Beekeeping - Knowledge (XXG)

583:, which bees do not block with wax but keep as a free passage. Having determined this bee space, which is commonly given as between 6 and 9 mm (0.24 and 0.35 in), though up to 15 mm (0.59 in) has been found in populations in Ethiopia. Langstroth then designed a series of wooden frames within a rectangular hive box, carefully maintaining the correct space between successive frames. He found the bees would build parallel honeycombs in the box without bonding them to each other or to the hive walls. This enables the beekeeper to slide any frame out of the hive for inspection without harming the bees or the comb; and protecting the eggs, larvae and pupae in the cells. It also meant combs containing honey could be gently removed and the honey extracted without destroying the comb. The emptied honeycombs could then be returned intact to the bees for refilling. Langstroth's book 1036:

gigantium, L. wahlbergii and the conks, Fomes fomentarius and F. igiarius. When fungi are burned, the characteristic smell is due to the pyrolysis of the keratin cell wall of fungi. Besides being a major fungi constituent, keratin is found in animal tissues, such as hair or feathers. Anaesthesia experiments done using smoke from pyrolysis of L. wahlbergii, human hair and chicken feathers showed no difference in long-term mortality of anesthetized honeybees and non-treated bees in the same hive. Hydrogen sulphide was identified as the major combustion product that is responsible for putting the bees to sleep. Note – hydrogen sulphide is toxic to humans at high concentrations.

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straw hive 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter "so that there are in all seven bars of deal to which the bees fix their combs", foreshadowing future uses of movable-comb hives. He also described using such hives in a multi-story configuration, foreshadowing the modern use of supers: he added successive straw hives below and later removed the ones above when free of brood and filled with honey so the bees could be separately preserved at the harvest the following season. Wildman also described the use of hives with "sliding frames" in which the bees would build their comb.

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often placed under the shade of trees in summer. Researchers in the U.S. found domestic honey bees placed in national parks compete with native bee species for resources. A further review of the literature concluded large concentrations of beehives on continents where they are not native, such as North and South America, could compete against the native bees; this, however, was not as strongly observed in areas where domestic bees are native such as Europe and Africa, where the different bee species have adapted to have a narrower overlapping of forage preferences.

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similar to those of regular top-bar hives are sometimes also referred to as top-bar hives. Top-bar hives are rectangular and are typically more than twice as wide as multi-story framed hives commonly found in English-speaking countries. Top-bar hives usually include one box and allow for beekeeping methods that interfere very little with the colony. While conventional advice often recommends inspecting each colony each week during the warmer months, some beekeepers fully inspect top-bar hives only once a year, and only one comb needs to be lifted at a time.

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crevices; when one is found, the entire swarm moves in. Within hours, the new colony's bees build new wax brood combs using honey stores with which the young bees have filled themselves before leaving the old hive. Only young bees can secrete wax from special abdominal segments, which is why swarms tend to contain more young bees. Often a number of virgin queens accompany the first swarm, known as the "prime swarm", and the old queen is replaced as soon as a daughter queen mates and begins laying. Otherwise, she is quickly superseded in the new hive.

2103: 2405: 1392:. To do this, they remove several brood combs from a healthy hive, leaving the old queen behind. These combs must contain eggs or larvae less than three days old and be covered by young nurse bees, which care for the brood and keep it warm. These brood combs and nurse bees are then placed into a small "nucleus hive" with other combs containing honey and pollen. As soon as the nurse bees find themselves in this new hive, and realize they have no queen and begin constructing emergency queen cells using the eggs and larvae in the combs. 943:

described by Langstroth, and is a descendant of Jan Dzierzon's Polish hive designs. Langstroth hives are the most-common size in the United States and much of the world; the British National is the most common size in the United Kingdom; Dadant and Modified Dadant hives are widely used in France and Italy, and Layens by some beekeepers, where their large size is an advantage. Square Dadant hives–often called 12-frame Dadant or Brother Adam hives–are used in large parts of Germany and other parts of Europe by commercial beekeepers.

262:. Bees that collect honey, which none of my ancestors had ever seen or brought into the land of Suhu, I brought down from the mountain of the men of Habha, and made them settle in the orchards of the town 'Gabbari-built-it'. They collect honey and wax, and I know how to melt the honey and wax – and the gardeners know too. Whoever comes in the future, may he ask the old men of the town, (who will say) thus: "They are the buildings of Shamash-resh-ușur, the governor of Suhu, who introduced honey bees into the land of Suhu". 539:

and honey they held. A sieve or basket was used to separate the liquid honey from the demolished brood nest. In medieval times in northern Europe, although skeps and other containers were made to house bees, the honey and wax were still extracted after the bee colony was killed. This was usually accomplished by using burning sulfur to suffocate the colony without harming the honey within. It was impossible to replace old, dark-brown brood comb in which larval bees are constricted by layers of shed pupal skins.

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reverts to a feral state and finds shelter in a hollow tree or other suitable habitat. A small after-swarm has less chance of survival and may threaten the original hive's survival if the number of remaining bees is unsustainable. When a hive swarms despite the beekeeper's preventative efforts, the beekeeper may give the reduced hive two frames of open brood with eggs. This helps replenish the hive more quickly and gives a second opportunity to raise a queen if there is a mating failure.

1013:, a device that generates smoke from the incomplete combustion of fuels. Although the exact mechanism is disputed, it is said smoke calms bees. Some claim it initiates a feeding response in anticipation of possible hive abandonment due to fire. It is also thought smoke masks alarm pheromones released by guard bees or bees that are squashed in an inspection. The ensuing confusion creates an opportunity for the beekeeper to open the hive and work without triggering a defensive reaction. 547: 638: 1911: 1124: 2518: 1317: 1286: 1884: 2454: 2253: 1162: 2542: 2205: 2072: 2554: 964: 2578: 1942: 1212: 1116: 1051: 2307: 2282: 1802: 2429: 2229: 2017: 1852: 1730: 1706: 1605: 773:. His original idea was to support combs in a metal framework and then spin them within a container to collect honey that was thrown out by centrifugal force. This meant honeycombs could be returned to a hive empty and undamaged, saving the bees a vast amount of work, time and materials. This invention significantly improved the efficiency of honey harvesting and catalyzed the modern honey industry. 669: 2566: 1385:, a special food secreted from the hypopharyngeal gland of young nurse bees. Royal jelly dramatically alters the growth and development of the larva so after metamorphosis and pupation, it emerges from the cell as a queen bee. The queen is the only bee in a colony that has fully developed ovaries; she secretes a pheromone that suppresses the normal development of ovaries in all of her workers. 2331: 2129: 1967: 1826: 1754: 879: 2379: 2355: 1679: 2155: 1993: 1778: 1630: 7294: 755: 2180: 1655: 609:

The Langstroth and Dadant designs, however, remain ubiquitous in the U.S. and in many parts of Europe, though Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France and Italy all have their own national hive designs. Regional variations of hive were developed according to climate, floral productivity and reproductive characteristics of the subspecies of native honey bees in each bio-region.

157: 853: 501:. Swammerdam and Réaumur were among the first to use a microscope and dissection to understand the internal biology of honey bees. Réaumur was among the first to construct a glass-walled observation hive to better observe activities inside hives. He observed queens laying eggs in open cells but did not know how queens were fertilized; the mating of a queen and 1002: 1258:'s "Synthetic Apiary" project simulated springtime inside a closed environment for several hives throughout the winter. They provided food sources and simulated long days, and saw activity and reproduction levels comparable to the levels seen outdoors in warm weather. They concluded such an indoor apiary could be sustained year-round if needed. 292:. The hives were found in orderly rows, three high, in a manner that according to Mazar could have accommodated around 100 hives, held more than one million bees and had a potential annual yield of 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of honey and 70 kilograms (150 lb) of beeswax, and are evidence an advanced honey industry in 1567: 1024:, pine needles, corrugated cardboard, and rotten or punky wood. Indian beekeepers, especially in Kerala, often use coconut fibers, which are readily available, safe, and cheap. Some beekeeping supply sources also sell commercial fuels like pulped paper, compressed cotton and aerosol cans of smoke. Other beekeepers use 1381:"emergency queen cells". These appear similar to large, one-inch (2.5 cm)-long, peanut-like structures that hang from the center or side of the brood combs. The developing larva in a queen cell is fed differently than an ordinary worker bee; in addition to honey and pollen, she receives a great deal of 1337:

hybridization of the sub-species. Italian bees are very prolific and inclined to swarm; Northern European black bees have a strong tendency to supersede their old queen without swarming. These differences are the result of differing evolutionary pressures in the regions in which each sub-species evolved.

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Honey bee colonies are dependent on their queen, who is the only egg-layer. Although queens have a three-to-four-year adult lifespan, diminished longevity of queens—less than a year—is commonly and increasingly observed. The queen can choose whether to fertilize an egg as she lays it; fertilized eggs

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Modern beekeepers have experimented with raising bees indoors in a controlled environment or in indoor observation hives. This may be done for reasons of space and monitoring, or in the cooler months, when large commercial beekeepers may move colonies to "wintering" warehouses with fixed temperature,

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is an attempt to revert to a less-industrialized way of obtaining honey by using small-scale colonies that pollinate urban gardens. Some have found city bees are healthier than rural bees because there are fewer pesticides and greater biodiversity in urban gardens. Urban bees may fail to find forage,

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and was first described by Gates in 1914. During hot weather, bees cool the hive by circulating cool air from the entrance through the hive and out again; and if necessary by placing water, which they fetch, throughout the hive to create evaporative cooling. In cold weather, packing and insulation of

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The entry of venom into the body from bee stings may be hindered and reduced by protective clothing that allows the wearer to remove stings and venom sacs with a simple tug on the clothing. Although the stinger is barbed, a worker bee's stinger is less likely to become lodged into clothing than human

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trough hive became popular, in the UK a British National hive became standard by the 1930s, although in Scotland the smaller Smith hive is still popular. In some Scandinavian countries and in Russia, the traditional trough hive persisted until late in the 20th century and is still kept in some areas.

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Wildman's book acknowledges the advances in knowledge of bees made by Swammerdam, Maraldi, and de Réaumur—he includes a lengthy translation of Réaumur's account of the natural history of bees. Wildman also describes the initiatives of others in designing hives for the preservation of bees when taking

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Supersedure is a valued behavioral trait because hive that supersedes its old queen does not lose any stock; rather it creates a new queen and the old one either naturally dies or is killed when the new queen emerges. In these hives, bees produce only one or two queen cells, most often in the center

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Some beekeepers use "liquid smoke" as a safer, more convenient alternative. It is a water-based solution that is sprayed onto the bees from a plastic spray bottle. A spray of clean water can also be used to encourage bees to move on. Torpor may also be induced by the introduction of chilled air into

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Most beekeepers wear some protective clothing. Novice beekeepers usually wear gloves and a hooded suit or hat and veil. Experienced beekeepers sometimes choose not to use gloves because they inhibit delicate manipulations. The face and neck are the most important areas to protect, so most beekeepers

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Top-bar stackable hives use top bars instead of full frames. The most common type is the Warre hive, although any hive with hanging frames can be converted into a top-bar stackable hive by using only the top bar rather than the whole frame. This may work less well with larger frames, where crosscomb

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Intermediate stages in the transition from older methods of beekeeping were recorded in 1768 by Thomas Wildman, who described advances over the destructive, skep-based method so bees no longer had to be killed to harvest their honey. Wildman fixed an array of parallel wooden bars across the top of a

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Before the invention of the movable comb hive, the harvesting of honey frequently resulted in the destruction of the whole colony. The wild hive was broken into using smoke to quieten the bees. The honeycombs were pulled out and either immediately eaten whole or crushed, along with the eggs, larvae,

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wax moth larvae hatch, tunnel through and destroy comb that contains bee larvae and their honey stores. The tunnels they create are lined with silk, which entangles and starves emerging bees. Destruction of honeycombs also results in leakage and wasting of honey. A healthy hive can manage wax moths

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of queens, routine medication, and sugar water feeding. Practitioners of "natural beekeeping" tend to use variations of the top-bar hive, which is a simple design that retains the concept of having a movable comb without the use of frames or a foundation. The horizontal top-bar hive, as promoted by

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If a beekeeper is stung by a bee, the sting should be removed without squeezing the attached venom glands. A quick scrape with a fingernail is effective and intuitive, and ensures the venom injected does not spread so the side effects of the sting will go away sooner. Washing the affected area with

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Symptoms of being stung include redness, swelling and itching around the site of the sting. In mild cases, pain and swelling subside in two hours. In moderate cases, the red welt at the sting site will become slightly larger for one or two days before beginning to heal. A severe reaction, which is

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is a single-story, frameless beehive in which the comb hangs from removable bars that form a continuous roof over the comb, whereas the frames in most current hives allow space for bees to move between boxes. Hives that have frames or that use honey chambers in summer and use management principles

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Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. Determination of Bee Space and Cell Dimensions for Jimma Zone Honeybee Eco-Races (Apis malifera), Southwest Ethiopian. Abera Hailu, Kassa Biratu. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). Jimma Research Center P.O. Box 192 Jimma Ethiopia.

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There has been considerable debate about the best location for hives. Virgil thought they should be located near clear springs, ponds or shallow brooks. Wildman thought they should face to the south or west. All writers agree hives should be sheltered from strong winds. In hot climates, hives are

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As the queen's pheromones fail, the bees replace her by creating a new queen from one of her worker eggs. They may do this because she has been physically injured, because she has run out of sperm and cannot lay fertilized eggs, and has become a drone-laying queen, or because her pheromones have

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The movable frames of modern hives are considered to have been developed from the traditional basket top bar (movable comb) hives of Greece, which allowed the beekeeper to avoid killing the bees. The oldest evidence of their use dates to 1669, although it is probable their use is more than 3,000

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Some beekeepers carefully monitor their colonies in spring for the appearance of queen cells, which are a dramatic signal the colony is determined to swarm. After leaving the old hive, the swarm looks for shelter. A beekeeper may capture it and introduce it into a new hive. Otherwise, the swarm

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Most beekeepers use a hive tool when working on their hives. The two main types are the American hive tool; and the Australian hive tool often called a 'frame lifter'. They are used to scrape off burr-comb from around the hive, especially on top of the frames. They are also used to separate the

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Traditionally, beekeeping clothing is pale-colored because of the natural color of cotton and the cost of coloring is an expense not warranted for workwear, though some consider this to provide better differentiation from the colony's natural predators such as bears and skunks, which tend to be

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and male drone in the colony. He was also the first to confirm mating with drones takes place outside hives and that queens are inseminated in successive matings with male drones, which occur high in the air at a great distance from the hive. Together, Huber and Burnens dissected bees under the

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When a colony accidentally loses its queen, it is said to be queenless. The workers realize the queen is absent after around an hour as her pheromones in the hive fade. Instinctively, the workers select cells containing eggs aged less than three days and dramatically enlarge the cells to form

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Following Réaumur's design, Huber built improved glass-walled observation hives and sectional hives that could be opened like the leaves of a book. This allowed the inspection of individual wax combs and greatly improved direct observation of hive activity. Although he went blind before he was

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Hanging-frame hive designs include Langstroth, the British National, Dadant, Layens, and Rose, which differ in size and number of frames. The Langstroth was the first successful top-opened hive with movable frames. Many other hive designs are based on the principle of bee space that was first

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Once either process has begun, the old queen leaves the hive when the first queen cells hatch, and is accompanied by a large number of bees—predominantly young bees called wax-secretors—which form the basis of the new hive. Scouts are sent from the swarm to find suitable hollow trees or rock

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Few anecdotal stories of using the smoke from burning fungi in England or Europe for centuries have been published. Several more recent studies describe anaesthesia of honeybees use of smoke from burning fungi. The fungi reported to have been used to smoke bees are the puffballs Lycoperdon

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exhibit differing swarming characteristics. In North America, northern black races are thought to swarm less and supersede more whereas the southern yellow-and-gray varieties are said to swarm more frequently. Swarming behavior is complicated because of the prevalence of cross-breeding and

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between the brood-box and honey supers to keep the queen from laying eggs in cells next to those containing honey intended for consumption. With the 20th-century advent of mite pests, hive floors are often replaced, either temporarily or permanently, with a wire mesh and a removable tray.

1415:, viruses, parasites and poisons. The gross symptoms displayed by affected adult bees are very similar, whatever the cause, making it difficult to ascertain the causes without microscopic identification of microorganisms or chemical analysis of poisons. Since 2006, colony losses from 1294:

develop into a female worker bees and unfertilized eggs become male drones. The queen's choice of egg type depends on the size of the open brood cell she encounters on the comb. In a small worker cell, she lays a fertilized egg; she lays unfertilized drone eggs in larger drone cells.

3957:... a honey extractor. This machine, invented by Major Francesco De Hruschka in 1865, used centrifugal force to dislodge honey from the combs and collected it into a vat. The extractor, combined with Langstroth's movable comb hive, greatly improved the efficiency of honey harvesting. 509:" while others believed a vapor or "miasma" emanating from the drones fertilized queens without physical contact. Huber was the first to prove by observation and experiment that drones physically inseminate queens outside the confines of the hive, usually a great distance away. 1325:

of the face of a broodcomb. Swarm-cell production involves the creation of twelve or more queen cells. These are large, peanut-shaped protrusions requiring space, for which reason they are often located around the edges—commonly at the sides and the bottom—of the broodcomb.

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wear at least a veil. Defensive bees are attracted to the breath; a sting on the face can lead to much more pain and swelling than a sting elsewhere, while a sting on a bare hand can usually be quickly removed by fingernail scrape to reduce the amount of venom injected.

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many writers, can be seen as a modernization of hollow log hives, with the addition of wooden bars of specific width from which bees hang their combs. The widespread adoption of Natural Beekeeping methods in recent years can be attributed to the 2007 publications of

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Any hanging-frame hive design can be built as a sliding frame design. The AZ Hive, the original sliding frame design, integrates hives using Langstroth-sized frames into a honey house to streamline the workflow of honey harvest by localization of labor, similar to

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the bee hive is believed to be beneficial. The extra insulation is believed to reduce the amount of honey the bees consume and makes it easier for them to maintain the hive's temperature. The desire for insulation encouraged the use of double-walled hives with an

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Langstroth's design of movable comb hives was adopted by apiarists and inventors in both North America and Europe, and a wide range of moveable comb hives were developed in England, France, Germany and the United States. Classic designs evolved in each country;

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made significant discoveries about the bee life cycle and communication between bees. Despite being blind, Huber discovered a large amount of information about the queen bee's mating habits and her contact with the rest of the hive. His work was published as

202:. Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 10,000 years ago. Beekeeping in pottery vessels began about 9,000 years ago in North Africa. Traces of beeswax have been found in potsherds throughout the Middle East beginning about 7,000 BCE. 1527:

Most predators prefer not to eat honeybees due to their unpleasant sting. Common honeybee predators include large animals such as skunks and bears, which seek the hive's honey and brood, as well as adult bees. Some birds will also eat bees, (for example,

823:(1892–1955) was an Egyptian poet, medical doctor, bacteriologist, and bee scientist, who was active in England and Egypt in the early twentieth century. In 1919, Abushady patented a removable, standardized aluminum honeycomb. In the same year, he founded 1309:

dwindled to the point at which they cannot control all of the bees in the hive. At this juncture, the bees produce one or more queen cells by modifying existing worker cells that contain a normal female egg. They then either supersede the queen without

587:(1853), describes his rediscovery of the bee space and the development of his patent movable comb hive. The invention and development of the movable comb hive enabled the growth of large-scale, commercial honey production in both Europe and the U.S. 779:

was an American pioneer of modern beekeeping in the early-and mid-20th century. He greatly improved upon beekeeping equipment and clothing, and went on to manufacture these items and other equipment. His company sold products worldwide and his book

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Some beekeepers believe pain and irritation from stings decreases if a beekeeper receives more stings, and they consider it important for safety of the beekeeper to be stung a few times a season. Beekeepers have high levels of antibodies, mainly

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that was screwed onto a wicker basket. The bees were free to move from the basket to the jar, and honey was produced and stored in the jar. The hive was designed to keep the bees from swarming as much as they would have in other hive designs.

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used frames with channels in the side of the woodwork; these were packed side-by-side in stacked boxes. Bees traveled between frames and boxes via these channels, which were similar to the cutouts in the sides of modern wooden sections.

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The keeping of bees by humans, primarily for honey production, began around 10,000 years ago. A sample of 5,500-year-old honey was unearthed from the grave of a noblewoman during an archaeological excavations in 2003 near the town of

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twenty, Huber employed a secretary named François Burnens to make daily observations, conduct experiment and keep accurate notes for more than twenty years. Huber confirmed a hive consists of one queen, who is the mother of every

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The differences in hive dimensions are insignificant in comparison to the common factors in these hives: they are all square or rectangular; they all use movable wooden frames; and they all consist of a floor, brood-box,

3944: 329:. Beekeeping was considered a highly valued industry controlled by beekeeping overseers—owners of gold rings depicting apiculture scenes rather than religious ones as they have been reinterpreted recently, contra 2993: 1562:

data, the world's beehive stock rose from around 50 million in 1961 to around 83 million in 2014, which represents an annual average growth of 1.3%. Average annual growth has accelerated to 1.9% since 2009.

5286: 210:. In the 18th century, European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the movable comb hive so honey could be harvested without destroying the entire colony. 148:

was described as a growing trend as of 2016. Some studies have found city-kept bees are healthier than those in rural settings because there are fewer pesticides and greater biodiversity in cities.

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by Philip Chandler, which challenges many aspects of modern beekeeping and offers the horizontal top-bar hive as a viable alternative to the ubiquitous Langstroth-style movable-frame hive.

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A vertical top-bar hive is the Warré hive, based on a design by the French priest Abbé Émile Warré (1867–1951) and popularized by David Heaf in his English translation of Warré's book

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observed lifespan of caged worker bees is half as long as that observed 50 years ago, and hypothesized decreased worker-bee lifespans should correlate to decreased honey production.

1419:(CCD) have been increasing across the world, although the causes of the syndrome are unknown. In the U.S., commercial beekeepers have been increasing the number of hives to deal with 4837: 3732: 567:

the harvest, citing reports from Brittany in the 1750s due to the Comte de la Bourdonnaye. Another hive design was invented by Rev. John Thorley in 1744; the hive was placed in a

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The natural beekeeping movement believes bee hives are weakened by modern beekeeping and agricultural practices, such as crop spraying, hive movement, frequent hive inspections,

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is shown in Egyptian art from around 4,500 years ago. Simple hives and smoke were used, and honey was stored in jars, some of which were found in the tombs of pharaohs such as

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Behavioral Response of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) to Colony Disturbance by Smoke, Acetic Acid, Isopentyl Acetate, Light, Temperature and Vibration

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are sections describing beekeeping, stressing the importance of the quality of the wooden box used and its effects on the quality of the honey. The Chinese word for honey

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Quezada-Euán, José Javier G.; May-Itzá, William de Jesús; González-Acereto, Jorge A. (2001-01-01). "Meliponiculture in Mexico: problems and perspective for development".

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light, and humidity. This helps bees remain healthy but relatively dormant. These relatively dormant "wintered" bees survive on stored honey, and new bees are not born.

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system was invented in Australia by Cedar Anderson and his father Stuart Anderson, whose design allows honey to be extracted without cumbersome centrifuge equipment.

4499:"A Review on Thermoregulation Techniques in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) Beehive Microclimate and Its Similarities to the Heating and Cooling Management in Buildings" 5201: 4398: 4209: 1479:, the Varroa mite, is an established pest of two species of honey bee through many parts of the world and is blamed by many researchers as a leading cause of CCD. 453:-like alcoholic drink. By 300 BCE they had achieved the highest levels of stingless beekeeping practices in the world. The use of stingless bees is referred to as 6157: 3876: 325:, there existed a system of high-status apiculture that is evidenced by the finds of hives, smoking pots, honey extractors and other beekeeping paraphernalia in 4808: 625:, crown-board and roof. Hives have traditionally been constructed from cedar, pine or cypress wood but in recent years, hives made from injection-molded, dense 5307:

Sulborska, Aneta; Horeca, Beata; Cebrat, Malgorzata; Kowalczyk, Marek; Skrzypek, Tomasz H.; Kazimierczak, Waldemar; Trytek, Mariusz; Borsuk, Grzegorz (2019).

5270: 3836: 6738: 4950: 6035: 794:(1859–1947), lecturer, well known beekeeping enthusiast and honey promoter was elected President of the California State Beekeepers' Association in 1921. 731:, which has been continuously revised and remains in print, pioneered the manufacture of hives and the distribution of bee packages in the United States. 4734: 5945: 4858: 4183: 4787: 1238:

of pollinators in urban environments is also thought to be crucial to preventing the formation of feral colonies by more destructive species like the

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https://www.academia.edu/26826420/Determination_of_Bee_Space_and_Cell_Dimensions_for_Jimma_Zone_Honeybee_Eco_Races_Apis_malifera_Southwest_Ethiopian

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Castelo, Marcela K; Lazzari, Claudio R (2004-04-01). "Host-seeking behavior in larvae of the robber fly Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae)".

288:, Israel. Thirty intact hives made of straw and unbaked clay were discovered in the ruins of the city, dating from about 900 BCE, by archaeologist 5734: 5528: 5858: 4247:

Robinson, Gene E.; Visscher, P. Kirk (December 1984). "Effect of Low Temperature Narcosis on Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Foraging Behavior".

2914: 579:, who was the first person to make practical use of Huber's earlier discovery of a specific spatial distance between the wax combs, later called 490: 657:

In the 19th century, improvements were made in the design and production of beehives, systems of management and husbandry, stock improvement by

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Puhpohwee for the people – a narrative account of some uses of fungi among Ahnishinaubeg: Cambridge, MA: Botanical Museum of Harvard University

3506:"A 17th Century Testimony On The Use Of Ceramic Top-bar Hives. 2012 | Haralampos (Χαράλαμπος) Harissis (Χαρίσης) and Georgios Mavrofridis" 2639: 832: 5826: 5176: 5149: 5122: 5095: 5038: 4669: 4646: 3701: 3671: 3475: 3450: 3398: 3176: 3149: 3083: 2977: 6060: 3817: 2529: 5520: 4885:"Queen Quality and the Impact of Honey Bee Diseases on Queen Health: Potential for Interactions between Two Major Threats to Colony Health" 4100: 3264: 1547: 612: 3915: 3984: 5484: 4829: 4343:

HELD, W.; STUCKI, M.; HEUSSER, C.; BLASER, K. (February 1989). "Production of Human Antibodies to Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 in Vitro".

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that provide nectar and pollen. An environment of year-round, uninterrupted bloom creates an ideal environment for colony reproduction.

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Many types of fuel can be used in a smoker as long as it is natural and not contaminated with harmful substances. Common fuels include

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was one of the first entrepreneurs to make a living from apiculture. By 1878, he made beekeeping his sole business activity. His book,

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In the 19th century, changes in beekeeping practice were completed through the development of the movable comb hive by the American

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Fedor Lazutin. Keeping bees with a smile. Principles and practice of natural beekeeping. p 321. New Society Publishers. April 2020.

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Bees maintain the internal temperature of their hive at about 35 °C (95 °F). Their ability to do this is known as social

526:(sperm store) of queens, as well as the penis of male drones. Huber is regarded as "the father of modern bee-science" and his work 5168:

QueenSpotting: Meet the Remarkable Queen Bee and Discover the Drama at the Heart of the Hive; Includes 48 Queenspotting Challenges

1254:

Experiments in raising bees indoors for longer durations have looked into more precise and varying environment controls. In 2015,

1169:. Bees are a form of livestock that can add a lot of value to farmland and generate relatively easy revenue for rural communities. 485:

European natural philosophers began to scientifically study bee colonies in the 18th century. Eminent among these scientists were

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Chapter V. Of the Methods practised for taking the Wax and Honey, without destroying the Bees. pp 93–109 accessed 17 March 2022.

6747: 6674: 5782: 5628:"Water provisioning increases caged worker bee lifespan and caged worker bees are living half as long as observed 50 years ago" 5198:

The hive and the honey bee: a new book on beekeeping which continues the tradition of "Langstroth on the hive and the honeybee"

4114:

The Hive and the honey bee: a new book on beekeeping which continues the tradition of "Langstroth on the hive and the honeybee"

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wavelengths and are also attracted to scent. The type of fabric conditioner used has more impact than the color of the fabric.

4587: 4153: 3285: 2577: 951:. The honey house can be a portable trailer, allowing the beekeeper to move hives to a site and provide pollination services. 7137: 6227: 5974: 5139: 2767: 904: 4470:

Southwick, Edward E.; Moritz, R.F.A. (1987). "Social control of air ventilation in colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera".

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There are three types of vertical stackable hives: hanging or top-access frame, sliding or side-access frame, and top bar.

7220: 6813: 6143: 5890: 5524: 5423: 5193: 4390: 6611: 6115: 1538:, which is a pest of apiculture in South America due to its habit of eating workers while they are foraging in meadows. 4553:

Todorka, L.; Lyuben, L.; Ivanka, M.; Gergana, M.; Krasimira, T. (2020). "Thermal conductivity of the ceramic beehive".

3997: 3780: 813:

and inventor of the Manley frame, which is still universally popular in the UK. Other notable British pioneers include

7327: 7270: 6724: 6639: 6371: 6087: 3873: 900: 285: 3857: 2517: 889: 3349:

Halcroft, Megan T.; et al. (2013). "The Australian Stingless Bee Industry: A Follow-up Survey, One Decade on".

1471:) is native to Africa but has now spread to most continents. It is a serious pest among honey bees unadapted to it. 7250: 7230: 421: 1277: 908: 893: 140:. The largest beekeeping operations are agricultural businesses but many small beekeeping operations are run as a 6705: 6659: 4942: 4804: 987:

that attracts aggressive action and further stinging attacks. Attraction can be minimized with regular washing.

7215: 7210: 6595: 6570: 6357: 6336: 6322: 6308: 6301: 6024: 2722: 2409: 2404: 1416: 530:(New Observations on Bees) revealed all of the basic scientific facts of the biology and ecology of honeybees. 409: 369: 307: 132:

In the modern era, beekeeping is often used for crop pollination and the collection of its byproducts, such as

5809: 3117: 2553: 1388:

Beekeepers use the ability of the bees to produce new queens to increase their colonies in a procedure called

4726: 2748: 814: 7117: 7094: 7007: 6634: 6489: 6399: 6378: 6364: 5937: 4175: 1174: 861: 468: 463: 5371:

Kwadha, Charles A.; Ong'amo, George O.; Ndegwa, Paul N.; Raina, Suresh K.; Fombong, Ayuka T. (2017-06-09).

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soap and water can also stop the spread of venom. Ice or a cold compress can be applied to the sting area.

7182: 6392: 6385: 6343: 6315: 4316:

Wood, William F. (1983). "Anaesthesia of Honeybees by Smoke from the Pyrolysis of Puffballs and Keratin".

3192:

Meier, Kristin; Peyrot, Michaël (2017). "The Word for "Honey" in Chinese, Tocharian and Sino-Vietnamese".

2653: 948: 734: 473: 405: 350: 2957: 7275: 7167: 6957: 6952: 6803: 6664: 6649: 4213: 2697: 1566: 2792:

Dams, M.; Dams, L. (21 July 1977). "Spanish Rock Art Depicting Honey Gathering During the Mesolithic".

2565: 109:. Ceramic jars found in the grave contained several types of honey, including linden and flower honey. 5865: 4675: 3466:

van Veen, J. W. (2014). Gupta, Rakesh K.; Reybroeck, Wim; van Veen, Johan W.; Gupta, Anuradha (eds.).

1501: 546: 7322: 7122: 6916: 6903: 6695: 6232: 6217: 5639: 5320: 2801: 2663: 1534: 1310: 1272: 1239: 346: 234: 114: 3221: 637: 299: 7317: 7280: 7225: 6992: 6977: 6861: 6690: 6654: 6644: 6590: 6481: 6329: 6263: 6130: 2683: 2501:

US: University of Arkansas National Agricultural Law Center, Agricultural Marketing Resource Center

1450: 828: 824: 820: 214: 194:

At least 10,000 years ago, humans began to attempt to maintain colonies of wild bees in artificial

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Islam, M. R.; Islam, Jaan S.; Zatzman, Gary M.; Rahman, M. Safiur; Mughal, M. A. H. (2015-12-03).

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According to George S. Demuth, the main factors that increase the swarming tendency of bees are:

1100: 658: 576: 182: 5723: 4641:

Conrad, Ross (2007) Natural Beekeeping: Organic approaches to modern apiculture, Chelsea Green,

3035: 1316: 3941:"Birth of American Bee Culture: A Look at Advertisements in A.J. Cook's The Bee Keepers' Guide" 3919: 3838:

The ABC of Bee Culture: A Cyclopaedia of Everything Pertaining to the Care of the Honey-bee ...

3236: 1285: 7002: 6972: 6921: 6911: 6886: 6820: 6575: 6563: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6268: 6222: 6191: 5673: 5655: 5608: 5600: 5404: 5346: 5278: 5172: 5145: 5118: 5091: 5085: 5034: 5028: 4924: 4906: 4665: 4642: 4420:

Southwick, Edward E.; Heldmaier, Gerhard (1987). "Temperature Control in Honey Bee Colonies".

4360: 4231: 4127: 4117: 4096: 4058: 3893: 3697: 3667: 3471: 3446: 3394: 3323: 3256: 3209: 3172: 3166: 3145: 3139: 3107: 3079: 3031: 2973: 2894: 2871: 2629: 1475: 1464: 797:

In the UK, practical beekeeping was led in the early 20th century by a few men, pre-eminently

770: 689: 676: 605: 498: 438: 203: 172: 126: 110: 106: 5476: 5112: 4032: 3691: 3661: 3610: 3388: 1313:

or divide the hive into two colonies through swarm-cell production, which leads to swarming.

7172: 7054: 6947: 6942: 6808: 6441: 5663: 5647: 5592: 5442: 5394: 5384: 5336: 5328: 4914: 4896: 4510: 4479: 4429: 4352: 4325: 4256: 3517: 3440: 3358: 3315: 3248: 3201: 2861: 2851: 2809: 2634: 1235: 1223: 1206: 1080: 984: 776: 700: 662: 377: 330: 145: 5995: 3801:

Cincinnati Historical Society; Cincinnati Museum Center; Filson Historical Society (2005).

3609:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 2, 27. Archived from 7107: 6537: 6493: 6248: 6114:

of rare beekeeping books consisting of 250 volumes including items published from 1525 at

5813: 4791: 4756: 3880: 3861: 3719:"Flow Hive: Cedar and Stuart Anderson talk about life one year after crowdfunding success" 3578:

accessed 17 March 2022. Chapter II Of the Management of Bees in Hives and Boxes. pp 79–86.

3054: 2645: 2600: 2595: 1456: 1302: 1227:

however, and homeowners can use their land to help feed local bee populations by planting

1161: 1017: 791: 766: 744: 601: 555: 506: 454: 165: 3205: 835:(IBRA). In Egypt in the 1930s, Abushady established The Bee Kingdom League and its organ 683: 5643: 5554: 5324: 3415: 2805: 751:, remains a classic and his influence on bee management persists into the 21st century. 272:

The oldest archaeological finds directly relating to beekeeping have been discovered at

7298: 7189: 7162: 7088: 6962: 6846: 6779: 6542: 6517: 6501: 6405: 6294: 6258: 5668: 5627: 5399: 5372: 5341: 4919: 4884: 4356: 1515: 1507: 1495: 1438: 1166: 963: 762: 630: 597: 494: 314: 198:

made from hollow logs, wooden boxes, pottery vessels, and woven straw baskets known as

122: 6135: 4074: 7311: 7245: 6790: 5685: 4524: 4483: 1888: 1883: 1446:, also called nosema, the most-common and widespread disease of the adult honey bee. 1088: 806: 442: 361: 243:, in which cylindrical hives are depicted along with people pouring honey into jars. 222: 161: 118: 5767: 5454: 4372: 4010: 3818:"L'étonnante Histoire du Genevois François Huber, apiculteur aveugle et visionnaire" 3753: 3529: 3370: 3335: 1211: 1115: 1050: 144:. As beekeeping technology has advanced, beekeeping has become more accessible, and 7177: 7142: 7066: 6836: 6700: 6253: 5596: 5446: 4329: 4145: 3874:

https://americanbeejournal.com/thermal-beekeeping-look-inside-a-burning-bee-smoker/

3521: 3319: 3021: 2821: 2458: 2453: 2257: 2252: 1489: 1483: 1411:

The common agents of disease that affect adult honey bees include fungi, bacteria,

802: 798: 785: 710: 338: 289: 218: 6716: 5966: 2771: 668: 3575: 3558: 7240: 7071: 7042: 6967: 6937: 6891: 6841: 6512: 6456: 6350: 6273: 6196: 4617: 4217: 2610: 2605: 2209: 2204: 2076: 2071: 1432: 1420: 1382: 1141: 1132: 977: 878: 626: 622: 523: 502: 401: 259: 251: 207: 86: 82: 5894: 5651: 5458: 5332: 3141:

The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Practice, Analysis, and Methodology

225:

before 2,422 BCE, workers are depicted blowing smoke into hives as they remove

7017: 6869: 6784: 6547: 6532: 6527: 6507: 6186: 4883:

Amiri, Esmaeil; Strand, Micheline; Rueppell, Olav; Tarpy, David (2017-05-08).

3728: 3252: 1010: 996: 718: 551: 514: 486: 458: 277: 78: 51: 5659: 5604: 5282: 5240:"Beepocalypse Redux: Honeybees Are Still Dying – and We Still Don't Know Why" 4910: 3327: 3260: 3213: 1301:

that control the behavior of the bees in the hive; these are commonly called

467:

in Brazil. This variation of beekeeping still occurs today. For instance, in

117:

from around 4,500 years ago; there is also evidence of beekeeping in ancient

7235: 6851: 6522: 6485: 6446: 6181: 6166: 4131: 3772: 3099:

Apiculture in the Prehistoric Aegean. Minoan and Mycenaean Symbols Revisited

3072: 3059: 2658: 2619: 2615: 2050: 2045: 1946: 1941: 1529: 1443: 1298: 1084: 1073: 1045: 1032:

the hive, while chilled carbon dioxide may have harmful, long-term effects.

754: 724: 646: 354: 334: 293: 226: 90: 62: 46: 6079: 5677: 5612: 5408: 5389: 5350: 5309:"Microsporidia Nosema spp. – obligate bee parasites are transmitted by air" 4928: 4901: 3631: 3504:

Harissis (Χαρίσης), Haralampos (Χαράλαμπος); Mavrofridis, Georgios (2012).

3362: 2875: 967:

Beekeepers often wear protective clothing to protect themselves from stings

446: 17: 4364: 3854: 852: 703:

has influenced modern beekeeping practice more than anyone else. His book

229:. Inscriptions detailing the production of honey are found on the tomb of 55:

are the most commonly kept species but other honey producing bees such as

7132: 7037: 6879: 6874: 6451: 6426: 6125: 4859:"MIT's Mediated Matter Group Builds a Synthetic Apiary to Help Save Bees" 4095:

Michael Bush. The Practical Beekeeper. p.551. xstarpublishing.com. 2004.

4062: 2311: 2306: 2286: 2281: 1806: 1801: 1412: 568: 333:. Aspects of the lives of bees and beekeeping are discussed at length by 281: 195: 137: 74: 57: 7293: 2994:"Oldest known archaeological example of beekeeping discovered in Israel" 2856: 2839: 1461:

but weak colonies, unoccupied hives and stored frames can be decimated.

156: 7127: 7083: 7049: 7027: 6982: 6580: 6477: 6431: 6212: 5271:"Call off the bee-pocalypse: U.S. honeybee colonies hit a 20-year high" 4441: 4268: 2866: 2433: 2428: 2233: 2228: 2021: 2016: 1856: 1851: 1734: 1729: 1710: 1705: 1683: 1678: 1609: 1604: 1228: 1216: 1137: 1001: 765:

was an Austrian/Italian military officer who in 1865 invented a simple

326: 322: 246:

An inscription records the introduction of honey bees into the land of

133: 102: 70: 42: 5373:"The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella" 3590:

The Quest for the Perfect Hive: A History of Innovation in Bee Culture

384: 7061: 6762: 6751: 6472: 4794:, by Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. pp. 10. 3803:

Ohio Valley history. The journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society

3103: 2813: 2335: 2330: 2133: 2128: 1997: 1992: 1971: 1966: 1915: 1910: 1830: 1825: 1782: 1777: 1758: 1753: 1634: 1629: 1297:

When the queen is fertile and laying eggs, she produces a variety of

391: 365: 342: 230: 94: 4971:

Connor, Larry. "Queen Bee 101: Biology and Behavior of Queen Bees".

4433: 4260: 3165:

Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Williams, Geoffrey; Neumann, Peter (2018).

2840:"Widespread exploitation of the honeybee by early Neolithic farmers" 983:

Stings that are retained in clothing fabric continue to pump out an

430: 93:, and production of package bees for sale. Bee hives are kept in an 5806: 4515: 4498: 3505: 3097: 7032: 6436: 5699: 3643:

ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol. 6 no. 9 2016.

2623: 2383: 2378: 2359: 2354: 2184: 2179: 2107: 2102: 1659: 1654: 1315: 1284: 1276: 1210: 1160: 1122: 1114: 1049: 1025: 1021: 1000: 962: 851: 753: 667: 636: 611: 545: 519: 318: 298: 273: 247: 141: 66: 1091:

A2 (PLA). Antibodies correlate with the frequency of bee stings.

213:

Honeybees were kept in Egypt from antiquity. On the walls of the

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and marketing. Notable innovators of modern beekeeping include:

450: 199: 6720: 6139: 6120: 4830:"Synthetic Apiary – Biologically augmented digital fabrication" 4588:"Will Putting Honey Bees on Public Lands Threaten Native Bees?" 2480:

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

6497: 6121:

Dave Cushman's indexed website with glossary, about beekeeping

6111: 1355:

Insufficient empty combs for ripening nectar and storing honey

1255: 872: 505:

had not yet been observed and many theories held queens were "

38: 4497:

Jarimi, Hasila; Tapia-Brito, Emmanuel; Riffat, Saffa (2020).

3987:. A. I. Root Company. June 28, 1921 – via Google Books. 258:

I am Shamash-resh-ușur, the governor of Suhu and the land of

4696: 2649:– a 2012 Swiss documentary film on honey bees and beekeeping 5996:"The Future of Bees and Honey Production in Arab Countries" 4455:

Gates, S.B.N. (1914). "The temperature of the bee colony".

4073:

Advice for New Beekeepers UK National Bee Unit. 02/03/2020

1349:

The genetics of bees; the strength of the swarming instinct

5967:"Apiservices – Beekeeping – Apiculture – Denmark/Danemark" 3468:

Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security

4659: 4575:. Vol. I. London: Charles Knight. 1847. p. 894. 4428:(6). American Institute of Biological Sciences: 395–399. 445:, which they used for several purposes, including making 5308: 3916:"Bees as business: UMass Amherst, Du Bois Library, SCUA" 2723:"Why urban beekeeping is a rising trend in major cities" 1519:, the tracheal mite, infests the trachea of honey bees. 1028:

as fuel because it ejects much smoke and lacks an odor.

3872:

Thermal Beekeeping: Look Inside a Burning Bee Smoker –

3470:. Vol. 1 Ch 12. London: Springer. pp. 350–1. 3194:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

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Haralampos V. Harissis; Anastasios V. Harissis (2009).

5857:

Conradie, Beatrice & Nortjé, Bronwyn (July 2008).

5768:"Economic aspects of beekeeping production in Croatia" 5626:

Nearman, Anthony; vanEngelsdorp, Dennis (2022-11-14).

5090:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 448. 3805:. Vol. 5–6. Cincinnati Museum Center. p. 96. 1487:

mites, of which there are four species, are native to

5909:"Beehive numbers by leading countries worldwide 2019" 5084:

Hepburn, H. Randall; Radloff, Sarah E. (2011-01-04).

5058:. Medina, Ohio: A. I. Root Company. pp. 610–611. 4542:. Medina, Ohio: A.I. Root Company. pp. 682, 683. 3048:"Israeli archaeologists find 3,000-year-old beehives" 1368:

Demuth attributed some of his comments to Snelgrove.

518:

microscope, and were among the first to describe the

5864:. Centre for Social Science Research. Archived from 5477:"The Varroa Problem: Part 1 @ Scientific Beekeeping" 2838:

Roffet-Salque, Mélanie; et al. (14 June 2016).

7261: 7203: 7155: 7106: 6991: 6930: 6902: 6860: 6829: 6772: 6758: 6683: 6625: 6604: 6556: 6465: 6414: 6241: 6205: 6174: 4075:

http://www.nationalbeeunit.com/index.cfm?pageid=209

4031:. startbeekeeping.net. 5 April 2009. Archived from 5938:"Global leading producers of honey worldwide 2019" 5114:Queen Bee Breeding: AgGuide – A Practical Handbook 2657:– a bee kept for honey that is not related to the 5827:"The prospects for beekeeping in the expanded EU" 4282:Cook, V. A. (1970). "Puff ball control of bees". 4055:The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting 3492:The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting 3076:The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting 2891:The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting 686:' beehive design has influenced modern beehives. 5508:Standard methods for Tropilaelaps mites research 4987:"An Introduction to Queen Honey Bee Development" 3442:Apis Mellifica – Or, The Poison Of The Honey-Bee 3027:It Is the Land of Honey: Beekeeping at Tel Rehov 629:have become increasingly common. Hives also use 3030:Near Eastern Archaeology, Volume 70, Number 4, 1575:World honey production and consumption in 2005 1083:, caused by a reaction to the major antigen of 739:The Bee-Keepers' Guide; or Manual of the Apiary 695:New Observations on the Natural History of Bees 653:Pioneers of practical and commercial beekeeping 256: 3904:(4). Pomona College Dept. of Zoology: 169–170. 3576:https://books.google.com/books?id=CCZAAAAAcAAJ 3559:https://books.google.com/books?id=CCZAAAAAcAAJ 2972:(2 ed.). Gorgias Press LLC. p. 203. 604:are still dominant in the U.S.; in France the 6732: 6151: 4230:The Barefoot Beekeeper. Philip Chandler 2015 382: 85:. Other sources of beekeeping income include 8: 4573:The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge 3773:"History of British Standards in Beekeeping" 3286:Amerindian honey hunting and hive beekeeping 1234:Using managed honeybee colonies to fill the 784:, encouraged a boom in beekeeping following 4943:"Queen Bees Control Sex of Young After All" 3816:Koutchoumoff, Lisbeth (November 16, 2018). 3106:, England: British Archaeological Reports. 2749:"Can cities save our bees? – Marion Tanguy" 1570:World's stock of beehives from 1961 to 2014 907:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6769: 6739: 6725: 6717: 6158: 6144: 6136: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5555:"What are some predators of the honeybee?" 5073:. Bleadon, England: Snelgrove & Smith. 2970:Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities 2698:"Tears of Re: Beekeeping in Ancient Egypt" 2583:Wooden hives and farmer with packed honey. 2547:Uncapping the cells with an uncapping fork 1573: 976:dark-colored. It is now known bees see in 267:translated text from Stele, (Dalley, 2002) 5667: 5398: 5388: 5340: 4918: 4900: 4514: 2865: 2855: 927:Learn how and when to remove this message 457:, which is named after bees of the tribe 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 3632:http://www.dave-cushman.net/bee/bsp.html 3024:and Panitz-Cohen, Nava, (December 2007) 1565: 1144:; and hives constructed from a ceramic. 337:. Beekeeping was also documented by the 176: 160:Honey seeker depicted on 8,000-year-old 155: 5529:United States Department of Agriculture 5506:Anderson, Denis; Roberts, John (2013), 4697:"Beekeeping with the Warré hive – Home" 4146:"What Do Bees See? And How Do We Know?" 4116:(Rev. ed.). Hamilton, IL: Dadant. 3855:http://www.beeculture.com/moses-quinby/ 3417:Nouvelles observations sur les abeilles 2675: 2513: 1059:frames before lifting out of the hive. 955:and attachment can occur more readily. 616:Honey-laden honeycomb in a wooden frame 528:Nouvelles Observations sur Les Abeilles 7023:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 6041:from the original on 27 September 2013 5859:"SURVEY OF BEEKEEPING IN SOUTH AFRICA" 5141:Neurobiology of Chemical Communication 5138:Mucignat-Caretta, Carla (2014-02-14). 3943:. St Andrews Rare Books. 26 May 2016. 3420:. Chez J. J. Paschoud, ... et a Geneve 2833: 2831: 2640:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 1127:Hive with a second skin of polystyrene 833:International Bee Research Association 364:since antiquity. In a book written by 173:Western honey bee § Domestication 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4384: 4382: 4204:Newton, David Comstock (March 1967). 3685: 3683: 3655: 3653: 3382: 3380: 3046:Friedman, Matti (September 4, 2007), 2768:"Ancient Cave Painting Man of Bicorp" 2684:"What's the Oldest Honey Ever Found?" 2498:Arab countries: beekeeping.com (1997) 1289:New wax combs between basement joists 811:Honey Production in the British Isles 477:is kept for the production of honey. 254:, where they were previously unknown: 7: 5269:Ingraham, Christopher (2015-07-23). 5071:Swarming, its Control and Prevention 4975:. 138.7(2010): 48 – via Print. 4598:from the original on 20 October 2021 3717:Hassall, Craig (12 September 2017). 3592:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3572:A Treatise on the Management of Bees 3555:A Treatise on the Management of Bees 3222:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.1.0007 3206:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.1.0007 3168:Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century 1548:University of Maryland, College Park 1511:after they were introduced to Asia. 1005:Bee smoker with heat shield and hook 905:adding citations to reliable sources 65:(or apiarists) keep bees to collect 6131:What’s The Oldest Honey Ever Found? 5531:. February 18, 2005. Archived from 4755:Goodman Kurtz, Chaya (2010-06-03). 4459:. No. 96. USDA. pp. 1–19. 4212:. p. 3. Document No. 302256408 4057:, New York : Routledge, 1999. 3724:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3237:"Mesoamerican Stingless Beekeeping" 1532:, as do some robber flies, such as 5225:Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder 5027:Rinderer, Thomas E. (2013-09-03). 4861:. Architect Magazine. 2016-10-17. 4594:. Yale School of the Environment. 4401:from the original on 12 April 2016 4357:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01117.x 4345:Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 3693:21st Century Homestead: Beekeeping 3663:21st Century Homestead: Beekeeping 3390:21st Century Homestead: Beekeeping 1099:rare among beekeepers, results in 715:Mysteries of Bee-Keeping Explained 591:20th and 21st century hive designs 25: 6242:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes 5204:from the original on 26 July 2020 4391:"Bee Stings-Treatments and Drugs" 3898:Journal of Entomology and Zoology 1920:45 (2006); 28 (2007) 80.35(2019) 1560:Food and Agriculture Organization 1407:List of diseases of the honey bee 782:How to Keep Bees & Sell Honey 491:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur 360:Beekeeping has been practiced in 41:colonies, commonly in artificial 7292: 6025:"Farm Commodity Programs: Honey" 5250:from the original on 7 June 2013 5200:. Dadant and Sons. p. 607. 4785:Florida African Bee Action Plan 4180:Scientific American Blog Network 3947:from the original on 30 May 2018 2755:– via www.theguardian.com. 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2452: 2427: 2403: 2377: 2353: 2329: 2305: 2280: 2251: 2227: 2203: 2178: 2153: 2127: 2101: 2070: 2044: 2015: 1991: 1965: 1940: 1909: 1882: 1850: 1824: 1800: 1776: 1752: 1728: 1704: 1677: 1653: 1628: 1603: 877: 641:Western honey bee on a honeycomb 69:and other products of the hive: 6090:from the original on 2016-03-03 6006:from the original on 2016-03-04 5977:from the original on 2016-03-17 5948:from the original on 2021-03-06 5919:from the original on 2021-02-03 5788:from the original on 2011-07-21 5740:from the original on 2022-01-19 5565:from the original on 2020-07-26 5521:""Tracheal mites" Tarsonemidae" 5487:from the original on 2018-08-14 5289:from the original on 2015-11-30 5111:Frost, Elizabeth (2016-05-26). 4953:from the original on 2022-01-21 4865:from the original on 2016-10-25 4840:from the original on 2016-10-07 4811:from the original on 2016-09-24 4767:from the original on 2012-08-06 4737:from the original on 2017-02-25 4707:from the original on 2016-03-17 4678:from the original on 2022-01-17 4624:from the original on 2020-11-27 4555:Machines Technologies Materials 4208:(Ph.D. thesis). Champaign, IL: 4186:from the original on 2020-01-13 4156:from the original on 2020-04-01 3783:from the original on 2013-04-05 3735:from the original on 2019-04-04 3603:Nelson, Eric V. (August 1967). 3536:from the original on 2015-10-19 3351:Journal of Apicultural Research 3267:from the original on 2022-01-19 3120:from the original on 2022-01-19 2747:Tanguy, Marion (23 June 2010). 1900:12,029** (210,000 bee keepers) 1546:A 2022 study by researchers at 1222:Related to natural beekeeping, 7138:Home-stored product entomology 6228:Bee learning and communication 6034:. National Honey Board. 2002. 5597:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.02.002 5447:10.1080/0005772X.2004.11099624 5165:Kearney, Hilary (2019-04-30). 5117:(in Arabic). NSW Agriculture. 4330:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100569 4176:"Well, I'll BEE...Bees see UV" 3998:"Honey Producers' Co-Operator" 3522:10.1080/0005772X.2012.11417481 3320:10.1080/0005772X.2001.11099523 2495:Denmark: beekeeping.com (1996) 1586:Consumption (1000 metric tons) 1111:Internal temperature of a hive 481:Scientific study of honey bees 396: 383: 61:stingless bees are also kept. 1: 7221:Decline in insect populations 6814:List of insect-inspired songs 5525:Agricultural Research Service 4725:Tanguy, Marion (2010-06-23). 4503:Future Cities and Environment 4011:"Brother Adam – English Page" 4000:1921, March–April, Vol.2 No.3 3241:Journal of Cultural Geography 2945:Animal and Man in Bible Lands 2618:, a product used by medieval 1583:Production (1000 metric tons) 1341:Factors that trigger swarming 1201:Urban and backyard beekeeping 1165:A workshop for beekeeping in 368:(or Tao Zhu Gong) during the 237: 6116:National Library of Scotland 5585:Journal of Insect Physiology 5475:Oliver, Randy (2017-01-30). 4484:10.1016/0022-1910(87)90130-2 4472:Journal of Insect Physiology 4112:Graham, Joe M., ed. (1992). 3606:Agriculture Handbook No. 335 3000:. 2008-09-01. Archived from 2947:. Brill Archive. p. 79. 2921:. 2003-04-06. Archived from 2915:"Ancient Egypt: Bee-keeping" 2664:Western honey bee life cycle 1352:Congestion of the brood nest 1320:A swarm attached to a branch 809:, author of books including 767:machine for extracting honey 672:Prokopovych's beehive system 6372:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan 5238:Walsh, Bryan (7 May 2013). 5192:Grout, Roy A., ed. (1949). 4727:"Can cities save our bees?" 3969:Moffett, Joseph O. (1979). 3892:Crawford, David L. (1916). 2943:Bodenheimer, F. S. (1960). 2535:Beekeepers removing a frame 1364:Warming weather conditions. 1119:Tunnel entrance with baffle 577:Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth 284:archaeological site in the 185:casanatensis (14th century) 7344: 7251:Pesticide toxicity to bees 7231:List of endangered insects 5652:10.1038/s41598-022-21401-2 5333:10.1038/s41598-019-50974-8 5056:ABC and XYZ of Bee Culture 4757:"Bee-Friendly Landscaping" 4540:ABC and XYZ of Bee Culture 3985:"Gleanings in Bee Culture" 1404: 1270: 1204: 1071: 1043: 994: 769:from the comb by means of 749:Fifty Years Among the Bees 441:domesticated a species of 296:, Israel 3,000 years ago. 170: 7289: 6706:Honeybee Discovery Center 6617:Diseases of the honey bee 6351:Apis mellifera scutellata 6169:types and characteristics 5724:"ARCHIVED – PDF document" 5030:Bee Genetics and Breeding 4658:Chandler, Philip (2007). 4618:"Natural Beekeeping date" 3971:Beekeepers and Associates 3253:10.1080/08873638409478571 3144:. John Wiley & Sons. 2510:Gallery: Harvesting honey 2477: 2273: 2094: 2037: 1933: 1891:(*2006, **2002, ***2019) 1875: 1596: 1421:higher rates of attrition 1332:Different sub-species of 843:Hives and other equipment 831:, which later became the 550:A beekeeper inspecting a 381: 7216:Colony collapse disorder 7211:Bees and toxic chemicals 6684:Museums and insectariums 6596:Colony collapse disorder 6571:Varroa sensitive hygiene 6358:Apis mellifera siciliana 6337:Apis mellifera monticola 6323:Apis mellifera pomonella 6309:Apis mellifera artemisia 6302:Apis mellifera adansonii 6126:Beekeeping for Beginners 5481:scientificbeekeeping.com 5424:"The small hive beetle, 5194:"Diseases of Adult bees" 5069:Snelgrove, L.E. (1935). 4834:CreativeApplications.Net 4249:The Florida Entomologist 3835:Root, Amos Ives (1891). 3696:. Lulu.com. p. 28. 3666:. Lulu.com. p. 27. 3393:. Lulu.com. p. 26. 3235:Kent, Robert B. (1984). 2770:. MD Bee. Archived from 2410:Central African Republic 1417:colony collapse disorder 869:Vertical stackable hives 428:), cognate with English 370:Spring and Autumn period 308:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 37:) is the maintenance of 27:Human care of honey bees 7118:Insect bites and stings 7095:Drosophila melanogaster 7008:Biological pest control 6490:Horizontal top-bar hive 6400:Apis mellifera unicolor 6379:Apis mellifera sossimai 6365:Apis mellifera simensis 6032:nationalaglawcenter.org 5223:Johnson, Renee (2010). 4318:J. Apicultural Research 4301:Keewaydinoquay (1978). 3894:"Albert John Cook, DSC" 3414:François Huber (1814). 1175:artificial insemination 862:Horizontal top-bar hive 815:William Herrod-Hempsall 707:was published in 1853. 464:Melipona quadrifasciata 7183:Rats, Lice and History 6557:Parasites and diseases 6393:Apis mellifera taurica 6386:Apis mellifera syriaca 6344:Apis mellifera remipes 6316:Apis mellifera litorea 6080:"Beekeeping in Serbia" 5816:Retrieved May 13, 2016 5422:Hood, Michael (2004). 5390:10.3390/insects8020061 5244:Time Science and Space 4902:10.3390/insects8020048 4805:"Wintering Techniques" 4661:The Barefoot Beekeeper 4210:University of Illinois 3690:Reuber, Brant (2015). 3660:Reuber, Brant (2015). 3647:accessed 20 March 2022 3588:Kritsky, Gene (2010). 3387:Reuber, Brant (2015). 3363:10.3896/ibra.1.52.2.01 3063:, Retrieved 2010-01-04 2654:Tetragonula carbonaria 1571: 1358:Inadequate ventilation 1321: 1290: 1282: 1262:Behavior of honey bees 1219: 1191:L'Apiculture pour Tous 1184:The Barefoot Beekeeper 1170: 1128: 1120: 1055: 1009:Most beekeepers use a 1006: 968: 949:cellular manufacturing 857: 759: 705:The Hive and Honey-bee 673: 642: 617: 585:The Hive and Honey-bee 559: 474:Tetragonula carbonaria 310: 270: 186: 168: 7168:Alfred Russel Wallace 6953:Entomological warfare 6804:Insects in literature 5171:. Storey Publishing. 4664:. Lulu. p. 111. 4029:"Movable frame hives" 2893:. London: Duckworth. 2702:www.apicultural.co.uk 1569: 1319: 1288: 1281:A swarm about to land 1280: 1214: 1164: 1126: 1118: 1053: 1004: 966: 855: 757: 671: 640: 615: 549: 302: 204:Domestication of bees 180: 171:Further information: 159: 111:Domestication of bees 7123:Insect sting allergy 6917:Cicadas in mythology 6696:Bee Museum of Rhodes 6612:Topics in beekeeping 6218:Honey bee life cycle 4991:Penn State Extension 3439:Wolf, C. W. (2021). 1592:Number of bee hives 1589:Number of beekeepers 1535:Mallophora ruficauda 1273:Swarming (honey bee) 1240:Africanized honeybee 1182:by Ross Conrad, and 1138:outer wall of timber 1063:Safety and husbandry 901:improve this section 729:A B C of Bee Culture 471:, the stingless bee 408:) was borrowed from 347:Gaius Julius Hyginus 235:Twenty-sixth Dynasty 7226:Habitat destruction 6978:Insects in religion 6691:Malacca Bee Gallery 6591:Deformed wing virus 6482:BS National Beehive 6330:Apis mellifera meda 6264:Carniolan honey bee 5871:on December 2, 2012 5644:2022NatSR..1218660N 5325:2019NatSR...914376S 5275:The Washington Post 5054:Root, A.I. (1978). 4538:Root, A.I. (1978). 4389:Mayo Clinic Staff. 4035:on 16 November 2016 3754:"2 Hryvni, Ukraine" 3494:. pp. 395–396, 414. 2968:Dalley, S. (2002). 2889:Crane, Eva (1999). 2857:10.1038/nature18451 2806:1977Natur.268..228D 2571:Bee farming at Home 2559:Filtering the honey 1951:93.42 (Average 84) 1576: 1542:Decreasing lifespan 1451:Galleria mellonella 1376:Artificial swarming 1361:Having an old queen 1267:Colony reproduction 959:Protective clothing 856:Modern top bar hive 829:Benson, Oxfordshire 821:Ahmed Zaky Abushady 7328:Insects in culture 7299:Insects portal 7271:Insects and humans 6799:Arthropods in film 6748:Human interactions 6586:American foulbrood 5812:2016-05-14 at the 5805:Bee Aware website 5775:Veterinarski Arhiv 5632:Scientific Reports 5313:Scientific Reports 5033:. Academic Press. 4790:2007-07-01 at the 3879:2021-01-22 at the 3860:2018-05-26 at the 3445:. Read Books Ltd. 3284:Crane, E. (1998). 3078:, Routledge 1999, 3053:2022-01-19 at the 2766:Traynor, Kirsten. 2686:. 28 January 2022. 1597:Europe and Russia 1574: 1572: 1396:Pests and diseases 1390:splitting a colony 1322: 1291: 1283: 1220: 1195:Beekeeping For All 1180:Natural Beekeeping 1171: 1157:Natural beekeeping 1129: 1121: 1101:anaphylactic shock 1056: 1054:American hive tool 1007: 969: 858: 760: 674: 659:selective breeding 643: 618: 560: 424:; cf. Tocharian B 311: 187: 183:tacuinum sanitatis 169: 89:of crops, raising 7305: 7304: 7194:Insect Literature 7151: 7150: 7050:Carmine/Cochineal 7003:Beneficial insect 6973:Insects in ethics 6922:Scarab (artifact) 6912:Bees in mythology 6821:Insects on stamps 6714: 6713: 6576:Small hive beetle 6565:Varroa destructor 6289:Western honey bee 6284:Russian honey bee 6279:Maltese honey bee 6269:European dark bee 6192:Laying worker bee 6078:Šljivić, Miljko. 5781:: 397–408. 2009. 5178:978-1-63586-038-2 5151:978-1-4665-5341-5 5124:978-1-74256-922-2 5097:978-3-642-16422-4 5087:Honeybees of Asia 5040:978-1-4832-7003-6 4701:Warre.biobees.com 4671:978-1-4092-7114-7 4647:978-1-60358-362-6 4586:Jennifer Oldham. 4077:accessed 6.6.2020 3853:. Moses Quinby – 3703:978-1-312-93733-8 3673:978-1-312-93733-8 3477:978-94-017-9199-1 3452:978-1-5287-6221-2 3400:978-1-312-93733-8 3178:978-981-10-8222-1 3151:978-1-119-18421-8 3084:978-0-415-92467-2 2979:978-1-931956-02-4 2850:(7607): 226–227. 2800:(5617): 228–230. 2630:Insects in ethics 2490: 2489: 2486: 1947:Argentina (*2019) 1476:Varroa destructor 1465:Small hive beetle 1246:Indoor beekeeping 1148:Location of hives 937: 936: 929: 771:centrifugal force 677:Petro Prokopovych 400:), reconstructed 16:(Redirected from 7335: 7297: 7296: 7173:Jean-Henri Fabre 6948:Cricket fighting 6943:Cockroach racing 6809:Insects in music 6770: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6718: 6442:Honey extraction 6160: 6153: 6146: 6137: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6063:. Archived from 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6029: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5893:. 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Kelley 727:, author of the 701:L. L. Langstroth 663:honey extraction 602:Langstroth hives 407: 398: 389: 388: 387: 331:Sir Arthur Evans 268: 242: 239: 146:urban beekeeping 21: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7291: 7285: 7263: 7257: 7199: 7147: 7109: 7102: 6994: 6987: 6926: 6898: 6856: 6825: 6765: 6760: 6754: 6745: 6715: 6710: 6679: 6627: 6621: 6600: 6552: 6538:Honey extractor 6494:Langstroth hive 6461: 6410: 6249:Africanized bee 6237: 6201: 6170: 6164: 6112:Moir Collection 6107: 6102: 6093: 6091: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6009: 6007: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5980: 5978: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5951: 5949: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5922: 5920: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5844: 5836: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5814:Wayback Machine 5804: 5800: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5752: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5708: 5706: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5535:on May 17, 2011 5519: 5518: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5464:on 20 May 2014. 5461: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5290: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5026: 5025: 5004: 4995: 4993: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4954: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4841: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4792:Wayback Machine 4783: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4740: 4738: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4708: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4672: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4434:10.2307/1310562 4419: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4284:N. 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Agric 4281: 4280: 4276: 4261:10.2307/3494466 4246: 4245: 4241: 4229: 4225: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4189: 4187: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4157: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4124: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4072: 4068: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4015:perso.unamur.be 4009: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3881:Wayback Machine 3871: 3867: 3862:Wayback Machine 3849: 3845: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3736: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3569: 3565: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3114: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3071: 3067: 3055:Wayback Machine 3045: 3041: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3005: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2919:Reshafim.org.il 2913: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2837: 2836: 2829: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2777: 2775: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2646:More Than Honey 2601:Bee (mythology) 2596:Africanized bee 2591: 2584: 2581: 2572: 2569: 2560: 2557: 2548: 2545: 2536: 2533: 2524: 2521: 2512: 2507: 2482: 2451: 2426: 2402: 2376: 2352: 2328: 2304: 2279: 2250: 2226: 2202: 2177: 2152: 2126: 2100: 2069: 2043: 2014: 1990: 1964: 1939: 1908: 1881: 1849: 1823: 1799: 1775: 1751: 1727: 1703: 1676: 1652: 1627: 1602: 1556: 1544: 1525: 1429: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1378: 1343: 1303:queen substance 1275: 1269: 1264: 1248: 1209: 1203: 1159: 1150: 1113: 1076: 1070: 1065: 1048: 1042: 999: 993: 985:alarm pheromone 961: 933: 922: 916: 913: 898: 882: 871: 850: 845: 837:The Bee Kingdom 792:Cary W. Hartman 758:Honey Extractor 745:Dr. C.C. Miller 717:, invented the 655: 631:queen excluders 593: 556:Langstroth hive 536: 483: 455:meliponiculture 410:proto-Tocharian 269: 266: 240: 192: 175: 166:Valencia, Spain 154: 113:can be seen in 97:or "bee yard". 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7341: 7339: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7310: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7267: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7190:Lafcadio Hearn 7187: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7163:Jan Swammerdam 7159: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7089:Model organism 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6997: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6963:Insect farming 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6866: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6847:Artificial fly 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6787: 6780:Insects in art 6776: 6774: 6767: 6756: 6755: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6670:United Kingdom 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6543:Queen excluder 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6518:Wax foundation 6515: 6510: 6505: 6502:Stewarton hive 6475: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6406:Honey bee race 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6295:Apis laboriosa 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6259:Cape honey bee 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6106: 6105:External links 6103: 6101: 6100: 6070: 6067:on 2006-10-06. 6052: 6016: 6000:Beekeeping.com 5987: 5971:Beekeeping.com 5958: 5929: 5900: 5897:on 2007-03-10. 5882: 5842: 5839:on 2005-12-18. 5818: 5798: 5750: 5733:. 2010-05-17. 5715: 5691: 5618: 5591:(4): 331–336. 5575: 5546: 5512: 5498: 5467: 5426:Aethina tumida 5414: 5363: 5299: 5261: 5230: 5215: 5184: 5177: 5157: 5150: 5130: 5123: 5103: 5096: 5076: 5061: 5046: 5039: 5002: 4978: 4963: 4934: 4875: 4850: 4821: 4796: 4777: 4747: 4717: 4688: 4670: 4650: 4634: 4609: 4578: 4564: 4545: 4530: 4516:10.5334/fce.81 4489: 4478:(9): 623–626. 4462: 4447: 4412: 4378: 4351:(2): 203–209. 4335: 4308: 4293: 4274: 4239: 4223: 4196: 4166: 4137: 4122: 4104: 4088: 4079: 4066: 4046: 4020: 4002: 3990: 3976: 3961: 3932: 3907: 3884: 3865: 3843: 3827: 3808: 3793: 3771:Dave Cushman. 3763: 3758:en.numista.com 3745: 3709: 3702: 3679: 3672: 3649: 3635: 3623: 3595: 3580: 3574:London, 1768. 3563: 3557:London, 1768. 3546: 3496: 3483: 3476: 3458: 3451: 3431: 3406: 3399: 3376: 3341: 3314:(4): 160–167. 3298: 3290:Acta Americana 3277: 3227: 3184: 3177: 3157: 3150: 3130: 3112: 3088: 3065: 3039: 3014: 2985: 2978: 2960: 2950: 2935: 2906: 2899: 2881: 2827: 2784: 2758: 2739: 2714: 2689: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2301: 2300: 2297: 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7288: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7260: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7246:Neonicotinoid 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7105: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931:Other aspects 6929: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6850: 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5759: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5736: 5732: 5731:Statcan.gc.ca 5725: 5719: 5716: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5576: 5564: 5560: 5559:sciencing.com 5556: 5550: 5547: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5499: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5427: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5364: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5300: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5262: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5216: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5144:. CRC Press. 5143: 5142: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5107: 5104: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5080: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4964: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4876: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4778: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4748: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4597: 4593: 4592:e360.yale.edu 4589: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4413: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4236:9781326192259 4233: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4155: 4151: 4150:NC State News 4147: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4123:0-915698-09-9 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3973:. p. 69. 3972: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3922:on 2012-10-14 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630:Dave Cushman 3627: 3624: 3613:on 2022-04-05 3612: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3131: 3119: 3115: 3113:9781407304540 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3022:Mazar, Amihai 3018: 3015: 3004:on 2015-11-17 3003: 2999: 2998:Thaindian.com 2995: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2925:on 2016-03-09 2924: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2900:9780715628270 2896: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2774:on 2019-10-20 2773: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2740: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2326: 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1810: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558:According to 1553: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1287: 1279: 1274: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1215:Honey bee in 1213: 1208: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1168: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1125: 1117: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1089:phospholipase 1086: 1082: 1075: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1052: 1047: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1003: 998: 990: 988: 986: 981: 979: 973: 965: 958: 956: 952: 950: 944: 940: 931: 928: 920: 917:December 2022 910: 906: 902: 896: 895: 891: 886:This section 884: 880: 875: 874: 868: 866: 863: 854: 847: 842: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:The Apis Club 822: 818: 816: 812: 808: 807:R.O.B. 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