' (The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland)"
1368:
1072:
303:
494:
366:
1394:
1441:
221:
99:, without attracting controversy. The 2012 legislation essentially represented an equalisation of treatment of
1190:"Green Party - Green Party leader speaks out against bedroom tax as she visits Tameside homelessness project"
103:, regardless of whether they live in private tenancies or social housing. The reforms formed one part of the
1837:
1768:
1667:
1325:"'Big lie' behind the bedroom tax: Families trapped with nowhere to move face penalty for having spare room"
292:
261:
144:
96:
38:
354:
288:
378:
350:
1725:
1129:
556:
1349:
472:
In July 2012, the High Court rejected the premise that the policy was a breach of Article 14 of the
1794:
487:
54:
34:
904:
79:
In 2016 it was announced that the penalty would be extended to pensioners. Caroline Abrahams of
662:
1589:
453:
334:
270:
100:
1773:
1579:
198:
169:
A non-resident carer (or group of carers) for a person in the house requiring overnight care
112:
29:(also called council or social housing) with rooms deemed "spare" experience a reduction in
1608:"Testing DWP Assessment of Impact of SRS Size Criterion on HB Costs University of York.pdf"
1487:"Bedroom Tax: 40,000 parents 'could appeal' after one dad defeats it - how you could do it"
690:
403:
30:
883:"Poll | More support than opposition for 'bedroom tax', but policy divides opinion"
1811:
1720:
1584:
1567:
457:
297:
50:
1395:"A mother's anguish: A 'killer' took my son and now the Bedroom Tax will take my home"
949:
573:
1862:
1249:
1207:
1022:"'Bedroom tax' to be abolished as the Coalition is rocked by Lib Dem-Labour alliance"
429:
1815:
1640:"DWP cuts discretionary housing payments by £40m | News | Inside Housing"
1399:
1227:"Democratic Unionist Westminster leader lays out demands for supporting government"
792:
503:
434:
1665:
Watts, Joseph (28 March 2014). "'Failed' bedroom tax has only pushed 6% to move".
1504:
1141:
382:
317:
manifesto, the Liberal Democrats declared their intention to end the bedroom tax.
996:"Lib Dem president will withdraw party's support for bedroom tax | Politics"
1788:
1783:
1778:
609:
362:
120:
116:
1552:
936:"The Public Whip — Welfare Reform Bill — Third Reading - 15 Jun 2011 at 19:00"
247:
poll found that 49% of people opposed "the bedroom tax" and 41% supported it.
239:
92:
1593:
172:
Where a room is required by a disabled child who is unable to share a bedroom
806:"Housing Benefit size restrictions in social housing: special circumstances"
605:
182:
95:
government during the decade beforehand in private-sector housing, as the
707:
Poorest pensioners to lose hundreds of pounds a year in 'new bedroom tax'
684:
Poorest pensioners to lose hundreds of pounds a year in 'new bedroom tax'
608:
reported that the Bedroom Tax lowered the quality of houses and created "
1566:
Gibbons, Stephen; Sanchez-Vidal, Maria; Silva, Olmo (15 December 2018).
1298:"Northern Ireland rejects bedroom tax | News | Inside Housing"
1079:
166:
Any other child (other than a foster child whose main home is elsewhere)
1369:"Bedroom tax plans are a levy on the grief of the poor | Michael Rosen"
409:
950:"Bedroom tax: Lib Dem conference says no – as do 53% of party members"
310:
to restrict the number of cases in which the penalty could be levied.
244:
80:
1721:
House of Commons briefing paper – under occupation of social housing
747:"Local authorities and advisers: removal of the spare room subsidy"
836:"'37,000 now have long term protection from bedroom tax' - Hargey"
392:
1683:"Evaluation of Removal of the Spare Room Subsidy: Interim Report"
1729:
858:
Under-occupation of social housing: Housing Benefit entitlement
486:
In May 2015, a father successfully challenged the penalty at a
107:'s wide-ranging welfare-reform agenda – sometimes known as the
710:
694:
568:
493:
In February 2016, a decision by the Upper Tribunal involving
25:
is a United Kingdom welfare policy whereby tenants living in
1468:"Disabled tenants to challenge bedroom tax in supreme court"
498:
a minimum size of 65.81 square feet for a rectangular room.
119:
to limit the total size of the welfare bill, reform of the
1528:"UK government loses supreme court fight over bedroom tax"
1208:"BBC Democracy Live - 'Scrap Bedroom Tax' say Plaid Cymru"
620:
has partly reduced the savings predicted for the penalty.
337:
pledged to repeal the act had they been elected in 2015.
789:
UK government loses supreme court fight over bedroom tax
143:
The rules for calculating allowed bedrooms are the same
585:
1416:"Bedroom tax has failed on every count | Society"
1292:
1290:
1442:"Bedroom tax legal challenge dismissed by high court"
543:
Rutherford v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
1142:"Manifesto watch: Where parties stand on key issues"
1830:
1761:
1756:
Welfare reform in the United Kingdom (2010-Present)
150:One bedroom is allowed for each of the following:
1160:"Abolish the bedroom tax-where's Labours pledge?"
238:In a November 2013, opinion poll carried out by
275:
229:receive benefits based on their household need.
226:
163:Two children who are under 10 regardless of sex
1130:Trade Union and Socialist Coalition Press Pack
918:"Britain cannot afford the spare room subsidy"
877:
875:
345:The under-occupancy penalty is opposed by the
91:A similar policy was enacted by the preceding
57:). The bedroom tax is also referred to as the
1741:
1701:"Nick Clegg defends bedroom tax policy shift"
661:. National Housing Federation. Archived from
557:RR v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
550:Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council v BF (HB)
109:United Kingdom government austerity programme
8:
287:As members of the Coalition government, the
37:). The policy was introduced as part of the
1073:"Stronger for Scotland: SNP Manifesto 2015"
762:
760:
479:In January 2015, it was announced that the
1748:
1734:
1726:
973:"Lib Dems propose to overhaul bedroom tax"
860:, House of Commons Library, SN/SP/6272 p 4
88:ease housing shortages and overcrowding.
1583:
220:In 2012, speaking in the House of Lords,
1553:"HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights"
1350:"'Bedroom tax' will cost taxpayers more"
768:"Under Occupancy (bedroom tax) Charges"
650:
501:On 13 November 2019, according to the
476:due to the effect on disabled people.
347:Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition
1874:Social security in the United Kingdom
1245:"SDLP vow to block hated bedroom tax"
160:Two children of the same sex under 16
111:– which included the introduction of
7:
1894:Public housing in the United Kingdom
1572:Regional Science and Urban Economics
1526:Weaver, Matthew (13 November 2019).
952:. Libdemvoice.org. 17 September 2013
838:. Dept for Communities. 1 March 2022
536:SSWP v David Nelson and Fife Council
371:Social Democratic & Labour Party
1769:Under-occupancy penalty/Bedroom Tax
1507:. Ministry of Justice. 8 April 2016
1393:Armstrong, Jeremy (15 March 2015).
640:Welfare state in the United Kingdom
481:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
474:European Convention on Human Rights
1585:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.12.002
1367:Rosen, Michael (14 January 2014).
1106:"Drop bedroom tax now, says Byrne"
1020:McSmith, Andy (5 September 2014).
725:"How to deal with the bedroom tax"
375:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
359:Green Party of England & Wales
157:Each other person aged 16 and over
127:to reform of disability benefits.
14:
1414:Butler, Patrick (28 March 2014).
1843:Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016
1466:Jamie Doward (10 January 2015).
1104:Liam Kelly (20 September 2013).
994:Patrick Wintour (2 April 2014).
572:
1225:Nicholas Watt (11 March 2015).
905:Bedroom tax as divisive as ever
770:. Trafford.gov.uk. 1 April 2013
529:Lall v Westminster City Council
1699:Nicholas Watt (17 July 2014).
1323:Dugan, Emily (5 August 2013).
516:European Court of Human Rights
462:discretionary housing payments
251:Positions of political parties
145:as for Local Housing Allowance
125:Personal Independence Payments
105:2010–2015 Coalition Government
1:
1884:Welfare in the United Kingdom
1869:Housing in the United Kingdom
1848:Housing and Planning Act 2016
1822:Support for Mortgage Interest
1801:Personal Independence Payment
971:Brown, Carl (28 March 2014).
907:’, 18 July 2014, YouGov.co.uk
618:Discretionary Housing Payment
16:United Kingdom welfare policy
1807:Employment Support Allowance
1485:Julia Rampen (27 May 2015).
869:HL Deb 14 February 2012 c706
43:Premiership of David Cameron
1613:. riverside. Archived from
1440:Shiv Malik (30 July 2013).
418:National Housing Federation
1910:
495:Stevenage Borough Council
447:Effect on disabled people
367:Democratic Unionist Party
123:and the introduction of
115:, the introduction of a
70:under-occupation charge
63:under occupation penalty
1889:Under-occupancy penalty
1879:Welfare Reform Act 2012
1838:Welfare Reform Act 2012
1668:London Evening Standard
727:. Shelter. 18 July 2022
321:Scottish National Party
97:Local Housing Allowance
67:under-occupancy charge,
59:under-occupancy penalty
39:Welfare Reform Act 2012
1164:British National Party
689:2 October 2016 at the
398:
355:British National Party
280:
269:Conservative Minister
231:
217:housing benefit bill.
810:citizensadvice.org.uk
396:
379:Ulster Unionist Party
351:UK Independence Party
315:2017 general election
193:), "or supervision" (
308:private members bill
1795:Council Tax Support
1505:"2016 UKUT 164 AAC"
1253:. 19 November 2013.
1148:. 25 February 2015.
35:housing association
1646:on 4 February 2015
1356:. 6 February 2013.
1212:BBC Democracy Live
856:Wilson, W. (2013)
584:. You can help by
458:their predecessors
399:
262:Conservative Party
185:and mobile homes.
41:passed during the
1856:
1855:
1568:"The bedroom tax"
1269:allianceparty.org
1194:greenparty.org.uk
903:William Jordan, ‘
602:
601:
289:Liberal Democrats
283:Liberal Democrats
271:Iain Duncan Smith
195:sheltered housing
191:supported housing
101:benefit claimants
1901:
1793:Localisation of
1774:Universal Credit
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1642:. Archived from
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1620:on 13 April 2014
1619:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1300:. Archived from
1294:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1271:. Archived from
1261:
1255:
1254:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1166:. Archived from
1156:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1085:on 26 April 2015
1084:
1078:. Archived from
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
975:. Inside Housing
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
946:
940:
939:
932:
926:
925:
914:
908:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
879:
870:
867:
861:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
832:
826:
825:
823:
821:
812:. Archived from
802:
796:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
764:
755:
754:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
721:
715:
704:
698:
681:
675:
674:
672:
670:
655:
597:
594:
576:
569:
468:Legal challenges
441:The Daily Mirror
401:In August 2013,
199:UK Supreme Court
113:Universal Credit
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1826:
1757:
1754:
1717:
1712:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1688:. 15 July 2014.
1685:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1329:The Independent
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1304:on 2 April 2015
1296:
1295:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1275:on 2 April 2015
1263:
1262:
1258:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1170:on 2 April 2015
1158:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1026:The Independent
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
993:
992:
988:
978:
976:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
948:
947:
943:
934:
933:
929:
924:. 7 March 2013.
922:Telegraph.co.uk
916:
915:
911:
902:
898:
888:
886:
881:
880:
873:
868:
864:
855:
851:
841:
839:
834:
833:
829:
819:
817:
804:
803:
799:
787:
783:
773:
771:
766:
765:
758:
745:
744:
740:
730:
728:
723:
722:
718:
705:
701:
691:Wayback Machine
682:
678:
668:
666:
665:on 17 July 2014
657:
656:
652:
648:
636:
598:
592:
589:
582:needs expansion
567:
524:
470:
449:
427:
425:Impact of death
404:The Independent
391:
343:
331:
323:
285:
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1779:Benefit cap
1650:9 September
1537:13 November
1031:6 September
610:ghost towns
432:writing in
363:Plaid Cymru
121:Council Tax
117:welfare cap
47:Bedroom tax
23:bedroom tax
1863:Categories
1820:Reform of
1805:Reform of
1799:Reform of
1578:: 103418.
979:6 November
842:9 November
731:9 November
646:References
593:April 2014
293:John Leech
240:Ipsos Mori
222:Lord Freud
183:houseboats
177:Exemptions
93:New Labour
1594:0166-0462
1057:30 August
606:Channel 4
604:In 2015,
509:Lady Hale
383:Sinn Féin
313:In their
278:taxpayer.
212:Rationale
1624:14 April
1511:11 April
1451:14 April
1425:14 April
1378:14 April
1334:14 April
1308:12 March
1279:12 March
1146:BBC News
1115:14 April
1005:14 April
956:14 April
889:14 April
774:14 April
687:Archived
634:See also
522:Case law
504:Guardian
488:tribunal
408:take in
389:Reaction
224:stated:
1762:Reforms
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1089:20 June
669:17 July
511:said".
410:lodgers
197:). The
55:lodgers
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820:27 May
751:gov.uk
565:Effect
560:(2019)
456:, and
377:, the
369:, the
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329:Labour
245:YouGov
131:Policy
81:Age UK
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1590:ISSN
1539:2019
1513:2016
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1091:2015
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981:2019
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891:2014
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